Science and Technology for Sustainable Development
毕业英文
A Design of High Performance FPGA based Floating-Point to Integer Arithmetic forFace RecognitionNopphol Noikaew, Sathaporn Visakhasart and Orachat ChitsobhukComputer Engineering Department, Faculty of EngineeringKing Mongkut’s Institute of Technology LadkrabangBangkok, ThailandEmail: nop_ce_kmitl@,son_solid@ and kcoracha@kmitl.ac.thAbstractThe computation of face recognition requires floating-point arithmetic for high precision. However, Floating-point operations are costly and complex in terms of hardware implementation, which leads to impractical implementation for real time applications. Therefore, in this paper, a novel design of high performance FPGA based floating-point to integer arithmetic (FLOATIAs) for face recognition under performance constrain is presented. The goal is to optimize the hardware cost and increase the processing speed while still maintains high recognition performance. The proposed conversion algorithm based on shift reduction can be completed within only a single clock cycle. Once the conversion has been done, all the calculation could be implemented on a simple ALU for integer computation. This results in much less computational complexity and hardware cost thus can help to significantly accelerate the recognition system. Several face recognition techniques are adopted to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed architecture using several standards face databases.The experimental results using the proposed architecture show high recognition rates in most of the cases. The design can achieve the speed greater than 100 MHz or approximately 8 times that of floating-point architecture. Moreover, with the FPGA based implementation, the hardware cost could be reduced at approximately 50% of the floating-point architecture. It has been proven that the proposed architecture preserves high recognition performance while encourages the reduction in hardware resources and processing delay.Keywords: Face Recognition, Floating-point to integer conversion, FPGA, PCA, MPCA1. IntroductionFace recognition system is one of the most important applications for image analysis. Several face recognition techniques are applied in face, iris, fingerprints and palm. Its applications are becoming more important such as ATM machines, criminal identification, access restriction, identification of personality, documentary profiles etc. Several face recognition systems are proposed in the literature such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) [1], Modular PCA (MPCA) [2-3], Weight Modular PCA (WMPCA) [3-4], Wavelet PCA [5-7].The PCA based algorithm considers face as a single unit, which neglect the important fact that different regions of face vary at different rates due to variations of illumination and expression.The WMPCA algorithm divides face into 3 sub-images. Therefore, the parallel architecture for face recognition could be associated with the WMPCA in order to minimize the processing time [8]. Each sub-image is separated and processed in each processing element (PE), thus the weighted sum of the results from all the sub-images is calculated at the final stage. However, the internal PE process is still a sequential process, which causes considerable delay in the PE. Consequently, a multi-pipeline architecture [9] is designed for the PCA, MPCA, WMPCA and Wavelet based technique is proposed tominimize the processing time and hardware cost. All tasks in each PE are scheduled in pipe-lining manner. Nevertheless, the multi-Pipeline architecture employs a floating-point arithmetic, which requires a large amount of processing time and hardware cost. Therefore, if we can convert from floating-point to integer arithmetic, all the calculation could be performed on a simple ALU for integer computation. This can reduce the computational complexity, optimize the hardware cost, and increase the processing speed, while still maintain high recognition performance. The proposed FLOAting-point To Integer Arithmetic Conversion (FLOATIAs) is designed based on shift reduction with the scaling of power of two. It not only converts the data types, but also conducts shift optimization to minimize the execution speed down to only a single clock cycle.This paper is organized as followed. Section 2 presents the related architecture for face recognition system. Section 3 discusses the proposed FLOATIAs architecture while the experimental results are illustrated in section 4 followed by a conclusion in section 5.2. The Related ArchitectureWeighted modular PCA [8] separates the face image into sub-regions and performs recognition on each sub-region individually. Each face is horizontally split into a set of sub-regions such as eyes, nose and lips. Each sub-region is separately processed in each processing element unit (PEUs) thus weighted sum of the results from all the sub-images is calculated at the final stage. All of these computations are implemented in parallel as illustrated in Fig. 1.Fig.1: The related architecture However, the internal PE process is still a sequential process, which caused processing delay. The parallel structure adopted from the multi-pipeline architecture [9] is employed All the tasks in each PE are processed in pipeline. For each sub-region of PCA, MPCA, WMPCA and Wavelet based techniques, the calculation requires averaging the sub-regions, and calculating covariance matrix, eigenface, and the weight set as in PEU process. Thus, the number of PEUs depends on the number of partitioned regions, where one PEU is assigned for each region. All schedules are implemented based on multi-pipeline manner. The project image (projection coefficients) [9] can be estimated by projecting the centered vector onto the eigenspace follow as:][ψ-Γ⋅=trainsettrainseteigenfacew(1)][ψ-Γ⋅=testtesteigenfacew(2)wheretrainsetw,testw are the project image of training and test images respectively.Finally, the weighted sum of the difference of eigenface projection could be measured by equation (3).(){}[]⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡-Γ⋅-=∑=≤≤r njtesttrainj iMieigenfacewWeighte1,1minψ(3) Net error is obtained as a weighted sum of the error vectors of individual sub-region. The given face is classified and assigned to the class having the nearest Euclidean distance)(e in face space by:testtrainsetwwe-=min(4)3. The Proposed ArchitectureIn this section, a new methodology for the floating-point to integer arithmetic conversion is proposed. The FLOATIAs is designed to implement on hardware based on FPGA for face recognition applications.3.1. Floating-Point to Integer ConversionAlgorithmFor face recognition system, hardware cost and time consumption could be minimized while still maintains high recognition performance. In general floating-point to integer conversion, the operation is performed by shifting the input according to the value of the multiplier. This could take several clock cycles, which is a time consuming task. To reduce computationalcomplexity, the FLOATIAs is designed to exploit the shift reduction with the scaling factor of power of two. As a result, the conversion can be completed within a single clock cycle. The computational accuracy must be denoted. The multi-pipeline architecture [9] is adopted in the proposed face recognition structure. The FLOATIAs is inserted into the PEUs to convert the floating-point input to the integer number before submitting to face recognition process as illustrated in Fig. 3. However, the error associated with the conversion must not disturb the performance of the application. In this paper, the recognition rate and false alarm rate are the main criterions to evaluate the success of associating the FLOATIAs to the proposed face recognition system.Fig.2: The IEEE754 single precision for floating point standard representationThe IEEE754 single precision for floating point standard representation is employed in the proposed structure. The floating-point format requires 32 bits, which could be represented as the bit numbers from 0 to 31, left to right. The first bit is the sign bit, called “Sign Bit A”. The next eight bits are the exponent bits, “Expo A”, and the final 23 bits are the mantissa, called 'Mantissa A'.The FLOATIAs architecture can be divided into 4 main parts:1) Sign bit Part, 2) E-shift and Rounding Part, 3) Bit Shifting Unit (BSU), and 4) Integer conversion as illustrated in Fig. 4. Furthermore, three structures are implemented in parallel.1)The Sign bit part is the sign of the integer output.2)In the E-shift (e) and Rounding status calculation part, a bias of 127 is added to the actual exponent to make negative exponent possible without using a sign bit. Not the whole range of Expo A is used to represent numbers. As you may have seen from the above formula, the leading fraction bit before the decimal point is actually implicit and can be 1 or 0 depending on the exponent. The round-to-nearest-even rounding mode is adapted to the proposed FLOATIAs architecture. The value is rounded up or down to the nearest infinitely precise result. If the leading fraction bit is exactly halfway, it should be rounded up to the nearest infinitely precise even.3)In Bit Shifting Unit, the input data of BSU is a combination of Exponent value and Mantissa called “Data A” as shown in Fig. 2. Floating-point number is converted to integer number by BSU. Data A is multiplied by the power of 10 values (101) and then rounded to the nearest integer. The scaling power of 10 is separated into scaling factors of power of 2, which the summation of all the power of 2 factors should be equal to the required power of 10. The power of 2 scaling is just shifting operation by the power, which is known and can be done immediately after loading the input. Each scaling factor is used to scale the input. All the results are then added up to achieve the conversion result. The entire conversion requires only a single clock cycle. This can help to significantly accelerate the recognition system.For example, if we want the conversion to be a single precision, the input should be scaled with 101. The required power of 2 factors should be added to 101. Therefore, two scaling factors of 23 and 21 are chosen since 23+21 = 10. As a result, y = (s23+s21) where s is Data A, which is shifted left by 1 and 3 times, respectively. Afterward, the Output Data A is the summation of the shift results as illustrated in Fig 5.Fig.3: Face recognition process4) The Integer Conversion part is to accumulate the results from all previous parts to form an integer result. The sign bit of the floating-point input can be directly used as a sign of the integer result. However, the final integer result must be determined from Output Data A and the Rounding status. The rounding status derived from Mantissa bits is used as a rounding condition for the final integer result.The internal FLOATIAs architecture is scheduled in parallel to optimize the processing speed. Moreover, it encourages the computational reduction for face recognition system.∑==ni ias y 1(4)where y is the result of integer data, s is inputfloating number, n is number of factor, a i is power of two such as: 23, 21Fig.4: Internal FLOATIAs ArchitectureFig.5: Bit Shifting Unit4. Experiment and ResultsIn the experiment, the input face vectors must be previously prepared for evaluating the performance of the PCA, MPCA and Wavelet based face recognition system. During the preparation of the training set, a covariance matrix and eigenfaces (K) of the training images are computed. Each training image is then projected onto eigenspace. Four eigenfaces and fifteen project images are analyzed. These test vectors and project images are processed in the proposed face recognition system. Finally, the recognition index is identified. The proposed architecture of floating-point to integer conversion is implemented on Xilinx FPGA (xc3s4000-5fg900). The face image datasets used in this paper include Yale face database [10] and ORL face database [11]. An example of face images is shown in Fig. 6. Due to the limitation of the hardware, only a small database of 5 subjects and 3 samples per subjects are exploited. The resolution of each face image is 32 x 32 pixels. Samples of 5 subjects are selected and grouped into 7 different testsets. Testset 1 –6 [10] canbe categorizedintogroups ofstraightfaces, emotionalfaces,straight faces with glasses, emotional faces with glasses, faces with various skin colors, and faceswith glasses and different skin colors respectively. Test set 7 [11] is a group of bending faces where the faces are positioned in different viewpoints.Fig.6: An example of face image from trainingdatasetTable 2 to 5 presents face recognition rate andfalse alarm rate evaluated from PCA, MPCA and Wavelet based technique using 7 different test sets. From the experimental results, recognition rate and false alarm rate of floating-point and integer with a single precision conversion still maintains high recognition rate. Since the proposed conversion algorithm can be completed within only a single clock cycle, it is able to achieve the speed up to 5.98 times that ofthe floating-point implementation. It can reachthe maximum frequency at 110.52 MHz or approximately 8 times faster. The required hardware cost can be reduced about 50% lower.A comparison of the hardware cost, recognition speed, and processing time for floating-point [10] and integer (FLOATIAs) based face recognition is presented in Table 1. The success of the FLOATIAs comes from the integer computation of the face recognition, which can handle all the arithmetic operations in a simple ALU.Table 1: A comparison of the hardware cost, recognition speed, and processing time5. ConclusionsIn this paper, a new design of high performance FPGA based floating-point to integer arithmetic, FLOATIAs, for face recognition system has been proposed. The design has encouraged the reduction in hardware cost and time consumption under an accuracy constraint. The proposed conversion algorithm can be completed within a single clock cycle while still maintains recognition performance. Face recognition techniques are adopted to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed architecture using several standard face databases. The experimental results show that a single precision is sufficient for PCA, Wavelet PCA and Wavelet MPCA technique. The recognition rate obtained from the integer based face recognition is comparable to that of the floating-point based architecture. However, a single precision is inadequate for the MPCA technique. It requires higher precision in order to achieve the similar performance to the floating-point based operations. Consequently, the FLOATIAs should be modified so that it could handle the scalable precision with equivalent speed. 6. References[1] M. Turk and A. Pentland, "Eigenfaces for Recognition", Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1991, pp. 71-86. [2] N. Gudur and V. Asari, "Gabor Wavelet Based Modular PCA Approach for Expression and Illumination Invariant Face Recognition", Applied Imagery and Pattern Recognition Workshop, 2006 (AIPR 2006), 35th IEEE Oct. 2006, pp 13.[3] G. C. Feng, P. C. Yuen, and D. Q. Dai, "Human face recognition using PCA on wavelet subband", J. Electron. Imaging, vol. 9, pp. 226-233.[4] P. Sankaran and K.V. Asari, "A multi-view approach on modular PCA for illumination and pose invariant face Recognition", Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop, 2004, 13-15 Oct. 2004, pp. 165 - 170.[5] Kumar, A.Pavan., Das, Sukhendu, Kamakoti, and V., 2004. Face Recognition Using Weighted Modular PCA. Proc. Int. Conf. on Neuro-Information Process, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3316, 362–367.[6] Wayo Puyati and Aranya Walairacht, “Efficiency Improvement for Unco nstrained Face Recognition by Weightening Probability Values of Modular PCA and Wavelet PCA”, Advanced Communication Technology, 2008, ICACT 2008, 10th International Conference on, 17-20 Feb. 2008, vol. 2, pp 1449-1453.[7] Minghua ZHAO, Peng LI and Zhifang LIU “Face recognition based on wavelet transform weighted modular PCA”,Image and Signal Processing, 2008., CISP '08. Congress on, 27-30 May 2008, vol. 4, pp 589-593[8] Kumar, A.Pavan., Kamakoti, and V., Das, Sukhendu , “System-on-programmable-chip implementation for on-line face recognition”, Pattern Recognition Letters, vol 28, Issue 3, Feb. 2007, pp 342-349[9] Sathaporn Visakhasart and Orachat Chitsobhuk, “Multi-Pipeline Architecture for face recognition on FPGA”, International Conference on Digital Image Processing, 2008, (ICDIP 2009), 7-9 March 2009, pp. 152-156. [10] "Yale face databases", http: /projects/yalefaces/yalefaces.html[11] "ORL face databases", http//www. / pub/data/orl_faces.zipTable 2: Show Recognition Rate of Floating-pointTable 3: Show Recognition Rate of integer with a single precision conversionTable 4: Show False Alarm Rate of Floating-pointTable 5: Show False Alarm Rate of integer with a single precision conversionDb_1 to Db_7 are 7 difference test sets.Db_1: Straight face database, Db_2: Emotion face database, Db_3: Straight face with glass database, Db_4: Emotion face with glass database, Db_5: Variant skin color database,Db_6: Variant skin color with glass database, Db_7: Bending face database。
现代科学技术的发展趋势 英文作文
现代科学技术的发展趋势英文作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1With the rapid advancement of modern science and technology, the world is experiencing a digital revolution that is transforming every aspect of our lives. From smartphones to artificial intelligence, the innovations of today are shaping the future in ways never before imagined. In this essay, we will explore the key trends in the development of modern science and technology and their implications for the future.One of the most prominent trends in modern science and technology is the increasing convergence of disciplines. Gone are the days when scientists worked in isolated silos - today, collaboration across different fields is key to unlocking new discoveries. For example, the field of bioengineering combines biology and engineering to create groundbreaking medical devices and treatments. Similarly, quantum computing brings together physics, mathematics, and computer science to revolutionize the way we process information.Another trend is the rise of big data and analytics. With the explosion of digital information, organizations are leveraging data analytics to gain valuable insights and make informed decisions. Machine learning algorithms are being used to sift through vast datasets and identify patterns that would be impossible for humans to detect. This has far-reaching implications for a wide range of industries, from healthcare to finance to transportation.Artificial intelligence is also a major driving force in the development of modern science and technology. AI-powered systems are becoming increasingly sophisticated, with capabilities ranging from speech recognition to facial recognition to autonomous driving. As these technologies continue to advance, they have the potential to revolutionize industries and redefine the way we live and work.In addition, the Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming the way devices communicate with each other and with us. From smart homes to wearable technology, IoT devices are collecting and sharing data in real-time, enabling us to monitor and control our environment in ways never before possible. This interconnected network of devices has the potential to create new opportunities for innovation and efficiency.Furthermore, advancements in renewable energy sources are driving the transition to a more sustainable future. Solar, wind, and hydroelectric power are becoming increasinglycost-effective and efficient, reducing our reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating the impact of climate change. Technologies such as battery storage and smart grids are also enabling us to better manage energy resources and reduce waste.In conclusion, the development of modern science and technology is shaping the world in profound ways. From interdisciplinary collaboration to big data analytics to artificial intelligence, the trends driving innovation are diverse and multi-faceted. As we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, it is essential to consider the ethical implications of these technologies and ensure that they are used for the betterment of society. Only by harnessing the power of science and technology for good can we create a more sustainable and equitable future for all.篇2The Development Trend of Modern Science and TechnologyIn today's fast-paced and ever-evolving world, science and technology play a vital role in shaping the way we live and work.The rapid advancements in various fields such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and clean energy have revolutionized the way we approach problems and create solutions. In this essay, we will explore the development trend of modern science and technology and its impact on society.One of the most significant trends in modern science and technology is the rise of artificial intelligence (AI). AI has the potential to transform various industries by automating processes, improving efficiency, and enhancing decision-making. From self-driving cars to virtual assistants, AI-powered technologies are already changing the way we interact with the world around us. The increasing investment in AI research and development by governments and businesses worldwide suggests that AI will continue to play a significant role in shaping the future.Another key trend in modern science and technology is the rapid advancement of biotechnology. Breakthroughs in areas such as gene editing, personalized medicine, and regenerative medicine have the potential to revolutionize healthcare and extend human lifespan. The development of CRISPR technology, for example, has opened up new possibilities for treating genetic diseases and enhancing human health. As biotechnologycontinues to advance, we can expect to see even more groundbreaking discoveries that have the potential to improve the quality of life for people around the world.Clean energy is another area where significant progress is being made in modern science and technology. With the increasing global concern over climate change and environmental sustainability, there is a growing demand for renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. Advancements in energy storage technology, smart grids, and energy-efficient buildings are also contributing to the transition towards a more sustainable energy system. As countries around the world work towards reducing their carbon footprint, clean energy technologies will play a crucial role in ensuring a greener and more sustainable future.In addition to these trends, there are several other areas of modern science and technology that are poised to have a significant impact in the coming years. For example, quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize computing power and enable the development of new technologies that are currently out of reach. The Internet of Things (IoT) is another emerging trend that is connecting devices and data in ways thatwere previously unimaginable, paving the way for a more interconnected and intelligent world.Overall, the development trend of modern science and technology is moving towards greater innovation, collaboration, and sustainability. As researchers and innovators continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, we can expect to see even more exciting advancements that will shape the future of society. It is essential for policymakers, businesses, and the public to embrace these developments and work together to leverage the power of science and technology for the benefit of all. By investing in research, education, and infrastructure, we can create a more prosperous and sustainable future for generations to come.篇3The development of modern science and technology is advancing at an unprecedented rate, revolutionizing the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. From artificial intelligence and virtual reality to genetic engineering and space exploration, the possibilities seem endless as new innovations continue to shape our future. In this essay, we will explore the current trends and future prospects of modern science and technology.One of the key trends in modern science and technology is the increasing integration of data-driven technologies into various aspects of our daily lives. With the rise of big data and machine learning, companies and organizations are able to analyze massive amounts of data to gain valuable insights and make informed decisions. This has led to the development of personalized services, predictive analytics, and targeted advertising, which have revolutionized industries such as healthcare, finance, and marketing.Another major trend in modern science and technology is the convergence of different disciplines to create innovative solutions to complex problems. This interdisciplinary approach has led to breakthroughs in fields such as bioinformatics, nanotechnology, and robotics, where researchers from diverse backgrounds come together to combine their expertise and tackle challenges from multiple angles. For example, the field of bioinformatics uses computer science and biology to analyze biological data and develop new drugs and treatments for diseases.Furthermore, advancements in modern science and technology are pushing the boundaries of what is possible in terms of human enhancement and augmentation. Fromprosthetic limbs and neural implants to gene editing and cognitive enhancements, researchers are exploring ways to improve human performance, health, and longevity. While these technologies hold great promise for improving quality of life, they also raise ethical and societal concerns about issues such as equality, privacy, and safety.In addition to these trends, the future of modern science and technology is expected to be shaped by emerging technologies such as quantum computing, biotechnology, and space exploration. Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize computer science by enabling faster calculations and solving complex problems that are currently beyond the capabilities of classical computers. Biotechnology, on the other hand, is advancing rapidly with the development of gene editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9, which have the potential to cure genetic diseases and create new forms of life.Space exploration is also poised to make significant advances in the coming years, with renewed interest in manned missions to Mars and beyond. NASA and private companies like SpaceX are working on developing new spacecraft and technologies to enable interplanetary travel, while researchers are studying the potential for exploring and colonizing otherplanets. These developments could have far-reaching implications for the future of humanity and our understanding of the universe.In conclusion, the development of modern science and technology is characterized by rapid advancements indata-driven technologies, interdisciplinary collaborations, human enhancement, and emerging technologies. These trends are shaping the future of our society and opening up new possibilities for innovation and progress. As we continue to explore the frontiers of science and technology, it is essential to consider the ethical, social, and environmental implications of our actions and strive to create a sustainable and inclusive future for all.。
广州市科技计划项目 英文标注
广州市科技计划项目英文标注Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology ProgramGuangzhou, the vibrant capital of Guangdong province in southern China, has long been recognized as a hub of innovation and technological advancement. The city's commitment to fostering a thriving ecosystem for scientific research and technological development is exemplified by the Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Program. This comprehensive initiative aims to drive the city's transformation into a leading center of innovation, leveraging the collective expertise and resources of the local government, academic institutions, and private enterprises.At the heart of the Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Program lies a strategic vision to harness the power of science and technology to address the city's most pressing challenges and unlock new avenues for sustainable growth. The program's overarching goals include enhancing the city's research and development (R&D) capabilities, promoting the commercialization of cutting-edge technologies, and cultivating a culture of innovation that empowersboth established enterprises and budding startups.One of the key pillars of the Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Program is the investment in state-of-the-art research infrastructure. The city has established a network of cutting-edge research facilities and laboratories, equipped with the latest technological tools and resources. These hubs of scientific exploration serve as incubators for groundbreaking ideas, fostering collaboration between researchers, engineers, and industry partners.The program also places a strong emphasis on talent development, recognizing that the success of any innovation ecosystem hinges on the availability of a highly skilled and diverse workforce. Guangzhou has implemented a comprehensive talent attraction and retention strategy, offering competitive incentives and support programs to attract top-tier scientists, engineers, and technologists from around the world. The city's universities and research institutions play a pivotal role in this effort, nurturing the next generation of innovators through specialized degree programs, research opportunities, and mentorship initiatives.Another crucial component of the Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Program is the promotion of technology transfer and commercialization. The city has established a robust network of technology transfer offices, business incubators, and accelerators tofacilitate the seamless transition of innovative ideas from the laboratory to the marketplace. These initiatives provide entrepreneurs and startups with access to essential resources, including funding, mentorship, and strategic partnerships, enabling them to transform their groundbreaking concepts into viable commercial products and services.The program's success is further amplified by its emphasis on fostering cross-sector collaboration and knowledge-sharing. Guangzhou has actively encouraged the formation of strategic alliances between academia, industry, and government, creating platforms for the exchange of ideas, the co-development of innovative solutions, and the pooling of resources. This collaborative approach has proven instrumental in accelerating the pace of innovation and ensuring that the city's technological advancements have a tangible impact on the lives of its citizens.One of the standout initiatives within the Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Program is the establishment of the Guangzhou International Bio-Island. This state-of-the-art biotech hub serves as a hub for cutting-edge research, product development, and commercialization in the life sciences. By attracting leading biotech companies, research institutions, and startups from around the world, the Bio-Island has become a global epicenter of innovation in fields such as genomics, precision medicine, andbiopharmaceuticals.The Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Program has also made significant strides in addressing the city's environmental challenges through the development and deployment of clean energy technologies and sustainable urban solutions. The program has invested in the research and development of renewable energy systems, energy-efficient building technologies, and innovative waste management systems, positioning Guangzhou as a leader in the transition towards a more sustainable and environmentally-conscious future.Furthermore, the program has recognized the transformative potential of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and advanced manufacturing. By fostering the development and integration of these technologies across various industries, Guangzhou aims to enhance productivity, improve decision-making, and create new opportunities for economic growth and social progress.The Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Program's impact extends beyond the city's borders, as the city has actively engaged in international collaboration and knowledge-sharing initiatives. Guangzhou has forged partnerships with leading research institutions, innovation hubs, and technology companies around theworld, facilitating the exchange of ideas, the transfer of best practices, and the co-creation of groundbreaking solutions to global challenges.The success of the Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Program can be measured not only in the tangible outcomes it has achieved but also in the transformative impact it has had on the city's overall development. The program has played a pivotal role in elevating Guangzhou's status as a global center of innovation, attracting top talent, investment, and recognition from the international community.As Guangzhou continues to navigate the dynamic landscape of technological advancement, the Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Program remains a driving force behind the city's transformation. By consistently investing in research, fostering collaboration, and nurturing a culture of innovation, Guangzhou is poised to cement its position as a leading hub of scientific and technological excellence, contributing to the broader global efforts towards a more sustainable and prosperous future.。
科学对城市可持续发展的有关英语作文
科学对城市可持续发展的有关英语作文Science has played a crucial role in shaping the trajectory of urban development, providing innovative solutions to the myriad challenges faced by modern cities. As the world becomes increasingly urbanized, with more than half of the global population now living in urban areas, the need for sustainable and resilient cities has become paramount. Science, with its rigorous methodologies and evidence-based approach, offers invaluable insights and tools to address the complex issues associated with urban sustainability.One of the primary ways in which science contributes to sustainable urban development is through the advancement of renewable energy technologies. The shift towards clean, renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and geothermal power, is essential for reducing the carbon footprint of cities and mitigating the impacts of climate change. Scientific research has led to significant improvements in the efficiency, affordability, and accessibility of these technologies, making them increasingly viable options for urban infrastructure and households.Furthermore, science has been instrumental in developing innovative building materials and design strategies that enhance the energy efficiency and sustainability of urban structures. From the use of insulating materials and passive solar design to the integration of green roofs and vertical gardens, scientific knowledge has enabled the construction of buildings that are more energy-efficient, reduce resource consumption, and promote the well-being of their occupants.Urban transportation systems are another area where science has made significant contributions to sustainable development. Through the development of advanced transportation technologies, such as electric vehicles, high-speed rail, and intelligent traffic management systems, science has helped to reduce emissions, alleviate congestion, and improve the overall efficiency of urban mobility. Additionally, the application of data analytics and modeling techniques has enabled urban planners to make more informed decisions about transportation infrastructure and policies.The management of urban resources, including water, waste, and food, is another crucial aspect of sustainable urban development where science plays a pivotal role. Scientific research has led to the development of advanced water treatment and distribution systems, waste management technologies, and urban agriculture techniques that minimize resource depletion and environmental degradation. Byleveraging scientific knowledge, cities can adopt more circular and regenerative approaches to resource management, reducing waste and promoting the efficient use of available resources.Another important contribution of science to sustainable urban development is in the realm of urban planning and design. Through the use of geographic information systems (GIS), computational modeling, and simulation tools, urban planners and designers can better understand the complex dynamics of cities, predict the impacts of their decisions, and develop more holistic and integrated approaches to urban development. This scientific approach to urban planning helps to ensure that cities are designed with the principles of sustainability, resilience, and livability in mind.Moreover, science has been instrumental in advancing our understanding of the complex interactions between urban environments and human health. By studying the impact of urban factors, such as air quality, noise pollution, and access to green spaces, on physical and mental well-being, science has provided valuable insights that can inform the design of healthier and more livable cities. This knowledge can guide the development of policies and interventions that promote public health and enhance the overall quality of life for urban residents.In the face of emerging challenges, such as the COVID-19 pandemicand the growing threat of natural disasters, science has also played a crucial role in enhancing the resilience of urban communities. Through the development of early warning systems, disaster management strategies, and public health protocols, science has equipped cities with the tools and knowledge necessary to prepare for and respond to these unprecedented events, minimizing the impact on urban populations and infrastructure.However, the successful integration of science into sustainable urban development is not without its challenges. Bridging the gap between scientific knowledge and practical implementation often requires effective collaboration between researchers, policymakers, and urban stakeholders. Additionally, ensuring equitable access to the benefits of scientific advancements and overcoming barriers to technology adoption in underserved communities remain ongoing concerns that require concerted efforts.Despite these challenges, the importance of science to sustainable urban development cannot be overstated. As cities continue to evolve and face increasingly complex challenges, the contributions of science will become even more crucial in shaping a future where urban environments are not only economically prosperous but also environmentally sustainable and socially inclusive. By leveraging the power of scientific knowledge and innovation, cities can becomemodels of sustainable living, paving the way for a more resilient and equitable future for all.。
科学技术 Science and Technology 英语作文
Science and Technology>Essay on Science and Technology:Science encompasses the methodical study of the physical and natural properties of our surrounding through the medium of research and experiment. Technology is the application of science to achieve a realistic goal. The combination of science and technology enables us to live a comfortable life.Science and technology are the essences of our everyday life. They give a futuristic vision to our thoughts and actions. Science andtechnology contribute to promoting various aspects of our lives. Without science and technology, we would still be living in the Stone Age. The existence of the modern era is the consequence of science and technology.Long and Short Essay on Science and Technology in English for Children and KidsYou will find two types of essays to suit the needs of children of different age groups. The long Essay on Science and Technology consists of 400 to 500 words. On the other hand, the Short Essay on Science and Technology is of 150 to 200 words.Long Essay on Science and Technology 500 WordsThe Essay on Science and Technology is in English for students and children from classes 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. However, students appearing in competitive exams or any such examination will also find it useful.Science and technology are two different terms, but they cannot survive without each other. Science is a systematic study of the functioning of the physical and natural environment that surrounds us. On the other hand, technology is the application of science to bring aboutinnovative changes. The intervention of science and technology has revolutionized not only the way we think, but it has also remodeled our lives. Whether we wake up at the sound of our morning alarm or go to bed after switching off the lights, it is influencing every aspect of our lives. The intention to lead a comfortable life is compelling us to walk on the path of progress, which is not possible without the help of science and technology. We have to give credit to science and technology to make our lives comfortable and relaxed.On the other hand, we cannot deny the harmful aspect of destruction and war as a result of science and technology. Thus, science and technology play a pivotal role in progress as well as war. However, when we weigh their pros and cons, we find that the benefits of science and technology are immeasurable.Science and technology are indispensable in constructing a thriving economy of the nation. Economic growth climbs the technological ladder by increasing the gross domestic product. They support the establishment of high-tech industrial development, increases productivity,accumulates capital, and aids in healthy international competition. Science and technology have a tangible influence on the agricultural sector. It is needless to say that their involvement is increasing crop production by multifold. Furthermore, science and technology is also helping farmers to adopt new techniques and machines to reduce their manual labor.Not to mention, the contribution of science and technology in the world of medicine, which is helping to develop a healthy nation. The invention of medical equipment and researches in the field is providing the cure for the deadliestdiseases. Thus, we find a substantial decrease in the death rate.Science and technology are bringing the world closer day by day. We find visible development in the department of transport and telecommunication. The introduction of the internet and metro network has overcome the barrier of physical distance. They have given a virtual makeover to every sphere of our lives.A nation progresses when the rate of literacy is high. Science and technology have made a mark in the field of education. Its continuous presence in schools and colleges is boosting thequality of teaching and learning. Introduction of audio-visual aid, online lessons, etc. are some of the examples of science and technology in education.The penetration of science and technology is so deep-rooted that it is difficult to imagine our day to day life without them. Thus, we can conclude that science and technology are an inevitable part of our lives.Short Essay on Science and Technology 200 WordsThe brief essay on science and technology is in English for kids from classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Nevertheless, children can utilize the piece to prepare for periodic tests, speeches, and debates.Science and technology are an essential component of our everyday lives. The modern civilization is a contribution of science and technology.Their presence is the reason for our improved lifestyle. The development that we see around us is a result of science and technology. Science and technology allow us to lead a comfortablelife. The replacement of the bullock cart by a car is proof of science and technology. They are prevalent in every aspect of our lives. Whether it is baking a cake or a launch of a satellite, we find science and technology. With the help of science and technology, we can search for life on other planets. They alert us by predicting the weather forecast. Many lives can be saved when the metrological department warns us about the tornado, cyclone, hurricane, tsunami, etc. Thus, we cannot deny the importance of science and technology.Science and technology are not static. Every day there is a discovery. Science and technology is a significant factor in improving various sectors, such as agriculture, industry, transport, communication, education, health, construction, etc. We avail of the benefits that science and technology provide us. The knowledge of science and technology are helping us in the betterment of our lives.10 Lines on Science and Technology Essay in EnglishScience means knowledge.Galileo Galilee is synonymous of Science.Technology means the application of science. The first scientific tool was spears and needles.Advancement in every sphere of our lives is the effect of science and technology.Without science and technology, we would still be living in the Stone Age.We avail several benefits provided to us by science and technology.It has provided us with a comfortable lifestyle.At the same time, it makes our lives very mechanical.Despite some disadvantages of science and technology, the human race is highly dependent on them for survival. >Conclusion on Science and Technology EssayEssay writing helps to improve student’s vocabulary.Students can develop the ability to frame sentences correctly.They can be well-prepared for competitive examinations and other entrance examinations.Students who are aspiring for government jobs can also benefit from essay writing.Children can hone their writing skills.Essay writing helps improve the ability to express.Moreover, it is beneficial in refining the English language.The Practice of essay writing prepares students for debates, speeches, and public speaking.Regular practice of writing essays can inculcate creativity in children.It improves cognitive skills in children.FAQs on Essay Science and TechnologyQuestion 1.How have science and technology helped us in the field of agriculture?Answer:Science and technology introduced improved techniques and instruments to increase the production of crops.Question 2.How have science and technology helped in saving lives?Answer:Science and technology enable us to find a cure for deadly diseases. Furthermore, the weather forecast of a hurricane, tornado, tsunami, etc. helps to evacuate people in that region.Question 3.Are science and technology helpful in creating a comfortable life?Answer:Yes, the invention of the fan, heaters, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, cars, etc. are the result of science and technology. They help create a comfortable life for us.。
关于环保的外刊
关于环保的外刊
- Probe-Environmental Science and Technology《探究—环境科学与技术》：季刊，知网外文库收录，征稿方向包括环境化学和生物学、环境污染控制和减排技术、环境中污染物的迁移和归宿、点源和非点源污染、生态环境、应用技术、污染治理、碳中和等。
- Environmental Science and Technology《环境科学与技术》：是一份国际性的、经过同行评审的科学期刊，发表原创科学论文、评论、观点和综述，探讨环境科学和技术领域的各个方面。
- Frontiers in Environmental Science《环境科学前沿》：是一本国际期刊，旨在出版环境科学各领域的高质量研究论文。
该期刊收录的文章类型包括研究论文、综述、观点、评论等。
在阅读外刊时，可以选择与自己研究方向相关的期刊，以获取最新的学术研究成果和行业动态。
如你有阅读外刊的需求，可以前往各大图书馆或知网等学术网站进行查询。
科学与技术让生活更美好英语作文结尾
科学与技术让生活更美好英语作文结尾In the fast-paced world of today, science and technology have become an integral part of our daily lives. They have revolutionized the way we live, work, andinteract with the world, bringing about remarkable changes that have made our lives better and more convenient.The impact of science and technology on our lives is profound and widespread. In the field of medicine, technological advancements have led to the development of new treatments and procedures that have saved countless lives. From the advancement of surgical techniques to the creation of vaccines and drugs, science and technology have been instrumental in improving the health and well-being of mankind.In the realm of communication, the internet and mobile technology have transformed the way we stay connected with each other. With the help of these technologies, we can stay in touch with our loved ones across long distances, share information instantly, and access a wealth of knowledge and entertainment at our fingertips. The ease andconvenience of modern communication tools have brought people closer and fostered stronger connections.Moreover, science and technology have also played a crucial role in improving our quality of life. Advancements in technology have led to the development of smart homes, self-driving cars, and wearable devices that make our lives safer, more comfortable, and efficient. These technologies have automated many tasks and simplified daily routines, giving us more time to focus on what really matters.However, it is important to remember that while science and technology have brought remarkable benefits to our lives, they also pose certain challenges and risks. Therise of cybercrime, privacy issues, and technological addiction are some of the concerns that we need to address as we continue to embrace technological advancements. It is crucial that we strike a balance between harnessing the power of technology and ensuring its safe and responsible use.In conclusion, science and technology have played a pivotal role in making our lives better and more fulfilling. They have brought about remarkable changes in variousfields, from medicine to communication and beyond. However, as we embrace these advancements, we must also be mindfulof the challenges and risks they pose. By harnessing the power of science and technology responsibly and ethically, we can ensure that it continues to bring positive changes and enrich our lives in the future.**科技之光，点亮生活之美**在当今快速发展的世界中，科技已成为我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。
sustainability学科分区
sustainability学科分区Sustainability学科分区Sustainability，也称为可持续性，是指在满足当前需求的同时，不会破坏未来世代的能力来满足他们的需求。
它是一个跨学科的领域，涉及环境、社会和经济方面。
因此，它被广泛地应用于各个学科领域中。
以下是对Sustainability学科分区的详细介绍：1. 环境科学环境科学是一个与可持续性密切相关的领域。
它涉及到了环境保护和管理、气候变化、生态系统保护等方面。
在这个领域里，人们致力于寻找一种能够平衡经济发展和自然资源保护之间关系的方法。
2. 工程技术工程技术是另一个与可持续性密切相关的领域。
在这个领域里，人们致力于开发新技术和方法，以减少对环境的影响，并提高资源利用效率。
例如，绿色建筑、节能设备等都是工程技术中可持续性应用的例子。
3. 经济学经济学也是一个与可持续性密切相关的领域。
在这个领域里，人们致力于探索如何实现经济增长和可持续性之间的平衡。
例如，研究环境税、碳排放交易等都是经济学中可持续性应用的例子。
4. 社会科学社会科学也是一个与可持续性密切相关的领域。
在这个领域里，人们致力于寻找一种能够平衡社会发展和自然资源保护之间关系的方法。
例如，研究社区参与、公共政策等都是社会科学中可持续性应用的例子。
5. 生物学生物学也是一个与可持续性密切相关的领域。
在这个领域里，人们致力于保护和管理生态系统，以确保它们能够持续地提供生态服务。
例如，研究生物多样性、生态系统功能等都是生物学中可持续性应用的例子。
6. 地球科学地球科学也是一个与可持续性密切相关的领域。
在这个领域里，人们致力于研究地球系统及其变化，并探索如何减少对地球环境的影响。
例如，研究气候变化、海平面上升等都是地球科学中可持续性应用的例子。
7. 计算机科学计算机科学也是一个与可持续性密切相关的领域。
在这个领域里，人们致力于开发新技术和方法，以减少对环境的影响，并提高资源利用效率。
你认为科学技术在经济的作用是什么英语作文
你认为科学技术在经济的作用是什么英语作文The Role of Science and Technology in the EconomyIntroductionScience and technology play a crucial role in the development of the economy. They drive innovation, increase productivity, create new industries, and provide solutions to global challenges. In this article, we will explore the various ways in which science and technology contribute to economic growth and development.1. InnovationOne of the key roles of science and technology in the economy is fostering innovation. Through research and development, scientists and engineers create new products, processes, and services that drive economic growth. Innovation leads to new industries, new markets, and new job opportunities. Companies that invest in research and development are more likely to stay ahead of the competition and succeed in the global marketplace.2. Increased ProductivityScience and technology also play a critical role in increasing productivity. New technologies, such as automation, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics, enable companies to produce more with fewer resources. As a result, businesses can reduce costs, improve efficiency, and boost their bottom line. Increased productivity leads to higher economic output and higher living standards for everyone.3. Job CreationScience and technology create jobs in a variety of industries, from biotechnology and information technology to clean energy and advanced manufacturing. As new technologies emerge, companies need skilled workers to design, develop, and operate them. In addition, science and technology startups often employ a significant number of people, driving local economic development and revitalizing communities.4. Global CompetitivenessCountries that invest in science and technology are more likely to be competitive in the global economy. By supporting research and development, governments can stimulate innovation, attract foreign investment, and create a vibrant ecosystem for startups and entrepreneurs. As a result, countries can diversify their economies, reduce dependence on naturalresources, and build a knowledge-based economy that is resilient to global economic shocks.5. Sustainable DevelopmentScience and technology are essential for achieving sustainable development goals, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, conserving natural resources, and improving public health. By investing in clean technologies, renewable energy, and smart infrastructure, countries can create a more sustainable and resilient economy that benefits both people and the planet. Science and technology enable us to address pressing global challenges and create a better future for all.ConclusionIn conclusion, science and technology play a crucial role in the economy by fostering innovation, increasing productivity, creating jobs, boosting competitiveness, and promoting sustainable development. By investing in research and development, supporting startups and entrepreneurs, and embracing new technologies, countries can build a strong and dynamic economy that benefits everyone. Science and technology are key drivers of economic growth and prosperity, and their importance will only continue to grow in the future.。
现代科学技术的发展趋势 英文作文
现代科学技术的发展趋势英文作文英文回答：Modern science and technology are constantly evolving and advancing at a rapid pace. One of the key trends in the development of science and technology is the increasing integration of various disciplines. For example, the field of biotechnology is now combining elements of biology, chemistry, and engineering to develop innovative solutions for healthcare and agriculture.Another important trend is the emphasis onsustainability and environmental protection. With the growing concerns about climate change and resource depletion, scientists and engineers are focusing on developing technologies that are eco-friendly and energy-efficient. For instance, renewable energy sources like solar and wind power are becoming more widely used as alternatives to fossil fuels.Furthermore, the rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning is revolutionizing many industries, from healthcare to finance. These technologies are enabling usto analyze vast amounts of data and make predictions with unprecedented accuracy. For example, in the medical field, AI is being used to diagnose diseases and develop personalized treatment plans for patients.In addition, the trend towards globalization is also impacting the development of science and technology. Collaborations between researchers from different countries are becoming more common, leading to breakthroughs that would not have been possible otherwise. For instance, the International Space Station is a collaborative project involving multiple countries working together to conduct research in space.Overall, the future of science and technology is bright, with endless possibilities for innovation and discovery. As we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, we can expect to see even more groundbreaking advancements in the years to come.中文回答：现代科学技术的发展趋势是不断演变和快速发展的。
高一英语 我爱祖国 科技进步发展英文作文
高一英语我爱祖国科技进步发展英文作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: I Love My Country: The Progress of Science and TechnologyAs a proud citizen of my nation, I cannot help but feel an immense sense of patriotism and admiration for the remarkable advancements we have achieved in the realms of science and technology. These extraordinary leaps forward are a testament to the unwavering dedication, ingenuity, and relentless pursuit of knowledge that characterizes the indomitable spirit of our people.From the earliest days of my education, I have been captivated by the wonders of scientific exploration and the boundless potential of technological innovation. The pages of our textbooks have regaled us with tales of visionary thinkers and pioneering minds who dared to challenge the status quo, pushing the boundaries of what was once deemed impossible. Their achievements have paved the way for the marvels wewitness today, shaping the very fabric of our lives in ways we could have scarcely imagined.In the realm of communication, our nation has embraced the digital age with open arms. The advent of high-speed internet and mobile technologies has effectively shrunk the world, allowing us to transcend geographical barriers and forge connections with individuals across the globe. This interconnectivity has facilitated the dissemination of knowledge, fostering collaboration and enabling the cross-pollination of ideas that fuel scientific breakthroughs.Our prowess in the field of medicine is a source of immense pride. The relentless pursuit of medical advancements has yielded life-changing treatments and therapies, extending the horizons of human longevity and quality of life. From groundbreaking surgical techniques to cutting-edge pharmaceuticals, our nation's healthcare sector stands at the vanguard of innovation, offering hope and healing to millions worldwide.The realm of engineering has witnessed a renaissance unlike any other, with our nation at the forefront of this revolution. Our architects and builders have defied the constraints of gravity, erecting towering skyscrapers and intricate infrastructure thatare marvels of design and functionality. Meanwhile, our engineers have pushed the boundaries of transportation, developing high-speed rail networks, efficient public transit systems, and even venturing into the realm of space exploration.Moreover, our nation's commitment to environmental sustainability is truly commendable. Through the integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, we have taken strides towards reducing our carbon footprint and mitigating the impact of climate change. Our scientists and researchers tirelessly seek innovative solutions to address global environmental challenges, ensuring a greener and more sustainable future for generations to come.Yet, amidst these remarkable achievements, we must not lose sight of the fact that progress is a continuous journey, one that requires unwavering dedication and a thirst for knowledge. As students, we are the torchbearers of this legacy, inheriting the mantle of scientific exploration and technological advancement. It is our duty to build upon the foundations laid by our predecessors, to ask questions, to challenge conventions, and to fearlessly pursue the frontiers of the unknown.In this pursuit, we must embrace the values of curiosity, perseverance, and critical thinking. We must foster anenvironment that celebrates intellectual discourse, encourages collaboration, and nurtures the exchange of ideas. For it is through the synthesis of diverse perspectives and thecross-pollination of disciplines that true innovation flourishes.Furthermore, we must remain cognizant of the ethical implications that accompany scientific and technological progress. As we unlock the secrets of the universe and harness the power of technology, we must exercise wisdom and moral fortitude, ensuring that our advancements are employed for the betterment of humanity and the preservation of our planet.As I reflect upon the remarkable achievements of our nation, I am filled with a profound sense of awe and gratitude. The progress we have witnessed in the realms of science and technology is a testament to the indomitable spirit of our people, their unwavering pursuit of knowledge, and their relentless drive to push the boundaries of what is possible.It is this spirit that has propelled us to the forefront of innovation, garnering admiration from nations around the world. Yet, our journey is far from over; it is a continuous odyssey, one that demands our unwavering commitment, our intellectual curiosity, and our collective determination to shape a future thatis brighter, more sustainable, and filled with boundless possibilities.For it is through the harmonious fusion of scientific exploration and technological advancement that we can unlock the fullest potential of our nation, forging a path towards progress, prosperity, and enduring excellence. And it is with this unwavering belief that I proudly proclaim, "I love my country, a nation that embraces the limitless horizons of knowledge and innovation."篇2My Love for My Motherland - The Advancement of TechnologyAs a young student in my first year of high school, I find myself constantly in awe of the rapid technological progress happening in my beloved motherland. China's remarkable economic growth and technological advancements over the past few decades have been nothing short of extraordinary. It fills my heart with immense pride and patriotism to witness my nation's achievements in various fields, especially in the realm of cutting-edge technology.One area where China has made significant strides is in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). From facial recognition systems to self-driving cars and intelligent assistants, AI is transforming the way we live and work. China has become a global leader in AI research and development, with companies like Baidu, Alibaba, and Tencent at the forefront of this revolution. The potential applications of AI are vast, ranging from healthcare and education to transportation and security, and I am excited to see how this technology will continue to shape our future.Another area where China has excelled is in the field of renewable energy. As the world grapples with the challenges of climate change and environmental degradation, China has emerged as a leading producer and consumer of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. The country's ambitious goals to reduce carbon emissions and transition towards a more sustainable future are commendable, and I am proud to see my nation taking such proactive steps to combat global warming.Furthermore, China's achievements in space exploration have been nothing short of remarkable. From launching its first satellite in 1970 to landing a rover on the far side of the moon in 2019, China has demonstrated its prowess in space technology.The country's ambitious plans to establish a permanent presence on the moon and eventually send manned missions to Mars fill me with a sense of excitement and wonder. I am inspired by the determination and perseverance of Chinese scientists and engineers who have made these remarkable achievements possible.Another area where China has made significant progress is in the field of high-speed rail. The country boasts the world's largest and most extensive high-speed rail network, which has revolutionized transportation and connectivity within the nation. The ability to travel vast distances in a fraction of the time it would take by conventional means has not only improved the quality of life for millions of Chinese citizens but has also contributed to economic growth and development. As a student, I am grateful for the ease of travel that this technology provides, allowing me to explore different parts of my vast and beautiful country with relative ease.Moreover, China's advancements in fields such as telecommunications, e-commerce, and mobile technology have transformed the way we communicate, shop, and conduct business. The widespread adoption of digital payment systems, such as WeChat Pay and Alipay, has made transactions moreconvenient and efficient. Chinese companies like Huawei and Xiaomi have become global leaders in the smartphone and telecommunications industries, competing with long-established brands and pushing the boundaries of innovation.As I reflect on these remarkable achievements, I cannot help but feel a sense of pride and admiration for the hard work, dedication, and ingenuity of the Chinese people. The progress we have made in such a short period of time is a testament to the resilience and determination of our nation. However, it is essential to acknowledge that this rapid development has also brought about challenges, such as environmental concerns, income inequality, and urban congestion. It is crucial for us to strike a balance between technological advancement and sustainable development, ensuring that our progress does not come at the cost of our natural resources or the well-being of our citizens.Looking towards the future, I am filled with hope and excitement for what lies ahead. As a student, I am committed to pursuing knowledge and contributing to the continued progress of my nation. Whether through studying science, technology, engineering, or mathematics, or by exploring other disciplines, I am determined to play my part in shaping the future of China.I am confident that with the right education, hard work, and determination, my generation will continue to build upon the foundations laid by those who came before us. We will develop innovative solutions to address global challenges, such as climate change, energy security, and healthcare accessibility. We will push the boundaries of what is possible, exploring new frontiers in fields like quantum computing, biotechnology, and space exploration.As I look ahead, I envision a China that is not only a global leader in technology but also a champion of sustainable development, environmental protection, and social equality. A China that is respected and admired not only for its economic might but also for its commitment to creating a better world for all.In conclusion, my love for my motherland is deeply intertwined with the pride I feel for its technological achievements. The progress we have made in fields such as artificial intelligence, renewable energy, space exploration,high-speed rail, telecommunications, and e-commerce is truly remarkable. However, our journey towards a more advanced and prosperous future is not without its challenges. It is our responsibility as the next generation to build upon thesesuccesses while addressing the social, environmental, and ethical implications of our technological progress.As a young student, I am filled with hope, determination, and a deep sense of patriotism. I am honored to be a part of a nation that values education, innovation, and progress. Together, we will continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, creating a better future for ourselves, our families, and our beloved motherland.篇3My Love for My Country: Embracing Technological AdvancementsAs a high school student in this rapidly evolving world, I can't help but feel an immense sense of pride and admiration for my beloved country. The remarkable technological advancements that have taken place over the past few decades have not only transformed our daily lives but also propelled our nation to the forefront of innovation. It is this unwavering pursuit of progress that fuels my love and appreciation for the land I call home.Growing up in an era where technology has become an integral part of our existence, I have witnessed firsthand the incredible impact it has had on various aspects of our society.From the way we communicate and access information to the advancements in healthcare, education, and infrastructure, the journey has been nothing short of awe-inspiring.One of the most profound examples of our nation's technological prowess lies in the realm of communication. The advent of the internet and subsequent development of social media platforms have revolutionized how we connect with one another. Instantaneous communication across vast distances has become a reality, transcending geographical barriers and bringing people closer together. This level of connectivity has not only facilitated personal relationships but has also fostered greater collaboration and exchange of ideas on a global scale.Moreover, the rapid evolution of mobile technology has further amplified our ability to stay connected. Smartphones have become indispensable tools, granting us access to a wealth of information and services at our fingertips. From booking a ride to conducting financial transactions, these devices have streamlined our daily routines, making our lives more convenient and efficient.Beyond communication, our nation's commitment to scientific research and innovation has yielded groundbreaking advancements in fields such as healthcare and medicine. Thedevelopment of cutting-edge medical technologies has revolutionized diagnostic procedures and treatment methods, saving countless lives and improving the overall quality of life for our citizens.One remarkable example is the advent of telemedicine, which has bridged the gap between healthcare providers and patients, particularly in remote or underserved areas. Through video conferencing and remote monitoring devices, individuals can now receive high-quality medical care without the need for extensive travel, ensuring that no one is left behind in accessing essential healthcare services.Furthermore, our country's dedication to renewable energy sources and sustainable practices has positioned us as a global leader in the fight against climate change. The development of clean energy technologies, such as solar and wind power, has not only reduced our reliance on fossil fuels but has also created new economic opportunities and jobs in the green sector.The technological advancements in education have also been remarkable. Online learning platforms and digital resources have made knowledge more accessible than ever before. Students in even the most remote areas can now accesshigh-quality educational materials, bridging the gap between urban and rural communities.Beyond these tangible achievements, what truly inspires me is the spirit of innovation and entrepreneurship that permeates our nation. Our country has fostered an environment that encourages creativity, risk-taking, and the pursuit of new ideas. This nurturing ecosystem has given rise to numerous startups and disruptive technologies that have not only transformed industries but have also created new economic opportunities for our people.As I look towards the future, I am filled with excitement and anticipation. The rapid pace of technological change promises even greater wonders and possibilities. From the development of artificial intelligence and machine learning to the exploration of renewable energy sources and sustainable practices, our nation stands at the forefront of shaping the world of tomorrow.However, amidst this incredible progress, it is crucial that we remain mindful of the ethical considerations and potential challenges that accompany such advancements. We must ensure that technology is harnessed in a responsible and equitable manner, addressing issues of privacy, security, and accessibility for all segments of society.Furthermore, as we embrace these advancements, we must not lose sight of our cultural heritage and traditions. Technology should serve as a means to enhance and preserve our rich cultural tapestry, not as a replacement for the values and customs that have defined our nation's identity throughout history.In conclusion, my love for my country is deeply intertwined with the remarkable technological progress we have achieved. From the advancements in communication and healthcare to the strides made in renewable energy and education, our nation's commitment to innovation has not only improved our lives but has also positioned us as a global leader in shaping the future.As a student, I am filled with immense pride and gratitude for the opportunities and resources that have been made available to me through these technological advancements. It is my sincere hope that we will continue to foster an environment that encourages curiosity, creativity, and a relentless pursuit of knowledge, propelling us further along the path of progress while preserving the values and traditions that make our nation truly remarkable.。
什么是可持续性科学_邬建国
什么是可持续性科学_邬建国应⽤⽣态学报2014年1⽉第25卷第1期Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology，Jan．2014，25（1）：1－11什么是可持续性科学？邬建国1，2，3＊＊郭晓川1杨稢1钱贵霞1⽜建明1梁存柱1张庆1李昂4（1内蒙古⼤学中美⽣态、能源及可持续性科学研究中⼼，呼和浩特010021；2北京师范⼤学⼈与环境系统可持续性研究中⼼，北京100875；3美国亚利桑那州⽴⼤学⽣命科学院和全球可持续性研究所，坦佩，亚利桑那州85287，美国；4中国科学院植物研究所，北京100093）摘要可持续发展是我们时代的主题，也是⼈类⾯临的最⼤挑战．⾃20世纪70年代，尤其是近20年来，可持续发展的概念⽇益频繁地出现在学术⽂章、政府⽂件以及公益宣传和商业⼴告之中．然⽽，为可持续发展提供理论基础和实践指导的科学———可持续性科学———是在21世纪初才开始形成的．该科学在短短的⼗⼏年中迅速开拓、不断发展，正在形成其科学概念框架和研究体系．中国是世界⼤国，是可持续性科学的哲学思想———“天⼈合⼀”———的故乡，有必要承担起时代之重任，在追求“中国梦”的同时促进全球可持续发展，并积极参与进⽽引领可持续性科学的研究和实践．为了帮助实现这⼀宏伟⽽远⼤⽬标，本⽂拟对可持续性科学的基本概念、研究论题和发展前景作⼀概述．可持续性科学是研究⼈与环境之间动态关系———特别是耦合系统的脆弱性、抗扰性、弹性和稳定性———的整合型科学．它穿越⾃然科学和⼈⽂与社会科学，以环境、经济和社会的相互关系为核⼼，将基础性研究和应⽤研究融为⼀体．可持续发展的核⼼内容往往因时、因地、因⼈⽽异．因此，可持续性科学必须注重多尺度研究，同时应特别关注50到100年的时间尺度和景观以及区域的空间尺度．景观和区域不但是最可操作的空间尺度，同时也是上通全球、下达局地的枢纽尺度．可持续性科学需要聚焦于⽣态系统服务和⼈类福祉的相互关系，进⽽探讨⽣物多样性和⽣态系统过程，以及⽓候变化、⼟地利⽤变化和其他社会经济驱动过程对这⼀关系的影响．我们认为，景观和可持续性是可持续性科学的核⼼研究内容，也将是可持续性科学在以后⼏⼗年的研究热点．关键词可持续性科学可持续发展⼈与环境耦合系统⽣态系统服务⼈类福祉景观区域⽂章编号1001－9332（2014）01－0001－11中图分类号F061．3⽂献标识码AWhat is sustainability science？WU Jian-guo1，2，3，GUO Xiao-chuan1，YANG Jie1，QIAN Gui-xia1，NIU Jian-ming1，LIANG Cun-zhu1，ZHANG Qing1，LI Ang4（1Sino-US Center for Conserva-tion，Energy，and Sustainability Science（SUCCESS），Inner Mongolia University，Hohhot010021，China；2Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability（CHESS），Beijing Normal University，Beijing100875，China；3School of Life Sciences and Global Institute of Sustainability，Arizona StateUniversity，Tempe，AZ85287，USA；4Institude of Botany，Chinese Academic of Sciences，Beijing100093，China）．-Chin．J．Appl．Ecol．，2014，25（1）：1－11．Abstract：Sustainability is the theme of our time and also the grandest challenge to humanity．Sincethe1970s，the term，sustainable development，has frequently appeared in the scientific literature，governmental documents，media promotions for public goods，and commercial advertisements．How-ever，the science that provides the theoretical foundation and practical guidance for sustainable de-velopment－sustainability science－only began to emerge in the beginning of the21st century．Nev-ertheless，the field has rapidly developed in depth and expanded in scope during the past decade，with its core concepts and research methods coalescing．China，as the most populous country in theworld and home to the philosophical root of sustainability science－the unity of man and nature，isobligated to take upon the challenge of our time，to facilitate global sustainability while pursuing theChinese Dream，and to play a leading role in the development of sustainability science．Toward thisgrandiose goal，this paper presents the first Chinese introduction to sustainability science，which *通讯作者．E-mail：Jingle．Wu@asu．edu2013-10-08收稿，2013-10-22接受．discusses its basic concepts，research questions，and future directions．Sustainability science is the study of the dynamic relationship between humans and the environment，particularly focusing on the vulnerability，robustness，resilience，and stability of the coupled human-environment system．It is a transdisciplinary science that integrates natural sciences with humanities and social sciences．It hinges on the environment-economy-society nexus，and merges basic and applied research．The key components of sustainability often change with time，place，and culture，and thus sustainability sci-ence needs to emphasize multi-scale studies in space and time，with emphasis on landscapes and re-gions over a horizon of50to100years．It needs to focus on the relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being，as influenced by biodiversity and ecosystem processes as well as cli-mate change，land use change，and other socioeconomic drivers．Landscape sustainability is at the core of sustainability science，and is expected to be a hot research topic in the next few decades．Key words：sustainability science；sustainable development；coupled human-environment systems （CHES）；ecosystem services；human well-being；landscape；region．⾃18世纪下半叶的⼯业⾰命以来，世界⼈⼝已经从不⾜10亿增加到71亿之多．毫⽆疑问，⼯业⾰命以来的科学、技术⾰命⼤⼤地推动了社会和经济的发展，使⼈类物质⽣活的整体⽔平得以⼤⼤提⾼；但⼀系列的重⼤环境问题亦相伴⽽来．⼈类驯化植物⽽发展了农业；驯养动物⽽发展了牧业；聚居贸易，劳动分⼯进⽽创造了城市；随之⽽来的是经济规模化、⼯业化和现代化．今天，⼈类之能事可谓拔⼭填海，堵江截流，呼风唤⾬，改天换地．⼈类不只是驯化个别种群或物种，⽽是在驯化整个⽣态系统，整个景观，乃⾄整个⽣物圈［1－4］．⾃然已不再“⾃然”，其“均衡”早已被打破［5］．有多少昔⽇的桃花源和阿尔卡笛亚（Arcadia）已是天不蓝、⽔不澈、风不清、⾬不顺？地球系统已经千疮百孔，表破内损，包括全球⽓候变化、⽣物多样性锐减、⾃然资源耗竭以及环境质量下降在内的诸多环境问题正在挑战着⼈类社会的可持续性．因此，如何在满⾜⼈类发展需求的同时，持续地保障地球⽣命⽀持系统的基本结构和功能，即“可持续发展”［6－10］，已成为学术界和社会各界⼴泛关注的重⼤科学和决策问题［11－13］．可持续发展的理念可追溯到中国古典哲学之核⼼思想———“天⼈合⼀”［1］．20世纪70年代，当⼈⼝、资源、⽣态和环境问题⽇趋严重、⼴为⼈知之时，可持续发展概念才开始盛⾏［14－16］．然⽽，从1987年联合国世界环境与发展委员会正式定义什么是可持续发展，到1992年联合国在巴西⾥约热内卢举⾏的⾸届可持续发展地球峰会（Earth Summit），再到2002年在南⾮约翰内斯堡召开的第⼆届地球峰会，以及2012年重返巴西⾥约热内卢的第三届可持续发展地球峰会，显然可见20多年来联合国和世界各国政府对可持续发展的⾼度重视．作为可持续发展的科学依据和运作指南，可持续性科学（sustainabili-ty science）也在21世纪初应运⽽⽣．何谓可持续性科学？虽然确切⽽公认的答案尚且难寻，但可以肯定的是，该科学在短短的⼗⼏年中迅速发展，⼴泛拓展，其科学概念框架和研究体系正在形成．作为泱泱⼤国的中国，为了追“中国梦”，实现⽣态⽂明，就必须在可持续性科学⽅⾯有长⾜发展，继续为世界可持续发展做出重⼤贡献．然⽽，⽬前国内学界对该领域的研究和介绍甚少．为此，本⽂拟对可持续性科学的基本概念和研究论题作⼀较为系统的介绍，并对可持续性评估⽅法和可持续性科学的发展前景加以讨论．1可持续发展和可持续性1.1可持续发展的概念中⽂的“可持续发展”是直接从英⽂的sustain-able development翻译⽽来．根据《在线词源词典》（http：//www．etymonline．com/），英⽂“sustainable”⼀词出现在17世纪早期，当时该词的含义是“bear-able”（可忍受的）或“defensible”（可辩护的或可防御的）．直到1965年，“sustainable”⼀词才开始具有我们现在所熟悉的含义：“capable of being continued at a certain level”（在⼀定⽔平上持续的能⼒）．作为名词的“sustainability”（可持续性）最早出现于1907年，当时主要是法庭⽤语（譬如，法庭上⼀⽅律师对另⼀⽅律师在陈述时提出反对或抗议的“有效性”，即能否得到法官确认）．作为⼀个意指环境、经济和社会3个⽅⾯持续发展的能⼒和趋势的术语，“可持续性”⼀词在1972年最早出现在英国，1974年出现在美国，此后在1978年出现在联合国⽂件中［17］．今天，与“可持续”有关的这些术语已成为学2应⽤⽣态学报25卷术界、政策领域及各种媒体的流⾏语．在英⽂⽂献中，“可持续发展”和“可持续性”经常作为同义语使⽤．可持续发展的定义有⼀百多个，但最被⼴泛接受的⽆疑是1987年世界环境与发展委员会（World Commission on Environment and Development，WCED）的定义［16］．在题为《我们共同的未来》（Our Common Future）的报告中，WCED⾸次正式地将可持续发展定义为“满⾜当代⼈类的需求⽽不损害⼦孙后代满⾜他们⾃⼰需求的能⼒”；可持续发展同时也是“⼀个资源利⽤、投资取向、技术发展以及政策变化都协调⼀致，不断促进满⾜⼈类现在和将来需求之潜⼒的变化过程”［18］．WCED报告进⽽指出，满⾜⼈类基本需要是最重要的；经济发展和资源平等共享是必需的；利益相关者的有效参与能够促进平等；发展是有限度的，须考虑环境的承载⼒；科技⽔平、环境资源特征、管理体制以及社会经济现状均会影响某个地区乃⾄全球的可持续性．1999年，美国国家研究理事会（NationalＲe-search Council，NＲC）发表了题为《我们共同的旅途：向可持续性过渡》（Our Common Journey：A Transi-tion Toward Sustainability）的报告，讨论了有关可持续发展的各种观点，以及发展和持续两者之间的相互关系［19］．NＲC报告依循WCED报告的理念，指出可持续发展旨在“实现社会发展⽬标和环境极限的长期协调”16］．2002年可持续发展地球峰会发布的《约翰内斯堡可持续发展宣⾔》（Johannesburg De-claration on Sustainable Development；http：//www．unescap．org/esd/environment/rio20/pages/Download/ johannesburgdeclaration．pdf）进⼀步阐述了可持续发展的“三⽀柱”（three pillars）或“三重底线”（triple bottom line）概念，即可持续发展要同时考虑环境保护、经济发展和社会平等3个⽅⾯（图1）．协调环境、经济和社会之间的相互联系是可持续发展的焦点和难点，⽽理解三者之间关系往往涉及到“强可持续性”（strong sustainability）和“弱可持续性”（weak sustainability）的观点．这两种观点的主要区别在于如何看待⼈造资本（human-made 或manufactured capital）和⾃然资本（natural capital）之间的“可替代性”（substitutability）（图2）．具体地讲，强可持续性观点认为，⼈造资本（如机器、⼯具、建筑和基础设施）和⾃然资本（指⾃然资源和⽣态系统）是互补关系，环境的可持续性必须得以保障，以损害环境为代价的经济发展是不可持续的；弱可持续性观点则认为，⼈造资本和⾃然资本之间是互为替代关系，故此，只要总的资本量不减，⼀个环境恶化但经济发达的地区也是“可持续的”［20］．显然，从长远的⾓度来看，弱可持续性实际上是不可持续的．⽽强可持续性也并⾮主张极端的“环境保护主义”，它只是强调环境可持续性的重要性和必要性．若没有环境的可持续，实现长期的经济和社会的可持续是不可能的［1，16，20－21］．极端的强可持续性观点认为应该杜绝对⽣态系统的开发和利⽤，这显然是不切实际的，因此在⽂献中称之为“荒唐的强可持续性”（absurdly strong sustainability）［1，16，20－21］．显然，强、弱图1可持续发展的“三⽀柱”或“三重底线”（环境、经济和社会）概念Fig．1The three-pillar or triple bottom line concept of sustain-ability（environment，economy and society）．图2“强可持续性”（A）和“弱可持续性”（B）观点的⽐较Fig．2Comparison between strong sustainability（A）and weak sustainability（B）perspectives．两者的关键不同在于三⽀柱之间的“可取代性”及其极限或阈值The main differences hinge on substitutability among the three pillars and its limits or thresholds．31期邬建国等：什么是可持续性科学？可持续性观点对于如何理解和评估可持续发展有着重要影响．1.2⼈类福祉和⽣态系统服务可持续发展的最终⽬的是提⾼⼈类福祉（hu-man well-being ），即满⾜当代⼈和后代⼈的物质和精神需求．⼈类需求会因社会经济状况、⽂化传统、⽣活⽅式等诸多因素⽽变化．那么，可持续发展应该如何考虑⼈类需求和⼈类福祉呢？美国社会⼼理学家亚伯拉罕·马斯洛（Abraham Maslow ）的⼈类需求层次理论（hierarchy of human needs ）将⼈类需求划分为6个层次：⽣理需求（physiology ）、安全需求（safety and security ）、社交需求（love and belong-ing ）、尊重需求（esteem ）、⾃我实现（self-actualiza-tion ）和超越⾃我（self-transcendence ）［22－23］．马斯洛理论虽然多年来颇有争议，但影响甚⼴［16］．马斯洛的层次理论聚焦于个⼈需求，但可持续性科学须考虑的⼈类福祉应注重于群体或⼤众利益．千年⽣态系统评估（Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ，MEA ）将⼈类需求综合为5个⽅⾯：基本⽣活材料、⾃由、健康、良好社会关系以及安全保障［24］．这⼀观点已经⼴为采纳，并且得以进⼀步发展和完善［16］．满⾜⼈类需求必然依赖于⽣态系统服务，即“⼈类从⽣态系统中所获得的利益”［24］．尽管有多种⽣态系统服务分类⽅法，⽬前最为⼴泛应⽤的是千年⽣态系统评估中的划分⽅案———即⽣态系统服务包括4类：⽀撑服务（指⽣态系统过程和功能，如⼟壤形成、⽣产⼒和养分循环等）、供给服务（如⾷物、淡⽔、纤维等）、调节服务（如空⽓和⽔的净化、⽓候调节、疾病和⾃然灾害的控制等）和⽂化服务（如游憩、精神滋养、以及其他⾮物质性利益）．⽣态系统服务依赖于⽣物多样性和⽣态系统过程和功能，同时受社会、经济和政策等多⽅⾯因素的影响，被普遍认为是连接⾃然资本与⼈类福祉的重要桥梁［25］（图3）．因此，⽣态系统服务为可持续发展研究提供了⼀个可操作的概念框架，并已经成为该领域的⼀个核⼼论题．2可持续性科学的概念“可持续性科学”⼀词是美国国家研究理事会在1999年题为《我们共同的旅途：向可持续性过图3⽣态系统结构和功能（⾃然资本）、⽣态系统服务和⼈类需求之间的关系———以⼟壤⽣态系统为例Fig．3Ｒelationship among ecosystem structure and function （natural capital ），ecosystem services ，and human well-being ：Using soilecosystem as an example．根据Dominati 等［43］修改重绘Ｒedrawn with modifications based on Dominati ，et al ［43］．4应⽤⽣态学报25卷渡》的报告中⾸次提出的［19］．2001年，Kates等［6］在《科学》杂志中撰⽂，第⼀次系统地介绍了这⼀新兴的整合型科学，由此可持续性科学正式问世．《美国国家科学院院刊》（Proceedings of the National Acad-emy of Sciences of the United States of America，PNAS）分别在2003和2007年出版了两期有关可持续性科学的专辑［26－27］，为推动该领域的迅速发展起到了积极作⽤．Kates等［6］在2001年将可持续性科学定义为，在局地、区域和全球尺度上研究⾃然和社会之间动态关系的科学，是为可持续发展提供理论基础和技术⼿段的横向科学［7，12，16，28］．可持续性科学整合⾃然科学和⼈⽂与社会科学，以环境、经济和社会的相互关系为核⼼，将基础性研究和应⽤研究融为⼀体．⾮线性动⼒学（nonlinear dynamics）、⾃组织复杂性（self-organizing complexity）、脆弱性（vul-nerability）、弹性（resilience）、惯性（inertia）、阈值（threshold）、适应性管理（adaptive management）和社会学习（social learning）是可持续性科学中的重要概念［6－7，16］．同时，可持续性科学强调对现有科学技术的创造性利⽤以及发展新型可持续性技术的重要性．综上所述，可持续性科学是研究⼈与环境之间动态关系，特别是耦合系统的脆弱性、抗扰性、弹性和稳定性的整合型科学．Wu［1，4，7－8，16］在⼀系列⽂章中进⼀步阐述了可持续性科学的⼀些特点．他认为，可持续性科学是具有3个主要特征的全新的跨学科范式．⾸先，可持续性科学是⼀个多维度的、穿越传统的⾃然科学和社会科学界线的、集理论和实践为⼀体的科学．其次，可持续性科学中的可持续性具有时、空以及组织结构上的多尺度和等级特征，因此⾃上⽽下（top down）或⾃下⽽上（bottom up）的研究策略⾮但重要，⽽且是必须的．第三，可持续性科学强调地区特点和解决实际问题，其研究对象应该“具有特殊社会、⽂化、⽣态和经济特征”［28］，因此，景观和区域应该是可持续性科学研究和实践的关键尺度，或基本空间单元［1，7，16］．作为⼀个新的研究领域和范式，可持续性科学是时髦⼀时、过眼云烟？还是地位确⽴、⽇益蓬勃？针对这个问题，Bettencourt和Kaur［11］分析了1974—2010年间发表的有关可持续发展的英⽂⽂章，发现可持续性科学具有4个不同于传统科学的发展特点．第⼀，⾃从1987年世界环境与发展委员会正式定义“可持续发展”之后，相关⽂章呈现爆发式增长（平均8．3年增长1倍，图4）；第⼆，从发表⽂章数图4可持续发展研究历程中的重要事件和可持续性科学的形成Fig．4Historic events in sustainable development research and the emergence of sustainability science．根据Bettencourt和Kaur［11］修改重绘Ｒedrawn with modifications from Bettencourt and Kaur［11］．量和引⽤频次来看，参与研究可持续性的国家数量众多，不仅包括传统的科学强国（如美国、西欧和⽇本等发达国家），同时也包括⼤量的发展中国家（如中国、巴西、印度、南⾮、⼟⽿其等）；第三，传统科学的发展往往局限于较窄的专业领域，⽽可持续性科学涉及的领域甚⼴，其中社会学、⽣物学以及⼯程学是对其发展作出重⼤贡献的3个领域；第四，共同作者数量多，体现了⽐传统科学研究远为⼴泛的作者间的合作（图4）．Kates［12］对Bettencourt和Kaur［11］的⼯作给予了肯定，认为“他们作为可持续性科学领域的局外⼈，利⽤⾃⾝的专业技术，深刻揭⽰了可持续性科学与传统科学的区别”．然⽽，尽管我们可以概略地把可持续性科学说成是“研究可持续发展的科学”，凡是有关可持续发展的研究并⾮⼀定是可持续性科学的内容．关于可持续发展的研究⾄少已有40年的历史，其间有⼤量的论⽂以及政府和其他⾮学术组织的报告发表．2000年以前发表的⼤多数有关可持续发展的⽂献缺乏统⼀的概念框架，缺乏系统性和严谨性，缺乏科学规范．因此，这⼀时期的许多可持续发展的研究被视为社会科学或与政府决策有关的实⽤研究，并未受到⾃然科学家的⼴泛重视．⽽在⾃然科学中，与可持续发展研究关系最为密切的包括⽣态学和环境科学．但这两个学科中的所谓可持续发展研究，长期以来只重视⽣态或环境可持续性，对社会和经济可持续性考虑甚少．⽽所谓⽣态或环境可持续性长期以51期邬建国等：什么是可持续性科学？来聚焦于⽣物多样性保护和⽣态系统稳定性．我们在这⼀节开⾸已谈到，直到21世纪初可持续性科学才正式问世，但在短短的⼗⼏年来已经引起了⾃然科学、社会科学、⼈⽂学科各领域的⼴泛关注，其科学框架和理论与⽅法体系正在形成之中．3可持续性科学的主要研究论题如前所述，可持续性科学的研究领域⾮常之⼴，涉及到的学科亦极为庞杂．但是，作为⼀门科学，⽆论交叉学科还是横向学科，都须有其主导性的研究核⼼问题．这⾥，我们根据近年来该领域的⼀系列重要⽂献，归纳并讨论⼀下可持续性科学的主要研究论题．在2001年发表的可持续性科学的奠基之作中，Kates等［6］提出了该领域的7个核⼼论题：1）如何把⾃然和社会之间的动态关系———包括滞后和惯性———更好地整合到正在兴起的地球系统-⼈类发展-可持续性的耦合模式和概念框架之中？2）环境和发展的长期变化趋势———包括消费和⼈⼝———如何改变⾃然和社会之间的相互作⽤，进⽽影响可持续性？3）在不同区域，对于不同的⽣态系统和⼈类⽣计类型，什么在决定⾃然-社会耦合系统的脆弱性（vulnerability）和弹性（resilience）？4）如何科学⽽有效地定义能够预警⾃然-社会系统严重退化的极限条件和边界域值？5）什么样的激励结构系统（systems of incentive structures）———包括市场、政策、规范和科学信息———⽅能最有效地促进将⾃然和社会相互作⽤导⼊可持续轨道的社会能⼒（social capacity）？6）如何将现有的关于环境和社会条件的监测和呈报系统加以整合和扩展，从⽽为向可持续性过渡提供更有效的指导？7）如何将如今相对独⽴的研究规划、监测、评估和决策⽀撑诸项活动更好地整合于适应性管理和社会学习（social learning）的系统之中？2010年，Levin和Clark［29］在Kates等［6］的7个“核⼼”问题的基础上，提出了可持续性科学中的6个“基本”问题：1）⼈类福祉和⾃然环境之间的主要得失权衡（tradeoffs）是什么，⽽这些得失权衡⼜是如何受⼈类利⽤⾃然的⽅式所影响？2）什么在决定⼈与环境耦合系统的适应性，更⼴义地讲，该系统在外部⼲扰和内部变化情况下的脆弱性、抗扰性（或鲁棒性，robustness）和弹性？3）什么在决定⼈与环境之间相互作⽤的长期趋势和演变过程？4）如何构建能更好解释⼈与环境相互作⽤在种类和变化趋势⽅⾯之差异的理论和模型？5）如何才能使社会最有效地引导和管理⼈与环境系统，从⽽使其向可持续性过渡？6）如何有效⽽严谨地评估⼈与环境相互作⽤不同轨迹的“可持续性”？2011年，Kates［12］⼜根据Levin和Clark［29］的论述对2001年提出的7个核⼼论题做了修改，具体内容如下：1）什么在决定⼈与环境耦合系统的长期趋势和演变过程，从⽽主导本世纪的主要变化⽅向？2）什么在决定⼈与环境系统的适应性、脆弱性及弹性？3）如何构建能够更好解释⼈与环境相互作⽤之差异的理论和模型？4）⼈类福祉与⾃然环境之间的主要得失权衡是什么？5）如何科学⽽有效地定义能够为⼈与环境系统预警的极限条件？6）如何才能使社会最有效地引导和管理⼈与环境系统，从⽽使其向可持续性过渡？7）如何评估环境和发展的不同途径的“可持续性”？⽐较⼀下以上的3个版本不难看出，Levin和Clark［29］所提出的6个基本问题与Kates等［6］提出的7个论题其实相似，但不尽相同．⾸先，Levin和Clark［29］的第2、3、4、5和6基本问题分别对应于Kates等［6］的第3、2、1、5+6和7核⼼论题，但两者间有⼀重要区别；那就是前者增加了⼈类福祉与⾃然环境之间的主要得失权衡⼀项．确实，⼈与环境之间、⽣态系统服务和⼈类福祉之间、以及不同⽣态系统服务之间的得失权衡是近些年来⽣态学、环境科学和可持续性科学研究的⼀⼤热点．第⼆，Levin和Clark［29］⽤⼈与环境（耦合）系统取代了⾃然-社会（耦合）系统．当今世界，没有⼈为⼲扰的“⾃然”实在罕见；即使在⽣态学中，何为⾃然争议颇多，从未有定论．因此，在探讨可持续性科学问题时，⼈与环境系统⽐⾃然-社会系统更适当．第三，Levin与Clark［29］似乎将“预警”极限和边界阈值⼀条有意删除．当然，在研究⼈与环境系统的脆弱性、抗扰性和弹性时，不6应⽤⽣态学报25卷可避免地要涉及到极限和边界阈值的概念．Kates［12］在2011年修改后的7个核⼼论题，是对Kates等［6］2001版的7个论题和Levin和Clark［29］2010年提出的6个基本问题的整合．除了在排列顺序和措辞上有所不同，Kates［12］（2011）的7个核⼼论题中的6个（1、2、3、4、6、7）和Levin和Clark［29］所提的6个基本问题基本等同．显然，⼈与环境系统取代了⾃然-社会系统．更重要的是，Kates［12］增加了⼈类福祉与⾃然环境之间的主要得失权衡，⽽将其2001年版中激励结构系统和监测和呈报系统加以合并，统称为引导和管理⼈与环境系统，从⽽使其向可持续性过渡的社会能⼒．此外，他仍然将确定系统预警的极限和阈值作为⼀个核⼼论题单独列出．综上所述，Kates［12］在2011年的修改版是对⽬前可持续性科学主要研究论题最完整和最权威的概括．4可持续性定量评估⽅法如何定量地评估“可持续性”显然是可持续性科学研究中的⼀个重要环节［13，30－31］．可持续性定量评估⽅法的研究和应⽤在可持续性科学正式出现之前就已经开始．1992年在巴西⾥约热内卢召开的第⼀届地球峰会上通过了《21世纪议程》（Agenda21；http：//sustainabledevelopment．un．org/content/docu-ments/Agenda21．pdf），呼吁构建可持续发展评估⽅法．随后，⼀系列的国际组织、政府部门和学术团体及许多科学家⼀直在积极推进可持续发展评估的研究和应⽤，涌现出多种评估⽅法和分类标准，已经发表的⽂献可谓海量．泛阅取优，Ness等［31］依据3个标准———时间特征（回溯/历史性的或前瞻/预测性的）、研究焦点（如针对产品的、政策的或某⼀区域的）和整合程度（即是否同时考虑⾃然、社会和经济3个⽅⾯）———将可持续发展评估⽅法⼤致分为3类：指标（indicator）和指数（index）、基于产品的评估⽅法（product-related assessment methods）和往往涉及到动态模型的综合性评估⽅法（integrated assess-ment methods）（图5）．其中，可持续性指标和指数以及可持续性动态模型尤为重要．前者在数学上较为简单，已经⼴为使⽤；后者可以模拟系统过程和功能，有助于理解、预测和调控⼈与环境耦合系统的⾏为．由于篇幅有限，我们在这⾥只作⼀概述．4.1可持续发展指数和指标体系可持续性指标框架是基于可持续发展原理，指导指标选择、发展和整合的概念构架［13］．常见的可持续性指标框架包括：1）压⼒-状态-响应框架（pres-sure-state-response framework，PSＲ）、基于主题的框架（theme-based framework）、基于资本的框架（cap-ital-based framework）、综合核算框架（integrated ac-counting framework）以及包容性财富框架（inclusive wealth framework）［13，32－34］．⽐较⼴泛应⽤的综合性可持续性指标包括：⽣态⾜迹（ecological footprint，EF）、绿⾊GDP、⼈类发展指数（human development index，HDI）、幸福星球指数（happy planet index，HPI）、真实进步指标（gen-uine progressindicator，GPI）、可持续经济福利指数（index of sustainable economic welfare，ISEW；与GPI 基本相同）、环境绩效指数（environmental perform-ance index，EPI；其前⾝为环境可持续指数，environ-mental sustainability index，ESI）以及包容性财富指数（inclusive wealth index，IWI）．这些指数在这⾥只是简单提及，⼤量⽂献对其有详尽描述［13］．这些综合指数往往包含代表环境、经济和社会诸⽅⾯的多个指标，经过加权和聚合最终获得⼀个衡量可持续性的总值．然⽽，在应⽤可持续性指标体系时，则不需要将所有指标聚合成⼀个指数．采⽤多个指标分别度量可持续性的各个维度和具体⽅⾯有时更为必要，更容易理解．影响较为⼴泛的可持续发展指标体系包括联合国千年发展⽬标指标体系（Millennium Development Goals Indicators；http：//mdgs．un．org/ unsd/mdg/Default．aspx）和联合国可持续发展委员会指标体系（United Nations Commission on Sustain-able Development Indicators）［34］．值得⼀提的是，我国在可持续发展指标体系的发展和应⽤⽅⾯做了⼤量⼯作［15，35－37］．譬如，中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组设计了⼀套“五级叠加，逐层收敛，规范权重，统⼀排序”的可持续发展指标体系［37］．该指标体系分为总体层、系统层、状态层、变量层和要素层5个等级．总体层表达可持续发展的综合能⼒；系统层包括具有内部逻辑关系的5⼤⽀持系统：⽣存⽀持系统、发展⽀持系统、环境⽀持系统、社会⽀持系统和智⼒⽀持系统；状态层从不同⾓度表现某⼀系统的静态或。
科学与技术让生活更美好英语作文结尾
科学与技术让生活更美好英语作文结尾Science and technology have revolutionized our lives in countless ways, making them not only easier and more convenient but also more beautiful. The advancements in technology have transformed our world into a more interconnected and efficient society, from the way we communicate to the way we travel, work, and even relax.In the field of healthcare, science and technology have made significant strides in improving our quality of life. From the development of life-saving medications to innovative surgical techniques, we now have more options and better outcomes when it comes to treating illnesses and injuries. Additionally, technology has enabled the creation of smart devices that can monitor our health in real-time, providing us with valuable data and insights to help us make better decisions about ourwell-being.Furthermore, science and technology have also had a profound impact on the environment. Through advancements in renewable energy sources, such as solar power and wind energy, we are moving closer to a more sustainable future. Additionally, technologies like electric vehicles and energy-efficientappliances are helping to reduce our carbon footprint and preserve our planet for future generations.In conclusion, science and technology have not only made our lives easier and more convenient but have also made them more beautiful. Through innovation and creativity, we have been able to solve complex problems, improve our health, and protect our environment. As we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, we can look forward to a future where science and technology continue to make our lives more fulfilling and our world a more beautiful place to live.。
我想去太原科技馆参观的80词英语作文
我想去太原科技馆参观的80词英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1I dream of visiting the Taiyuan Science and Technology Museum! As a student with an insatiable curiosity about the world around me, this renowned museum seems like a wonderland waiting to be explored. With its cutting-edge exhibits and hands-on displays, I can hardly contain my excitement at the prospect of immersing myself in the captivating realms of science and technology.My fascination with these subjects can be traced back to my childhood days, when I would spend hours poring over books and documentaries, marveling at the incredible discoveries and inventions that have shaped our understanding of the universe. From the intricate workings of the human body to the vast expanse of the cosmos, every new piece of knowledge ignited a spark within me, fueling an unquenchable thirst for more.The Taiyuan Science and Technology Museum promises to be a veritable treasure trove of knowledge, offering a multitude of interactive exhibits that cater to diverse interests. I can vividlyimagine myself standing in awe before the towering skeletons of prehistoric creatures, their fossilized remnants serving as a tangible link to the ancient past. The halls dedicated to the marvels of modern technology would undoubtedly captivate me, as I explore the cutting-edge advancements that have revolutionized our world, from groundbreaking medical innovations to the latest breakthroughs in sustainable energy.But what truly excites me is the prospect of hands-on learning experiences. I yearn to grasp the fundamentals of physics by conducting experiments with momentum and Newton's laws, witnessing firsthand the principles that govern the very fabric of our reality. The robotics exhibits promise to be an enthralling exploration, as I tinker with coding and engineering, perhaps even programming a robotic arm to perform intricate tasks.Furthermore, the museum's emphasis on environmental conservation resonates deeply with me. In an era where our planet faces unprecedented challenges, I am eager to learn about sustainable practices and the groundbreaking technologies being developed to mitigate the impact of climate change. Witnessing the ingenuity of scientists and engineers working tirelessly to protect our fragile ecosystem wouldundoubtedly inspire me to contribute my own efforts towards building a greener future.Visiting the Taiyuan Science and Technology Museum would not only quench my intellectual thirst but also foster a sense of wonder and appreciation for the remarkable achievements of human curiosity and perseverance. I can already envision myself emerging from its halls, brimming with newfound knowledge and a renewed determination to pursue my academic and personal goals with unwavering passion.Perhaps most importantly, this visit would serve as a catalyst for my future endeavors. Surrounded by the innovative spirit that permeates every exhibit, I would be emboldened to dream bigger, to push the boundaries of what is possible, and to contribute my own unique perspectives to the ever-evolving landscape of scientific inquiry.In the words of the renowned scientist Carl Sagan, "Somewhere, something incredible is waiting to be known." The Taiyuan Science and Technology Museum holds the promise of unveiling those incredible discoveries, igniting the spark of curiosity within me and propelling me towards a future where I can actively participate in unraveling the mysteries of our fascinating world.I really want to visit the Taiyuan Science and Technology Museum! My friends went last year and said it was amazing. There are so many cool exhibits on space, robots, energy, and more. I love learning about science and technology. Getting hands-on experience at the museum would make the concepts come alive. I hope my class can take a field trip there soon. Exploring all the interactive displays and shows would be an awesome way to spend the day learning! The museum looks like a fascinating place to feed my curiosity.篇3I really want to go to the Taiyuan Science and Technology Museum! My friends went last year and said it was amazing. There are so many cool exhibits on technology, robotics, space exploration, and more. I love learning about science and seeing the latest innovations. The museum also has interactive displays and activities that look super fun. Visiting would be an awesome way to spend a day exploring my interests and passions. I can't wait to experience it for myself and expand my knowledge in such an engaging environment. I hope my parents will take me there soon!I'm really excited to visit the Taiyuan Science and Technology Museum! My classmates who went said it's incredible - full of fascinating exhibits on science, technology, and nature. I can't wait to see the dinosaur fossils, walk through the immersive virtual reality experiences, and learn about cutting-edge innovations. A field trip here will make our science lessons come alive. I hope we get to do some fun hands-on activities too. This museum seems like the perfect place to explore and discover. I'm counting down the days until our class trip!篇5I am really excited about our upcoming class trip to the Taiyuan Science and Technology Museum! I have been looking forward to this for weeks. Science has always been one of my favorite subjects in school. I find the natural world and all of its wonders fascinating. From a young age, I have had an insatiable curiosity about how things work and the principles behind various phenomena.The Taiyuan Science and Technology Museum seems like the perfect place to explore and learn about scientific concepts in afun, interactive way. From what I've read, it has hundreds of exhibits covering everything from physics and chemistry to engineering and cutting-edge technologies. I can't wait to get my hands on all the displays and try out the experiments for myself.One exhibit I am particularly eager to see is the one on renewable energy sources. With climate change being such a serious threat facing our planet, I think it's crucial that we transition away from fossil fuels to more sustainable options like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. I'm really interested in learning about the latest innovations in green energy technology. Who knows, maybe it will even inspire me to pursue a career in that field someday!I'm also quite curious about the exhibits related to space exploration. As a kid, I always dreamed of becoming an astronaut. Studying the planets, stars, and mysteries of the vast universe filled me with a sense of wonder and adventure. While I've shifted my focus a bit as I've gotten older, I still find the topic of space endlessly fascinating. I can't wait to check out the displays on rockets, satellites, and astronomical observations.I have to admit, I'm a bit of a science museum junkie. My family has made a point of visiting ones in every city we'vetraveled to over the years. However, I've never been to the one in Taiyuan before, so this will be a Brand new experience for me. From what I've heard from friends who have gone, it's one of the best science museums in all of China, perhaps even Asia. The building itself looks like an architectural marvel, with its curved, modern design and interactive exterior elements. I can only imagine how impressive the actual exhibits inside must be!Part of what makes the Taiyuan Science and Technology Museum so special is its diverse array of offerings. Sure, there are the traditional exhibits covering topics like biology, physics, astronomy, and more. But the museum also has sections devoted to cutting-edge technologies that most people don't get a chance to experience hands-on very often. I'm particularly intrigued by the exhibits on artificial intelligence, robotics, virtual reality, and biotechnology. Getting a glimpse at where these transformative technologies are heading will be so fascinating.I have a feeling I'm going to walk away from this museum trip having learned an incredible amount. More importantly though, I think it will rekindle my childlike sense of wonder and curiosity about the world around me. Sometimes in the hustle and bustle of classes, homework, exams, and the stresses of being a student, it's easy to lose sight of why I became sointerested in science in the first place - that profound desire to understand how everything works on a fundamental level. A day spent witnessing actual scientific principles in action and playing around with experiments is sure to reignite that spark inside me.In many ways, this class trip to the science museum could be a pivotal moment for my academic and career path. While I've always enjoyed science, this immersive experience may cement my passion and point me in a more focused direction moving forward. Perhaps I'll leave with a new appreciation for a specific field like engineering, computer science, biotechnology, or environmental studies. Or maybe I'll simply reaffirm my love for science in general and be reinvigorated to attack my studies with a newfound sense of enthusiasm.Regardless of the long-term impact, I know that I am going to have an absolute blast at the Taiyuan Science and Technology Museum. For a self-professed science nerd like myself, it will be like a kid being let loose in a candy store. I can't wait to spend hours exploring every nook and cranny, trying out each interactive exhibit, and soaking in all the knowledge and discoveries on display. This museum seamlessly combines fun and learning in a way that will engage kids and adults alike. If this field trip is any indication, I have a feeling the rest of myacademic career is going to be filled with many more amazing scientific adventures!篇6I am really excited to visit the Taiyuan Science and Technology Museum! My classmates have told me about all the amazing interactive exhibits on science, technology, and nature. I can't wait to explore the planetarium and see the dinosaur fossils. Learning through hands-on activities will make the concepts come alive. This museum trip will be both educational and fun. I'm sure I'll return home with my mind buzzing with new knowledge and inspiration for future scientific discoveries!。
科技节的英文作文
科技节的英文作文Science and technology have played a crucial role in shaping the world we live in today. From the invention of the wheel to the development of modern computers and smartphones, the advancement of human knowledge and innovation has transformed nearly every aspect of our lives. It is against this backdrop that the concept of a Science and Technology Festival has emerged as a celebration of these remarkable achievements.A Science and Technology Festival is a multi-day event that showcases the latest advancements in various scientific and technological fields. These festivals often feature a wide range of activities, including interactive exhibits, hands-on workshops, panel discussions, and keynote speeches from leading experts in the industry. The primary aim of such festivals is to foster a greater appreciation and understanding of science and technology among the general public, particularly the younger generation.One of the key objectives of a Science and Technology Festival is to inspire and encourage young people to pursue careers in science,technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. By providing them with a platform to explore the exciting world of science and technology, these festivals can ignite their curiosity and spark their imagination. Through engaging demonstrations and interactive exhibits, students can gain a deeper understanding of the principles and applications of various scientific and technological disciplines.Moreover, these festivals serve as a hub for the exchange of ideas and the sharing of knowledge. Scientists, researchers, and innovators from around the world come together to present their latest discoveries and innovations, engaging in lively discussions and collaborations. This cross-pollination of ideas can lead to the emergence of new solutions to pressing global challenges, from renewable energy and sustainable agriculture to advancements in healthcare and space exploration.In addition to its educational and collaborative aspects, a Science and Technology Festival also offers a platform for the general public to explore and experience the wonders of science and technology. Visitors can participate in hands-on activities, such as building robots, coding computer programs, or conducting simple experiments. These interactive experiences not only enhance their understanding of scientific concepts but also foster a sense of wonder and excitement about the potential of these fields.One of the remarkable aspects of a Science and Technology Festival is its ability to bridge the gap between the scientific community and the general public. By making complex topics accessible and engaging, these festivals help to demystify science and technology, encouraging people of all ages and backgrounds to become active participants in the ongoing scientific and technological revolution.Moreover, these festivals often feature exhibits and demonstrations that highlight the real-world applications of scientific and technological advancements. Visitors can see how the latest innovations are being used to address pressing global issues, such as climate change, healthcare challenges, and sustainable development. This exposure can inspire individuals to consider how they can contribute to these important endeavors, whether through pursuing a STEM career or simply becoming more informed and engaged citizens.Another key component of a Science and Technology Festival is the emphasis on interdisciplinary collaboration. Many of the most groundbreaking discoveries and innovations in recent years have resulted from the intersection of various scientific and technological fields. By bringing together experts from diverse backgrounds, these festivals encourage cross-pollination of ideas and the development of innovative solutions to complex problems.For instance, a festival might feature exhibits that showcase the integration of artificial intelligence and biotechnology, demonstrating how these two fields can work together to revolutionize fields such as personalized medicine or environmental monitoring. Similarly, exhibits on renewable energy might highlight the convergence of materials science, engineering, and computer science in the development of more efficient and sustainable energy solutions.The impact of a Science and Technology Festival extends far beyond the confines of the event itself. By inspiring and educating the public, these festivals can have a ripple effect on the broader societal and economic landscape. As more people become engaged with and enthusiastic about science and technology, the demand for STEM education and careers is likely to increase, leading to a more highly skilled and innovative workforce.Moreover, the exposure and publicity generated by these festivals can also attract investment and funding for scientific research and technological development. Governments, private organizations, and individuals may be more inclined to support initiatives that have the potential to drive progress and address pressing global challenges.In conclusion, a Science and Technology Festival is a remarkableplatform that celebrates the incredible advancements in science and technology while inspiring and educating the public. By fostering collaboration, encouraging innovation, and bridging the gap between the scientific community and the general public, these festivals play a crucial role in shaping the future of our world. As we continue to navigate the complex challenges of the 21st century, the importance of these festivals will only continue to grow, helping to ensure that the power of science and technology is harnessed for the betterment of all.。
科学技术才是第一生产力英语作文
科学技术才是第一生产力英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Science and technology are the primary productive forces. In today's rapidly changing world, the role of science and technology in driving economic and social development has become increasingly prominent. As the famous Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping once said, "Science and technology are primary productive forces."With the continuous advancement of science and technology, new technologies are constantly emerging, such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and biotechnology. These technologies have greatly improved production efficiency, reduced production costs, and promoted the rapid development of industries such as manufacturing, agriculture, and services. For example, in the field of agriculture, the application of genetic modification technology has greatly increased crop yields and improved crop quality. In the manufacturing industry, the development of 3D printing technology has revolutionized the production process and enabled rapid prototyping and customization of products.Moreover, science and technology play a vital role in solving major global challenges, such as climate change, resource depletion, and public health crises. For instance, the development of renewable energy technologies such as solar and wind power has contributed to reducing carbon emissions and mitigating climate change. In the field of public health, the application of biotechnology has enabled the rapid development of vaccines and drugs, which have played a crucial role in controlling epidemics such as COVID-19.In addition, science and technology have also promoted the development of new industries and created new economic growth points. For example, the rise of the digital economy, driven by technologies such as the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, has created new business models and markets, generating new economic opportunities and employment.Furthermore, science and technology have significantly improved people's quality of life. In the field of medicine, the development of medical technologies such as precision medicine, minimally invasive surgery, and telemedicine has greatly improved the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, prolonging people's lives and improving their health. In the field ofinformation and communication technology, the development of smartphones, social media, and e-commerce platforms has made people's lives more convenient and connected.In conclusion, science and technology are indeed the primary productive forces that drive economic and social development. As the world continues to advance, it is essential to invest in research and development, promote technological innovation, and harness the power of science and technology to address global challenges and improve people's livelihoods. Only by doing so can we achieve sustainable and inclusive development for all.篇2Science and technology are the primary productive forces. This statement, proposed by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s, highlights the crucial role that science and technology play in driving economic and social development. The rapid advancements in science and technology have revolutionized various aspects of human life, from communication and transportation to healthcare and agriculture. In this essay, we will explore the significance of science and technology as the primary productive forces.First and foremost, science and technology have significantly increased productivity in various sectors of the economy. The invention of machines and tools powered by electricity and other sources of energy has greatly enhanced the efficiency of production processes. Automation and robotics have revolutionized manufacturing industries, leading to increased output and reduced labor costs. In agriculture, advances in biotechnology and genetics have improved crop yields and livestock production, ensuring food security for a growing global population.Moreover, science and technology have transformed communication and information dissemination. The development of the internet and mobile devices has revolutionized how we communicate and access information. Social media platforms and messaging apps have transformed the way we connect with others, breaking down barriers of distance and time. The rapid dissemination of information has also facilitated global collaboration and innovation, driving progress in various fields.In the healthcare sector, advancements in medical technology have led to significant improvements in diagnosis and treatment. From the invention of vaccines and antibiotics tothe development of sophisticated imaging techniques and surgical procedures, science and technology have played a crucial role in extending life expectancy and improving quality of life. The ongoing research in areas like genomics and personalized medicine holds the promise of more effective treatments tailored to individual patients.Furthermore, science and technology have played a key role in addressing environmental challenges and promoting sustainable development. The development of renewable energy sources like solar and wind power has reduced our reliance on fossil fuels, mitigating the impact of climate change. Innovations in waste management and recycling technologies have helped to reduce pollution and minimize waste generation. Science and technology continue to drive solutions to pressing environmental issues, ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.In conclusion, science and technology are indeed the primary productive forces that drive economic and social progress. The transformative power of science and technology has revolutionized various aspects of human life, from productivity and communication to healthcare and environmental sustainability. As we continue to advance in therealm of science and technology, we must harness these forces for the benefit of all, ensuring a prosperous and sustainable future for humanity.篇3Science and technology are the primary productive force, which plays a crucial role in the development of society and economy. In today’s fast-paced world, the importance of science and technology cannot be overlooked as they have become the driving force behind global progress and innovation.First and foremost, science and technology have revolutionized the way we live and work. Advancements in areas such as communication, transportation, healthcare, and manufacturing have made our lives more convenient, efficient, and enjoyable. For example, the invention of the internet has transformed the way we communicate and access information, while breakthroughs in medical technology have led to significant improvements in healthcare outcomes.Moreover, science and technology have a direct impact on economic development. The successful application ofcutting-edge technologies can boost productivity, create new industries, and drive economic growth. For instance, thedevelopment of artificial intelligence has the potential to automate repetitive tasks, increase efficiency, and catalyze innovation in various sectors of the economy.Furthermore, science and technology are essential for addressing global challenges such as climate change, resource scarcity, and public health crises. Through research and innovation, scientists and technologists can develop sustainable solutions to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and enhance public health. For example, renewable energy technologies can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impact of climate change.In conclusion, science and technology are indispensable for driving progress, prosperity, and sustainability in the modern world. As we continue to confront complex challenges and opportunities, investing in scientific research, technological development, and innovation will be critical for advancing society and improving the quality of life for all. Ultimately, science and technology are the primary productive force that will shape the future of humanity.。
科技献策英语作文高中
科技献策英语作文高中In today's rapidly advancing technological era, the role of science and technology in shaping our future has become increasingly significant. As high school students, we have a unique opportunity to contribute our ideas and insights towards technological innovation, thereby shaping the world we live in.Firstly, we must recognize the power of technology in addressing societal challenges. For instance, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for more effective healthcare technologies. By developing innovative diagnostic tools, treatment methods, and vaccine delivery systems, we can help mitigate the impact of future pandemics. Similarly, we can contribute to environmental conservation by exploring renewable energy sources and developing sustainable technologies that reduce carbon emissions.Secondly, we should focus on harnessing the potential of technology in education. Technology has the ability to transform the learning experience, making it more engaging and effective. By integrating digital tools and platformsinto our learning process, we can enhance our understanding of complex concepts and improve our learning outcomes. Additionally, technology can help bridge the gaps in access to education by connecting students from remote areas with high-quality educational resources.Moreover, we must also consider the ethicalimplications of technological advancements. As we develop new technologies, it is crucial that we prioritize the welfare of society and the environment. We must ensure that our technological innovations are ethical, sustainable, and beneficial to all.In conclusion, as high school students, we have the ability to make meaningful contributions towards technological innovation. By leveraging our knowledge, creativity, and passion, we can shape a brighter and more sustainable future for ourselves and generations to come. Let us seize this opportunity and contribute our ideas and insights towards building a world that is powered by innovation and driven by technology.**科技献策：塑造未来的创新力量**在当今科技飞速发展的时代，科技在塑造我们的未来方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。
演讲稿科技兴国的英文翻译
演讲稿科技兴国的英文翻译As the world is entering the era of technological revolution, the role of science and technology in national development has become increasingly prominent. In this context, the theme of "Science and Technology Leading the Nation" has been widely discussed. Today, I would like to share my thoughts on the topic of "Science and Technology Leading the Nation" with all of you.First and foremost, it is undeniable that science and technology play a crucial role in driving national development. With the rapid advancement of science and technology, various industries have been revolutionized, leading to improved productivity and economic growth. In addition, science and technology have also significantly contributed to the improvement of people's living standards, healthcare, and education. Therefore, it is evident that a nation's development is closely linked to its investment in science and technology.Furthermore, the development of science and technology is essential for a nation to maintain its competitive edge in the global arena. In today's highly competitive world, nations are constantly striving to achieve technological breakthroughs in order to enhance their global influence and competitiveness. By investing in research and development, a nation can strengthen its position in various fields, such as information technology, biotechnology, and renewable energy. This, in turn, will enable the nation to lead the way in shaping the future of the world.Moreover, science and technology have the potential to address many of the pressing challenges facing the world today, such as environmental degradation, climate change, and public health crises. Through innovation and technological advancements, nations can develop sustainable solutions to these challenges, thereby contributing to the well-being of humanity and the planet as a whole.In conclusion, it is evident that science and technology have the power to drive national development, enhance global competitiveness, and address pressing global challenges. As such, it is crucial for nations to prioritize the development of science andtechnology in order to lead the way in shaping the future of the world. By doing so, nations can ensure a prosperous and sustainable future for generations to come.In summary, the role of science and technology in national development cannot be overstated. It is essential for nations to prioritize the development of science and technology in order to lead the way in shaping the future of the world. Through investment in research and development, nations can drive economic growth, enhance global competitiveness, and address pressing global challenges. Therefore, it is crucial for nations to recognize the importance of science and technology in leading the nation and to take proactive steps to promote its development. Thank you.。
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• Why?
– “How can the contribution of S&T to sustainability be improved?”
• What?
– Conduct dialogues among the science, policy and development communities: Abuja, Chiang Mai, Santiago, Trieste, Ottawa, Bonn, Mexico City and at
– Water, Energy, Health, Agriculture, Biodiversity
The role of Science and Technology
• Growing recognition that development "is built not merely through the accumulation of physical capital and human skill, but on a foundation of information, learning and adaptation…” (World Bank, 1999)… • Historically high rates of return on investment in S&T
• Conclude…
– Many kind words for S&T… But realization that contributions remain far below what’s possible and needed. – If science is so useful, why don’t we invest in more of it?
Initiative on Science and Technology for Sustainability
• Who?
– independent scientists, development workers from around world – gathered within the context of the World Summit on SD to ask…
Strategic approach needed to better mobilize S&T for sustainability
•iven by priorities of the S&T community – not confined to merely illuminating social problems
– “the dominant engine of economic growth” (Solow) – eg. marginal rates in agriculture >40%
• But relevant knowledge remains underproduced, underutilized, unevenly distributed (UNDP)
– UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, in his Millennium Report to the General Assembly
Goals for a sustainability transition
• To feed, nurture, house, educate and employ the world’s slowing but still growing human population, while • Conserving earth’s basic life support systems and biodiversity and • Reducing hunger and poverty. • Specific challenges in the “WEHAB” areas
Science and Technology for Sustainable Development: Strategic perspectives from an international dialogue
William C. Clark Professor of International Science, Public Policy and Human Development Center for Science and International Affairs John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard University (william_clark@)
– Private investments lag because of large public spillovers, property rights issues… – Public investments static or falling due to perceived irrelevance, inefficiency of results.
• “Co-production” of usable knowledge
– through collaboration of users and producers “in place” – drawing on global research and innovation systems
Sustainability in Context…
“Freedom from want, freedom from fear, and the freedom of future generations to sustain their lives on this planet” are the 3 grand global challenges for the 21st Century