New shakedown criterion and permanent deformation properties of unbound granular materials

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不同建筑固废再生骨料取代率下粗粒土填料永久变形特性及安定行为研究

第 55 卷第 3 期2024 年 3 月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.55 No.3Mar. 2024不同建筑固废再生骨料取代率下粗粒土填料永久变形特性及安定行为研究肖源杰1, 2，王政1，AMINU Umar Faruk 1，王萌1，李昀博1，孔坤锋3，陈宇亮4，周震5，李志勇4(1. 中南大学土木工程学院，湖南长沙，410075；2. 重载铁路工程结构教育部重点实验室 (中南大学)，湖南长沙，410075；3. 中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司铁道建筑研究所，北京，100081；4. 湖南省交通科学研究院有限公司，湖南长沙，410015；5. 广东省交通规划设计研究院集团股份有限公司，广东广州，510440)摘要：为探究城市建筑拆除固废再生骨料部分或全部取代天然骨料用于粗粒土路基填料的可行性，开展不同再生骨料取代率、含水率、围压和剪应力比等组合下的室内大型静动三轴试验，定量研究土性参数和应力状态对试样抗剪强度和累积塑性应变特性的影响规律。

基于半对数坐标下累积塑性应变发展的多阶段特征，分别考虑不同阶段塑性变形累积速率以及相邻两阶段的塑性变形累积速率的差异，提出适用于建筑固废再生骨料路基填料的新型安定行为判定准则。

研究结果表明：再生骨料路基填料试样的累积塑性应变随含水率和剪应力比的增大而增大，当再生骨料路基填料试样在剪应力比为0.3和0.5时，抗累积变形性能与天然骨料路基填料试验所得的抗累积变形性能接近，综合考虑抗剪强度和累积塑性变形特性的再生骨料路基填料最优取代率为85%；新安定行为判定准则具有较高的准确性，可为相似路基填料的长期路用性能评定提供理论依据。

关键词：道路工程；建筑固废；再生骨料；永久变形；安定行为中图分类号：TU43 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1672-7207（2024）03-1008-15Permanent deformation characteristics and shakedown behavior of coarse-grained fill materials incorporating different proportions ofaggregates recycled from building demolition wastes收稿日期： 2023 −06 −20；修回日期： 2023 −08 −20基金项目(Foundation item)：国家自然科学基金资助项目(52178443)；国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC1904704)；交通运输部重点科技项目(2022-MS5-122)；中南大学研究生自主探索创新项目(2023ZZTS0019) (Project(52178443) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(2019YFC1904704) supported by the National Key Research & Development Program of China; Project(2022-MS5-122) supported by the Ministry of Transport Key Science & Technology Program of China; Project(2023ZZTS0019) supported by the Graduate Student Free Exploration Innovation Program of Central South University)通信作者：王萌，博士研究生，从事路基工程研究；E-mail ：**************.cnDOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2024.03.015引用格式：肖源杰, 王政, AMINU Umar Faruk, 等. 不同建筑固废再生骨料取代率下粗粒土填料永久变形特性及安定行为研究[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 55(3): 1008−1022.Citation: XIAO Yuanjie, WANG Zheng, AMINU Umar Faruk, et al. Permanent deformation characteristics and shakedown behavior of coarse-grained fill materials incorporating different proportions of aggregates recycled from building demolition wastes[J]. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology), 2024, 55(3): 1008−1022.第 3 期肖源杰，等：不同建筑固废再生骨料取代率下粗粒土填料永久变形特性及安定行为研究XIAO　Yuanjie1, 2, WANG　Zheng1, AMINU　Umar Faruk1, WANG　Meng1, LI　Yunbo1, KONG　Kunfeng3,CHEN　Yuliang4, ZHOU　Zhen5, LI　Zhiyong4(1. School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China;2. MOE Key Laboratory of Engineering Structure of Heavy Haul Railway(Central South University),Changsha 410075, China;3. Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited,Beijing 100081, China;4. Hunan Communications Research Institute Co. Ltd., Changsha 410015, China;5. Guangdong Communication Planning & Design Institute Group Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510440, China)Abstract:In order to address the feasibility of the mixed subgrade filling of natural aggregate and recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste(RAW), laboratory static/dynamic triaxial tests under different conditions of recycled aggregate replacement rate, moisture content, confining pressure and shear stress ratio were carried out, and the effect of index properties and stress states on the shear strength and accumulative plastic strain characteristics of the specimen were explored. Based on the multi-stage characteristics of plastic strain development under semi-logarithmic coordinates, and considering the plastic deformation accumulation rate at different stages and the difference in plastic deformation accumulation rate in adjacent two stages, a new shakedown behavior determination criterion suitable for subgrade filling mixed with RAW was proposed. The results show that the accumulative plastic strain of the specimen increases with the increase of moisture content and shear stress ratio, and the specimens mixed with RAW show similar plastic deformation resistance ability compared to natural aggregate when the shear stress ratio is 0.3 and 0.5. After comprehensive comparative analysis of strength and deformation characteristics, it is recommended to use recycled aggregate subgrade filled with 85% replacement rate. The new shakedown behavior determination criterion has high accuracy and can provide a theoretical basis for the long-term pavement performance evaluation of similar subgrade fillings.Key words: road engineering; construction and demolition waste; recycled aggregates; permanent deformation;shakedown behavior随着中国城市化进程迅速发展，新建基础设施和老旧城区改造产生的建筑垃圾量急剧攀升[1]，但综合循环再生利用率距《“十四五”循环经济发展规划》提出的“到2025年，建筑垃圾综合利用率达到60%”这一目标仍存在差距。

Masses and decay constants of B_q mesons in the QCD string approach

a rXiv:h ep-ph/61193v116Oct26Masses and decay constants of B q mesons in the QCD string approach A.M.Badalian ∗and Yu.A.Simonov †Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics,Moscow,Russia B.L.G.Bakker ‡Vrije Universiteit,Amsterdam,The Netherlands February 2,2008Abstract The relativistic string Hamiltonian is used to calculate the masses and decay constants of B q mesons:they appear to be expressed through onlythree fundamental values:the string tension σ,αs ,and the quark pole masses.The values f B =186MeV,f B s =222MeV are calculated while f B c depends on the c -quark pole mass used,namely f B c =440(424)MeV for m c =1.40(1.35)GeV.For the 1P states we predict the spin-averaged masses:¯M (B J )=5730MeV and ¯M (B sJ )=5830MeV which are in good agreement with the recent data of the D0and CDF Collaborations,at the same time owningto the string correction being by ∼50MeV smaller than in other calculations.1IntroductionThe decay constants of pseudoscalar (P)mesons f P can be directly mea-sured in P →µνdecays [1]and therefore they can be used as an importantcriterium to compare diﬀerent theoretical approaches and estimate their ac-curacy.Although during the last decade f P were calculated many times:in potential models[2,3,4],the QCD sum rule method[5],and in lattice QCD [6,7],here we again address the properties of the B,B s,B c mesons for several reasons.First,we use here the relativistic string Hamiltonian(RSH)[8],which is derived from the QCD Lagrangian with the use of theﬁeld correlator method (FCM)[9]and successfully applied to light mesons and heavy quarkonia [10,11].Here we show that the meson Green’s function and decay constants can also be derived with the use of FCM.Second,the remarkable feature of the RSH H R and also the correlator of the currents G(x)is that they are fully determined by a minimal number of fundamental parameters:the string tensionσ,ΛMS=250(5)MeV;(1) and the pole masses taken arem u(d)=0;m s=170(10)MeV;m c=1.40GeV;m b=4.84GeV.(2) Third,recently new data on the masses of B c and the P-wave mesons: B1,B2,and B s2have been reported by the D0and CDF Collaborations [12,13],which give additional information on the B q-meson spectra.Here we calculate the spin-averaged masses of the P-wave states B and B s.We would like to emphasize here that in our relativistic calculations no constituent masses are used.In the meson mass formula an overall(ﬁtting) constant,characteristic for potential models,is absent and the whole scheme appears to be rigid.Nevertheless,we take into account an important nonperturbative(NP) self-energy contribution to the quark mass,∆SE(q)(see below eq.(18)).For the heavy b quark∆SE(b)=0and for the c quark∆SE(c)≃−20MeV[10], which is also small.For any kind of mesons we use a universal static potential with pure scalarconﬁning term,V0(r)=σr−4r,(3)2where the couplingαB(r)possesses the asymptotic freedom property and saturates at large distances withαcrit(n f=4)=0.52[14].The coupling can be expressed throughαB(q)in momentum space,αB(r)=2qαB(q),(4)whereαB(q)=4πβ20ln t BΛ2B.Here the QCD constantΛB,is expressed as[15]ΛB(n f)=Λ2β0· 319n f (6)and M B(σ,ΛB)=(1.00±0.05)GeV is the so called background mass[14]. For heavy-light mesons withΛ2+m2i+p2In (8)m 1(m 2)is the pole (current)mass of a quark (antiquark).The variable ωi is deﬁned from extremum condition,which is taken either from(1)The exact condition:∂H 0p 2+m 2i .(10)ThenH 0ϕn = p 2+m 22+V 0(r ) ϕn =M n ϕn(11)reduces to the Salpeter equation,which just deﬁnes ωi (n )=∂˜ωi =0(the so-called einbein approxima-tion).As shown in [9]the diﬀerence between ωi and ˜ωi is <∼5%.For the RSH (7)the spin-averaged massM (nL )=ω12+m 212ωb +E n (µ)−2σηf p 2+m 2i nL ;µ=ω1ωbπωf ;(14)with ηf =0.9for a u (d )quark,ηf ∼=0.7for an s quark,ηf =0.4for a c quark,and ηb =0.Therefore,for a b quark ∆SE (b )=0.The mass formula(12)does not contain any overall constant C .Note that the presence of C violates linear behavior of Regge trajectories.The calculated masses of the low-lying states of B ,B s ,and B c mesons are given in Table 2,as well as their values taken from [2,3,6,7].It is of interest to notice that in our calculations the masses of the P -wave states appear to be by 30-70MeV lower than in [2]due to taking into account a string correction [11].4Table1:Masses of the low-lying B q mesons in the QCD String Approach B5280(5)a5279.0(5)5310252753B1(1P)¯M=5730a5721(8)D05734(5)CDFB s5369a5369.6(24)5390253623B s2¯M=58305839(3)D058802B∗c6330(5)a633826321(20)63Current CorrelatorThe FCM can be also used to deﬁne the correlator GΓ(x)of the currents jΓ(x),jΓ(x)=¯ψ1(x)Γψ2(x),(15) for S,P,V,and A channels(here the operatorΓ=t a⊗(1,γ5,γµ,iγµγ5)).The correlator,GΓ(x)≡ jΓ(x)jΓ(0) vac,(16) with the use of spectral decomposition of the currents jΓand the deﬁnition, vac|¯ψ1γ0γ5ψ2|P n(k=0) =f P n M n,(A,P)vac|¯ψ1γµψ2|V n(k,ε) =f V n M nεµ,(V)(17) can be presented as[3]GΓ(x)d x= n M n0|YΓe−H0T|0ω1ω2N c YΓ=p2 .(20)3Then from Eqs.(18)and(19)one obtains the following analytical expression for the decay constants(for a given state labelled n):f P(V)n 2=2N c M n|ϕn(0)|2.(21)This very transparent formula contains only well deﬁned factors:ω1andωb, the meson mass M n,andϕn the eigenvector ofˆH0.Then in the P channelf P n 2=6(m1m2+ω1ω2− p2 )Table2:Pseudoscalar constants of B q mesons(in MeV)f B189216(34)186(5)f B s218249(42)222(2)f B swhere the w.f.at the origin,ϕn(0),is a relativistic one.In the nonrelativistic limitωi→m i,ϕn(0)→ϕNR n(0)and one comes to the standard expression:f P n(0) 2→12•In our analytic approach with minimal input of fundamental parame-ters(σ,αs,m i)the calculated decay constants are f B=186MeV,f B s=222MeV,f B s/f B=1.19.•For B c the decay constant is very sensitive to m c(pole):f B c=440MeV(m c=1.40GeV)and f B c=425MeV(m c=1.35GeV)References[1]D.Silverman and H.Yao,Phys.Rev.D38,214(1988).[2]S.Godfrey and N.Isgur,Phys.Rev.D32,189(1985);S.Godfrey,Phys.Rev.D70,054017(2004).[3]D.Ebert,R.N.Faustov,and V.O.Galkin,hep-ph/0602110;Mod.Phys.Lett.A17,803(2002),and references therein.[4]G.Cvetic,C.S.Kim,G.L.Wang,and W.K.Namgung,Phys.Lett.B596,84(2004).[5]M.Jamin,nge,Phys.Rev.D65,056005(2002)and referencestherein.[6]A.Ali Khan et al.,Phys.Rev.D70,114501(2004),ibid.64,054504(2004);C.T.H.Davies et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.92,022001(2004).[7]A.S.Kronfeld,hep-lat/0607011and references therein;I.F.Allison etal.,Phys Rev.Lett.94172001(2005);A.Gray et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.95,212001(2005).[8]A.Yu.Dubin,A.B.Kaidalov,and Yu.A.Simonov,Phys.Lett.B323,41(1994);Phys.Atom Nucl.56,1745(1993);E.L.Gubankova and A.Yu.Dubin,Phys.Lett.B334,180(1994).[9]H.G.Dosch and Yu.A.Simonov,Phys.Lett.B205,339(1988);Yu.A.Simonov,Z.Phys.C53,419(1992);Yu.S.Kalashnikova,A.V.Nefediev,and Yu.A.Simonov,Phys.Rev.D64,014037(2001);Yu.A.Simonov,Phys.Atom.Nucl.67,553(2004).[10]A.M.Badalian,A.I.Veselov,and B.L.G.Bakker,Phys.Rev.D70,016007(2004);Phys.Atom.Nucl.67,1367(2004).8[11]A.M.Badalian and B.L.G.Bakker,Phys.Rev.D66,034025(2002);A.M.Badalian,B.L.G.Bakker,and Yu.A.Simonov,Phys.Rev.D66,034025(2002).[12]P.Catastini(for the D0and CDF Collab.),hep-ex/0605051;M.D.Cor-coran,hep-ex/0506061.[13]D.Acosta et al.(CDF Collab.),Phys.Rev.Lett.96,202001(2006);hep-ex/0508022.[14]A.M.Badalian and D.S.Kuzmenko,Phys.Rev.D65,016004(2002);A.M.Badalian and Yu.A.Simonov,Phys.Atom.Nucl.60,636(1997).[15]M.Peter,Phys.Rev.Lett.76,602(1997);Y.Schr¨o der,Phys.Lett.B447,321(1999).[16]Yu.A.Simonov,Phys.Lett.B515,137(2001).[17]Particle Data Group,S.Eidelman,et al.,Phys.Lett.B592,1(2004).[18]A.M.Badalian and Yu.A.Simonov(in preparation).9。

希尔顿收益管理英文版

Hilton WorldwideRevenue Management Standards – The Americas Updated: 2009Table of ContentsFinancial Review (7)Actual Monthly Performance (7)Systems Balancing (7)Weekly Forecast (8)Group Forecast Development Standards (8)Transient Forecast Development Standards (8)Exporting the Forecast (9)Forecast Accuracy (9)Market Conditions / Competition Analysis (10)Determining Competitive Set for STAR Reports (10)Value Assessments (10)Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats Analysis (SWOT) (10)Competitive Factors/ Assessment (11)Competitive Shopping Tools (11)Competitive Pressure Calendar (11)Pricing Strategy (12)Best Available Rates (BAR) (12)Seasonality (12)Length of Stay Controls (12)Price Resistance - Denials (13): Best Rate Strategy (13)SRP Placement (14)Best Rate Guarantee (14)Packages and Promotions – Administration/ Analysis (15)Premium Room Type Strategy (16)Distressed and Holiday Strategy (16)Inventory Management - (18)SRP Build and Auditing procedures (18)SRP Build- Cut-off Date Procedures (18)SRP Build- Room Types (19)SRP Build- SRP Types (19)Room Type Consistent Availability (19)53rd Week Controls (20)Overbooking (20)Hhonors- Inventory Management and reimbursement procedures (20)Rate Override (20)Validating Qualified Rates (20)Night Audit Activity -Market Category Audit (21)Kiosk Configuration (21)Revenue Management Business Practices (22)Revenue Management Meeting (22)Toolkit use (22)Toolkit Use- Minimum Tool Usage (22)Checklists (23)Document Retention (23)Report Usage- Systems (23)Booking Pace (23)OnQ RM Usage- (23)Revenue Management Support (24)Negotiated Account Review (24)Loaded and Bookable in the GDS and CRS (24)Account Evaluation Standards for renewal of existing accounts (24)Hotelligence- (24)Group Revenue Management (26)RM Training for Sales Managers (26)Communication with the Sales Department (26)Inventory Management- SRP Setup (28)Inventory Management Audit Systems Delphi vs. CRS (28)Group Complimentary and Staff Rooms (29)Inventory Management- Group Block (30)Cut-off dates procedures (30)Group Pick-up Meeting (31)eEvents (32)Group Rates/Selective Sell Guideline Rates (SSG)- (33)Transient Protected- (34)Displacement Analysis- Group MCATs (34)Displacement Analysis – Permanent, Contract or Extended Stay (35)Distribution-Channel Management (36)Voice Reservations - Selling Protocol- (36)Voice Reservations-Booking Messages (36)Voice Reservations - Shop Calls (37)Voice Reservations-Training and Communication with HRCC (37)Voice Reservations-Call Volume Statistics and Conversion Reports (38)City/Convention Visitors Bureau Web Sites (CVB) (38)PiM –Property Information Manager (39)Internet- Brand Web Sites (39)Internet – Approved Web Sites (39)Internet- 3rd Party Merchant Sales (40)Internet - Tracking Standards (40)Internet- Hotwire (41)Internet- Priceline (41)Internet - Online Channel Analysis & SRP Standards/ Settings Audits (41)TRAIL (42)Staffing Guidelines- (42)Staffing Guidelines Continued (43)Succession Planning (43)Microsoft Office Products (43)OnQ RM (Revenue Management System) (43)Delphi - DMPE (44)OnQ FM -DRM (44)OnQ FM- Other RM personnel (44)Key Hotel Marketing Reports (44)RMU (44)Using the Revenue Management Standards TemplateThis template is a document Revenue Management personnel and various members of the hotel team can use to understand what the required business practice is for all Revenue Management functions. Listed below are the subject headers and definitions contained within the standards template. Any items that may not be familiar to you can be found by selecting the Revenue Management glossary by.CategoryA ll standards are grouped together into 9 sections. The sections are as follows:1. Distribution Channel Management2. Financial Review3. Forecast Process4. Group Revenue Management5. Inventory Management6. Market Conditions / Competitive Analysis7. Negotiated Account Review8. Pricing Strategy9. Revenue Management Business Practices10. Training & DevelopmentTopicEach category will contain topics for review. In all there are over 100 topics for your review.Revenue Management StandardThe standard is the required business practice for each topic as well as the party responsible for its execution.FrequencyEach Revenue management standard will have an associated timeline for completion. Some are weekly others monthly and still others (such as training) as needed.Instructions, Reports and Tools to useThis last column provides links to tools and reports in efforts to assist RM personnel and other hotel team members in standard implementation efforts. Attention: for all links defined in this document to access the web pages you must have your Internet Explorer Browser open prior to clicking on the links.CategoryTopic Revenue Management Standard Frequency Instructions, Reports and Tools to useFinancial Review ActualMonthlyPerformanceDRM to analyze actual room night, rate, revenue and key indicatorperformance by market category compared to last year, the Budget,and the Monthly Forecast. Prepare Executive Summary critiquingforecast variances and forecast accuracy if accuracy is in the redzone. This analysis should also include STAR performance anddescribe reasons for past performance and address strategies forincreasing RevPAR Index.Monthly Reports to facilitate this analysis include: the OnQ FMActuals and OnQ FM Mix of Sales Reports as compared tothe Monthly, Budget and Last Year Performance orequivalent systems where ONQ FM is not offered. MonthlySTAR report, Hotelligence Report, market demandinformation; Key Hotel Marketing Reports, Sales ProgressSummary Report, Group Plug and group booking paceinformation from Delphi.Financial Review SystemsBalancingBy the 10th of each month the following should occur:1)Balancing Delphi actuals to OnQ FM actuals - monthlyevaluation to ensure these two systems match. If they do not,the hotel has not successfully linked all groups in OnQ FM.2)DRM to ensure the Front Office balances the month to theGeneral Ledger and then the DRM to close OnQ FM.As indicated inStandardOnQ FM balancing information can be found by selecting thefollowing link:OnQ Insider >Departments >RevenueManagement >Systems. Once on the Systems page, selectthe OnQ FM User Guide under OnQ FM- Rooms. Balancingprocedures located on page 25.Category Topic Revenue Management Standard Frequency Instructions, Reports and Tools to useForecast Process Weekly ForecastThe DRM should complete an operational forecastweekly and provide to operational departments.This forecast should include month-endprojections.Weekly Reports to use are the transient booking pace reportsprepared weekly by the DRM/Revenue Analyst, competitorshop reports, Group Rooms Control Log (GRC), SRP trendreports found in OnQ FM or equivalent system where OnQFM is not offered.The 14-Day Weekly Forecast and the Transient BookingPace tools are found in Revenue Management Toolkit byfollowing the path below.OnQ Insider >Departments >Revenue Management >ToolkitForecast Process Group ForecastDevelopmentStandardsGroup Forecast - DOSM is responsible for theproduction of the Group Forecast day by day inOnQ FM and be able to provide supportingdocumentation. This includes reviewing the GroupDemand Report inside OnQ FM as well as theSales Progress Summary Report and completingthe Group Forecast Analysis Tool.Ensure thatOnQ FM and Delphi group forecasts for definitegroup bookings match. DRM is responsible forvalidation of the group forecast.Monthly Reports to use are: Post Event Reports, Group Pick-upManager or pace equivalent by group, historical plug trendanalysis, Sales Progress Report and OnQ FM DemandReports. Group shop calls and Lost Business Reportslocated in Delphi or kept manually for non-Delphi hotels canalso be reviewed.The Group Pick Up Manager Tool can be found in theRevenue Management Toolkit by following the path below.OnQ Insider >Departments >Revenue Management >Groupand Catering.Forecast Process TransientForecastDevelopmentStandardsTransient Forecast - DRM is responsible for theproduction of the transient forecast at the SRPlevel ** in OnQ FM, day by day by market category,including other and non-revenue market categoriesand provide supporting documentation. DRM tocoordinate the total hotel rooms forecast once allchanges have been communicated.** When MCAT room nights represent 5% or moreof overall transient business, SRPs that represent20% or more within that MCAT must be forecasted.Monthly Reports to use to assist in forecasting are: OnQ RM DailyDetail Merge Tool, Transient Booking Pace Report, OnQ RM-SRP evaluations, SRP Category Reports and the MonthlyForecast Comparison Report, competitive shop information,historical actuals, compression calendar, economic trendpredictions, demand analysis reports found in OnQ RM orOnQ FM, future denials and OnQ FM reports.The Transient Booking Pace and Daily Detail Merge tools arelocated in the Revenue Management Toolkit by following thepath below.OnQ Insider >Departments >Revenue Management >ToolkitCategory Topic Revenue Management Standard Frequency Instructions, Reports and Tools to useForecast Process Exporting theForecastOnce a monthly and rolling forecast have beenpublished in OnQ FM, the forecast should beexported to OnQ RM and HLBFS. If for any reasonthe forecast is changed in HLBFS (which shouldnever happen), OnQ FM must be updated so bothsystems match.Weekly/Monthly Instructions on how to export forecasts to these systems canbe found in the OnQ FM Users Guide by following the pathbelow.OnQ Insider >Departments >RevenueManagement >Systems. Once on the Systems page, selectthe OnQ FM User Guide under OnQ FM- Rooms. Then,select On FM Administration and exporting procedureslocated on page 1.Forecast Process ForecastAccuracyThe total hotel room revenue forecast should bewithin 3% accurate. Green zone = within 3%;Yellow zone = within 5% and Red Zone= more than5%.Absolute variance of actual revenue forecast vs.rolling forecast revenue taken from HLBFS andPeoplesoft from the prior month.Monthly Reports to assist in accurate forecasting include:Transient Booking Pace Reports, OnQ RM- SRP evaluations,competitive shop information, historical actuals, group plugreports, compression calendar, economic trend predictions,demand analysis reports found in OnQ RM or OnQ FM,future denials and OnQ FM reports where available.Category Topic Revenue Management Standard Frequency Instructions, Reports and Tools to useMarket Conditions / Competition Analysis DeterminingCompetitive Setfor STAR ReportsCompetitive set should be the 5-8 hotels which thecustomer would choose if our hotel were notavailable. Hotels are determined and comp set’schanged based on Market segmentation, SWOTanalysis, Value Assessment, proximity to thecustomers desired location/area attractions/airport,customer surveys and Competitive Set ValidationTool. Customer Survey samples should total atleast 100 to be statistically significant. HiltonFamily of Brands cannot represent more than 40%of total rooms in the competitive set (no more than3 hotels in the family, excluding your hotel). DRM isresponsible for facilitating this process with a cross-functional team and report findings to RMcommittee, RDRM, RDSM and AVP, especiallywhen the findings show a sister hotel in the familyof brands should be included in the competitive set.Annual or inconjunction withSupply Change(Qualitative orQuantitative)Reports to use: Infrastructure Competitive Analysis-Supplyscreen from InFocus, Value Assessments, shop callreports, all monthly and weekly available STAR reports,competition collateral, trend publications indicating newconstruction or changes, and the Competitive SetValidation Tool and SWOT Analysis found in the RevenueManagement Toolkit by following the path below.OnQ Insider >Departments >RevenueManagement >ToolkitMarket Conditions / Competition Analysis ValueAssessmentsA detailed Value Assessment by market segmentvs. competitors in each segment, (regardless ifthey are on the hotels STAR Report), is critical forunderstanding and identifying what attributescontribute to hotel’s success and what areas needto be a focus to improve RevPAR performance. Anannual physical inspection of the competitorsshould take place and DRM is responsible forfacilitating this process with the DOSM and across- functional team and report findings to RMcommittee, RDRM and RDSM. Upon completion,have Sales Dept add to InFocus.Pricing should beevaluated once peryear or inconjunction withsupply change orsignificant pricingchanges in themarket.Reports to use: Shop call reports, competition collateral,Group Lost Business Reports, customer surveyinformation, and the SWOT analysis.The Value Assessment Tool is located in the RevenueManagement Toolkit by selecting the following path.OnQ Insider >Departments >RevenueManagement >ToolkitMarket Conditions / Competition Analysis Strengths,Weaknesses,Opportunities,Threats Analysis(SWOT)Upon completion of the Value Assessment, adetailed SWOT analysis should be completed withsame cross functional team that completes theValue Assessment. This analysis is critical tounderstanding, improving,and l everaging yourcompetitive advantages and minimizing yourdisadvantages within your market.Upon completionof the ValueAssessmentReports to use: Value Assessment, shop call reports, allmonthly and weekly available STAR reports, competitioncollateral, CVB information, Group Lost Business Reports,customer survey information, and trend publicationsindicating new construction or changes.The SWOT and Value Assessment Tool can be found inthe Revenue Management Toolkit by following the pathbelow.OnQ Insider >Departments >RevenueManagement >ToolkitCategory Topic Revenue Management Standard Frequency Instructions, Reports and Tools to useMarket Conditions/ Competition Analysis CompetitiveFactors/AssessmentUnderstand the competitive set in terms offacilities, pricing, appearance on hotels site andrecommend changes for your hotel based on thisinformation.Seasonally andannually at aminimum.The Competitive Assessment/Factors Form can be foundby following the path below:OnQ Insider >Departments >RevenueManagement >Library. Double click on Library >Doubleclick on RM Resource Center >Transient Pricing.Market Conditions / Competition Analysis CompetitiveShopping ToolsHotels will subscribe to Market Vision Shop CallReports as these reports are integrated with OnQRM. Hotel to also receive training in how to usethe on-line shopping tool to query reports outsidethe reports that are emailed weekly.Review shops dailywithin the bookingwindow.Weekly- for highdemand dates anddistressed datesfor 365 days.Information regarding how to subscribe to Market VisionReports, how to request/change reports and to receivetraining for the on-line tool, can be found by following thepath below:OnQ Insider >Departments >RevenueManagement >Library. Double click on Library >Doubleclick on RM Resource Center >Transient Pricing. Go toMarket Vision Announcement and Release Notes.For information on how to set up and view shop call andexception reports in OnQ RM, follow the path below.OnQ Insider >Departments >RevenueManagement >Systems. Once on the Systems page,select the OnQ RM User Guide under OnQ RevenueManagement. Then select On RM Maintenance and go topage 5.Market Conditions / Competition Analysis CompetitivePressureCalendarEvery DRM should have a document outliningdemand drivers and daily competitive pressure fora minimum of 1 year from arrival. This shouldinclude groups at the competitive set hotels thatcould increase demand for your hotel. Forconvention hotels, this should be created for aminimum of 3 years from arrival. Placing holidays,special events and noteworthy groups in OnQ FMis optional.Completedmonthly for aminimum of a yearor as long as thehotels longestgroup bookingwindow.Reports to understand demand are: OnQ RM Reports,CVB Information, Lost Business Reports, GRC (GroupRooms Control) Log from Delphi, historical actuals fromOnQ FM and the OnQ FM Daily Transient DemandAnalysis report.Instructions on how to place events in OnQ FM can befound in the OnQ FM Users Guide by following the pathbelow.OnQ Insider >Departments >RevenueManagement >Systems. Once on the Systems page go tothe OnQ FM User Guide inside OnQ FM- Rooms. Thenselect “How Does OnQ FM work” and go to page 18.Adding Special Events in OnQ RM can be foundOnQ Insider >Departments >RevenueManagement >Systems. Once on the Systems page,select the OnQ RM User Guide under OnQ RevenueManagement. Then select On RM Maintenance and go topage 14.Category Topic Revenue Management Standard Frequency Instructions, Reports and Tools to usePricing Strategy Best AvailableRates (BAR)Nine BAR Rate Levels will exist for each season.Rate Level 0 will be the highest possible price pointand RL8 the lowest. Price points will be indicativeof rates the customers are willing to pay based onthe competitive environment. Most of the bookingswill normally occur in Rate Levels 3-5.The Best Available Rate found on each hotelsbrand website is controlled by the SRPs (DJ/DJ1)and is equal to BAR. No lower unqualified ratesshould be offered to customers. All hotels MUSThave this SRP available (DJ/DJ1 SRPs) in order tohave BAR rates available for sale on .Annually and moreoften as dictatedby yourperformancemeasurementsReports to use to validate rate strategies and view dailyrates are: OnQ RM Daily Detail Merge Tool, Market Visionshop call reports, OnQ RM recommendation screen whereall rates from Market Vision appear, transient bookingpace reports, transient demand, GRC log, competitivepressure calendar, Value Assessment and Key HotelMarketing Reports.To understand more about Hilton’s Pricing Principles andPractices can be found by following the path below:OnQ Insider >Departments >RevenueManagement >Library. Double click on Library > RMResource Center > go to Hilton Full Service PricingStrategy.Pricing Strategy SeasonalityHotels will determine their need for multipleseasons by evaluating hotel monthly and marketRevPAR. If there is a sustained RevPARdifferential (driven by occupancy or ADR) or specialevent, then multiple seasons should beestablished.Annually andadjusted moreoften as neededReports used to validate seasonality are: STAR Reports(Trend), ResMAX information, historic demand informationfrom OnQ FM, OnQ RM reports, market history andhistorical shop call information.Pricing Strategy Length of StayControlsAll hotels should utilize full pattern length of staypricing (Min/Max controls for DT Hotels)consistently in conjunction with 9 BAR to targetdifferent market segments by selling multiple rateson a single arrival date based on a guest’s lengthof stay.Daily review withinthe transientbooking windowand for periods ofhigh demand.Weekly for entire365 day windowCompetitive set shop calls should be reviewed by arrivaldate and length of stay as well as understanding marketdemand and the hotels own internal compression prior tosetting LOS controls.The BAR Pricing Length of Stay Worksheet can assist RMpersonnel in learning to use LOS controls and can befound in the Revenue Management Toolkit by following thepath below.OnQ Insider >Departments >RevenueManagement >ToolkitInformation on how to set Length of Stay Controls in OnQRM can be found in the OnQ RM User Guide by followingthe path below.OnQ Insider >Departments >RevenueManagement >Systems. Once on the Systems page,select the OnQ RM User Guide under OnQ RevenueManagement. Then select On RM Recommendations andgo to page 25.Category Topic Revenue Management Standard Frequency Instructions, Reports and Tools to usePricing Strategy Price Resistance -DenialsDRM must review the 6-week rolling average asindicated in Booking Pace Tool or ensure theyhave this data if using another tool. DRM shouldanalyze current 7-Day variance of transient roomssold compared to rate denials for 120 future daysand compare to 6-week rolling average by DOW. Ifweek over week trends indicate higher / lower priceresistance for a day of week in question, the DRMmust investigate underlying reasons . marketdemand, multi-hotel groups, competitor rates) andmake any necessary changes to maximizerevenues, including pricing changes if appropriate.Daily for bookingwindow andweekly for 365 daywindowReports to use: OnQ RM Daily Detail Merge Tool, OnQRM Alternate Daily Detail Report, OnQ RM CompetitiveException Reports, transient booking pace analysis, OnQFM Daily Transient Demand Analysis, and OnQ FM End ofMonth-Demand analysis.For further detail on using competitive exception reports,follow the path below.OnQ Insider >Departments >RevenueManagement >Systems. Once on the Systems page,select the OnQ RM User Guide under OnQ RevenueManagement. Then select On RM Recommendations andgo to page 5.The booking pace analysis and Daily Detail Merge toolsare found in the Revenue Management Toolkit by followingthe path below.OnQ Insider >Departments >RevenueManagement >ToolkitPricing Strategy : Best RateStrategyThe Best Available Rate found on each hotelsbrand website is controlled by the SRPs (DJ/DJ1)and is equal to BAR. No lower unqualified ratesshould be offered to customers. All hotels MUSThave this SRP available (DJ/DJ1 SRPs) in order tohave BAR rates available for sale on .Ongoing Reports to understand bookings are: OnQ RM SRPevaluations/SRP Category Reports, OnQ FM actuals,Market Vision shop call reports, Competitor brand sites, 3rdParty web sites, Mix of Sales through eMix On-lineChannel Analysis Tool, Booking Pattern Reports found inKey Hotel Marketing Reports.The eMix On-line Channel Tool is found in the RevenueManagement Toolkit by following the path below.OnQ Insider >Departments >RevenueManagement >ToolkitCategory Topic Revenue Management Standard Frequency Instructions, Reports and Tools to usePricing Strategy SRP PlacementSRP’s can be placed in levels that have logicalprice points with respect to the best available ratein each rate level. For example: if the BAR in RateLevel 4 is $150 and the BAR for Rate Level 5 is$125, a non-LRA negotiated account priced at$140 would be placed in Rate Level 4. However,you must consider your selling strategy withrespect to the SRPs and rates in each rate levelalong with the hotel's projected occupancy levelwhen assigning quali fied SRP’s to rate levels. Oneoption for Hilton Hotels is to use the SRP exceptionfield, which allows the SRP to stay in the rate levelthat corresponds to the Best Available Rate butfollow RL0 restrictions.Quarterly, whenBAR price pointschange and whenany SRP ratechangesReports to use: SRP Mapping screen/report in OnQ RMfor select dates; SRP evaluation/SRP Category Reportsfor Rate Levels 0-8 and all SRPs, SRP Quick List listing allrate level assignments which can be requested byemailing. For further detail on this topic, follow the pathbelow.OnQ Insider >Departments >RevenueManagement >Systems. Once on the Systems page,select the OnQ RM User Guide under OnQ RevenueManagement. Then select On RM Menu/Screens and goto page 3.Explanation of OnQ RM rate functionality can be found byfollowing the path below.OnQ Insider >Departments >RevenueManagement >Systems. Once on the Systems page,select the OnQ RM User Guide under OnQ RevenueManagement. Then select On RM Menu/Screens and goto page 5.Pricing StrategyBest Rate At no time will hotels allow rates to be sold throughany non-Hilton website or any other channelOngoing Parity with can be validated by reviewing the OnQ RMMarket Vision Shops, OnQ RM Competitive ExceptionGuarantee (including 3rd Party resellers/wholesalers, MerchantModel Websites, GDS) that are lower than thosedispl ayed in the brand’s reservation system andhotel site. This is to ensure that the consumer canalways find the lowest online rate through thebrand web sites, and to drive that online customerto our web site rather than those 3rd partychannels to which we provide wholesale rates andavailability. Reports.The Internet Pricing Tool located on the Revenue Management Toolkit can also assist DRMs when managing channels on 3rd party sites when an extranet is involved.OnQ Insider >Departments >Revenue Management >ToolkitCategory Topic Revenue Management Standard Frequency Instructions, Reports and Tools to usePricing Strategy Packages andPromotions –Administration/AnalysisAll promotions and packages must adhere to HiltonHotels Corporation Core Pricing Strategy and usethe approved SRP codes. "Rate only non-fenced"packages/promotions are not acceptable. Allpackages/ promotions must have an appropriatefence or feature. The definition of a properlyfenced qualified package or promotion is a bookingvehicle designed to generate incremental revenuewithout creating net trade down or displacement ofthe existing customer base. Hotels must completethe web based Package/Promotion form. Once thepackage/promotion has been approved by theRDRM, they will send to GDM for loading in theapplicable booking channels. All new Transientpackage rates need to be built as limit room typeand total for the Hilton brand. Must conduct pre-promotion breakeven analysis and post profitanalysis to justify/analyze cost of any promotions.Ensure the package rates reflect a roomdistribution equal to BAR.As SRP's are builtin the CRSThe Package/Promotion Form is located on the GDMwebsite and found by following the links below.OnQ Insider >Departments >Global Distribution Services.Double click on Global Distribution Services >GlobalDistribution Management > Under the options list selectGDM Forms >select your hotel brand and go to thePackage/Promo form..。

英语力学词汇英汉对译

力学词汇英汉对译通类名词力学 mechanics牛顿力学 Newtonian mechanics经典力学 classical mechanics静力学 statics运动学 kinematics动力学 dynamics动理学 kinetics宏观力学 macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics细观力学 mesomechanics微观力学 microscopic mechanics,micromechanics一般力学 general mechanics固体力学 solid mechanics流体力学 fluid mechanics理论力学 theoretical mechanics应用力学 applied mechanics工程力学 engineering mechanics实验力学 experimental mechanics计算力学 computational mechanics理性力学 rational mechanics物理力学 physical mechanics地球动力学 geodynamics力 force作用点 point of action作用线 line of action力系 system of forces力系的简化 reduction of force system等效力系 equivalent force system刚体 rigid body力的可传性 transmissibility of force平行四边形定则 parallelogram rule力三角形 force triangle力多边形 force polygon零力系 null-force system平衡 equilibrium力的平衡 equilibrium of forces平衡条件 equilibrium condition平衡位置 equilibrium position平衡态 equilibrium state分析力学 analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子 Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian拉格朗日括号 Lagrange bracket循环坐标 cyclic coordinate循环积分 cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数 Hamiltonian function正则方程 canonical equation正则摄动 canonical perturbation正则变换 canonical transformation正则变量 canonical variable哈密顿原理 Hamilton principle作用量积分 action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程 Hamilton-Jacobi equation作用--角度变量 action-angle variables 阿佩尔方程 Appell equation劳斯方程 Routh equation拉格朗日函数 Lagrangian function诺特定理 Noether theorem泊松括号 poisson bracket边界积分法 boundary integral method 并矢 dyad运动稳定性 stability of motion轨道稳定性 orbital stability李雅普诺夫函数 Lyapunov function渐近稳定性 asymptotic stability结构稳定性 structural stability久期不稳定性 secular instability弗洛凯定理 Floquet theorem倾覆力矩 capsizing moment自由振动 free vibration固有振动 natural vibration暂态 transient state环境振动 ambient vibration反共振 anti-resonance衰减 attenuation库仑阻尼 Coulomb damping同相分量 in-phase component非同相分量 out-of -phase component超调量 overshoot参量[激励]振动 parametric vibration 模糊振动 fuzzy vibration临界转速 critical speed of rotation阻尼器 damper半峰宽度 half-peak width集总参量系统 lumped parameter system相平面法 phase plane method相轨迹 phase trajectory等倾线法 isocline method跳跃现象 jump phenomenon负阻尼 negative damping达芬方程 Duffing equation希尔方程 Hill equationKBM方法 KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method 马蒂厄方程 Mathieu equation平均法 averaging method组合音调 combination tone解谐 detuning耗散函数 dissipative function硬激励 hard excitation硬弹簧 hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法 harmonic balance method久期项 secular term自激振动 self-excited vibration分界线 separatrix亚谐波 subharmonic软弹簧 soft spring ,softening spring软激励 soft excitation邓克利公式 Dunkerley formula瑞利定理 Rayleigh theorem分布参量系统 distributed parameter system优势频率 dominant frequency模态分析 modal analysis固有模态 natural mode of vibration同步 synchronization超谐波 ultraharmonic范德波尔方程 van der pol equation频谱 frequency spectrum基频 fundamental frequencyWKB方法 WKB method, Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method 缓冲器 buffer风激振动 aeolian vibration嗡鸣 buzz倒谱 cepstrum颤动 chatter蛇行 hunting阻抗匹配 impedance matching机械导纳 mechanical admittance机械效率 mechanical efficiency机械阻抗 mechanical impedance随机振动 stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振 vibration isolation减振 vibration reduction应力过冲 stress overshoot喘振 surge摆振 shimmy起伏运动 phugoid motion起伏振荡 phugoid oscillation驰振 galloping陀螺动力学 gyrodynamics陀螺摆 gyropendulum陀螺平台 gyroplatform.陀螺力矩 gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器 gyrostabilizer陀螺体 gyrostat惯性导航 inertial guidance姿态角 attitude angle方位角 azimuthal angle舒勒周期 Schuler period机器人动力学 robot dynamics多体系统 multibody system多刚体系统 multi-rigid-body system机动性 maneuverability凯恩方法 Kane method转子[系统]动力学 rotor dynamics转子[一支承一基础]系统 rotor-support-foundation system 静平衡 static balancing动平衡 dynamic balancing静不平衡 static unbalance动不平衡 dynamic unbalance现场平衡 field balancing不平衡 unbalance不平衡量 unbalance互耦力 cross force挠性转子 flexible rotor分频进动 fractional frequency precession半频进动 half frequency precession油膜振荡 oil whip转子临界转速 rotor critical speed自动定心 self-alignment亚临界转速 subcritical speed涡动 whirl固体力学弹性力学 elasticity弹性理论 theory of elasticity均匀应力状态 homogeneous state of stress应力不变量 stress invariant应变不变量 strain invariant应变椭球 strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态 homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程 equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量 Lame constants各向同性弹性 isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘 rotating circular disk楔 wedge开尔文问题 Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题 Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数 Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维利法 Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method 基尔霍夫假设 Kirchhoff hypothesis板 Plate矩形板 Rectangular plate圆板 Circular plate环板 Annular plate波纹板 Corrugated plate加劲板 Stiffened plate,reinforced Plate 中厚板 Plate of moderate thickness弯[曲]应力函数 Stress function of bending 壳 Shell扁壳 Shallow shell旋转壳 Revolutionary shell球壳 Spherical shell[圆]柱壳 Cylindrical shell锥壳 Conical shell环壳 Toroidal shell封闭壳 Closed shell波纹壳 Corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数 Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数 Warping function半逆解法 semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法 Rayleigh-Ritz method松弛法 Relaxation method莱维法 Levy method松弛 Relaxation量纲分析 Dimensional analysis自相似[性] self-similarity影响面 Influence surface接触应力 Contact stress赫兹理论 Hertz theory协调接触 Conforming contact滑动接触 Sliding contact滚动接触 Rolling contact压入 Indentation各向异性弹性 Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料 Granular material散体力学 Mechanics of granular media热弹性 Thermoelasticity超弹性 Hyperelasticity粘弹性 Viscoelasticity对应原理 Correspondence principle褶皱 Wrinkle塑性全量理论 Total theory of plasticity 滑动 Sliding微滑 Microslip粗糙度 Roughness非线性弹性 Nonlinear elasticity大挠度 Large deflection突弹跳变 snap-through有限变形 Finite deformation格林应变 Green strain阿尔曼西应变 Almansi strain弹性动力学 Dynamic elasticity运动方程 Equation of motion准静态的 Quasi-static气动弹性 Aeroelasticity水弹性 Hydroelasticity颤振 Flutter弹性波 Elastic wave简单波 Simple wave柱面波 Cylindrical wave水平剪切波 Horizontal shear wave竖直剪切波 Vertical shear wave体波 body wave无旋波 Irrotational wave畸变波 Distortion wave膨胀波 Dilatation wave瑞利波 Rayleigh wave等容波 Equivoluminal wave勒夫波 Love wave界面波 Interfacial wave边缘效应 edge effect塑性力学 Plasticity可成形性 Formability金属成形 Metal forming耐撞性 Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性 Structural crashworthiness 拉拔 Drawing破坏机构 Collapse mechanism回弹 Springback挤压 Extrusion冲压 Stamping穿透 Perforation层裂 Spalling塑性理论 Theory of plasticity安定[性]理论 Shake-down theory运动安定定理 kinematic shake-down theorem 静力安定定理 Static shake-down theorem率相关理论 rate dependent theorem载荷因子 load factor加载准则 Loading criterion加载函数 Loading function加载面 Loading surface塑性加载 Plastic loading塑性加载波 Plastic loading wave简单加载 Simple loading比例加载 Proportional loading卸载 Unloading卸载波 Unloading wave冲击载荷 Impulsive load阶跃载荷 step load脉冲载荷 pulse load极限载荷 limit load中性变载 nentral loading拉抻失稳 instability in tension加速度波 acceleration wave本构方程 constitutive equation完全解 complete solution名义应力 nominal stress过应力 over-stress真应力 true stress等效应力 equivalent stress流动应力 flow stress应力间断 stress discontinuity应力空间 stress space主应力空间 principal stress space静水应力状态 hydrostatic state of stress对数应变 logarithmic strain工程应变 engineering strain等效应变 equivalent strain应变局部化 strain localization应变率 strain rate应变率敏感性 strain rate sensitivity应变空间 strain space有限应变 finite strain塑性应变增量 plastic strain increment累积塑性应变 accumulated plastic strain永久变形 permanent deformation内变量 internal variable应变软化 strain-softening理想刚塑性材料 rigid-perfectly plastic Material 刚塑性材料 rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料 perfectl plastic material材料稳定性 stability of material应变偏张量 deviatoric tensor of strain应力偏张量 deviatori tensor of stress应变球张量 spherical tensor of strain应力球张量 spherical tensor of stress路径相关性 path-dependency线性强化 linear strain-hardening应变强化 strain-hardening随动强化 kinematic hardening各向同性强化 isotropic hardening强化模量 strain-hardening modulus幂强化 power hardening塑性极限弯矩 plastic limit bending Moment塑性极限扭矩 plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲 elastic-plastic bending弹塑性交界面 elastic-plastic interface弹塑性扭转 elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性 Viscoplasticity非弹性 Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料 elastic-perfectly plastic Material 极限分析 limit analysis极限设计 limit design极限面 limit surface上限定理 upper bound theorem上屈服点 upper yield point下限定理 lower bound theorem下屈服点 lower yield point界限定理 bound theorem初始屈服面 initial yield surface后继屈服面 subsequent yield surface屈服面[的]外凸性 convexity of yield surface截面形状因子 shape factor of cross-section沙堆比拟 sand heap analogy屈服 Yield屈服条件 yield condition屈服准则 yield criterion屈服函数 yield function屈服面 yield surface塑性势 plastic potential能量吸收装置 energy absorbing device能量耗散率 energy absorbing device塑性动力学 dynamic plasticity塑性动力屈曲 dynamic plastic buckling塑性动力响应 dynamic plastic response塑性波 plastic wave运动容许场 kinematically admissible Field静力容许场 statically admissible Field流动法则 flow rule速度间断 velocity discontinuity滑移线 slip-lines滑移线场 slip-lines field移行塑性铰 travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论 incremental theory of Plasticity米泽斯屈服准则 Mises yield criterion普朗特--罗伊斯关系 prandtl- Reuss relation特雷斯卡屈服准则 Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数 Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系 Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程 Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空间 Haigh-Westergaard stress space 洛德应变参数 Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设 Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程 Geiringer velocity Equation结构力学 structural mechanics结构分析 structural analysis结构动力学 structural dynamics拱 Arch三铰拱 three-hinged arch抛物线拱 parabolic arch圆拱 circular arch穹顶 Dome空间结构 space structure空间桁架 space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力 earth pressure地震载荷 earthquake loading弹簧支座 spring support支座位移 support displacement支座沉降 support settlement超静定次数 degree of indeterminacy机动分析 kinematic analysis结点法 method of joints截面法 method of sections结点力 joint forces共轭位移 conjugate displacement影响线 influence line三弯矩方程 three-moment equation单位虚力 unit virtual force刚度系数 stiffness coefficient柔度系数 flexibility coefficient力矩分配 moment distribution力矩分配法 moment distribution method 力矩再分配 moment redistribution分配系数 distribution factor矩阵位移法 matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵 element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵 element strain matrix总体坐标 global coordinates贝蒂定理 Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法 Gauss-Jordan elimination Method 屈曲模态 buckling mode复合材料力学 mechanics of composites复合材料 composite material纤维复合材料 fibrous composite单向复合材料 unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料 foamed composite颗粒复合材料 particulate composite层板 Laminate夹层板 sandwich panel正交层板 cross-ply laminate斜交层板 angle-ply laminate层片 Ply多胞固体 cellular solid膨胀 Expansion压实 Debulk劣化 Degradation脱层 Delamination脱粘 Debond纤维应力 fiber stress层应力 ply stress层应变 ply strain层间应力 interlaminar stress比强度 specific strength强度折减系数 strength reduction factor强度应力比 strength -stress ratio横向剪切模量 transverse shear modulus横观各向同性 transverse isotropy正交各向异 Orthotropy剪滞分析 shear lag analysis短纤维 chopped fiber长纤维 continuous fiber纤维方向 fiber direction纤维断裂 fiber break纤维拔脱 fiber pull-out纤维增强 fiber reinforcement致密化 Densification最小重量设计 optimum weight design网格分析法 netting analysis混合律 rule of mixture失效准则 failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则 Tsai-W u failure criterion达格代尔模型 Dugdale model断裂力学 fracture mechanics概率断裂力学 probabilistic fracture Mechanics格里菲思理论 Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学 linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM 弹塑性断裂力学 elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM 断裂 Fracture脆性断裂 brittle fracture解理断裂 cleavage fracture蠕变断裂 creep fracture延性断裂 ductile fracture晶间断裂 inter-granular fracture准解理断裂 quasi-cleavage fracture穿晶断裂 trans-granular fracture裂纹 Crack裂缝 Flaw缺陷 Defect割缝 Slit微裂纹 Microcrack折裂 Kink椭圆裂纹 elliptical crack深埋裂纹 embedded crack[钱]币状裂纹 penny-shape crack预制裂纹 Precrack短裂纹 short crack表面裂纹 surface crack裂纹钝化 crack blunting裂纹分叉 crack branching裂纹闭合 crack closure裂纹前缘 crack front裂纹嘴 crack mouth裂纹张开角 crack opening angle,COA裂纹张开位移 crack opening displacement, COD裂纹阻力 crack resistance裂纹面 crack surface裂纹尖端 crack tip裂尖张角 crack tip opening angle, CTOA裂尖张开位移 crack tip opening displacement, CTOD裂尖奇异场 crack tip singularity Field 裂纹扩展速率 crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展 stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展 steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展 subcritical crack growth 裂纹[扩展]减速 crack retardation止裂 crack arrest止裂韧度 arrest toughness断裂类型 fracture mode滑开型 sliding mode张开型 opening mode撕开型 tearing mode复合型 mixed mode撕裂 Tearing撕裂模量 tearing modulus断裂准则 fracture criterionJ积分 J-integralJ阻力曲线 J-resistance curve断裂韧度 fracture toughness应力强度因子 stress intensity factor HRR场 Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field 守恒积分 conservation integral有效应力张量 effective stress tensor应变能密度 strain energy density能量释放率 energy release rate内聚区 cohesive zone塑性区 plastic zone张拉区 stretched zone热影响区 heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度 brittle-ductile transition temperature剪切带 shear band剪切唇 shear lip无损检测 non-destructive inspection双边缺口试件 double edge notched specimen, DEN specimen单边缺口试件 single edge notched specimen, SEN specimen三点弯曲试件 three point bending specimen, TPB specimen中心裂纹拉伸试件 center cracked tension specimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件 center cracked panel specimen, CCP specimen紧凑拉伸试件 compact tension specimen, CT specimen大范围屈服 large scale yielding小范围攻屈服 small scale yielding韦布尔分布 Weibull distribution帕里斯公式 paris formula空穴化 Cavitation应力腐蚀 stress corrosion概率风险判定 probabilistic risk assessment, PRA损伤力学 damage mechanics损伤 Damage连续介质损伤力学 continuum damage mechanics细观损伤力学 microscopic damage mechanics累积损伤 accumulated damage脆性损伤 brittle damage延性损伤 ductile damage宏观损伤 macroscopic damage细观损伤 microscopic damage微观损伤 microscopic damage损伤准则 damage criterion损伤演化方程 damage evolution equation 损伤软化 damage softening损伤强化 damage strengthening损伤张量 damage tensor损伤阈值 damage threshold损伤变量 damage variable损伤矢量 damage vector损伤区 damage zone疲劳 Fatigue低周疲劳 low cycle fatigue应力疲劳 stress fatigue随机疲劳 random fatigue蠕变疲劳 creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳 corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤 fatigue damage疲劳失效 fatigue failure疲劳断裂 fatigue fracture疲劳裂纹 fatigue crack疲劳寿命 fatigue life疲劳破坏 fatigue rupture疲劳强度 fatigue strength疲劳辉纹 fatigue striations疲劳阈值 fatigue threshold交变载荷 alternating load交变应力 alternating stress应力幅值 stress amplitude应变疲劳 strain fatigue应力循环 stress cycle应力比 stress ratio安全寿命 safe life过载效应 overloading effect循环硬化 cyclic hardening循环软化 cyclic softening环境效应 environmental effect裂纹片 crack gage裂纹扩展 crack growth, crack Propagation 裂纹萌生 crack initiation循环比 cycle ratio实验应力分析 experimental stress Analysis 工作[应变]片 active[strain] gage基底材料 backing material应力计 stress gage零[点]飘移 zero shift, zero drift应变测量 strain measurement应变计 strain gage应变指示器 strain indicator应变花 strain rosette应变灵敏度 strain sensitivity机械式应变仪 mechanical strain gage直角应变花 rectangular rosette引伸仪 Extensometer应变遥测 telemetering of strain横向灵敏系数 transverse gage factor横向灵敏度 transverse sensitivity焊接式应变计 weldable strain gage平衡电桥 balanced bridge粘贴式应变计 bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计 bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计 bonded wire gage桥路平衡 bridge balancing电容应变计 capacitance strain gage补偿片 compensation technique补偿技术 compensation technique基准电桥 reference bridge电阻应变计 resistance strain gage温度自补偿应变计 self-temperature compensating gage 半导体应变计 semiconductor strain Gage集流器 slip ring应变放大镜 strain amplifier疲劳寿命计 fatigue life gage电感应变计 inductance [strain] gage光[测]力学 Photomechanics光弹性 Photoelasticity光塑性 Photoplasticity杨氏条纹 Young fringe双折射效应 birefrigent effect等位移线 contour of equal Displacement暗条纹 dark fringe条纹倍增 fringe multiplication干涉条纹 interference fringe等差线 Isochromatic等倾线 Isoclinic等和线 isopachic应力光学定律 stress- optic law主应力迹线 Isostatic亮条纹 light fringe光程差 optical path difference热光弹性 photo-thermo -elasticity光弹性贴片法 photoelastic coating Method光弹性夹片法 photoelastic sandwich Method动态光弹性 dynamic photo-elasticity空间滤波 spatial filtering空间频率 spatial frequency起偏镜 Polarizer反射式光弹性仪 reflection polariscope残余双折射效应 residual birefringent Effect应变条纹值 strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度 strain-optic sensitivity应力冻结效应 stress freezing effect应力条纹值 stress fringe value应力光图 stress-optic pattern暂时双折射效应 temporary birefringent Effect脉冲全息法 pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪 transmission polariscope实时全息干涉法 real-time holographic interferometry 网格法 grid method全息光弹性法 holo-photoelasticity全息图 Hologram全息照相 Holograph全息干涉法 holographic interferometry全息云纹法 holographic moire technique全息术 Holography全场分析法 whole-field analysis散斑干涉法 speckle interferometry散斑 Speckle错位散斑干涉法 speckle-shearing interferometry, shearography 散斑图 Specklegram白光散斑法 white-light speckle method云纹干涉法 moire interferometry[叠栅]云纹 moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法 moire method云纹图 moire pattern离面云纹法 off-plane moire method参考栅 reference grating试件栅 specimen grating分析栅 analyzer grating面内云纹法 in-plane moire method脆性涂层法 brittle-coating method条带法 strip coating method坐标变换 transformation of Coordinates计算结构力学 computational structural mechanics加权残量法 weighted residual method有限差分法 finite difference method有限[单]元法 finite element method配点法 point collocation里茨法 Ritz method广义变分原理 generalized variational Principle最小二乘法 least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理 Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理 Hellinger-Reissner Principle 修正变分原理 modified variational Principle约束变分原理 constrained variational Principle 混合法 mixed method杂交法 hybrid method边界解法 boundary solution method有限条法 finite strip method半解析法 semi-analytical method协调元 conforming element非协调元 non-conforming element混合元 mixed element杂交元 hybrid element边界元 boundary element强迫边界条件 forced boundary condition自然边界条件 natural boundary condition离散化 Discretization离散系统 discrete system连续问题 continuous problem广义位移 generalized displacement广义载荷 generalized load广义应变 generalized strain广义应力 generalized stress界面变量 interface variable节点 node, nodal point[单]元 Element角节点 corner node边节点 mid-side node内节点 internal node无节点变量 nodeless variable杆元 bar element桁架杆元 truss element梁元 beam element二维元 two-dimensional element一维元 one-dimensional element三维元 three-dimensional element轴对称元 axisymmetric element板元 plate element壳元 shell element厚板元 thick plate element三角形元 triangular element四边形元 quadrilateral element四面体元 tetrahedral element曲线元 curved element二次元 quadratic element线性元 linear element三次元 cubic element四次元 quartic element等参[数]元 isoparametric element超参数元 super-parametric element亚参数元 sub-parametric element节点数可变元 variable-number-node element 拉格朗日元 Lagrange element拉格朗日族 Lagrange family巧凑边点元 serendipity element巧凑边点族 serendipity family无限元 infinite element单元分析 element analysis单元特性 element characteristics刚度矩阵 stiffness matrix几何矩阵 geometric matrix等效节点力 equivalent nodal force节点位移 nodal displacement节点载荷 nodal load位移矢量 displacement vector载荷矢量 load vector质量矩阵 mass matrix集总质量矩阵 lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵 consistent mass matrix阻尼矩阵 damping matrix瑞利阻尼 Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集 assembly of stiffness Matrices 载荷矢量的组集 consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集 assembly of mass matrices单元的组集 assembly of elements局部坐标系 local coordinate system局部坐标 local coordinate面积坐标 area coordinates体积坐标 volume coordinates曲线坐标 curvilinear coordinates静凝聚 static condensation合同变换 contragradient transformation形状函数 shape function试探函数 trial function检验函数 test function权函数 weight function样条函数 spline function代用函数 substitute function降阶积分 reduced integration零能模式 zero-energy modeP收敛 p-convergenceH收敛 h-convergence掺混插值 blended interpolation等参数映射 isoparametric mapping双线性插值 bilinear interpolation小块检验 patch test非协调模式 incompatible mode节点号 node number单元号 element number带宽 band width带状矩阵 banded matrix变带状矩阵 profile matrix带宽最小化 minimization of band width 波前法 frontal method子空间迭代法 subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法 determinant search method 逐步法 step-by-step method纽马克法 Newmark威尔逊法 Wilson拟牛顿法 quasi-Newton method牛顿-拉弗森法 Newton-Raphson method增量法 incremental method初应变 initial strain初应力 initial stress切线刚度矩阵 tangent stiffness matrix割线刚度矩阵 secant stiffness matrix模态叠加法 mode superposition method平衡迭代 equilibrium iteration子结构 Substructure子结构法 substructure technique超单元 super-element网格生成 mesh generation结构分析程序 structural analysis program前处理 pre-processing后处理 post-processing网格细化 mesh refinement应力光顺 stress smoothing组合结构 composite structure流体力学流体动力学 fluid dynamics连续介质力学 mechanics of continuous media 介质 medium流体质点 fluid particle无粘性流体 nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid 连续介质假设 continuous medium hypothesis 流体运动学 fluid kinematics水静力学 hydrostatics液体静力学 hydrostatics支配方程 governing equation伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law欧拉方程 Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem涡片 vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件 Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解 Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖 d'Alembert paradox雷诺数 Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number随体导数 material derivative不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid质量守恒 conservation of mass动量守恒 conservation of momentum能量守恒 conservation of energy动量方程 momentum equation能量方程 energy equation控制体积 control volume液体静压 hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能 enstrophy压差 differential pressure流[动] flow流线 stream line流面 stream surface流管 stream tube迹线 path, path line流场 flow field流态 flow regime流动参量 flow parameter流量 flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋 vortex涡量 vorticity涡丝 vortex filament涡线 vortex line涡面 vortex surface涡层 vortex layer涡环 vortex ring涡对 vortex pair涡管 vortex tube涡街 vortex street卡门涡街 Karman vortex street 马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex对流涡胞 convective cell卷筒涡胞 roll cell涡 eddy涡粘性 eddy viscosity环流 circulation环量 circulation速度环量 velocity circulation 偶极子 doublet, dipole驻点 stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头 total head静压头 static head总焓 total enthalpy能量输运 energy transport速度剖面 velocity profile库埃特流 Couette flow单相流 single phase flow单组份流 single-component flow均匀流 uniform. flow非均匀流 nonuniform. flow二维流 two-dimensional flow三维流 three-dimensional flow准定常流 quasi-steady flow非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流 transient flow周期流 periodic flow振荡流 oscillatory flow分层流 stratified flow无旋流 irrotational flow有旋流 rotational flow轴对称流 axisymmetric flow不可压缩性 incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体 floating body定倾中心 metacenter阻力 drag, resistance减阻 drag reduction表面力 surface force表面张力 surface tension毛细[管]作用 capillarity来流 incoming flow自由流 free stream自由流线 free stream line外流 external flow进口 entrance, inlet出口 exit, outlet扰动 disturbance, perturbation分布 distribution传播 propagation色散 dispersion弥散 dispersion附加质量 added mass ,associated mass 收缩 contraction镜象法 image method无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter 几何相似 geometric similarity运动相似 kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流 plane flow势 potential势流 potential flow速度势 velocity potential复势 complex potential复速度 complex velocity流函数 stream function源 source汇 sink速度[水]头 velocity head拐角流 corner flow空泡流 cavity flow超空泡 supercavity超空泡流 supercavity flow空气动力学 aerodynamics低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学 aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流 conical flow楔流 wedge flow叶栅流 cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体 slender body细长度 slenderness钝头体 bluff body钝体 blunt body翼型 airfoil翼弦 chord薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory构型 configuration后缘 trailing edge迎角 angle of attack失速 stall脱体激波 detached shock wave波阻 wave drag诱导阻力 induced drag诱导速度 induced velocity临界雷诺数 critical Reynolds number前缘涡 leading edge vortex附着涡 bound vortex约束涡 confined vortex综合类：广义连续统力学 generalized continuum mechanics简单物质 simple material纯力学物质 purely mechanical material微分型物质 material of differential type积分型物质 material of integral type混合物组份 constituents of a mixture非协调理论 incompatibility theory微极理论 micropolar theory决定性原理 principle of determinism等存在原理 principle of equipresence局部作用原理 principle of objectivity客观性原理 principle of objectivity电磁连续统理论 theory of electromagnetic continuum 内时理论 endochronic theory非局部理论 nonlocal theory混合物理论 theory of mixtures里夫林-矣里克森张量 Rivlin-Ericksen tensor声张量 acoustic tensor半向同性张量 hemitropic tensor各向同性张量 isotropic tensor应变张量 strain tensor伸缩张量 stretch tensor连续旋错 continuous dislination连续位错 continuous dislocation动量矩平衡 angular momentum balance余本构关系 complementary constitutive relations共旋导数 co-rotational derivative, Jaumann derivative 非完整分量 anholonomic component爬升效应 climbing effect协调条件 compatibility condition错综度 complexity当时构形 current configuration能量平衡 energy balance变形梯度 deformation gradient有限弹性 finite elasticity熵增 entropy production标架无差异性 frame. indifference弹性势 elastic potential熵不等式 entropy inequality极分解 polar decomposition低弹性 hypoelasticity参考构形 reference configuration响应泛函 response functional动量平衡 momentum balance奇异面 singular surface贮能函数 stored-energy function内部约束 internal constraint物理分量 physical components本原元 primitive element普适变形 universal deformation速度梯度 velocity gradient测粘流动 viscometric flow当地导数 local derivative岩石力学 rock mechanics原始岩体应力 virgin rock stress构造应力 tectonic stress三轴压缩试验 three-axial compression test 三轴拉伸试验 three-axial tensile test三轴试验 triaxial test岩层静态应力 lithostatic stress吕荣 lugeon地压强 geostatic pressure水力劈裂 hydraulic fracture咬合[作用] interlocking内禀抗剪强度 intrinsic shear strength循环抗剪强度 cyclic shear strength残余抗剪强度 residual shear strength土力学 soil mechanics孔隙比 void ratio内磨擦角 angle of internal friction休止角 angle of repose孔隙率 porosity围压 ambient pressure渗透系数 coefficient of permeability [抗]剪切角 angle of shear resistance渗流力 seepage force表观粘聚力 apparent cohesion粘聚力 cohesion稠度 consistency固结 consolidation主固结 primary consolidation次固结 secondary consolidation固结仪 consolidometer浮升力 uplift扩容 dilatancy有效应力 effective stress絮凝[作用] flocculation主动土压力 active earth pressure 被动土压力 passive earth pressure 土动力学 soil dynamics应力解除 stress relief次时间效应 secondary time effect 贯入阻力 penetration resistance 沙土液化 liquefaction of sand泥流 mud flow多相流 multiphase flow马格努斯效应 Magnus effect韦伯数 Weber number环状流 annular flow泡状流 bubble flow层状流 stratified flow平衡流 equilibrium flow二组份流 two-component flow冻结流 frozen flow均质流 homogeneous flow二相流 two-phase flow。

A New Approach to Estimating the Expected First Hitting Time of Evolutionary Algorithms

1. Generate an initial population of random solutions;
2. Reproduce new solutions based on the current population;
3. Remove relatively bad solutions in the population;
The ﬁrst hitting time (FHT) of EAs is the time that EAs ﬁnd the optimal solution for the ﬁrst time, and the expected ﬁrst hitting time (expected FHT) is the average time that EAs require to ﬁnd the optimal solution, which implies the average computational time complexity of EAs. Thus, the expected FHT is one of the most important theoretical issues of EAs.
Copyright c 2006, American Association for Artiﬁcial Intelligence (). All rights reserved.
Many works have been devoted to the analysis of simple EAs, say (1+1)-EA (Rudolph 1997; Droste, Jansen, & Wegener 1998), for speciﬁc problems (van Nimwegen, Crutchﬁeld, & Mitchell 1999; Garnier, Kallel, & Schoenauer 1999). For this a survey can be found in (Beyer, Schwefel, & Wegener 2002). Recently, signiﬁcant advances have been made by He and Yao (2001; 2004), who developed an general approach to analyzing a wide class of EAs based on the drift analysis (Hajek 1982). However, this approach requires a distance function which does not naturally exist in EAs, yet it is not known how to design such a distance function in practice.

南方湿热地区高液限黏土临界破坏应力室内试验与快速预估模型研究

第52卷第7期2021年7月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.52No.7Jul.2021南方湿热地区高液限黏土临界破坏应力室内试验与快速预估模型研究张军辉，黄超，张安顺，李崛(长沙理工大学公路养护技术国家工程实验室，湖南长沙，410014)摘要：针对车辆循环荷载作用下路基稳定及耐久性服役问题，以莲株公路升级改造工程为依托，以南方湿热地区常见黏土为研究对象，采用静三轴试验测定不同围压、含水率条件下土样的破坏应力；选用动三轴试验分析不同围压、含水率、应力水平条件下土样的弹塑性力学行为；然后，结合静、动三轴试验结果获得相应工况下临界应力(σcri )；之后，基于三轴试验结果确定σcri 取值准则；最后，建立一种σcri 的快速预估方法。

研究结果表明：破坏应力随围压增大而增大，随含水率增大而减小；当试样处于安定状态时其塑性、弹性应变随着加载过程的进行逐渐趋于定值，当试样进入增量破坏时其塑性应变随加载次数累积持续增加或急剧增大达到峰点值，弹性应变表现为随加载次数累积逐渐增加或不稳定变化；σcri 随围压增大基本线性增大，随含水率增大基本线性减小；选取单次循环荷载周期下−0.3×10−2~0.3×10−2范围的最终弹性应变速率作为σcri 的取值准则；提出综合考虑应力变量、状态变量、基本物理性能指标的σcri 预估模型，并建立模型参数与基本物理性能指标间的经验关系式以实现σcri 的快速预估。

关键词：道路工程；高液限黏土；临界应力；三轴试验；预估模型中图分类号：U416.1文献标志码：A开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID)文章编号：1672-7207（2021）07-2221-11Laboratory tests and rapid prediction model of critical failure stress for high liquid limit clay in southern hot and humid areasZHANG Junhui,HUANG Chao,ZHANG Anshun,LI Jue(National Engineering Laboratory of Highway Maintenance Technology,Changsha University of Science &Technology,Changsha 410014,China)Abstract:Aiming at the problem of subgrade stability and durability service under vehicle cyclic loadings,taking收稿日期：2021−04−07；修回日期：2021−05−06基金项目(Foundation item)：国家自然科学基金杰出青年基金资助项目(52025085)；国家自然科学基金资助项目(51927814,51878078)；长沙理工大学研究生建设项目(SJCX202001)(Project(52025085)supported by the the National Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars;Projects(51927814,51878078)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China;Projects(SJCX202001)supported by the Construction program for Graduate Students of Changsha University of Science and Technology)通信作者：张军辉，博士，教授，博士生导师，从事特殊土工程性质及应用研究；E-mail ：**************DOI:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2021.07.010引用格式：张军辉,黄超,张安顺,等.南方湿热地区高液限黏土临界破坏应力室内试验与快速预估模型研究[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2021,52(7):2221−2231.Citation:ZHANG Junhui,HUANG Chao,ZHANG Anshun,et boratory tests and rapid prediction model of critical failure stress for high liquid limit clay in southern hot and humid areas[J].Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),2021,52(7):2221−2231.第52卷中南大学学报(自然科学版)the upgrade and reconstruction project of Lianzhu Highway as the basis and the common clay in southern hot andhumid areas as the research object,the static triaxial test was used to determine the failure stress of samples at different confining pressures and moisture contents.Then,the dynamic triaxial test was used to analyze the elastic-plastic mechanical behavior of samples at different confining pressures,moisture contents and stress levels.Afterward,combined with the static and dynamic triaxial test results,the critical stress(σcri)under correspondingworking conditions was obtained.Subsequently,the value criterion ofσcriwas determined based on the triaxial testresults.Finally,a fast prediction method ofσcriwas established.The results show that the failure stress increases with the increase of confining pressure and decreases with the increase of moisture content.Then,when the specimen is in a stable state,its plastic and elastic strains gradually tend to a fixed value in the loading process. When the specimen enters into incremental failure,its plastic strain increases continuously or sharply with the accumulation of loading times,reaching the peak value.The elastic strain shows a gradual increase or unstablechange with the accumulation of loading times.Afterward,theσcriincreases linearly with the increase of confining pressure and decreases linearly with the increase of moisture content,and the final elastic strain rate in the range of −0.3×10−2−0.3×10−2during single cyclic loading cycle is selected as the value criterion ofσcri.On this basis,theσcri prediction model considering the stress variable,state variable and basic physical performance index is proposed, and the empirical relationship between model parameters and basic physical performance index is established torealize the rapid prediction ofσcri.Key words:road engineering;high liquid limit clay;critical stress;triaxial test;prediction model在道路与岩土工程领域，路基的塑性变形是研究人员持续关注的热点问题。

第4章 Current Assets《会计英语》PPT课件

Unit 1 Cash and Its Control
➢Efficient management of cash includes measures that will:
(1)Provide accurate accounting for cash receipts, cash payments and cash balances;
(4)Make all payments by check.
Unit 1 Cash and Its Control
➢BANK STATEMENT AND BANK RECONCILIATION. Since all cash receipts are to be deposited intact in the bank and all significant cash disbursements are to be made by check through the bank, each month the bank will provide the depositor with a statement of the depositor’s account, accompanied by the checks paid and charged to the account during the month. A bank statement shows the balance on deposit at the beginning of the month, the deposits, the checks paid, any other debits and credits during the month, and the new balance at the end of the month.

Asterix数据格式分析

EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR THE SAFETY OF AIR NAVIGATIONEUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL HARMONISATIONAND INTEGRATION PROGRAMME EUROCONTROL STANDARD DOCUMENTFORRADAR DATA EXCHANGEPart 2aTransmission ofMonoradar DataTarget ReportsSUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01Edition: 1.0Edition Date:November 1997Status:Released Issue Class :General PublicDOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION SHEETDOCUMENT DESCRIPTIONDocument TitleTarget Reports Target ReportsEWP DELIVERABLE REFERENCE NUMBERPROGRAMME REFERENCE INDEX EDITION : 1.01.0SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01EDITION DATE :November 1997November1997AbstractKeywordsMonoradar Data ASTERIX Service Messages Target ReportsData Item Category 2UAPCONTACT PERSON : C. Leclerc TEL : 3355DIVISION :DED 6DOCUMENT STATUS AND TYPESTATUS CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION Working Draft o Executive Task o General PublicæDraft o Specialist Task o EATCHIP o Proposed Issue o Lower Layer TaskæRestricted o Released IssueæELECTRONIC BACKUPINTERNAL REFERENCE NAME :ASTERIX - Part 2aHOST SYSTEM MEDIA SOFTWARE(S)Microsoft Windows Type : Hard diskMedia Identification :Radar Data Exchange - Part 2aTransmission of MonoradarTarget Reports SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01Edition : 1.01.0Released Issue Released Issue Page iii vii COPYRIGHT NOTICEThis document has been produced by the Eurocontrol AgencyCopyright is vested with the Eurocontrol AgencyThe content or any part thereof is thus freely available to Member States’ representatives, but copy or disclosure to any other party is subject to prior consent in writing by the Eurocontrol Agency.SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01Radar Data Exchange - Part 2a Transmission of MonoradarTarget ReportsPage Released Issue Released Issue Edition : 1.01.0 iv12This page is intentionally left blankRadar Data Exchange - Part 2aTransmission of MonoradarTarget Reports SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01Edition : 1.01.0Released Issue Released Issue Page v vii DOCUMENT APPROVALThe following table identifies all management authorities who have successively approved the present issue of this document.AUTHORITYNAME AND SIGNATURE DATE SURTChairmanA. Lemaire COMTChairmanR. Stewart Director EATCHIPDevelopmentP. Escritt EATCHIPProject Leader W. PhilippSUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01Radar Data Exchange - Part 2a Transmission of Monoradar Target Reports Page Released Issue Released Issue Edition : 1.01.0vi 12DOCUMENT CHANGE RECORDThe following table records the complete history of the successive editions of the present document.EDITIONDATE REASON FOR CHANGE SECTIONS PAGES AFFECTED Proposed May 1997• New format and numbering to comply with theEATCHIP Document Configuration rules.• Document split into two separate parts todelineate between the two Categories.• The “S” in SAC/SIC renamed System insteadof Source, to allow for both source anddestination codes.ALL Released November 1997Adoption by the Eurocontrol PermanentCommissionRadar Data Exchange - Part 2aTransmission of MonoradarTarget Reports SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01Edition : 1.01.0Released Issue Released Issue Page vii vii TABLE OF CONTENTSDOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION SHEET................................................................................ii COPYRIGHT NOTICE..........................................................................................................iii DOCUMENT APPROVAL.....................................................................................................v DOCUMENT CHANGE RECORD........................................................................................vi TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................vii FOREWORD........................................................................................................................ix 1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................111.1 General.........................................................................................................................111.1.1 Purpose......................................................................................................................111.1.2 Notification of Differences. (11)1.1.3 Structure of The Eurocontrol Standard for Radar Data Exchange ..............................221.2 Scope............................................................................................................................222. REFERENCES.....................................................................................................552.1 General.........................................................................................................................552.2 Reference Documents.................................................................................................553. DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.........................................773.1 Definitions....................................................................................................................773.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations.....................................................................................884. GENERAL PRINCIPLES..................................................................................11114.1 General.....................................................................................................................11114.2 Radar Target Reports. (1111)4.2.1 Types of Radar Target Reports ..............................................................................11114.2.2 User Application Profiles and Data Blocks..............................................................11114.3 Composition of Messages.. (1212)SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01Radar Data Exchange - Part 2a Transmission of Monoradar Target Reports Page Released Issue Released Issue Edition : 1.01.0viii 125. LAYOUT OF TARGET REPORT MESSAGES.................................................13135.1 Standard Data Items................................................................................................13135.2 Description of Standard Data Items.......................................................................14145.2.1 Data Item I001/010, Data Source Identifier.............................................................14145.2.2 Data Item I001/020, Target Report Descriptor........................................................15155.2.3 Data Item I001/030, Warning/Error Conditions .......................................................17175.2.4 Data Item I001/040, Measured Position in Polar Coordinates.................................18185.2.5 Data Item I001/042, Calculated Position in Cartesian Coordinates.........................19195.2.6 Data Item I001/050, Mode-2 Code in Octal Representation....................................20205.2.7 Data Item I001/060, Mode-2 Code Confidence Indicator........................................21215.2.8 Data Item I001/070, Mode-3/A Code in Octal Representation ................................22225.2.9 Data Item I001/080, Mode-3/A Code Confidence Indicator.....................................23235.2.10 Data Item I001/090, Mode-C Code in Binary Representation................................23235.2.11 Data Item I001/100, Mode-C Code and Code Confidence Indicator .....................24245.2.12 Data Item I001/120, Measured Radial Doppler Speed..........................................25255.2.13 Data Item I001/130, Radar Plot Characteristics....................................................25255.2.14 Data Item I001/131, Received Power ...................................................................26265.2.15 Data Item I001/141, Truncated Time of Day.........................................................26265.2.16 Data Item I001/150, Presence of X-Pulse.............................................................27275.2.17 Data Item I001/161, Track Plot Number................................................................27275.2.18 Data Item I001/170, Track Status.........................................................................28285.2.19 Data Item I001/200, Calculated Track Velocity in Polar Coordinates....................29295.2.20 Data Item I001/210, Track Quality ........................................................................30305.3 Transmission of Plot Information...........................................................................31315.3.1 Standard User Application Profile...........................................................................31315.3.2 Encoding Rules ......................................................................................................32325.4 Transmission of Track Information (3434)5.4.1 Standard User Application Profile (3434)5.4.2 Encoding Rules (3535)Radar Data Exchange - Part 2aTransmission of MonoradarTarget Reports SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01Edition : 1.01.0Released Issue Released Issue Page ix ix FOREWORD1Responsible BodyThis Standard has been developed and is maintained by the SurveillanceTask Force on Radar Data Exchange (STFRDE) of the European Air TrafficControl Harmonisation and Integration Programme (EATCHIP).2EATCHIP Work Programme DocumentThis Standard is identified as deliverable 02 in the EATCHIP WorkProgramme Document (EWPD), Surveillance Domain, Executive Task 01,Specialist Task 05.3Approval of the Standard 3.1This Standard is adopted in accordance with the procedures outlined in the Directives for Eurocontrol Standardisation, Ref. 000 - 2 - 93.3.2This Standard becomes effective upon adoption by the Permanent Commission of Eurocontrol.4Technical Corrigenda and AmendmentsThis Standard is kept under review by the responsible body who, whenchanges or corrections are necessary, will prepare the required amendmentsor technical corrigenda. The procedure for the maintenance of this Standard islaid down in Annex H of the Directives for the Uniform Drafting andPresentation of Eurocontrol Standard Documents Ref. 000 - 1 - 92.5Editorial Conventions 5.1The format of this Standard complies with the Directives for the Uniform Drafting and Presentation of Eurocontrol Standard Documents.5.2The following practice has been adhered to in order to indicate at a glance thestatus of each statement:•Normative Elements have been printed in light face roman text;•Recommended Elements have been printed in light face italics, the status being indicated by the prefix Recommendation.5.3The following editorial practice has been followed in the writing ofspecifications:•for Normative Elements the operative verb "shall" is used;• for Recommended Elements the operative verb "should" is used.5.4Any information which is essential to the understanding of a particular indentwill be integrated within the text as a note. It will not contain specifications andwill be placed immediately after the indent to which it refers.SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-02a-01Radar Data Exchange - Part 2a Transmission of Monoradar Target Reports Page Released Issue Released Issue Edition : 1.01.0x 126Relationship to Other Standard DocumentsThis Standard is related to the Eurocontrol Standard for Radar Surveillance inEn-Route Airspace and Major Terminal Areas Ref. 006 - 95.7Status of Annexes to This DocumentThere are no Annexes to this Part of the Standard Document.8Language UsedThe original version of this Standard Document is in the English language.1. INTRODUCTION1.1 General1.1.1 PurposeThe present Eurocontrol Standard concerns the transmission of radar relateddata between radar data sources (e.g. radar stations, Radar Data Processing(RDP) systems) and sinks (end user data processing systems) and describesthe message structure for the exchange of radar related data between radarstations and centres and between Air Traffic Control (ATC) centres, to beused in the Eurocontrol area.The transmission of radar data makes use of the message structure, knownby the acronym ASTERIX, standing for A ll Purpose ST ructured EurocontrolR adar I nformation E X change, devised by the Study Group on the Exchangeof radar related data between processors of ATC systems, this group was asubgroup of the former Radar Systems Specialist Panel (RSSP), whoseresponsibilities have been taken over by the EATCHIP Surveillance Team asfrom April 1994. ASTERIX was approved by the former RSSP at their 15thMeeting held on 1/4 July 1986.1.1.2 Notification of DifferencesEurocontrol Member States and other States making use of this Standard arerequired to notify the Agency of any differences between their NationalStandard for the exchange of radar data and this Eurocontrol Standard andany amendments thereto.Further, States are invited to keep the Agency currently informed of anydifferences which may subsequently occur, or of the withdrawal of anydifferences previously notified.A specific request for notification of differences will be sent to Statesimmediately after the adoption of each amendment to this Standard.Differences notified by States will be published as a supplement to thisStandard.1.1.3 Structure of The Eurocontrol Standard for Radar Data ExchangeThis Eurocontrol Standard for Radar Data Exchange contains the followingParts:Part 1:All Purpose Structured Eurocontrol Radar Information Exchange-ASTERIXThis Part contains the specifications and the conventions used inthe framework of ASTERIX.Part 2a:Transmission of Monoradar Target ReportsThis Part describes the standard application of ASTERIX for thetransmission of monoradar target reports (plots, tracks) from aradar station to one or more RDP system(s).Part 2b:Transmission of Monoradar Service MessagesThis Part describes the standard application of ASTERIX for thetransmission of monoradar service messages from a radar stationto one or more RDP system(s).Part 3:Transmission of Monoradar Derived Weather InformationThis Part describes the standard application of ASTERIX for thetransmission of relatively simple meteorological images ofprecipitation areas of various intensity levels from a radar station toone or more RDP system(s).NOTE -Other Parts will be added to this Eurocontrol Standard as newapplications using the ASTERIX message structure are identifiedand deemed suitable to be standardised.1.2 Scope1.2.1This document describes the message structure for the transmission ofmonoradar target reports from a stand alone radar station (conventionalSecondary Surveillance Radar (SSR), monopulse, conventional primary radaror primary radar using Moving Target Detection (MTD) processing), to one ormore RDP systems.1.2.2This Part of the Eurocontrol Standard specifies the message structure andcontents of monoradar data from a stand alone radar station conforming tothe ASTERIX Standard.1.2.3In the context of this Part of this Standard monoradar data covers radar targetreports from the following types of radar:• conventional SSR;• monopulse SSR;• conventional primary radar;• primary radars using MTD processing.1.2.4Radar target reports are data out of Data Category 001.1.2.5This Part of the Eurocontrol Standard shall be effective from December 1997This page is intentionally left blank2. REFERENCES2.1 GeneralThe following Documents and Standards contain provisions which, throughreferences in this text, constitute provisions of this Eurocontrol StandardDocument.At the time of publication of this Eurocontrol Standard Document, the editionsindicated for the referenced documents and standards were valid.Any revision of the referenced ICAO Documents shall be immediately takeninto account to revise this Eurocontrol Standard Document.Revisions of the other referenced documents shall not form part of theprovisions of this Eurocontrol Standard Document until they are formallyreviewed and incorporated into this Eurocontrol Standard Document.In the case of a conflict between the requirements of this EurocontrolStandard Document and the contents of the other referenced documents, thisEurocontrol Standard Document shall take precedence.Documents2.2 Reference1.Eurocontrol Standard 000-1-92. Directives for the Uniform Drafting andPresentation of Eurocontrol Standard Documents. 1992.2.Eurocontrol Standard SUR.ET1.ST05.2000-STD-01-01. All PurposeStructured Eurocontrol Radar Information Exchange - ASTERIX.This page is intentionally left blank3. DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS3.1 DefinitionsFor the purposes of this Eurocontrol Standard Document, the followingdefinitions shall apply:3.1.1Calculated Item: A piece of information (e.g. the position of a target) derivedfrom the raw radar information through an intermediateprocessing such as transformation of coordinates,tracking, code conversion, etc.3.1.2Catalogue ofData Items:List of all the possible Data Items of each Data Category describing the Data Items by their reference, structure, size and units (where applicable).3.1.3Data Block:Unit of information seen by the application as a discreteentity by its contents. A Data Block contains one or moreRecord(s) containing data of the same category.3.1.4Data Category:Classification of the data in order to permit inter alia aneasy identification.3.1.5Data Field:Physical implementation for the purpose of communicationof a Data Item, it is associated with a unique FieldReference Number and is the smallest unit of transmittedinformation.3.1.6Data Item:The smallest unit of information in each Data Category. 3.1.7Measured Item: A piece of information (e.g. the position of a target) directlyderived from the radar information and transmitted withoutany intermediate processing.3.1.8Record: A collection of transmitted Data Fields of the samecategory preceeded by a Field Specification field,signalling the presence/absence of the various Data Fields3.1.9UserApplicationProfile:The mechanism for assigning Data Items to Data Fields, and containing all necessary information which needs to be standardised for the successful encoding and decoding of the messages.3.2 Acronyms and AbbreviationsFor the purposes of this Eurocontrol Standard Document the following shallapply:°Degree (angle)ASTERIX A ll Purpose ST ructured Eurocontrol R adar I nformationE X changeATC Air Traffic ControlCAT Data CategorydBm The dBm is the unit of absolute power related to 1 milliwatt.EATCHIP European Air Traffic Control Harmonisation and IntegrationProgrammeEWPD EATCHIP Work Programme Documentf Scaling factorFL Flight Level, unit of altitude (expressed in 100’s of feet)FRN Field Reference NumberFSPEC Field SpecificationFX Field Extension IndicatorICAO International Civil Aviation Organizationkt knot = NM/hour, unit of speedLEN Length IndicatorLSB Least Significant BitMSSR Monopulse Secondary Surveillance RadarMTD Moving Target DetectionMTI Moving Target IndicatorNM Nautical Mile, unit of distance (6 080 feet)PSR Primary Surveillance RadarRDP Radar Data Processing (system)REP Field Repetition IndicatorRFS Random Field Sequencing (organization of the Data Fields in aRecord)RS Random Sequence IndicatorRSSP Radar Systems Specialist Panels second, unit of timeSAC System Area CodeSIC System Identification CodeSP Special Purpose IndicatorSPI Special Position IdentificationSSR Secondary Surveillance RadarSTFRDE Surveillance Task Force on Radar Data Exchange SURT Surveillance Tean (EATCHIP)UAP User Application Profile (see Definitions )UTC Coordinated Universal TimeThis page is intentionally left blank4. GENERALPRINCIPLES4.1 GeneralThe transmission of monoradar information shall require the transmission oftwo types of messages:• data messages or radar target reports containing plot or track information;• radar service messages used to signal status information of the radar station to the user systems (not covered by this document).4.2 Radar Target Reports4.2.1 Types of Radar Target ReportsRadar target reports shall be transmitted either in the form of plots or tracksgenerated by a local tracking system at the radar site.4.2.2 User Application Profiles and Data Blocks4.2.2.1Two User Application Profiles (UAPs) are defined and shall be useddepending on whether plot or track information is provided by the radar.4.2.2.2Data Blocks containing radar target reports shall have the following layout.CAT = 001LEN Items of thefirst record FSPEC Items of thelast recordwhere:• Data Category (CAT) = 001, is a one-octet field indicating that the Data Block contains radar target reports;• Length Indicator (LEN) is a two-octet field indicating the total length in octets of the Data Block, including the CAT and LEN fields;• FSPEC is the Field Specification.4.3 Composition of Messages4.3.1Messages shall be composed of Data Items assembled in the order definedby the Field Reference Number (FRN) in the associated UAP.4.3.2Data Items shall be either compulsory or optional.4.3.2.1Compulsory items represent commonly used data required by any application,they shall be implemented;4.3.2.2Optional items represent more specific data and their implementation shall benegotiated between users.4.3.3Whether Data Items are compulsory or optional, they shall be either alwaystransmitted or conditionally transmitted.4.3.3.1When compulsory, they shall always be transmitted in a Record with thecorresponding FSPEC bits set to one;4.3.3.2When optional, they shall be present in a Record only if certain conditions aremet (e.g. availability of the data). The corresponding FSPEC bits being set toone or to zero according to the presence or absence of the fields.5. LAYOUT OF TARGET REPORT MESSAGES5.1 Standard Data ItemsThe standardised Data Items which shall be used for the transmission ofmonoradar target reports are defined in Table 1 and described in the followingpages.Table 1 - Standard Data Items of Category 001Data ItemRef. No.Description System UnitsI001/010 I001/020 I001/030 I001/040 I001/042 I001/050 I001/060 I001/070 I001/080 I001/090 I001/100 I001/120 I001/130 I001/131 I001/141 I001/150 I001/161 I001/170 I001/200 I001/210 Data Source IdentifierTarget Report DescriptorWarning/Error ConditionsMeasured Position in Polar CoordinatesCalculated Position in Cartesian CoordinatesMode-2 Code in Octal RepresentationMode-2 Code Confidence IndicatorMode-3/A Code in Octal RepresentationMode-3/A Code Confidence IndicatorMode-C Code in Binary RepresentationMode-C Code and Code Confidence IndicatorMeasured Radial Doppler SpeedRadar Plot CharacteristicsReceived PowerTruncated Time of DayPresence of X-PulseTrack/Plot NumberTrack StatusCalculated Track Velocity in Polar CoordinatesTrack QualityN.A.N.A.N.A.RHO: 1/128 NMTHETA: 360°/(216)X, Y: 1/64 NMN.A.N.A.N.A.N.A.1/4 FLN.A.(2-14) NM/sN.A.1 dBm1/128 sN.A.N.A.N.A.Speed: (2-14) NM/sHeading:360°/(216)N.A.5.2 Description of Standard Data Items5.2.1 Data Item I001/010, Data Source IdentifierDefinition:Identification of the radar station from which the data arereceived.Format:Two-octets fixed length Data Item.Structure:5.2.2 Data Item I001/020, Target Report DescriptorDefinition:Type and characteristics of the radar data as transmitted bya radar station.Format:Variable length Data Item comprising a first part of one-octet, followed by one-octet extents as necessary.Structureof First Part:Octet no. 187654321TYP SIM SSR/PSR ANT SPI RAB FXbit-8(TYP)=0 Plot= 1 Trackbit-7(SIM)=0 Actual plot or track= 1 Simulated plot or trackbits-6/5(SSR/PSR)Radar detection in lastantenna scan, as follows:detection;=00 No=01Sole primary detection;secondary=10 Soledetection;=11Combined primary andsecondary detection.bit-4(ANT)=0 Target report fromantenna 1= 1 Target report fromantenna 2bit-3(SPI)=0DefaultPosition= 1 SpecialIdentificationbit-2(RAB)=0 Default=1Plot or track from afixed transponderbit-1(FX)=0 End of Data Item=1Extension into firstextentNOTE - Bit-7 (SIM) is used to identify a simulated target report asproduced by a traffic simulator.Structureof First Extent:Octet no. 187654321TST DS1/DS2ME MI00FXbit-8(TST)=0Default= 1 Test target indicatorbits-7/6(DS1/DS2)=00 Defaultinterference=01 Unlawful(code 7500)=10 Radio-communicationfailure (code 7600)=11Emergency(code 7700)bit-5(ME)=0 Defaultemergency= 1 Militarybit-4(MI)=0 Defaultidentification= 1 Militarybits-3/2Spare bits set to zerobit-1(FX)=0 End of Data Item= 1 Extension into nextextent5.2.3 Data Item I001/030, Warning/Error ConditionsDefinition:Warning/error conditions detected by a radar station for thetarget report involved.Format:Variable length Data Item comprising a first part of one-octet, followed by one-octet extents as necessary.Structureof First Part:Octet no. 187654321W/E Value FXbits-8/2(W/E Value)First warning/error conditionvaluebit-1(FX)=0 End of Data Item= 1 Extension into firstextent (e.g. secondW/E condition value) NOTES1.Warning/error condition values 0-63 are reserved for common standarduse, whereas the values 64-127 are application dependent.2.The following set of common W/E values is defined:-W/E = 0,no warning nor error condition;-W/E = 1,garbled reply;-W/E = 2,reflection;-W/E = 3,sidelobe reply;-W/E = 4,split plot;-W/E = 5,second time around reply;-W/E = 6, angels;-W/E = 7, terrestrial vehicles.3.The following set of applications dependent W/E values are reserved:-W/E = 64,possible wrong code in Mode-3/A;-W/E = 65,possible wrong altitude information, transmitted whenthe Code C credibility check fails together with theMode-C code in binary notation;-W/E = 66possible phantom MSSR plot;-W/E = 80fixed PSR plot;-W/E = 81slow PSR plot;-W/E = 82low quality PSR plot.5.2.4 Data Item I001/040, Measured Position in Polar CoordinatesDefinition:Measured position of an aircraft in local polar coordinates.Format:Four-octet fixed length Data Item.Structure:Octet no. 3Octet no. 416151413121110987654321THETA LSBbit-17(LSB)=1/128 NM.Max. range = 512 NMbit-1(LSB)=360°/(216) = 0.005 5°NOTE - When expressed in 16 bits, signed or unsigned azimuths have thesame value.5.2.5 Data Item I001/042, Calculated Position in Cartesian CoordinatesDefinition:Calculated position of an aircraft in cartesian coordinates.Format:Four-octet fixed length Data Item .Structure:Octet no. 3Octet no. 416151413121110987654321Y-Component LSBbit-17(LSB)=2(-6+f)where f is the scalingfactor applied, modifyingthe standard quantisationunit.Max. range = 2(9+f) NMbit-1(LSB)=2(-6+f)Max. range = 2(9+f) NM NOTES1. A default quantisation unit of 1/64 NM is obtained for a value of f = 0.2.Negative values are expressed in 2’s complement form, bit-32 and bit-16shall be set to 0 for positive values and 1 for negative values.。

设备设计专业英语

O形环O ringU 形管式换热器U-type heat exchangerU形膨胀节U expansion jointA安定shakedown安全阀safety valve安全附件safety devices/accessories安全评定safety assessment安全系数safety factor安全泄放量safety relieving capacity鞍式支座saddle support奥氏体不锈钢austenitic stainless steelB板翅式换热器plate-fin heat exchanger板式塔plate column半球形hemispherical head爆破片rupture disk爆破压力bursting pressure扁平钢带错绕式筒体flat steel ribbon wound cylindrical shell变形deformation波纹管膨胀节bellows expansion joint泊桑比poisson’s ratio薄壁容器thin-walled vessel薄膜应力membrane stress补强范围limit of reinforcement补强圈reinforcement pad布管tube layoutC材料material材料性能material properties材质劣化deterioration temperature操作温度operating temperature层板包扎筒体concentric wrapped shell常规设计design by rules超高压容器super-high pressure vessel超声检测ultrasonic examination冲击载荷impact load储罐storage tank传热设备heat transfer equipment磁粉检测magnetic particle examination脆性断裂brittle fractureD搭接焊lap welding大开孔opening exceeding size limit of standard 带劲对焊法兰welding neck flange单层容器monobloc vessel弹性模量modulus of elasticity等面积补强area replacement method低合金钢low alloy steel地角螺栓anchor bolt地面卧式储罐over ground horizontal storage tank地震载荷earthquake load垫片gasket蝶形封头torispherical/dished head动载荷dynamic load断后伸长率rupture elongation断面收缩率reduction of area对接焊butt welding多层容器layered vessel多层筒体layered shellE耳式支座lug support二次应力secondary stressF法兰flange法兰和壳体连接接头joint of flange to shell防腐蚀材料corrosion-resistant material分层隔板pass divider分析设计design by analysis风载荷wind load封头head封头与圆柱形筒体连接接头joint of head to cylindrical shell 峰值应力peak stress浮头式换热器floating head heat exchanger辐照脆化radiation embrittlement辅助设备ancillary/auxiliary equipment腐蚀速率corrosion rate腐蚀裕量corrosion allowanceG高压密封装置high pressure sealing device工作压力operating pressure公称压力nominal pressure公称直径nominal diameter鼓泡塔式反应器bubble column reactor固定床式反应器fixed bed reactor固定管板式换热器fixed tube sheet heat exchanger 固有频率natural frequency管板tube sheet管板兼作法兰tube sheet extended as a flange 管程tube pass管翅式换热器tube fin heat exchanger管壳式换热器shell and tube heat exchanger 管式反应器tubular reactor管式换热器tubular heat exchanger规整填料arranged-type packing过程设备process equipment过度局部变形excessive local deformation过度塑性变形progressive plastic deformation 过渡段transition sectionH焊接welding焊接接头welding joint焊接接头分类welded joint categories焊接接头系数welded joint efficiency factor 后端管箱rear end head厚壁容器thick-walled vessel厚度附加量additional thickness化学成分chemical composition圈式支座ring support环向应力circumferential/hoop stress换热器分类classification of heat exchanger 回转壳体shell of revolution回转筒式反应器rotary kilin reactorJ基础环板base ring极限载荷limit load计算厚度calculated thickness计算压力calculation pressure加强圈stiffening ring夹套jacket间断焊intermittent welding降液管downspout角焊fillet welding搅拌釜式反应器stirred tank reactor搅拌机agitator接管nozzle接管和壳体连接接头joint of nozzle to shell结垢fouling金属温度metal temperature经向应力meridional stress经验公式empirical equation径向应力radial stress静载荷static load局部结构不连续local structural discontinuity局部热处理local heat treatment局部一次薄膜应力local primary membrane stress 局部应力local stress绝缘涂层dielectric coatingK开孔opening开孔大小size of opening开孔形状shape of opening抗拉程度ultimate tensile strength壳程shell pass壳体失稳buckling of shell可靠性reliability扩展表面换热器extended surface heat exchangerL拉伸应力tensile stress力学性能mechanical properties连续焊continuous welding临界失稳压力critical buckling pressure流化床反应器fluidized bed vibration流体诱导振动fluid-induced vibration硫化氢腐蚀hydrogen sulfide corrosion螺栓bolt螺栓法兰连接bolted flange connection螺旋管式换热器spiral tube heat exchangerM马氏体不锈钢martensitic stainless steel埋地卧式储罐underground horizontal storage tank 密封原理sealing principle密封装置sealing device名义厚度nominal thickness膜反应器membrane reactorN内压internal thickness耐腐蚀衬里corrosion resistant liningP喷嘴式反应器spray reactor膨胀节expansion joint疲劳fatigue疲劳强度减弱系数fatigue strength reduction factor 疲劳设计曲线design fatigue curve平垫密封seal with flat gasket平封头flat head平均应力mean stressQ气压试验pneumatic test前端管箱front end head强制密封forced seal氢脆hydrogen embrittlement球形容器spherical vessel屈服压力yield pressure缺陷检验defect inspection裙式支座skirt supportR绕板式筒体coil wound shell热处理heat treatment热管heat tube热加工条件hot-worked condition热套筒体shrink fit shell热应力thermal stress热影响区heat affected zone人孔manhole任意法兰optional flange韧性toughness韧性断裂ductile rupture韧脆转变温度temperature of ductile-to-brittle transition 蠕变creepS三角垫delta ring散装填料random packing设计温度design temperature设计压力design pressure设计应力强度design stress intensity设计准则design criterion射线检测radiographic examination渗透检测liquid penetrant examination失效形式failure mode试验温度test temperature试验压力test pressure手工焊接manual welding手孔handhole双锥密封seal with double-cone松式法兰toose-type flangeT塔tall/column塔板tray碳当量carbon equivalent碳素钢carbon steel套管式换热器double pipe heat exchanger填料函式换热器outside packed floating head heat exchanger 填料塔packed column铁素体不锈钢ferritic stainless steel透镜垫len ring腿式支座leg support椭圆形封头ellipsoidal headW外压external pressure弯曲应力bending stress温度temperature无损检测nondestructive examinationX牺牲阳极法sacrificial anode夏比V缺口冲击吸收功charpy V-notch impact energy泄露leakage泄露检测和监控leak detection and monitoring型槽绕带式筒体helically wound interlocking strip shell 许用应力allowable stress循环载荷cyclic loadY压力pressure压力表pressure gauge压力容器pressure vessel压力容器分类classification of pressure vessels压力试验pressure test压缩应力compressive stress延寿life extension液化气体liquefied gas液体分布器liquid distributor液体收集器liquid collector液压试验hydrostatic test液柱静压力static head一次弯曲应力primary bending stress一次应力primary stress应力stress应力分类stress categories应力幅stress amplitude应力腐蚀stress corrosion应力集中stress concentration应力集中系数stress concentration factor 应力强度stress intensity应力限制stress limit应力应变关系图stress strain diagram圆筒有效长度effective length of a cylinder 圆柱形容器cylindrical vesselZ折流板baffle整体法兰integral-type flange整体管板integral tube sheet整体热处理bulk heat treatment支座support支座反力reaction of support制造工艺fabrication technology重量weight轴向临界压缩应力critical axial buckling stress 轴向应力longitudinal/axial stress锥形封头conical head自动焊接automatic welding自紧式密封self-energized closure自增强autofrettage总体结构不连续gross structural discontinuity总体塑性变形gross plastic deformation总体一次薄膜应力general primary membrane stress最大允许工作压力maximum allowable working pressure 最小设计金属温度minimum design metal temperature。

EngelWestJPE

485[Journal of Political Economy,2005,vol.113,no.3]᭧2005by The University of Chicago.All rights reserved.0022-3808/2005/11303-0002$10.00Exchange Rates and FundamentalsCharles Engel and Kenneth D.WestUniversity of Wisconsin and National Bureau of Economic ResearchWe show analytically that in a rational expectations present-value model,an asset price manifests near–random walk behavior if fun-damentals are I(1)and the factor for discounting future fundamentals is near one.We argue that this result helps explain the well-known puzzle that fundamental variables such as relative money supplies,outputs,inﬂation,and interest rates provide little help in predicting changes in ﬂoating exchange rates.As well,we show that the data do exhibit a related link suggested by standard models—that the exchange rate helps predict these fundamentals.The implication is that exchange rates and fundamentals are linked in a way that is broadly consistent with asset-pricing models of the exchange rate.I.IntroductionA long-standing puzzle in international economics is the difﬁculty of tying ﬂoating exchange rates to macroeconomic fundamentals such as money supplies,outputs,and interest rates.Our theories state that the exchange rate is determined by such fundamental variables,but ﬂoating exchange rates between countries with roughly similar inﬂation rates are in fact well approximated as random walks.Fundamental variables do not help predict future changes in exchange rates.Meese and Rogoff (1983a ,1983b )ﬁrst established this result.They evaluated the out-of-sample ﬁt of several models of exchange rates,using We thank Shiu-Sheng Chen,Akito Matsumoto,Benjamin T.West,and Yu Yuan for research assistance;the National Science Foundation for ﬁnancial support;and two anon-ymous referees,the editor,and many seminar audiences for helpful comments.Portions of this paper were completed while West was a Houblon-Norman Fellow at the Bank of England and the Professorial Fellow in Monetary Economics at Victoria University and the Reserve Bank of New Zealand.486journal of political economy data from the1970s.They found that by standard measures of forecast accuracy,such as the mean-squared deviation between predicted and actual exchange rates,accuracy generally increased when one simply forecast the exchange rate to remain unchanged compared to when one used the predictions from the exchange rate models.While a large number of studies have subsequently claimed toﬁnd success for various versions of fundamentals-based models,sometimes at longer horizons and over different time periods,the success of these models has not proved to be robust.A recent comprehensive study by Cheung,Chinn, and Pascual(2002,19)concludes that“the results do not point to any given model/speciﬁcation combination as being very successful.On the other hand...,it may be that one model will do well for one exchange rate,and not for another.”In this paper,we take a new line of attack on the question of the link between exchange rates and fundamentals.We work with a conventional class of asset-pricing models in which the exchange rate is the expected present discounted value of a linear combination of observable fun-damentals and unobservable shocks.Linear driving processes are pos-ited for fundamentals and shocks.Weﬁrst present a theorem concerning the behavior of an asset price determined in a present-value model.We show analytically that in the class of present-value models we consider,asset prices will follow a pro-cess arbitrarily close to a random walk if(1)at least one forcing variable (observable fundamental or unobservable shock)has a unit autore-gressive root and(2)the discount factor is near unity.So,in the limit, as the discount factor approaches unity,the change in the time t assettϪ1 price will be uncorrelated with information known at time.We explain below that our result is not an application of the simple efﬁcient markets model of Samuelson(1965)and others.When that model is applied to exchange rates,it implies that cross-country interest rate differentials will predict exchange rate changes and thus that exchange rates will not follow a random walk.Intuitively,as the discount factor approaches unity,the model puts relatively more weight on fundamentals far into the future in explaining the asset price.Transitory movements in the fundamentals become rel-atively less important than the permanent components.Imagine per-forming a Beveridge-Nelson decomposition on the linear combination of fundamentals that drive the asset price,expressing it as the sum of a random walk component and a transitory component.The class of theoretical models we are considering then expresses the asset price as the discounted sum of the current and expected future fundamentals. As the discount factor approaches one,the variance of the change of the discounted sum of the random walk component approaches inﬁnity, whereas the variance of the change of the stationary component ap-exchange rates and fundamentals487 proaches a constant.So the variance of the change of the asset price is dominated by the change of the random walk component as the dis-count factor approaches one.We view as unexceptionable the assumption that a forcing variable has a unit root,at least as a working hypothesis for our study.The assumption about the discount factor is,however,open to debate.We note that in reasonable calibrations of some exchange rate models,this discount factor in fact is quite near unity.Of course our analytical result is a limiting one.Whether a discount factor of0.9or0.99or0.999is required to deliver a process statistically indistinguishable from a random walk depends on the sample size used to test for random walk behavior and the entire set of parameters of the model.Hence we present some correlations calculated analytically in a simple stylized model.We assume a simple univariate process for fundamentals,with parameters chosen to reﬂect quarterly data from the recentﬂoating period.Weﬁnd that discount factors above0.9sufﬁce to yield near-zero correlations between the period t exchange rate and tϪ1period information.We do not attempt to verify our theoretical conclusion that large discount factors account for random walk behavior in exchange rates using any particular fundamentals model from the literature.That is,we do not pick speciﬁc models that we claim satisfy the conditions of our theorem and then estimate them and verify that they produce random walks.But if the present-value models of exchange rates imply random walk behavior,so that exchange rate changes are unpredictable,how then can we validate the models?We ask instead if these conventional models have implications for whether the exchange rate helps predict funda-mentals.It is plausible to look in this direction.Surely much of the short-termﬂuctuation in exchange rates is driven by changes in expec-tations about the future.If the models are good approximations and expectations reﬂect information about future fundamentals,the ex-change rate changes will likely be useful in forecasting these funda-mentals.So these models suggest that exchange rates Granger-cause the ing quarterly bilateral dollar exchange rates,1974–2001,for the dollar versus the currencies of the six other Group of Seven countries,weﬁnd some evidence of such causality,especially for nominal variables.The statistical signiﬁcance of the predictability is not uniform and suggests a link between exchange rates and fundamentals that perhaps is modest in comparison with the links between other sets of economic variables.But in our view,the statistical predictability is notable in light of the far weaker causality from fundamentals to exchange rates.For countries and data series for which there is statistically signiﬁcant evidence of Granger causality,we next gauge whether the Granger cau-488journal of political economy sality results are consistent with our models.We compare the correlation of exchange rate changes with two estimates of the change in the present discounted value of fundamentals.One estimate uses only the lagged value of fundamentals.The other uses both the exchange rate and own lags.Weﬁnd that the correlation is substantially higher when the exchange rate is used in estimating the present discounted value.To prevent confusion,we note that ourﬁnding that exchange rates predict fundamentals is distinct from ourﬁnding that large discount factors rationalize a random walk in exchange rates.It may be reasonable to link the twoﬁndings.When expectations of future fundamentals are very important in determining the exchange rate,it seems natural to pursue the question of whether exchange rates can forecast those fun-damentals.But one can be persuaded that exchange rates Granger-cause fundamentals and still argue that the approximate random walk in exchange rates is not substantially attributable to a large discount factor. In the class of models we consider,all our empirical results are consistent with at least one other explanation,namely,that exchange rate move-ments are dominated by unobserved shocks that follow a random walk. The plausibility of this explanation is underscored by the fact that we generally fail toﬁnd cointegration between the exchange rate and ob-servable fundamentals,a failure that is rationalized in our class of models by the presence of an I(1)(though not necessarily random walk)shock. As well,the random walk also can arise in models that fall outside the class we consider.It does so in models with small-sample biases,perhaps combined with nonlinearities/threshold effects(see Taylor,Peel,and Sarno2001;Kilian and Taylor2003;Rossi2003).Exchange rates will still predict fundamentals in such models,though a nonlinear fore-casting process may be required.Our suggestion that the exchange rate will nearly follow a random walk when the discount factor is close to unity means that forecasting changes in exchange rates is difﬁcult but perhaps still possible.Some recent studies have found success at forecasting changes in exchange rates at longer horizons or using nonlinear methods,and further re-search along these lines may prove fruitful.MacDonald and Taylor (1994),Chinn and Meese(1995),and Mark(1995)have all found some success in forecasting exchange rates at longer horizons imposing long-run restrictions from monetary models.Groen(2000)and Mark and Sul(2001)ﬁnd greater success using panel methods.Kilian and Taylor (2003)suggest that models that incorporate nonlinear mean reversion can improve the forecasting accuracy of fundamentals models,though it will be difﬁcult to detect the improvement in out-of-sample forecasting exercises.The paper is organized as follows.Section II presents the theorem that the random walk in asset prices may result from a discount factorexchange rates and fundamentals 489near one in a present-value model.Section III demonstrates how the theorem applies to some models of exchange rates.Section IV presents evidence that changes in exchange rates help predict fundamentals.Section V presents conclusions.The Appendix has some algebraic de-tails.An additional appendix containing empirical results omitted from the paper to save space is available on request.II.Random Walk in Asset Prices as the Discount Factor Goes toOneWe consider models in which an asset price,,can be expressed as a s t discounted sum of current and expected future “fundamentals.”We examine asset-pricing models of the formϱϱj j s p (1Ϫb )b E (a x )ϩb b E (a x ),0!b !1,(1)͸͸t t 1t ϩj t 2t ϩj j p 0j p 0where is the vector of fundamentals,b is a discount factor,and x n #1t and are vectors.For example,the model for stock prices a a n #112considered by Campbell and Shiller (1987)and West (1988)has this form,where is the level of the stock price,the dividend (a scalar),s x t t ,and .The log-linearized model of the stock price of a p 0a p 112Campbell and Shiller (1988)also has this form,where is the log of s t the stock price,is the log of the dividend,,and .The x a p 1a p 0t 12term structure model of Campbell and Shiller also is a present-value model,where is the yield on a consol,is the short-term rate,s x t t ,and .In Section III,we review models in which is the a p 1a p 0s 12t log of the exchange rate and contains such variables as interest rates x t and logs of prices,money supplies,and income.We spell out here the sense in which the asset price should follow a random walk for a discount factor b that is near one.Assume that at least one element of the vector is an I(1)process,whose Wold in-x t novation is the vector .Our result requires that either (1)n #1e t and or (2),with the order of integration a x ∼I(1)a p 0a x ∼I(1)1t 22t of essentially unrestricted (I(0),I(1),or identically zero).In either a x 1t case,for b near one,will be well approximated by a linear combi-D s t nation of the elements of the unpredictable innovation .In a sense e t made precise in the Appendix,this approximation is arbitrarily good for b arbitrarily near one.This means,for example,that all autocor-relations of will be very near zero for b very near one.D s t Of course,there is continuity in the autocorrelations in the following sense:for b near one,the autocorrelations of will be near zero if the D s t previous paragraph’s condition that certain variables are I(1)is replaced with the condition that those variables are I(0)but with an autoregres-490journal of political economy TABLE 1Population Autocorrelations and Cross Correlations of D s tb (1)J 1(2)J (3)Correlation of with :D s t D s t Ϫ1(4)D s t Ϫ2(5)D s t Ϫ3(6)D x t Ϫ1(7)D x t Ϫ2(8)D x t Ϫ3(9)1..50 1.0.3.15.05.01.16.05.012..5.27.14.07.28.14.073..8.52.42.34.56.44.364..90 1.0.3.03.01.00.03.01.005..5.05.03.01.06.03.016..8.09.07.06.13.11.097..95 1.0.3.02.01.00.02.01.008..5.03.01.01.03.01.019..8.04.04.03.07.05.0410..90.90.5.04Ϫ.01Ϫ.03.02Ϫ.03Ϫ.0511..90.95.5.05.01Ϫ.01.04Ϫ.00Ϫ.0212..95.95.5.02Ϫ.00Ϫ.01.01Ϫ.02Ϫ.0313..95.99.5.02.01.00.03.01Ϫ.00Note.—The model is or .The scalar variable follows an AR(2)process with ϱϱj j s p (1Ϫb )͸b E x s p b ͸b E x x t t t ϩj t t t ϩj t j p 0j p 0autoregressive roots and J .When ,with parameter J .The correlations in cols.4–9were computed J J p 1.0D x ∼AR(1)11t analytically.If ,as in rows 1–9,then in the limit,as ,each of these correlations approaches zero.J p 1.0b r 11sive root very near one.For a given autoregressive root less than one,the autocorrelations will not converge to zero as b approaches one.But they will be very small for b very near one.Table 1gives an indication of just how small “small”is.The table gives correlations of with time information when follows a scalar D s t Ϫ1x t t univariate AR(2).(One can think of and or and a p 0a p 1a p 1121.One can consider these two possibilities interchangeably since,a p 02for given ,the autocorrelations of are not affected by whether b !1D s t or not a factor of multiplies the present value of fundamentals.)1Ϫb Rows 1–9assume that —speciﬁcally,with parameter x ∼I(1)D x ∼AR(1)t t J .We see that for the autocorrelations in columns 4–6and the b p 0.5cross correlations in columns 7–9are appreciable.Speciﬁcally,suppose that one uses the conventional standard error of .Then when ͱ1/T ,a sample size larger than 55will likely sufﬁce to reject the null J p 0.5that the ﬁrst autocorrelation of is zero (since row 2,col.5,gives D s t and ).(In this argument,ͱcorr(D s ,D s )p 0.2690.269/[1/55]≈2.0t t Ϫ1we abstract from sampling error in estimation of the autocorrelation.)But for ,the autocorrelations are dramatically smaller.For b p 0.9and ,a sample size larger than 1,600will be required,b p 0.9J p 0.5since .Finally,in connection with the previous ͱ0.051/(1/1,600)≈2.0paragraph’s reference to autoregressive roots less than one,we see in rows 10–13in the table that if the unit root in is replaced by an x t autoregressive root of 0.9or higher,the autocorrelations and cross cor-relations of are not much changed.D s texchange rates and fundamentals 491To develop intuition on this result,consider the following example.Suppose that the asset price is determined by a simple equation:s p (1Ϫb )m ϩb r ϩbE (s ).t t t t t ϩ1The “no-bubbles”solution to this expectational difference equation is a present-value model like (1):ϱϱj j s p (1Ϫb )b E m ϩb b E r .͸͸t t t ϩj t t ϩj j p 0j p 0Assume that the ﬁrst differences of the fundamentals follow ﬁrst-order autoregressions:D m p fD m ϩe ;Dr p gDr ϩe .t t Ϫ1mt t t Ϫ1r t Then we can write the solution asf (1Ϫb )1bg b D s p D m ϩe ϩDr ϩe .t t Ϫ1mt t Ϫ1r t 1Ϫb f 1Ϫb f 1Ϫb g (1Ϫb )(1Ϫb g )Consider ﬁrst the special case of .Then as ,r p 0b r 1D s ≈[1/(1Ϫt t .In this case,the variance of the change in the exchange rate is f )]e mt ﬁnite as .If ,then as ,.In this case,b r 1r (0b r 1D s ≈constant #e t t r t as b increases,the variance of the change in the exchange rate gets large,but the variance is dominated by the independently and identi-cally distributed term .e r t In Section III,we demonstrate the applicability of this result to exchange rates.III.Exchange Rate ModelsExchange rate models since the 1970s have emphasized that nominal exchange rates are asset prices and are inﬂuenced by expectations about the future.The “asset market approach to exchange rates”refers to models in which the exchange rate is driven by a present discounted sum of expected future fundamentals.Obstfeld and Rogoff (1996,529)say that “one very important and quite robust insight is that the nominal exchange rate must be viewed as an asset price .Like other assets,the exchange rate depends on expectations of future variables”(italics in the original).Frenkel and Mussa’s (1985)survey explains the asset market approach:These facts suggest that exchange rates should be viewed as prices of durable assets determined in organized markets (like stock and commodity exchanges)in which current prices re-ﬂect the market’s expectations concerning present and future492journal of political economyeconomic conditions relevant for determining the appropriate values of these durable assets,and in which price changes are largely unpredictable and reﬂect primarily new information that alters expectations concerning these present and future economic conditions.(726)A variety of models relate the exchange rate to economic fundamen-tals and to the expected future exchange rate.We write this relationship ass p (1Ϫb )(f ϩz )ϩb (f ϩz )ϩbE s .(2)t 1t 1t 2t 2t t t ϩ1Here,we deﬁne the exchange rate as the log of the home currency s t price of foreign currency (dollars per unit of foreign currency if the United States is the home country).The terms and ()are f z i p 1,2it it economic fundamentals that ultimately drive the exchange rate,such as money supplies,money demand shocks,productivity shocks,and so forth.We differentiate between fundamentals that are observable to the econometrician,,and those that are not observable,.One possibility f z it it is that the true fundamental is measured with error,so that is the f it measured fundamental and the include the measurement error;an-z it other is that the are unobserved shocks.z it Upon imposing the “no-bubbles”condition that goes to zero j b E s t t ϩj as ,we have the present-value relationshipj r ϱϱϱj j s p (1Ϫb )b E (f ϩz )ϩb b E (f ϩz ).(3)͸͸t t 1t ϩj 1t ϩj t 2t ϩj 2t ϩj j p 0j p 0This equation has the form of equation (1),where we have a x p1t ϩj and .We now outline some models thatf ϩz a x p f ϩz 1t ϩj 1t ϩj 2t ϩj 2t ϩj 2t ϩj ﬁt into this framework.A.Money Income ModelConsider ﬁrst the familiar monetary models of Frenkel (1976),Mussa (1976),and Bilson (1978)and their close cousins,the sticky-price mon-etary models of Dornbusch (1976)and Frankel (1979).Assume that in the home country there is a money market relationship given bym p p ϩg y Ϫa i ϩv .(4)t t t t mt Here,is the log of the home money supply,is the log of the home m p t t price level,is the level of the home interest rate,is the log of output,i y t t and is a shock to money demand.Here and throughout we use the v mt term “shock”in a somewhat unusual sense.Our “shocks”potentially include constant and trend terms,may be serially correlated,and mayexchange rates and fundamentals493 include omitted variables that in principle could be measured.Assume that a similar equation holds in the foreign country.The analogousm*p*i*y*v*foreign variables are,,,,and,and the parameters of thet t t t mtforeign money demand are identical to the home country’s parameters. The nominal exchange rate equals its purchasing power parity(PPP) value plus the real exchange rate:s p pϪp*ϩq.(5)t t t tInﬁnancial markets,the interest parity relationship isE sϪs p iϪi*ϩr.(6)t tϩ1t t t trHere is the deviation from rational expectations uncovered interest tparity.It can be interpreted as a risk premium or an expectational error. Putting these equations together and rearranging,we get1s p[mϪm*Ϫg(yϪy*)ϩqϪ(vϪv*)Ϫar]t t t t t t mt mt t1ϩaaϩE s.(7)t tϩ11ϩaThis equation takes the form of equation(2)when the discount factorb p a/(1ϩa)is given by,the observable fundamentals are given by f p mϪm*Ϫg(yϪy*)z p qϪ(vϪ,and the unobservables are1t t t t t1t t mtv*)z pϪrand.As in Mark(1995),our empirical work in Section IV mt2t tg p1f p sets.We also investigate a version of this model setting1t and moving to.We do so largely because we wish to mϪm*yϪy*zt t t t1tconduct a relatively unstructured investigation into the link between exchange rates and various measures of fundamentals.But we couldmϪm*argue that we focus on becauseﬁnancial innovation has madet tstandard income measures poor proxies for the level of transactions.s yϪy* Similarly,we investigate the relationship between and.t t t Equation(7)is implied by both theﬂexible-price and sticky-price versions of the monetary model.In theﬂexible-price monetarist modelsyof Frenkel(1976),Mussa(1976),and Bilson(1978),output,,and thetreal exchange rate,,are exogenous.In the sticky-price models ofqtDornbusch(1976)and Frankel(1979),these two variables are endog-enous.Because nominal prices adjust slowly,the real exchange rate is inﬂuenced by changes in the nominal exchange rate.Output is demand determined and may respond to changes in the real exchange rate, income,and real interest rates.Nonetheless,since equations(4)(and its foreign counterpart),(5),and(6)hold in the Dornbusch-Frankel model,one can derive relationship(7)in those models.Dornbusch and Frankel each consider special cases for the exogenous monetary pro-cesses(in Dornbusch’s model,all shocks to the money supply are per-494journal of political economy manent;Frankel considers permanent shocks to the level and to the growth rate of money).As a result of their assumption that all shocks are permanent,they each can express the exchange rate purely in terms of current fundamentals,which may obscure the general implication that exchange rates depend on expected future fundamentals.We note here that some recent exchange rate models developed from the “new open economy macroeconomics”yield relationships very sim-ilar to the ones we describe in this section.For example,in Obstfeld and Rogoff (2003),the exchange rate is given by (their eq.[30])ϱj s p b E [(1Ϫb )(m Ϫm *)Ϫb r ],(8)͸t t t ϩj t ϩj t ϩj j p 0where we have translated their notation to be consistent with ours.Equation (8)is in fact the forward solution to a special case of equation(7)above.The discount factor,b ,in Obstfeld and Rogoff’s model is related to the semi-elasticity of money demand exactly as in equation(7).However,their money demand function is derived from a utility-maximizing framework in which real balances appear in the utility func-tion,and their risk premium is derived endogenously from ﬁrst r t principles.B.Taylor Rule ModelHere we draw on the burgeoning literature on Taylor rules.Let p p t denote the inﬂation rate and be the “output gap.”We assume g p Ϫp y t t Ϫ1t that the home country (the United States in our empirical work)follows a Taylor rule of the formg i p b y ϩb p ϩv .(9)t 1t 2t t In (9),,,and the shock contains omitted terms.1b 10b 11v 12t The foreign country follows a Taylor rule that explicitly includes exchange rates:g ¯i *p Ϫb (s Ϫs *)ϩb y *ϩb p *ϩv *.(10)t 0t t 1t 2t t In (10),,and is a target for the exchange rate.We shall ¯0!b !1s*0t 1Much of the Taylor rule literature—wisely,in our view—puts expected inﬂation in the monetary policy rule.Among other beneﬁts,this facilitates thinking of the monetary authority as setting an ex ante real rate.We use actual inﬂation for notational simplicity.If expected inﬂation is in the monetary rule,then inﬂation in the formulas below is replaced by expected inﬂation.exchange rates and fundamentals495 assume that monetary authorities target the PPP level of the exchange rate:¯s*p pϪp*.(11)t t tsSince is measured in dollars per unit of foreign currency,the rule tindicates that,ceteris paribus,the foreign country raises interest rates when its currency depreciates relative to the target.Clarida,Gali,and Gertler(1998)estimate monetary policy reaction functions for Germany and Japan(using data from1979–94)of a form similar to equation(10). Theyﬁnd that a1percent real depreciation of the mark relative to the dollar led the Bundesbank to increase interest rates(expressed in an-nualized terms)byﬁve basis points,whereas the Bank of Japan increased rates by nine basis points in response to a real yen depreciation relative to the dollar.As the next equation makes clear,our argument still follows if the United States were also to target exchange rates.We omit the exchange rate target in(9)on the interpretation that U.S.monetary policy has virtually ignored exchange rates except,perhaps,as an indicator. Subtracting the foreign from the home money rule,we obtaing g¯iϪi*p b(sϪs*)ϩb(yϪy*)ϩb(pϪp*)ϩvϪv*.(12)t t0t t1t t2t t t tiϪi*Use interest parity(6)to substitute out for and(11)to sub-t tstitute out for the exchange rate target:b10g gs p(pϪp*)Ϫ[b(yϪy*)ϩb(pϪp*)t t t1t t2t t1ϩb1ϩb001ϩvϪv*ϩr]ϩE s.(13) t t t t tϩ11ϩbThis equation has the general form of(2)of the expected discounted1/(1ϩb) present-value models.The discount factor is equal to.Wef p pϪp*have.In our empirical work(in Sec.IV),we shall treat the 1t t tremaining variables as unobservable,so we haveg gz pϪ[b(yϪy*)ϩb(pϪp*)ϩvϪv*ϩr].2t1t t2t t t t tEquation(12)can be expressed another way,again using interest parity(6)and the equation for the target exchange rate(11):g gs p b(iϪi*)ϩb(pϪp*)Ϫb(yϪy*)Ϫb(pϪp*)t0t t0t t1t t2t tϪvϩv*Ϫ(1Ϫb)rϩ(1Ϫb)E s.(14) t t0t0t tϩ1This equation is very much like(13),except that it incorporates the interest differential,,as a“fundamental.”The discount factor iniϪi*t t496journal of political economythis formulation is given by .The observed fundamental is given1Ϫb 0by .In our empirical work,we treat the remainingf p i Ϫi *ϩp Ϫp *1t t t t t period t variables in equation (14)as unobserved.C.DiscussionWe begin by noting that the classic efﬁcient markets model of Samuelson(1965)and others does not predict a random walk in exchange rates.The essence of this model is that there are no predictable proﬁt op-portunities for a risk-neutral investor to exploit.If the U.S.interest rateis higher than the foreign interest rate by x percent,then the U.S.i i *t t dollar must be expected to fall by x percent over the period of theinvestment if there are to be no such opportunities.In terms of equation(6),then,the classic efﬁcient markets model says that the risk premiumis zero and that a population regression of on will yieldr D s i Ϫi *t t ϩ1t t a coefﬁcient of one.(For equities,the parallel prediction is that on theday on which a stock goes ex-dividend,its price should fall by the amountof the dividend [e.g.,Elton and Gruber 1970].)Our explanation yields a random walk approximation even when,asin the previous paragraph,uncovered interest parity holds.The readermay wonder how the data can simultaneously satisfy the following con-ditions:(1)a regression of on yields a nonzero coefﬁcient,D s i Ϫi *t ϩ1t t and (2)is arbitrarily well approximated as a random walk (i.e.,s t is arbitrarily well approximated as white noise).The answer is thatD s t ϩ1when b is arbitrarily close to one,the of the regression of on2R D s t ϩ1will be arbitrarily close to zero and the correlation of withi Ϫi *D s t t t ϩ1will be arbitrarily small.It is in those senses that the random walki Ϫi *t t approximation will be arbitrarily good.The key question is not the logic of our result but its empirical validity.The result does not require uncovered interest parity,which was main-tained in the previous two paragraphs merely to clarify the relation ofour result to the standard efﬁcient markets result.Instead,two condi-tions are required.The ﬁrst is that fundamentals variables be very per-sistent—I(1)or nearly so.This is arguably the case with our data onthe observed fundamentals.We shall present evidence in Section IV thatwe cannot reject the null of a unit root in any of our data.Further,there is evidence in other research that the unobservable variables arevery persistent.For the money income model (eq.[7]),this is suggestedfor ,,and by the literature on money demand (e.g.,Sriram 2000),v q r mt t t PPP (e.g.,Rogoff 1996),and interest parity (e.g.,Engel 1996).(Werecognize that theory suggests that a risk premium like is I(0);ourr t interpretation is that if is I(0),it has a very large autoregressive root.)r t We are not concerned if or other variables are highly persistent I(0)r t。

OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE AT BANNER

BackgroundBanner is an emerging global specialty pharma company dedicated to the development of unique gelatin-based dosage forms. Its European opera-tion is based in Tilburg, The Netherlands. Banner has developed softgel variants which enhance and control the absorption of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients. Banner’s technology platforms include:Banner Pharmacaps Inc. is headquartered in North Carolina, U.S.A. Banner produces high qual-ity medicines and thereby contributes to improv-ing the quality of life for the global community. The Tilburg division manufactures and sales Ban-ner products.The Problem_________________________________________ Banner’s business results in Tilburg for the years 2003 to 2007 were not as hoped. Apparently, the source of the problem was that there had been no clear, single direction for the company, and peo-ple had been working at cross purposes. The staff had not been sufficiently involved with the contri-butions they should have been making to a results -oriented process. Work processes had been cha-otic, with frequent, ad hoc decisions and inconsis-tent directives coming down from management. The consequences of this state of affairs were clear: dissatisfied customers, unmotivated em-ployees, and poor business results.The numbers for 2006 show the problems ofBanner—Tilburg clearly:Business results negativeOn-time delivery only 53%Re-works 146Turnaround time 26 weeksCustomer complaints 85“Foreigners” 7Material losses 4.1% of revenue The organization was not “in control.” Everyone was so busy with their daily “fire-fighting” that this, in turn, was causing problems. And the problems piled up. Tilburg was not able to align short-term goals with its long-term strategy. If these condi-tions and the results could not improve, it was thought that Banner’s continuance in Tilburg might be at risk.How was the Problem Solved?__________________________________________The top management in the United States rede-fined the company’s strategy. the new strategy was based two value propositions: "Product Leader-ship" and "Operational Excellence." They also mapped their strategy from four points of view:●worker (or employee) perspective●organizational perspective●customer perspective●shareholder perspectiveAn executive management team created a change plan for all branches of Banner around the world. But how were they to ensure consistent change across a global organization?Beginning in 2008, FranklinCovey approached the management of Banner in the U.S. with proposals on how to help the leadership shape change. FranklinCovey advised Banner to apply the princi-ples of the 4 Disciplines of Execution (4D). Banner followed this advice and decided to implement 4D in the organization worldwide.In 2007 management decided to shift the produc-tion focus away from bulk commodity manufactur-ing to products with high added value. This yielded significantly improved results, but this strategic choice was not sufficiently supported by Tilburg’s middle management and the rest of the organiza-tion.Sandor Noordermeer, Executive Director of Banner - Tilburg, described the situation in early 2008 as follows: "In 2007 we had already made a change and found some peace in the organization. But we still focused on the very short term and on extin-guishing fires. We did everything with the outcome of the current month in mind. There was no focus on the non-urgent, but otherwise important, goals of the organization. "In March 2008, Banner—Europe launched the xQ (Execution Quotient) Survey. XQ measures whether or not an organization is translating its strategy into good performance. The survey was administered to 35 Tilburg employees, including top management, middle management and other key individuals.As expected, the results of the xQ for some categories were well below the average for manufacturing companies. Areas where the scores were particularly low were organizational trustworthiness, collaboration or synergy within the organization, and team accountability. Based on these results, in June 2008, the com-pany launched FranklinCovey’s 4 Disciplines of Execution training for middle management. In this training, participants learned how 4D could help them implement the Banner strategy within their own teams. After a critical review, the management decided to apply 4D to the current and on-going improvement measures to streamline them.The team had a committed, progressive and winning spirit. — Nick Grootjans, FranklinCovey ConsultantUnder the guidance of consultant Nick Groot-jans, FranklinCovey Netherlands worked with top management to define the company’s "Wildly Important Goals." The “Wildly Impor-tant Goals" were derived straight from the stra-tegic plan.After top management established these goals, the 4D plan was further developed. Middle management translated the corporate goals into department goals and objectives. They de-fined the activities that would lead to the reali-zation of the goals (Lead Measures).Nick Grootjans provided guidance throughout the introduction of the 4D process, reviewing the quality of the goals and lead measures and assisting with the implementation of the 4D process in the organization. Central to the suc-cess of such a journey was the involvement of staff at all levels in the organization. To achieve this involvement, production leaders were given a workshop in 4D.In this workshop the leaders of the departments translated the goals and lead measure activities for the benefit of each team, making each team accountable for them.In December 2008, the entire staff participated in a 4D workshop. Thanks to the involvement of everyone in the whole process and boosted by a confident and “winning” attitude, the workshop helped management produce improvements in all key areas.The ResultsAlmost immediately after the first training and introduction of 4D, management noticed im-provements, both in results and in the involve-ment of staff. In the past, employees had worked more intuitively. By applying 4D with a clear fo-cus on the "Wildly Important Goals," everyone was aware of his/her contribution to the organi-zation and was much more focused on the goals selected by management.The yearly business results for 2008 were positive for the first time in years. Employees knew their performance was vital and really felt involved inthe organization.Sandor Noordermeer, Executive Director of Banner —Tilburg, commented on the changed motivation: "Previously no one was worried about the results of our business, but now peo-ple come to me with reports on how we per-form. This clearly demonstrates the people’s commitment. Because we have introduced 4 Disciplines of Execution , we work better and with a clear, positive impact on results."Tilburg celebrated their 2008 operating results. The critical metric of added value per 1000 cap-sules was 35 percent higher than in 2006. Every one of their key indicators showed significant improvements:20062008Business results negative positive On-time delivery 53% 87% Re-works 146 40Turnaround time 26 weeks 10 weeks Customer complaints 85 40 “Foreigners” 7 1Material losses 4.1% of rev. 1.3% of rev.Noordermeer summarizes the improvements as follows: "In 2006, we ran full lines, but we were still losing money. Thanks to the disciplined ap-proach, using the 4 Disciplines of Execution , we have for the first time in years achieved a posi-tive result. I feel like I had to work harder in 2006 than now, and I’ve become calmer and more focused. The involvement of the staff and the appreciation of our customers is much bet-ter. The results are a logical consequence of these factors. 2008 will be the basis for an even better future. "___________________________________________The results are a logical conse-quence of the involvement of the staff and the much greater appreciation of our customers.— Sandor Noordermeer, Executive Director ___________________________________________Is the Change Permanent?________________________________________Management is convinced that the positive trend in the results will be of a permanent nature. Through a continuous focus on the "Wildly Im-portant Goals" and the involvement of staff, it is predicted that future results will be even better. Key indicators are continuously improving, sur-passing the 2008 results. Here are some high-lights:● 100% on-time delivery in the month ofFebruary 2009● two major new contracts in March 2009● business results for the first half of 2009 that were considerably higher than tar- geted, and better than the 2008 results.April 2009 was the mid-point in Banner-Tilburg’s xQ study. The results showed that the xQ score at the organizational level had risen by 20 percent. That was a huge step in one year. The greatest improvements were achieved in precisely those areas which had scored poorly in the first assess-ment, i.e., organizational trustworthiness (+ 127 percent); collaboration or synergy within the or-ganization (+ 24 percent); and team accountabil-ity measures (quality) +37 percent.The conclusion of Banner-Tilburg’s leaders: "The consistent implementation of the 4 Disciplines of Execution is essential to improve our results. In the future we will continue this method and will continue to grow our business. "。

结构力学英语词汇

结构力学结构力学 structural mechanics结构分析 structural analysis结构动力学 structural dynamics拱 Arch三铰拱 three-hinged arch抛物线拱 parabolic arch圆拱 circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构 space structure空间桁架 space truss雪载［荷］ snow load风载［荷］wind load土压力 earth pressure地震载荷 earthquake loading弹簧支座 spring support支座位移 support displacement支座沉降 support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy 机动分析 kinematic analysis结点法 method of joints截面法 method of sections结点力 joint forces共轭位移 conjugate displacement 影响线 influence line三弯矩方程 three-moment equation 单位虚力 unit virtual force 刚度系数stiffness coefficient 柔度系数flexibility coefficient 力矩分配moment distribution 力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配 moment redistribution 分配系数 distribution factor 矩阵位移法 matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵 element strain matrix总体坐标 global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料 composite material 纤维复合材料 fibrous composite 单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite层板 Laminate夹层板 sandwich panel正交层板 cross-ply laminate斜交层板 angle-ply laminate层片Ply多胞固体 cellular solid膨胀 Expansion压实Debulk劣化 Degradation脱层 Delamination脱粘Debond纤维应力fiber stress层应力 ply stress层应变 ply strain层间应力 interlaminar stress比强度 specific strength强度折减系数 strength reduction factor强度应力比strength -stress ratio横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus横观各向同性transverse isotropy正交各向异Orthotropy剪滞分析 shear lag analysis 短纤维 chopped fiber长纤维 continuous fiber纤维方向 fiber direction纤维断裂fiber break纤维拔脱 fiber pull-out纤维增强 fiber reinforcement致密化 Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design网格分析法 netting analysis混合律 rule of mixture失效准贝 failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学 fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM断裂 Fracture解理断裂 cleavage fracture蠕变断裂 creep fracture脆性断裂 brittle fracture延性断裂 ductile fracture晶间断裂 inter-granular fracture准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture 穿晶断裂 trans-granular fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹 Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹 elliptical crack深埋裂纹 embedded crack［钱］币状裂纹 penny-shape crack 预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹 short crack表面裂纹 surface crack裂纹钝化 crack blunting裂纹分叉 crack branching裂纹闭合 crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴 crack mouth裂纹开角 crack opening angle,COA裂纹开位移crack opening displacement, COD裂纹阻力 crack resistance 裂纹面 crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖角 crack tip opening angle, CTOA裂尖开位移 crack tip opening displacement, CTOD裂尖奇异场 crack tip singularity Field 裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth裂纹［扩展］减速crack retardation 止裂 crack arrest止裂韧度 arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型 sliding mode开型 opening mode撕开型 tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂 Tearing撕裂模量 tearing modulus断裂准贝 U fracture criterionJ 积分 J-integralJ 阻力曲线 J-resistance curve断裂韧度 fracture toughness应力强度因子 stress intensity factorHRR 场 Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field守怛积分 conservation integral有效应力量effective stress tensor 应变能密度strain energy density能量释放率 energy release rate聚区 cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone拉区 stretched zone热影响区 heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transition temperature固体力学弹性力学elasticity弹性理论 theory of elasticity均匀应力状态 homogeneous state of stress应力不变量 stress invariant应变不变量 strain invariant应变椭球 strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态 homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量 Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘 rotating circular disk 楔 wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西斯克问题 Boussinesq problem 艾里应力函数 Airy stress function克罗索夫―穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis 板 Plate矩形板 Rectangular plate圆板 Circular plate环板 Annular plate波纹板 Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffenedplate,reinforced Plate中厚板 Plate of moderate thickness弯［曲］应力函数Stress function of bending压入 Indentation扁壳 Shallow shell旋转壳 Revolutionary shell球壳 Spherical shell［圆］柱壳 Cylindrical shell锥壳 Conical shell环壳 Toroidal shell封闭壳 Closed shell波纹壳 Corrugated shell扭［转］应力函数Stress function of torsion翘曲函数 Warping function半逆解法 semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method松弛法 Relaxation method莱维法 Levy method松弛 Relaxation量纲分析 Dimensional analysis自相似［性］self-similarity影响面 Influence surface接触应力 Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触 Conforming contact滑动接触 Sliding contact滚动接触 Rolling contact各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity 颗粒材料 Granular material散体力学 Mechanics of granular media热弹性 Thermoelasticity超弹性 Hyperelasticity粘弹性 Viscoelasticity对应原理 Correspondence principle褶皱 Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity滑动 Sliding微滑 Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性 Nonlinear elasticity大挠度 Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形 Finite deformation格林应变 Green strain阿尔曼西应变 Almansi strain弹性动力学 Dynamic elasticity运动方程 Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性 Aeroelasticity水弹性 Hydroelasticity壳 Shell颤振 Flutter弹性波 Elastic wave简单波 Simple wave柱面波 Cylindrical wave水平剪切波 Horizontal shear wave 竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave体波 body wave无旋波 Irrotational wave畸变波 Distortion wave膨胀波 Dilatation wave瑞利波 Rayleigh wave等容波 Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波 Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形 Metal forming耐撞性 Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness拉拔 Drawing破坏机构 Collapse mechanism回弹 Springback 挤压 Extrusion冲压 Stamping穿透 Perforation层裂 Spalling塑性理论 Theory of plasticity安定［性］理论 Shake-down theory运动安定定理 kinematic shakedown theorem静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem率相关理论 rate dependent theorem载荷因子load factor加载准则 Loading criterion力口载函数 Loading function力口载面 Loading surface塑性加载 Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave简单加载 Simple loading比例加载 Proportional loading卸载 Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷 Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载 nentral loading拉抻失稳 instability in tension力口速度波 acceleration wave本构方程 constitutive equation完全解 complete solution名义应力 nominal stress过应力 over-stress真应力 true stress等效应力 equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断 stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间 principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress对数应变 logarithmic strain工程应变 engineering strain等效应变 equivalent strain应变局部化 strain localization应变率 strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity 应变空间strain space有限应变 finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment累积塑性应变 accumulated plastic strain永久变形 permanent deformation变量 internal variable应变软化 strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic Material刚塑性材料 rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material材料稳定性 stability of material应变偏量 deviatoric tensor of strain应力偏量 deviatori tensor of stress应变球量 spherical tensor of strain应力球量 spherical tensor of stress路径相关性path-dependency线性强化 linear strain-hardening应变强化 strain-hardening随动强化 kinematic hardening各向同性强化 isotropic hardening强化模量 strain-hardening modulus幂强化 power hardening 截面形状因子 shape factor of塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending Moment cross-section沙堆比拟 sand heap analogy塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque屈服Yield屈服条件 yield condition弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending屈服准贝yield criterion弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface屈服函数 yield function屈服面 yield surface弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic 塑性势 plastic potential torsion能量吸收装置energy absorbing 粘塑性 Viscoplasticity device非弹性 Inelasticity 能量耗散率 energy absorbing理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plastic Material device塑性动力学 dynamic plasticity极限分析 limit analysis 塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic 极限设计 limit designbuckling极限面 limit surface 塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response上限定理 upper bound theorem塑性波 plastic wave上屈服点 upper yield point运动容许场kinematically下限定理 lower bound theorem admissible Field下屈服点 lower yield point 静力容许场 statically admissible 界限定理 bound theoremField初始屈服面 initial yield surface流动法则flow rule后继屈服面 subsequent yield surface 速度间断 velocity discontinuity 滑移线 slip-lines屈服面［的］外凸性convexity of yieldsurface滑移线场 slip-lines field移行塑性铰 travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论 incremental theory of Plasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾一韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh- Westergaard stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter 德鲁克公设 Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity Equation连续过程 continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section通用气体常数conventional gas constant燃烧不稳定性combustion instability 稀释度dilution完全离解 complete dissociation火焰传播 flame propagation组份 constituent 碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate 燃烧理论 combustion theory浓度梯度 concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定 flame stabilization火焰结构 flame structure着火 ignition湍流火焰 turbulent flame层流火焰 laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media, seepage 达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流 Hele-Shaw flow毛［细］管流 capillary flow过滤 filtration爪进 fingering不互溶驱替 immiscible displacement 不互溶流体 immiscible fluid互溶驱替 miscible displacement互溶流体 miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比 mobility ratio渗透率 permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质 porous medium比面 specific surface迂曲度 tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水 water flooding可湿性 wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics物理海洋学 physical oceanography大气环流 atmospheric circulation海洋环流 ocean circulation海洋流 ocean current旋转流 rotating flow平流 advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层 atmospheric boundary layer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere- ocean interaction埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性 baroclinicity正压性barotropy 磨擦 internal friction海洋波 ocean wave盐度 salinity环境流体力学 environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数 Richardson number污染源 pollutant source污染物扩散 pollutant diffusion噪声 noise噪声级 noise level噪声污染 noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流 co-current flow对向流 counter current flow横向流 cross flow螺旋流 spiral flow旋拧流 swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层 mixing layer抖振 buffeting风压 wind pressure附壁效应 wall attachment effect, Coanda effect简约频率 reduced frequency爆炸力学 mechanics of explosion终点弹道学 terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressure technique流体弹塑性体 hydro-elastoplastic medium热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸 explosion in air地下爆炸 underground explosion水下爆炸 underwater explosion电爆炸 discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸 laser-induced explosion核爆炸 nuclear explosion点爆炸 point-source explosion殉爆 sympathatic detonation强爆炸 intense explosion粒子束爆炸 explosion by beam radiation聚爆 implosion起爆 initiation of explosion爆破 blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar 电炮 electric gun电磁炮 electromagnetic gun爆炸洞 explosion chamber轻气炮 light gas gun马赫反射 Mach reflection基浪 base surge成坑 cratering能量沉积 energy deposition爆心 explosion center爆炸当量 explosion equivalent 火球 fire ball爆高 height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻 penetration规则反射 regular reflection崩落 spallation应变率史 strain rate history聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers挤出［物］胀大 extrusion swell, die swell无管虹吸 tubeless siphon剪胀效应 dilatancy effect孔压［误差］效应hole- pressure［error］effect剪切致稠 shear thickening剪切致稀 shear thinning触变性 thixotropy反触变性 anti-thixotropy超塑性 superplasticity粘弹塑性材料 viscoelasto-plastic material滞弹性材料 anelastic material本构关系 constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型Voigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型 power law model应力松驰 stress relaxation应变史 strain history应力史 stress history 衰退记忆 fading memory应力增长 stress growing粘度函数 voscosity function相对粘度 relative viscosity复态粘度 complex viscosity拉伸粘度 elongational viscosity拉伸流动 elongational flow第一法向应力差first normalstress difference第二法向应力差second normalstress difference德博拉数 Deborah number森贝格数 Weissenberg number动态模量 dynamic modulus振荡剪切流 oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离［子］体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层 planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流］Poiseuille- Hartman flow哈特曼数 Hartman number生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress 电气体力学electro-gas dynamics 铁流体力学 ferro-hydrodynamics 血液流变学hemorheology, blood rheology血液动力学 hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave磁流体流 magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamic stability生物力学 biomechanics生物流体力学 biological fluid mechanics生物固体力学biological solid mechanics宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow 开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体Voigt body可贴曲面 applicable surface边界润滑 boundary lubrication液膜润滑 fluid film lubrication 向心收缩功 concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学 microcyclic mechanics微纤维 microfibril渗透性 permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area农业生物力学 agrobiomechanics 纤维度 fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度 stickiness嫩度 tenderness渗透流 osmotic flow易位流 translocation flow蒸腾流 transpirational flow过滤阻力 filtration resistance压扁 wafering风雪流 snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面 desert floor流沙固定 fixation of shifting sand 流动阈值 fluid threshold通类名词力学 mechanics牛顿力学 Newtonian mechanics经典力学 classical mechanics静力学statics运动学 kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics细观力学 mesomechanics微观力学microscopic mechanics,micromechanics一般力学 general mechanics固体力学 solid mechanics流体力学 fluid mechanics理论力学 theoretical mechanics应用力学 applied mechanics工程力学 engineering mechanics实验力学 experimental mechanics计算力学 computational mechanics 理性力学 rational mechanics 物理力学 physical mechanics 地球动力学geodynamics 力 force作用点 point of action作用线 line of action力系 system of forces力系的简化 reduction of force system 等效力系 equivalent force system 刚体 rigid body力的可传性 transmissibility of force 平行四边形定则parallelogram rule 力三角形 force triangle力多边形 force polygon零力系 null-force system平衡 equilibrium力的平衡 equilibrium of forces 平衡条件 equilibrium condition 平衡位置equilibrium position 平衡态equilibrium state 分析力学 analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子 Lagrange multiplier 拉格朗日［量］Lagrangian拉格朗日括号 Lagrange bracket 雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function 循环坐标 cyclic coordinate 渐近稳定性 asymptotic stability 循环积分 cyclic integral 结构稳定性 structural stability 哈密顿［量］Hamiltonian 久期不稳定性 secular instability 哈密顿函数 Hamiltonian function 弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem正则方程 canonical equation 倾覆力矩 capsizing moment正则摄动 canonical perturbation 自由振动 free vibration正则变换canonical transformation固有振动 natural vibration暂态 transient state正则变量 canonical variable环境振动 ambient vibration哈密顿原理 Hamilton principle反共振 anti-resonance作用量积分 action integral衰减 attenuation哈密顿-雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation 库仑阻尼 Coulomb damping作用一角度变量action-angle variables同相分量 in-phase component非同相分量 out-of -phase阿佩尔方程 Appell equationcomponent劳斯方程 Routh equation超调量 overshoot拉格朗日函数 Lagrangian function 参量［激励］振动parametric vibration诺特定理 Noether theorem模糊振动 fuzzy vibration泊松括号 poisson bracket临界转速 critical speed of边界积分法 boundary integral method rotation阻尼器damper并矢dyad半峰宽度 half-peak width运动稳定性 stability of motion集总参量系统lumped parameter 轨道稳定性 orbital stability system相平面法 phase plane method 邓克利公式 Dunkerley formula相轨迹 phase trajectory 瑞利定理 Rayleigh theorem等倾线法 isocline method 分布参量系统distributed跳跃现象 jump phenomenonparameter system负阻尼 negative damping优势频率 dominant frequency达芬方程 Duffing equation模态分析 modal analysis希尔方程Hill equation固有模态 natural mode of vibration KBM 方法 KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method同步 synchronization马蒂厄方程 Mathieu equation超谐波 ultraharmonic平均法 averaging method德波尔方程 van der pol equation组合音调 combination tone频谱 frequency spectrum解谐 detuning基频 fundamental frequency耗散函数 dissipative function WKB 方法 WKB method, Wentzel- Kramers-Brillouin method硬激励 hard excitation缓冲器buffer硬弹簧 hard spring, hardening spring风激振动 aeolian vibration谐波平衡法 harmonic balance method 嗡鸣buzz倒谱 cepstrum久期项 secular term 颤动 chatter自激振动 self-excited vibration 蛇彳亍hunting分界线 separatrix 阻抗匹配 impedance matching 亚谐波 subharmonic 机械导纳 mechanical admittance 软弹簧 soft spring ,softening spring机械效率 mechanical efficiency机械阻抗 mechanical impedance 软激励 soft excitation随机振动 stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振 vibration isolation 减振vibration reduction 应力过冲 stress overshoot 喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动 phugoid motion起伏振荡 phugoid oscillation 驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics 陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩 gyroscoopic torque 陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer 陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航 inertial guidance 姿态角attitude angle 方位角 azimuthal angle舒勒周期 Schuler period 机器人动力学 robot dynamics 多体系统multibody system 多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性 maneuverability 凯恩方法Kane method转子［系统］动力学rotor dynamics转子［一支承一基础］系统rotor- support-foundation system静平衡 static balancing动平衡 dynamic balancing静不平衡 static unbalance动不平衡 dynamic unbalance现场平衡 field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力 cross force挠性转子 flexible rotor分频进动 fractional frequency precession半频进动 half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速 rotor critical speed自动定心 self-alignment亚临界转速 subcritical speed涡动whirl。

投资学(双语)_课程大纲

《投资学（双语）》教学大纲课程编号：091333B课程类型：□通识教育必修课□通识教育选修课□专业必修课□√专业选修课□学科基础课总学时：48 讲课学时：48 实验（上机）学时：学分：3适用对象：资产评估先修课程：金融学1.教学目标（黑体，小四号字）投资学是随着我国金融市场的发展特别是资本证券市场的发展，高校为适应社会对从事金融证券投资业务活动的应用性专业人才不断扩大的需要而开设的一门课程。

本课程的教学目标是通过课堂教学，让学生系统地掌握投资领域的基本理论、熟悉金融工具的基本定价规律，在教学中立足开拓学生的国际视野，注重培养学生分析问题、解决问题的能力，为成为卓越评估师打下坚实的知识基础。

目标1：系统了解现代投资理论、原理和内在机制目标2：掌握各种金融工具的特点和定价规律。

目标3：在学习中注重培养学生分析问题、解决问题的能力。

2.教学内容及其与毕业要求的对应关系（黑体，小四号字）可包括但不限于：1.教学内容讲授上的要求精讲内容包括金融市场、基金、风险与收益、马克维茨投资组合理论、因素模型；粗讲投资过程、各种金融工具的特点。

2.教学方法、教学手段根据本课程的特点以及培养目标的要求，在教学中应遵循循序渐进、深入浅出的原则和理论与实践相结合的原则。

在课堂教学中以导读与释疑为主，教师以教学大纲为依据，以主要教材为蓝本，提要基本内容、识记基本概念、讲解基本原理、讲解重点难点，课下要求学生阅读大量投资领域相关文献以加深对课程所授知识的理解深度。

3.对课后作业以及学生自学的要求本课程在学习中将安排4-5次课外综合作业，重点考察学生所学知识的掌握程度。

对于一些容易理解的知识点放置课下学习，为学生提供探索与思考的空间。

4.该课程从哪些方面促进了毕业要求的实现（1）本课程学习可以帮助学生金融市场的运行规律，能够采用科学的方法从金融市场中搜集相关数据与信息并进行和分析处理，进而形成恰当投资决策；（2）本课程学习可以帮助学生逐渐形成团队协作意识，并在资产评估团队活动中发挥个人能力，同时与其他成员进行协调合作；（3）本课程学习可以帮助学生养成自主学习和终身学习意识，培养其创业创新能力及不断学习与适应发展的能力。

New Evidence on Measuring Financial

New Evidence on Measuring FinancialConstraints:Moving Beyond the KZ Index Charles J.HadlockMichigan State UniversityJoshua R.PierceUniversity of South CarolinaWe collect detailed qualitative information from ﬁnancial ﬁlings to categorize ﬁnancial constraints for a random sample of ﬁrms from 1995to ing this categorization,we estimate ordered logit models predicting constraints as a function of different quantita-tive factors.Our ﬁndings cast serious doubt on the validity of the KZ index as a measure of ﬁnancial constraints,while offering mixed evidence on the validity of other common measures of constraints.We ﬁnd that ﬁrm size and age are particularly useful predictors of ﬁnancial constraint levels,and we propose a measure of ﬁnancial constraints that is based solely on these ﬁrm characteristics.(JEL G31,G32,D92)A large literature in corporate ﬁnance examines how various frictions in the process of raising external capital can generate ﬁnancial constraints for ﬁrms.Researchers have hypothesized that these constraints may have a substantial effect on a variety of decisions,including a ﬁrm’s major investment and cap-ital structure choices (e.g.,Hennessy and Whited 2007).Additional research suggests that ﬁnancial constraints may be related to a ﬁrm’s subsequent stock returns (e.g.,Lamont et al.2001).To study the role of ﬁnancial constraints in ﬁrm behavior,researchers are often in need of a measure of the severity of these constraints.The literature has suggested many possibilities,including investment–cash ﬂow sensitivities (Fazzari et al.1988),the Kaplan and Zingales (KZ)index of constraints (Lamont et al.2001),the Whited and Wu (WW)index of constraints (Whited and Wu 2006),and a variety of different sorting criteria based on ﬁrm characteristics.We describe these approaches in more detail below.While there are many possible methods for measuring ﬁnancial constraints,considerable debate exists with respect to the relative merits of each approach.This is not surprising,since each method relies on certain empirical and/or the-Prior versions of this article circulated under alternative titles.We thank Julian Atanassov,Sreedhar Bharath,Murillo Campello,Jonathan Carmel,Jonathan Cohn,Ted Fee,Jun-Koo Kang,Michael Mazzeo,Uday Rajan,David Scharfstein,Michael Weisbach,two anonymous referees,and seminar participants at George Mason,Michigan,North Carolina,Oregon,Pittsburgh,South Carolina,Texas,Texas Tech,and Wayne State for helpful comments.Tehseen Baweja and Randall Yu provided superb data assistance.All errors remain our own.Send correspondence to Charles J.Hadlock,Department of Finance,Michigan State University,315Eppley Center,East Lansing,MI 48824-1121;telephone:(517)353-9330.E-mail:hadlock@.c The Author 2010.Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies.All rights reserved.For Permissions,please e-mail:journals.permissions@.doi:10.1093/rfs/hhq009RFS Advance Access published March 1, 2010 at Wuhan University Library on March 12, 2010 Downloaded fromThe Review of Financial Studies/v00n002010oretical assumptions that may or may not be valid.In addition,many of these methods rely on endogenousﬁnancial choices that may not have a straightfor-ward relation to constraints.For example,while an exogenous increase in cash on hand may help alleviate the constraints that a givenﬁrm faces,the fact that aﬁrm chooses to hold a high level of cash may be an indication that theﬁrm is constrained and is holding cash for precautionary reasons.In this article,we studyﬁnancial constraints by exploiting an approachﬁrst advocated by Kaplan and Zingales(1997).In particular,we use qualitative in-formation to categorize aﬁrm’sﬁnancial constraint status by carefully reading statements made by managers in SECﬁlings for a sample of randomly selected ﬁrms from1995to2004.1This direct approach to categorizingﬁnancial con-straints is not practical for large samples,since it requires extensive hand data collection.However,by studying the relation between constraint categories and variousﬁrm characteristics,we can make inferences that are useful for thinking about how to measureﬁnancial constraints in larger samples.We exploit our qualitative data onﬁnancial constraints for two purposes. First,we critically evaluate methods commonly used in the literature to mea-sureﬁnancial constraints.We pay particular attention to the KZ index,given its relative prominence in the literature and the fact that our data are particularly useful for evaluating this measure.Second,after examining past approaches, we propose a simple new approach for measuring constraints that has substan-tial support in the data and considerable intuitive appeal.We then subject thisnew measure to a variety of robustness checks.To evaluate the KZ index,we estimate ordered logit models in which aﬁrm’s categorized level of constraints is modeled as a function ofﬁve Compustat-based variables.This modeling approach parallels the analysis of Lamont et al. (2001),who create the original KZ index by estimating similar models using the original Kaplan and Zingales(1997)sample.The KZ index,which is based on the estimated coefﬁcients from one of the Lamont,Polk,and Saa-Requejo models,loads positively on leverage and Q,and negatively on cashﬂow,cash levels,and dividends.In the ordered logit models we estimate,only two of theﬁve components of the KZ index,cashﬂow and leverage,are consistently signiﬁcant with a sign that agrees with the KZ index.For two of the otherﬁve components, Q and dividends,the coefﬁcientsﬂip signs across estimated models and in many cases are insigniﬁcant,particularly for the dividend variable.Finally,in contrast to its negative loading in the KZ index,weﬁnd that cash holdings generally display a positive and signiﬁcant coefﬁcient in models predicting constraints.This positive relation is consistent with constrainedﬁrms holding cash for precautionary reasons.1The information we use includes statements regarding the strength of aﬁrm’s liquidity position and theﬁrm’s ability to raise any needed external funds.Additional details are provided below.2 at Wuhan University Library on March 12, 2010 Downloaded fromNew Evidence on Measuring Financial ConstraintsOur estimates differ substantially from the KZ index coefﬁcients even though we use a parallel modeling approach.Upon further investigation,we ﬁnd that the differences most likely arise from the fact that the dependent variable in the original modeling underlying the KZ index includes quantita-tive information in addition to qualitative information.This treatment adds a hard-wired element to the estimates underlying the KZ index,since the same information is mechanically built into both the dependent and the independent variables.In our treatment,we are careful to avoid this problem.Once this problem is addressed,ourﬁndings indicate that many of the estimated coefﬁcients change substantially.Clearly our evidence raises serious questions about the use of the KZ index. To explore this issue further,we calculate the KZ index for the entire Com-pustat universe and compare this to an index constructed using the coefﬁcient estimates from one of our models.Weﬁnd that the correlation between the tra-ditional index and our alternative version of this index is approximately zero. This provides compelling evidence that the KZ index is unlikely to be a useful measure ofﬁnancial constraints.Thus,it would appear that researchers should apply extreme caution when using the traditional KZ index or interpreting re-sults based on index sorts.An alternative index ofﬁnancial constraints has been proposed by Whited and Wu(2006),who exploit a Euler equation approach from a structural model of investment to create the WW index.This index loads on six different factorscreated from Compustat data.When we use these six factors as explanatory variables in ordered logit models predicting constraints,only three of the six variables have signiﬁcant coefﬁcients that agree in sign with the WW index. Two of these variables,cashﬂow and leverage,are essentially the same vari-ables thatﬁgure prominently in the KZ index.Thus,the only truly new variable from the WW index that offers marginal explanatory power in our models is ﬁrm size.As one would expect,smallerﬁrms are more likely to be constrained.A more traditional approach to identifyingﬁnancially constrainedﬁrms is to sort by aﬁrm characteristic that is believed to be associated with constraints. To evaluate this approach,we study the relation between several common sort-ing variables and ourﬁnancial constraint categories.Weﬁnd that some of these sorting variables are not signiﬁcantly related to constraint categories.Two vari-ables that do appear to be closely related toﬁnancial constraints areﬁrm size and age.An appealing feature of these variables is that they are much less en-dogenous than most other sorting variables.Once we control forﬁrm size and age,some of the variables that are signiﬁcantly related to constraints in a uni-variate sense become insigniﬁcant.Thus,it appears that some common sorting variables are largely proxies forﬁrm size and/or age.The only variables that consistently predict aﬁrm’s constraint status in our sample after controlling for size and age are aﬁrm’s leverage and cash ﬂow.However,given the endogenous nature of these variables,particularly the leverage variable,we are hesitant to recommend any measure of constraints3 at Wuhan University Library on March 12, 2010 Downloaded fromThe Review of Financial Studies/v00n002010that is derived from a model that relies on these factors.In addition,as we explain below,typical disclosure practices may lead us to under-detect the presence of constraints inﬁrms with low leverage,thus possibly leading to a spurious coefﬁcient on leverage.Given these concerns,we recommend that researchers rely solely onﬁrm size and age,two relatively exogenousﬁrm characteristics,to identify constrainedﬁrms.To provide further guidance on the role of size and age inﬁnancial con-straints,we examine the relation between these factors and constraints for sub-samples grouped byﬁrm characteristics and time period.While there is minor variation across groups,the general form of the relation between size,age,and ﬁnancial constraint categories appears to be robust.Weﬁnd that the role of both size and age in predicting constraints is nonlinear.At certain points,roughly the sample ninety-ﬁfth percentiles($4.5billion in assets,thirty-seven years in age),the relation between constraints and theseﬁrm characteristics is essen-tiallyﬂat.Below these cutoffs,we uncover a quadratic relation between size and constraints and a linear relation between age and constraints.We represent this relation in what we call the size–age or SA index.2This index indicates thatﬁnancial constraints fall sharply as young and smallﬁrms start to mature and grow.Eventually,these relations appear to level off.Since all measures ofﬁnancial constraints have potential shortcomings,we attempt to provide corroboratory evidence regarding our proposed index.In particular,we exploit the cashﬂow sensitivity of cash approach advanced byAlmeida et al.(2004).When we sortﬁrms into constrained and unconstrained groups using the SA index,weﬁnd that the constrainedﬁrms display a sig-niﬁcant sensitivity of cash to cashﬂow,whereas the unconstrainedﬁrms do not.This evidence increases our conﬁdence in the SA index as a reasonable measure of constraints.While we cannot prove that our index is the optimal measure of constraints, it has many advantages over other approaches,including its intuitive appeal, its independence from various theoretical assumptions,and the presence of corroborating evidence from an alternative approach.The correlation between the SA index and the KZ index is negligible,casting additional doubt on the usefulness of the KZ index.The correlation between the SA index and the WW index is much higher,but this largely reﬂects the fact that the WW index includesﬁrm size as one of its six components.For completeness,we use our data to revisit the Kaplan and Zingales (1997)assertion that investment–cashﬂow sensitivities are dubious measures2This index is derived from coefﬁcients in one of our ordered logit models presented below.The index is cal-culated as(−0.737*Size)+(0.043*Size2)−(0.040*Age),where Size equals the log of inﬂation-adjustedbook assets,and Age is the number of years theﬁrm is listed with a non-missing stock price on Compustat. In calculating this index,Size is winsorized(i.e.,capped)at(the log of)$4.5billion,and Age is winsorized at thirty-seven years.4 at Wuhan University Library on March 12, 2010 Downloaded fromNew Evidence on Measuring Financial Constraintsofﬁnancial constraints.3Ourﬁndings here are consistent with what Kaplan and Zingales(1997)report.In particular,using both our direct qualitative categorization of constraints and the SA index,weﬁnd that investment–cash ﬂow sensitivities are not monotonically increasing in aﬁrm’s level ofﬁnancial constraints.The rest of the article is organized as follows.In Section1,we detail our sample selection procedure and our assignment ofﬁrms intoﬁnancial constraint groups using qualitative information.In Section2,we use our data to critically evaluate past approaches for measuringﬁnancial constraints.In Section3,we further explore the relation betweenﬁnancial constraints and the size and age of aﬁrm and propose a simple index based on theseﬁrm characteristics.In Section4,we revisit the prior evidence on investment–cash ﬂow sensitivities.Section5concludes.1.Sample Construction and Categorization of Financial Constraints1.1Sample selection and data collectionOur goal is to study a large and representative sample of modern public ﬁrms.We begin with the set of all Compustatﬁrms in existence at some point between1995and2004.From this universe,we eliminate allﬁnancial ﬁrms(SIC Codes6000–6999),regulated utilities(SIC Codes4900–4949), andﬁrms incorporated outside the United States.We then sortﬁrms byCompustat identiﬁer and select every twenty-fourthﬁrm for further analysis. This procedure results in a random sample of407ﬁrms that should be broadly representative of the overall Compustat universe.After selecting the initial sample,we locate eachﬁrm’s annual reports and 10-Kﬁlings from Lexis-Nexis and SEC EDGAR.We restrict the sample to ﬁrm years for which we can locate at least one of these electronicﬁlings.In addition,we impose the requirement that theﬁrm has nonzero sales and assets in the observation year and sufﬁcient accounting data to calculate all of the components of the KZ index.The resulting sample consists of356uniqueﬁrms and1,848ﬁrm years during the1995–2004period.4To collect qualitative information onﬁnancial constraints,we carefully read annual reports and10-Kﬁlings following the general procedure outlined by Kaplan and Zingales(1997).In particular,for eachﬁrm year,we read the annual letter to shareholders and the management discussion and analysis section.In addition,we perform an electronic search of the entire text of the annual report and/or10-K to identify all sections of text that include 3For critiques of the investment–cashﬂow approach,see Cleary(1999),Kaplan and Zingales(1997),Erickson and Whited(2000),Alti(2003),and Moyen(2004).For a defense,see Fazzari et al.(2000).4While we borrow heavily from Kaplan and Zingales(2000),the sample we study is quite different from theirs. They study a small sample(forty-nineﬁrms)from the1970s and1980s that satisﬁes a variety of sampling requirements pertaining to industry,size,growth,dividend policy,and survival.5 at Wuhan University Library on March 12, 2010 Downloaded fromThe Review of Financial Studies/v00n002010the following keywords:ﬁnancing,ﬁnance,investing,invest,capital,liquid, liquidity,note,covenant,amend,waive,violate,and credit.Using these procedures,we extract every statement that pertains to a ﬁrm’s ability to raise funds orﬁnance its current or future operations.5In manyﬁlings,we identify multiple statements.We assign to each individual statement an integer code from1to5,with higher(lower)numbers being more indicative of the presence(lack)of constraints.These codes are based on the description provided by KZ regarding their categorization scheme. Later,we aggregate these codes to derive a single overall categorization of a ﬁrm’sﬁnancial constraint status in any given year.It is important to note that there are literally hundreds of different types of relevant statements made by sampleﬁrms.Grouping such a large number of statements intoﬁve categories necessarily requires some judgment.Speciﬁc examples of how we code different types of statements are reported in the Appendix.Following the spirit of the KZ algorithm,we assign to category1all state-ments that indicate that aﬁrm has excessive or more than sufﬁcient liquidity to fund all of its capital needs.In category2,we place all statements that in-dicate that aﬁrm has adequate or sufﬁcient liquidity to fund its needs.The main difference between category1and category2is the strength of theﬁrm’s language.In category3,we place all statements that provide some qualiﬁca-tion regarding theﬁrm’s ability to fund future needs,but that do not indicate any type of current problem.Most of these statements are soft warnings,oftengeneric or boilerplate in character,indicating that under some possible future scenario theﬁrm could have difﬁculty raising funds orﬁnancing desired in-vestments.Category3also includes all statements that are opaque and thus not easy to classify into the other groups.We place all statements that indicate some current liquidity problem into category4,but with no direct indication that these problems have led to a substantive change in theﬁrm’s investment policy or to overtﬁnancial stress. This would include difﬁculties in obtainingﬁnancing or the postponing of a security issue.Finally,category5includes all cases of clearﬁnancial prob-lems/constraints including a current and substantive covenant violation,a rev-elation that investment has been affected by liquidity problems,going concern statements,or involuntary losses of usual sources of credit.65We were assisted by two trained accountants in our search and categorization efforts.Allﬁlings were searched independently by at least two individuals to minimize the probability of missing any relevant disclosure.6Someﬁrms indicate that a covenant had been waived or amended.Often theseﬁrms indicate that the violation was technical in nature and not of substantive concern.For example,someﬁrms indicate that a covenant was routinely waived,and others indicate that an accounting ratio fell below a threshold because of a one-time event such as an asset sale or special charge.Since these cases are quite different from and less serious than current violations,in our baseline coding,we ignore waived/amended covenants.Alternative treatments of these cases are discussed below.6 at Wuhan University Library on March 12, 2010 Downloaded fromNew Evidence on Measuring Financial Constraints1.2Categorization of aﬁrm’s overallﬁnancial constraint statusWe proceed to assign eachﬁrm year to a singleﬁnancial constraint group. Borrowing from the KZ algorithm and terminology,we createﬁve mutually exclusive groups:notﬁnancially constrained(NFC),likely notﬁnancially con-strained(LNFC),potentiallyﬁnancially constrained(PFC),likelyﬁnancially constrained(LFC),andﬁnancially constrained(FC).We place in the NFC groupﬁrms with at least one statement coded as a1and no statement coded below a2.These areﬁrms that indicate more than sufﬁcient liquidity and re-veal no evidence to the contrary.In the LNFC category,we place allﬁrms with statements solely coded as2s.These areﬁrms that indicate adequate or sufﬁcient liquidity with no statements of excessive liquidity and no statements indicating any weakness.7We place allﬁrms with mixed information on their constraint status into the PFC category.Speciﬁcally,we include all observations in which theﬁrm re-veals a statement coded as2or better(indicatingﬁnancial strength),but also reveals a statement coded as3or worse(indicating possibleﬁnancial weak-ness).We also include in this category cases in which all of theﬁrm’s state-ments are coded as3.The LFC category includesﬁrms with at least one statement coded as4,no statement coded as5,and no statement coded better than3.These areﬁrms that indicate some current liquidity problems,with no offsetting positive statement and no statement that is so severe that they are brought into the lowest(FC)category.Finally,all observations with at least one statement coded as5and no other statement coded better than3are assigned to the FC category.These are ﬁrms that clearly indicate the presence of constraints with no strong offsetting positive revelation.We refer to this initial categorization scheme as qualitative scheme1and report a sample breakdown in Column1of table1.For comparison purposes, we report in Column4the correspondingﬁgures reported by KZ.One peculiar feature of qualitative scheme1is that a large number ofﬁrms are placed in the PFC category(32.36%versus7.30%in the KZ sample).This elevated rate primarily reﬂects the fact that manyﬁrms in our sample provide boilerplate generic warnings about future uncertainties that could affect aﬁrm’s liquidity position.These statements place manyﬁrms that otherwise report strongﬁ-nancial health into the PFC category.In our estimation,many of these generic warning statements are uninformative.In particular,they appear to be included as a blanket protection against future legal liability and often pertain to unfore-seen or unlikely contingencies that could potentially affect almost anyﬁrm.In light of these observations,we prefer an alternative assignment procedure that ignores all generic or soft nonspeciﬁc warnings regarding aﬁrm’s future liquidity position.This procedure,which we refer to as qualitative scheme2,7We also place in this group the few observations with no useful qualitative disclosure that could be used to ascertain aﬁrm’sﬁnancial constraint status.If we exclude these observations,the ordered logit results we report below in tables3,4,and6are substantively unchanged.7 at Wuhan University Library on March 12, 2010 Downloaded fromThe Review of Financial Studies/v00n002010Table1Frequency of Financial Constraint CategoriesConstraint assignment procedureQualitative Qualitative Qual./quant.KZ samplescheme1scheme2schemeNotﬁnancially const:NFC10.28%10.98%55.84%54.50% Likely notﬁnancially const.:LNFC50.49%71.59%31.01%30.90% Potentiallyﬁnancially const.:PFC32.36%10.55% 6.44%7.30% Likelyﬁnancially const.:LFC0.32%0.32% 2.49% 4.80% Financially const.:FC 6.55% 6.55% 4.22% 2.60% Correlation with qual.scheme1 1.00Correlation with qual.scheme20.89 1.00Correlation with qual./quant.scheme0.750.87 1.00This table reports the fraction of allﬁrm-year observations in which an observation is assigned to the indicated ﬁnancial constraint group.Theﬁgures in Columns1–3pertain to our random sample of1,848Compustatﬁrm years representing356ﬁrms operating during the1995–2004period for observations with non-missing data on theﬁve components of the KZ index.Qualitative scheme1uses only qualitative statements made byﬁrms in their ﬁlings subsequent to theﬁscal year-end regarding theﬁrm’s liquidity position and ability to fund investments. The exact algorithm used in coding and categorizing this information is detailed in the text.Qualitative scheme 2is constructed identically to scheme1except that it ignores all soft and generic nonspeciﬁc warnings made byﬁrms regarding possible future scenarios under which theﬁrm could experience a liquidity problem.The qualitative/quantitative scheme augments scheme2by movingﬁrms upward one category if theﬁrm materially increases dividends,repurchases shares,or has a high(top quartile)level of(cash/capital expenditures)on hand. Additional details concerning the assignment procedures are provided in the text and the Appendix.Theﬁgures in Column4are taken from table2of Kaplan and Zingales(1997)and are based on their sample and algorithm for categorizing constraints.The correlationﬁgures represent simple correlations over the sample between the two constraint assignment procedures in the indicated cell.is identical to qualitative scheme1outlined earlier except that it ignores this one class of statements.As we report in Column2of table1,this modiﬁcation moves many(a few)ﬁrms from the PFC grouping up into the LNFC(NFC) grouping.It is important to emphasize that the categorization schemes outlined above deliberately differ from the KZ procedure in one key respect.In particular, in our categorization,we choose to ignore quantitative information on both the size of aﬁrm’s cash position and its recent dividend/repurchase behavior. We do so this because it seems inappropriate to incorporate this information into categories that will eventually be used for coding our dependent variables, given that this same information will later be used to construct some of the in-dependent variables.Such treatment would lead to uninformative coefﬁcients that are hardwired and potentially misleading in terms of their ability to de-scribe the underlying relation between quantitative variables and qualitative disclosures of constraints.For completeness,we experiment with modifying our qualitative scheme2 categorization to more closely match the exact KZ treatment by incorporating quantitative information on dividends,repurchases,and cash balances.In par-ticular,we move aﬁrm’s constraint status up one notch in a given year(e.g., from PFC to LNFC)if any of the following criteria are met:(i)theﬁrm ini-tiates a dividend;(ii)theﬁrm has a material increase in dividends(change in dividends/assets greater than theﬁfth percentile of dividend increasers);(iii) 8 at Wuhan University Library on March 12, 2010 Downloaded fromNew Evidence on Measuring Financial ConstraintsTable2Sample Characteristics(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6) Statistic Mean Mean Mean Median Median Median Cashﬂow/K−2.379−0.915−9.3150.2430.327−0.907 Cash/K 3.689 3.579 4.2080.4390.5080.199 Dividends/K0.0770.0640.1390.0000.0000.000 Tobin’s Q 2.672 2.036 5.686 1.535 1.489 1.809 Debt/total capital0.3380.2770.6290.2750.2240.728 Capital exp./K0.4110.4150.3920.2140.2290.133 Prop.,plant,278.370303.457159.48020.66429.594 2.951 equip.(PPE)Book assets782.928872.877356.647124.627167.08914.800 Age13.92314.71610.1659.0009.0007.000 Sales growth0.2720.2470.3940.0570.070−0.049#of qualitative 3.37 3.32 3.62 3.00 3.00 3.00 statementsWhich observations All Less More All Less Moreconstrained constrained constrained constrained Theﬁgures in each column represent the mean or median of the indicated variable over the indicated set of observations.Theﬁgures in Columns1and4refer to our random sample of1,848Compustatﬁrm years repre-senting356ﬁrms operating during the1995–2004period.Theﬁgures in Columns2and5are calculated over the subset of observations in which theﬁrm was classiﬁed as less constrained(NFC/LNFC)using qualitative scheme2to categorize constraints.Theﬁgures in Columns3and6are calculated over the subset of observa-tions in which theﬁrm was classiﬁed as more constrained(PFC/LFC/FC).All variables are constructed from Compustat information.The PPE and book assets statistics are in millions of inﬂation adjusted year2004dol-lars.All variables that are normalized by K are divided by beginning-of-period PPE.Cashﬂow is deﬁned to be operating income plus depreciation(Compustat item18+item14).Cash is deﬁned to be cash plus marketable securities(item1).Dividends are total annual dividend payments(item21+item19).Tobin’s Q is deﬁned as (book assets minus book common equity minus deferred taxes plus market equity)/book assets calculated as [item6−item60−item74+(item25×item24)]/item6.Debt is deﬁned as short-term plus long-term debt(item9+item34).Total capital is deﬁned as debt plus total stockholders’equity(item9+item34+item216). If stockholders’equity is negative,we set debt/total capital equal to1.Capital expenditures are item128.Age is deﬁned to be the number of years preceding the observation year that theﬁrm has a non-missing stock price on the Compustatﬁle.Sales growth is deﬁned as(sales in year t minus sales in year t−1)/sales in year t−1. Sales areﬁrst inﬂation adjusted before making this growth calculation.The number of statements row refers to the number of qualitative statements from disclosureﬁlings that were used in assigning theﬁrm to a constraint grouping using qualitative scheme2,as outlined in the text.theﬁrm repurchases a material number of shares(repurchases/assets greater than theﬁfth percentile of repurchasers);or(iv)theﬁrm’s balance of cash and marketable securities normalized by capital expenditures falls in the top sample quartile.The resulting categorization is referred to in what follows as the qualitative/quantitative categorization scheme.We report in Column3of table1the percentage ofﬁrms in each of the constraint categories using this alternative scheme.As theﬁgures illustrate,the sample frequencies using the qualitative/quantitative scheme more closely resemble theﬁgures reported by KZ,with the modal category beingﬁrms in the most unconstrained(NFC) category.In table2,we present summary statistics for the sample as a whole and for subsamples grouped by the level of constraints using our preferred constraint assignment procedure,qualitative scheme2.Several interesting differences be-tween the more constrained and less constrainedﬁrms emerge.In particular, comparing both the reported means and medians for the subsamples grouped9 at Wuhan University Library on March 12, 2010 Downloaded from。

结构设计常用专业英语词汇汇编

accidental combination偶然组合accidental load偶然荷载action作用apartment公寓arched roof拱形屋面area projected on a horizontal plane水平投影面ash load积灰荷载attic阁楼balcony阳台ballroom/ dance hall舞厅basic load combination基本荷载组合basic variable基本变量basic wind speed基本风速boundary condition边界条件boundary layer边界层cab驾驶室（吊车）canopy雨棚cantilever member悬挑构件cantilever slab悬臂板case工况catwalk马道characteristic value标准值nominal value标准值standard value标准值characteristic/nominal combination标准组合cladding system围护系统coefficient of thermal expansion温度膨胀系数column effective length柱有效长度combination value组合值comply with requirement of Chinese code满足中国规范要求concentrated load集中荷载concentration of plastic deformation塑性变形集中construction and maintenance load施工和检修荷载construction load施工荷载construction sequence施工顺序control room控制室corner转角，角部corridor走廊crane load吊车荷载crane wheel load吊车轮压dead load恒载dead-load-resisting moment恒载产生的弯矩deformed position变形后位置degree of reliability可靠度density密度design reference period设计基准期design situation设计状况design value设计值design value of a load荷载设计值design working life设计使用年限determinate structure静定结构diaphragm stiffness楼板刚度differential settlement不均匀沉降distribution factor of snow pressure屋面积雪分布系数double span double pitched roof双跨双坡屋面during service life使用期间dynamic analysis动力分析dynamic coefficient动力系数earthquake action地震作用eave屋檐/挑檐edge beam边梁edge column边柱elasticity modulus弹性模量electric hoist电动葫芦element check构件校核enclosed structure封闭式结构energy能量equibrium equation平衡方程equivalent uniform live load等效均布活荷载expansion膨胀exposure category地面粗糙度类别（美）exposure factor for wind pressure风压高度变化系数（美）field experiment现场试验fire escape防火楼梯first mode第一振型fixed seats固定座位flat roof平屋顶flexible lifting hook软钩吊车floor live load楼面活荷载fluid pressure流体压力fractile分位值frequent combinations频遇组合frequent value频遇值fundamental combination基本组合gable山墙garage车库geometrical parameter几何参数gradient height梯度风高度gust阵风gust factor coefficient阵风系数gymnasium健身房hand-geared bridge crane手动吊车handrail栏杆，扶手hard lifting hook硬钩吊车height variation factor of wind pressure风压高度变化系数height-to-width ratio高宽比heliport直升飞机平台horizontal component水平分量horizontal load水平荷载horizontal load on railing栏杆水平荷载hydrostatic uplift load水浮力impact factor冲击系数impact load冲击荷载importance factor重要性系数indeterminate structure超静定结构interpolation内插值法laboratory实验室large(long)-span structure大跨结构lateral force on crane runaway beam吊车横向水平荷载lateral load侧向力leeward背风面lifted load吊重limit state极限状态live load活荷载load code for the design of building structures建筑结构荷载规范load combination荷载组合load combination coefficient荷载组合系数load effect荷载效应lobby大厅local area局部部位local load局部荷载longitudinal force on crane runaway beam吊车纵向水平荷载long-term deflection长期变形magnification factor of wind fluctuation脉动增大系数manned roof上人屋面mass质量material property材料性能maximum wheel load最大轮压mean roof height平均屋面高度minimum potential energy principle最小势能原理mode superposition振型叠加法mountainous region山区movable seats活动座位multi degree-of-freedom system多自由度体系multi-defense system多道设防体系occupancy category房屋类别office building办公楼on adjacent span相邻跨on alternate span隔跨on the entire span满跨on the half span半跨open-frame tower敞开式塔架operating load操作荷载operating room手术室overturning倾覆overturning moment倾覆弯矩parapet wall女儿墙partial safety factor for loads荷载分项系数partially enclosed structure半敞开式结构partition load隔墙荷载passenger vehicle客车patient room病房performance function功能函数period for no.1第一周期period reduction factor周期折减系数permanent action（load）永久作用（荷载）permanent load永久荷载permanent partition固定隔墙pitched roof坡屋顶，斜屋面place of public assembly人口密集处plant厂房platform看台Poisson's ratio泊松比pond load积水荷载portable partition可移动隔墙primary load-resisting system主要承重体系probability distribution概率分布probability of failure失效概率purlin檩条quasi-permanent combinations准永久组合quasi-permanent value准永久值rated capacity额定起重量（吊车）reading room阅览室recurrence interval重现期reducing coefficient of live load活荷载折减系数reduction of live load活荷载折减reference snow pressure基本雪压reference wind pressure基本风压reliability可靠性reliability index可靠指标repeated service load反复荷载representative value代表值representative value of a load荷载代表值representative value of gravity load重力荷载代表值residential住宅resistance抗力ridge屋脊roof garden屋顶花园roof live load屋面活荷载roof slope屋面坡度safety category安全等级saw-toothed roof锯齿形屋面scaffolding脚手架self-straining force自应力荷载serviceablility limit state正常使用极限状态shape factor of wind load风荷载体形系数shear modulus剪切模量single degree-of-freedom system单自由度体系single span monopitched roof单跨单坡屋面skylight天窗sliding滑移snow load雪荷载soil pressure土压力stack room书库stage舞台stair楼梯stair tread踏步板statistical data统计资料statistical parameter统计参数steel rail钢轨，轨道stiffness刚度stiffness enlargement factor for middle-span beam中梁刚度放大系数stiffness restraint of backfill soil to basement回填土对地下室约束的相对刚度storey drift层间位移strain energy应变能stress-strain relationship应力－应变关系strong shear – weak bending强剪弱弯suburban area城市郊区take-off weight起飞重量temporary partition临时隔墙terrain roughness地面粗糙度the most critical combination最不利组合the most critical effect最不利效应the worst case最不利情况theatre剧院time history analysis时程分析transverse traveling load横向行驶的荷载（吊车）tributary area从属面积trolley小车（吊车）tunnel test风洞试验ultimate limit state承载能力极限状态unbalanced accumulation不均匀堆积unenclosed structure敞开式结构unmanned roof不上人屋面urban area城市市区variable action（load）可变作用（荷载）variational principal变分原理vertical component竖向分量vertical element竖向构件vertical load竖向荷载virtual work虚功wind fluctuation factor脉动影响系数wind fluttering factor风振系数wind load风荷载wind shield挡风板wind-excited oscillation风致振动windward迎风面work功working grade工作级别（吊车）accidental eccentricity偶然偏心additional bending moment附加弯矩additional damping附加阻尼additional seismic action factors at top of the building顶部附加地震作用系数allowable value of drift angle层间位移角限值amplifying factor for elaso-plastic story drift弹塑性层间位移放大系数artificial acceleration time-history curve人工模拟加速度时程曲线avalanche崩塌axial-force-ratio轴压比backing bar垫板base shear force底部剪力base shear method基底剪力法bearing wall承重墙boundary of slope边坡边缘brittle mode of failure脆性破坏buried depth埋置深度cast-in-situ concrete floor现浇混凝土楼板center of mass质量中心center of rigidity刚度中心circular natural frequency自振圆频率code for seismic design of buildings建筑抗震设计规范compaction method加密法composite floor with fluted plate压型钢板钢筋混凝土组合楼板compound hoop复合箍筋compound or continuous compound rectangular复合或连续复合矩形螺旋箍 spiral hoopconcentrically braced frame中心支撑框架confining boundary element约束边缘构件core column芯柱corner column角柱coupled torsion method扭转藕联方法coupling beam连梁critical damping临界阻尼crosswise brace交叉支撑damped free vibration有阻尼自由振动damping ratio阻尼比deformations predominantly due to shear剪切变形为主design basic acceleration of ground motion设计基本地震加速度design characteristic period of ground motion设计特征周期design earthquake groups设计地震分组design parameters of ground motion设计地震动参数detail of seismic design抗震构造措施diaphragm discontinuity楼面不连续discontinuity in bearing capacity承载力突变discontinuity in vertical anti-lateral-force members竖向抗侧力构件不连续displacement-relevant type位移相关型dog-bone connection狗骨节点double plate贴板double-limb coupling wall双肢抗震墙ductility延性dynamic characteristics动力特性earthquake action地震作用eccentrically braced frame偏心支撑框架elasto-plastic deformation analysis弹塑性变形分析elato-plasic time-history analyzing method弹塑性时程分析end-column端柱energy-dissipating beam segment耗能梁段energy-dissipating component耗能构件equivalent static lateral force等效侧向静力荷载equivalent viscous damping ratio等效粘滞阻尼比expansion joint/contraction joint伸缩缝favorable有利fixing location嵌固部位frame structure框架结构frame-brace框架-支撑frame-core-tube structure框架-核心筒结构framed tube框架-筒体frame-support wall structure部分框支抗震墙结构frame-wall structure框架-抗震墙结构frequently earthquake多遇地震full penetration butt welds完全熔透坡口焊geotechnical stability岩土地震的稳定性grade 1/2/3 framed structure1/2/3级框架grade 1/2/3 wall1/2/3级抗震墙grade of liquefaction液化等级gravity additional bending moment重力附加弯矩great frame巨型框架ground subsidence震陷height-width ratio高宽比hidden column暗柱hidden-beam暗梁horizontal brace水平支撑horizontal seismic influence coefficient水平地震影响系数horizontal transmission member水平转换构件inverted-v shape brace人字支撑isolation joint抗震缝joint-panel shear deformation节点域剪切变形k-shape brace K型支撑landslide滑坡lateral braced point侧向支承点lateral displacement(sway) stiffness侧移刚度lateral-force-resisting system抗侧力体系limit value of elaso-plastic story drift rotation弹塑性层间位移角限值limit value of elastic story drift rotation弹性层间位移角限值linear static/dynamic analyzing method线性静/动力分析方法liquefaction液化liquefaction index液化指数liquefaction mitigation measure抗液化措施liquefaction subsoil液化地基lonely tall hill高耸孤立的山丘long-cantilevered structure长悬臂结构longitudinal wall纵墙lumped mass集中质量major earthquake大震maximum pressure on foundation bottom基底最大压力maximum ratio of total height to total width最大高宽比mean pressure on foundation bottom基底平均压力mechanic model力学模型mode振型、模态mode participation factor振型参与系数moment resisting frame框架non-liquefaction不液化non-rocky steep slope非岩石的陡坡oblique direction lateral-force-resisting member斜交抗侧力构件ordinary boundary element构造边缘构件ordinary braced frame普通支撑框架ordinary hoop普通箍筋overlaying depth覆盖层厚度parapet without anchorage无锚固女儿墙partial factor for horizontal seismic action水平地震作用分项系数partial factor for vertical seismic action竖向地震作用分项系数peak ground acceleration地面加速度峰值plastic hinge塑性铰polar moment of inertial极惯性矩pre-cast floor/roof装配式楼盖/屋面prefabricated concrete roof/floor预制楼盖/屋盖probability of exceedence超越概率rarely earthquake罕遇地震recurrence interval重现周期reduction factor for the liquefaction effect of soil layer土层液化影响折减系数reentrance corners irregularity凹凸不规则reentrant corner凹角regular seismic building规则抗震建筑reinforced concrete spandrel girder钢筋混凝土托墙梁reinforced concrete wall plane with hidden steel brace 内藏钢支撑钢筋混凝土墙板reinforced concrete wall plane with vertical separators 带竖缝钢筋混凝土墙板representative value of gravity重力荷载代表值response spectrum反应谱response spectrum method for modal analysis振型分解反应谱法restoring-force characteristic model恢复力模型retaining wall抗撞墙rigid base刚性地基rigid/semi-rigid/flexible diaphragm刚性/半刚性/柔性隔板river bank河岸rubber isolator unit橡胶隔震单元saturated sand饱和砂土saturated silt饱和粘土secant stiffness割线刚度secondary effect of gravitation重力二阶效应seismic adjusting factor for loading capacity承载力抗震调整系数seismic capacity for the nodes of frame框架节点核心区地震承载力seismic concept design of buildings建筑抗震概念设计seismic detail requirement抗震构造要求seismic fortification category抗震设防类别seismic fortification criterion抗震设防标准seismic fortification intensity抗震设防烈度seismic fortification measures抗震措施seismic multiple-defense lines多道抗震防线seismic overturning moment地震倾覆弯矩seismic shear factor value of floor level楼层地震剪力系数seismic shear force地震剪力seismic soil bearing capacity地基抗震承载力seismically isolated隔震的settlement caused by liquefaction液化沉陷settlement joint沉降缝shear-wave velocity of soil剪切波速single diagonal brace单斜杆支撑site场地site-classes场地类别slab-column-structural wall structure板柱-抗震墙结构soft subsoil软土地基special concentrically braced frame特殊中心支撑框架speed linear relevant type速度线性相关型speed non-linear relevant type速度非线性相关型spiral hoop螺旋箍stiffness irregularity侧向刚度不规则story displacement楼层位移story strengthening with outrigger member加强层story yield strength coefficient楼层屈服强度系数strength reducing factor under cycling load受循环荷载时强度降低系数stress concentration应力集中strip-protruding spur条状突出的山嘴strong-column/weak-beam强柱弱梁supporting-column框支柱the adjusting factor of slope for the linear decreasesection直线下降段的下降斜率调整系数the damping adjustment factor阻尼调整系数the horizontal dynamic stiffness水平动刚度the minimum hoop characteristic最小配箍率特征值the natural vibration period自振周期the power index of the curvilinear decrease section曲线下降段的衰减指数the spacing of hoops箍筋间距the ultimate shear capacity of a bolt一个螺栓的极限受剪承载力the yield capacity for the joint-panel of beam and column 梁柱节点区域屈服承载力tie column构造柱torsion effect扭转效应torsional irregularity扭转不规则transference story转换层transverse wall横墙truss tube桁架-筒体tube in tube structure筒中筒结构tubes束筒vertical and lateral distribution web reinforcement竖向和横向分布钢筋(抗震墙) vertical seismic action竖向地震作用vertical seismic influence coefficient竖向地震影响系数volumetric ratio of hoop reinforcement体积配箍率wall structure抗震墙结构weak region of seismic building抗震建筑薄弱部位weak story薄弱层a under-reamed cast-in-situ pile扩底灌注桩a weak underlying stratum软弱下卧层active earth pressure主动土压力adjacent excavation相邻基坑adjacent pile相邻桩allowable differential settlements容许差异沉降allowable subsoil deformation地基变形允许值allowable value允许值anchor depth锚固深度anchor force锚固力anchor pile锚桩anchor plate锚垫板anchor rod锚杆anchored retaining wall锚杆挡墙angle of inclination倾角angle of internal friction of the soil土的内摩擦角angular gravel角砾arc sliding surface method圆弧滑动面法average additional pressure平均附加压力average pressure平均压力base failure地基破坏base plate of mat foundation筏基底板beams on elastic foundation弹性地基梁block stone块石bored pile钻孔桩boring钻孔boulders漂石box foundation箱型基础braced excavation支撑开挖brick foundation砖基础broken stone/crushed stone碎石cantilever sheet pile wall悬臂式板桩墙casing套管casing filled with concrete套管内灌混凝土cast-in-situ concrete pile foundation混凝土灌注桩基础center pile中心桩changing of ground water level地下水位变化characteristic value特征值check on compression抗压验算check on shear strength抗剪验算clay粘土clearance space净空coarse sand粗纱cobble卵石coefficient of additional stress附加应力系数coefficient of compressibility压缩系数coefficient of consolidation固结系数coefficient of permeability渗透系数cohesion force粘聚力cohesive soil粘性土combined foundation联合基础compaction piles压实桩compensated foundation补偿基础composite subgrade /composite foundation复合地基concrete against infiltration抗渗混凝土concrete foundation混凝土基础cone foundation锥形基础cone penetration test圆锥灌入试验connection beam联系梁consolidation固结consolidation curve固结曲线consolidation test固结试验consolidation theory固结理论constant head常水头contents of grains颗粒含量corner pile角桩corner point method角点法correction factor for depth深度修正系数counter-fort walls扶壁式挡土墙cushion course垫层deep basement深层地下室deep excavation深开挖deep-mixing pile深层搅拌桩deformation compatibility变形协调degree of saturation饱和度depth of excavation开挖深度design of wall against sliding挡土墙抗滑设计diaphragm walls地下连续墙difference in settlements沉降差direct shear test直剪试验drainage layer排水层drainage of footing基础排水drainage of wall挡墙的排水driven cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩driven pile打入桩driving打桩driving shoe桩头/桩靴drop hammer落锤dry density干密度dry unit weight干容重dynamic pile capacity桩的动承载力earth works土方工程eccentric load偏心荷载eccentrically loaded foundation偏心受荷基础effective gravitational density浮重度embedment depth埋深end bearing piles端承桩end resistance of a pile桩端承载力excavation开挖基坑excavation support structure基坑维护结构excess pore water pressure超空隙水压力external ground level室外地面标高field vane test现场十字板试验filled and leveled area填方整平地区filled ground level填土面标高filled soil人工填土final settlement最终沉降量fine sand细纱flange of varying thickness变厚度翼缘floating foundation浮筏基础foundation基础foundation base基础底面foundation top基础顶面foundation types基础类型fraction粒组含量friction piles / floating piles摩擦桩general shear failure整体剪切破坏geological conditions地质条件gravitational density重度gravity density重力密度gravity retaining walls重力式挡土墙ground anchor土锚/地锚ground beams地梁ground surface室外地面ground treatment地基处理high socket foundation高杯口基础high-rise pile cap高桩承台H-pile H 型桩hydraulic gradient水力梯度inclined anchor斜锚杆inclined wall倾斜式挡土墙initial ground water level初始地下水位insertion depth插入深度in-situ static loading test of a single pile单桩静载荷试验internal ground level室内地面标高jacked-down piles静压桩laboratory vane test室内十字板试验large diameter pile大直径桩large displacement pile大量挤土桩large-area storage loading大面积堆载lateral earth pressure侧向土压力lateral earth pressure at rest侧向静止土压力laterite /red clay红粘土layered soil成层土lifting of piles桩上拔lime concrete foundation三合土基础lime-soil foundation灰土基础liquid limit液限liquidity index液性指数loaded pile受荷桩local shear failure局部剪切破坏low pile cap低桩承台main load-bearing layer主要受力层mat slab筏板medium sand中砂method of beams and slabs on elastic foundation弹性地基梁板法modulusof compressibility压缩模量Mohr's stress circle摩尔应力圆moisture content of soil土的含水量muck淤泥mucky soil淤泥质土multi-layer summation method分层总和法natural subsoil天然地基negative skin friction负摩阻力net pressure净压力net water pressure净水压力non-displacement pile非挤土桩non-reinforced spread foundation无筋扩展基础non-uniform soils不均匀地基normally consolidated正常固结offshore foundation海岸基础optimum water content最佳含水量order of driving打桩顺序overburden pressure超载压力over-consolidated超固结overturning of retaining wall挡土墙的倾覆pad foundation beneath columns柱下独立基础partial tilting局部倾斜particle shape颗粒形状particle size粒径passive earth pressure被动土压力penetration depth灌入深度penetration-resistant grade抗渗等级per liner meter每延米pile cap承台pile defect桩的缺陷pile failure桩破坏pile failure mode桩的破坏模式pile foundation桩基础pile group群桩pile point桩尖pile shaft桩身pile shaft strength桩身强度pile space桩距pile type桩型plastic limit塑限plasticity index塑性指数plate load test平板载荷试验pore pressure空隙压力pore water pressure空隙水压力porosity空隙率pre-cast concrete pile foundation混凝土预制桩基础preloaded foundation soils预压地基primary consolidation主固结primary settlement初始沉降pull out resistance of footing at depth深基础的抗拔力pull out resistance of shallow footing浅基础的抗拔力punching冲切punching failure冲切破坏punching failure cone冲切破坏锥体racked piles斜桩raft foundation筏基redriving of piles桩复打reinforced earth加劲土reinforced earth wall加劲土墙retaining walls挡土墙retraining structure支挡结构rigid foundation刚性基础risen pile上抬的桩rock岩石rock anchor岩锚rock discontinuity structure plan岩体结构面rock-inlaid cast-in-situ pile嵌岩灌注桩rounded gravel圆砾rubble concrete foundation毛石混凝土基础rubble foundation毛石基础sample disturbance土样扰动screw piles螺旋桩secondary consolidation次固结settlement沉降，沉降量settlement observation沉降观测settlement rate沉降速率shallow foundation浅基础shear key in sliding wall抗滑墙上的剪力键side of pile group群桩的周边silky clay粉质粘土silky sand粉沙silky soil粉土single-story bent structures单层排架结构skin friction of a pile桩侧摩阻力skin area of piles桩周面积slab foundation平板式筏基sliding moment滑动力矩sliding-resistant moment抗滑力矩slip surface滑动面slope边坡slope angle边坡坡角slope stability边坡稳定性slurry excavation泥浆开挖slurry trench pile泥浆护壁类桩型slurry walls泥浆连续墙small displacement pile少量挤土桩socket base杯底socket foundation杯口基础socket wall杯臂soft cohesive soil软弱粘土soil aggregate gravelly soil碎石土soil classification土的分类soil of high compressibility高压缩性土soil of low compressibility低压缩性土soil of medium compressibility中压缩性土soil-compacting effectsqueezing effect挤土效应soil-rock composite subgrade土岩组合地基solidier pile直桩spread foundation扩展基础stability of foundation地基稳定性standard frost penetration标准冻深standard penetration test标准灌入试验static water pressures静止水压力steel sheet piles钢板桩stepped foundation阶梯型基础stiffened slab foundation梁板式筏基stress increase应力增量stress release应力释放strip foundation beneath columns柱下条形基础strip foundation beneath walls墙下条形基础strip foundation with cross beams交叉条形基础strip load条形荷载struts critical depth支撑临界深度subgrade地基subgrade bearing capacity地基承载力substratum下卧层superstructure上部结构surface-empty phenomena脱空现象the bearing stratum持力层depth of foundation for settlement calculation地基沉降计算深度the medium weathered rock中风化岩石the minimum reinforcement ratio最小配筋率the peripheral length of the pile shaft桩身周长the principle of stress superposition应力叠加原理the report of engineering geological survey工程地质勘查报告the slightly weathered rock微风化岩石the Winkler foundation model文可勒地基模型three-pile cap三桩承台thrust due to land slide滑坡推力tilting倾斜toe of retaining wall挡土墙趾triaxial test三轴试验ultimate load of pile group群桩极限荷载unconfined compression test无侧限压缩试验undrained shear strength不排水抗剪强度uniaxial compression单轴压缩unit weight of soil土的容重vertical bearing capacity of a pile单桩竖向承载力void ratio/ porosity ratio空隙比water saturation水饱和weighted average gravitational density加权平均重度width-height ratio of step台阶高宽比abamurus挡土墙，扶壁abutment wall/flange wall翼墙accelerant/accelerated agent促凝剂accelerated cement快凝水泥acceptance specification验收规范acid and alkali-resistant grout耐酸碱水泥浆acid and alkali-resistant mortar耐酸碱水泥砂浆addition agent添加剂adhesive胶粘剂adhesive attraction附着力adhesive bitumen primer冷底子油aeroconcrete加气混凝土age龄期aggregate骨料allowable stress design容许应力设计axial compression轴压axial compressive load轴心压力axial tension轴拉be bent cold冷弯beam depth梁高beam-to-column connections梁柱节点bent-up bar弯起钢筋bottom reinforcement底筋boundary elements边缘构件bundle绑轧buttress扶壁柱cantilever beam悬臂梁cast-in-place concrete现浇混凝土centroidal axis中心轴clear cover保护层clear spacing净距clear span净跨coarse aggregate粗骨料collar tie beam/ring-beam圈梁column柱column-to-footing connection柱脚节点compression reinforcement受压钢筋compression-controlled section受压控制截面compressive strength抗压强度concrete structures混凝土结构construction joints施工缝continuing bar连续钢筋continuous连续continuous beams连续梁continuous slabs连续板corrosion protection防腐crack开裂，裂缝cracking moment开裂弯矩creep徐变cross section横截面cross section截面cure养护deep beam深梁deformed/spiral reinforcement螺纹钢筋depth of slab板厚depth-span ratio高跨比design load combinations设计荷载组合development length/lap length搭接长度ducts for grouted灌浆管durability耐久性dynamic amplification factor动力放大系数effective compressive flange有效受压翼缘effective cross-sectional area有效截面effective depth of section截面有效高度effective prestress有效预应力elastic deflection弹性变形embedment length锚固长度equivalent rectangular column正方形截面柱expansive cement膨胀水泥exterior basement wall地下室外墙factored load乘以分项系数的荷载fine aggregate细骨料fire protection防火fixed固定flange翼板flexural and compression members压弯构件footings of buildings建筑物底部form模板formulas公式frame structure with special-shaped columns异型柱框架结构frame-truss structure with special-shaped columns异型柱框架－桁架结构grade等级grade 60 concrete C60混凝土grade beam地基梁gross section全截面grout水泥浆grouting灌浆high-early-strength cement早强水泥high-strength steel bar高强钢筋hollow-core slab空心楼板hydraulic cement水泥inclined beam斜梁inclined stirrup斜向箍筋in-plane force面内荷载isolation joint分隔缝joint节点lap splices搭接large volumes of concrete大体积混凝土lateral force-resisting systems抗侧体系layer层length over梁、柱全长lift-slab construction升板施工lightweight aggregate轻骨料lightweight concrete轻质混凝土loaded area荷载面积longitudinal reinforcement纵筋long-time deflection永久变形loss of prestress预应力损失materials for grout灌浆料mechanical anchorage机械锚固mechanical connections机械连接midspan跨中minimum slab thickness最小板厚mix搅拌mix proportions配比moment magnification factor弯矩放大系数moment of inertia惯性矩moment-resisting frames刚架negative moment负弯矩negative moment reinforcement梁上部纵筋neutral axis中和轴nominal diameter of bar钢筋直径nominal strength强度标准值non pre-stressed reinforcement非预应力钢筋nonbearing wall非承重墙non－potable water非饮用水nonstructural members非结构构件nonsway column非摇摆柱nonsway frame无侧移框架one-way slabs单向板opening开洞overall thickness总厚overstressed超应力pedestal基座pilaster壁柱plain concrete素混凝土plain reinforcement光面钢筋plastic hinge region塑性铰区Portland cement波特兰水泥positive moment正弯矩positive moment reinforcement梁下部纵筋post-tension后张拉pre-cast concrete预制混凝土prestress losses预应力损失pre-stressed concrete预应力混凝土pre-stressing tendons预应力钢筋pretension先张法rectangular beam矩形梁reduction factors折减系数reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced gypsum concrete钢筋石膏混凝土reinforcement around structural steel core钢骨外包混凝土reinforcement ratio配筋率relaxation of tendon stress钢筋预应力松弛residual deflection/deformation残余变形rib肋seismic hook箍筋抗震钩seismic zones地震区settlement of supports支座沉降seven-day strength7天强度shear bar抗剪钢筋shear key抗剪键shear reinforcement梁箍筋shear walls剪力墙shore支撑架short-limb shear wall短肢剪力墙short-limb shear wall structure with special-shaped异型柱－短肢剪力墙结构columnsshrinkage/contraction收缩shrinkage-compensating concrete无收缩混凝土side face reinforcement梁腰筋simply supported beams简支梁simply supported solid slabs简支板six-bar-diameter六倍钢筋直径slab楼板slab without beams.无梁楼盖slag矿渣slag cement火山灰水泥span length跨度special-shaped column异形柱spiral reinforcement柱箍筋splitting tensile strength拉裂强度standard deviation标准差steam curing蒸汽养护steel-encased concrete core钢包核心混凝土stiffness reduction factor刚度折减系数stirrup箍筋strength强度strength design强度设计strength-reduction factor强度折减系数stripping拆模strong column/weak beam强柱弱梁strong connection强节点structural diaphragm结构隔板structural members结构构件structural system with special-shaped columns异型柱结构体系structural trusses结构桁架strut支柱support支座support reaction支座反力tensile strain拉应变tensile strength抗拉强度tension and shear act simultaneously拉力与剪力同时作用tension reinforcement受拉钢筋tension-controlled section受拉控制截面tolerance公差top reinforcement顶筋torsion reinforcement抗扭钢筋transverse reinforcement横向钢筋two-way slab双向板volumetric ratio体积比wall pier短肢墙water-cement ratio水灰比water-cement ratio by weight重量水灰比web腹板welded splices焊接white Portland cement白水泥a rigid beam-to-column connection梁柱刚性连接accuracy of construction(fabrication)安装精度acid-pickle酸洗additional tests附加检验additional tests on steels钢材附加检验alignment对准allowable slenderness ratio容许长细比allowable stress range容许应力幅angle of stress dispersal应力扩散角automatic welding自动焊automatic or semi-automatic process全自动或半自动方式backing plate衬板，垫板battened members缀板柱battens，batten plate缀板beam-columns压弯构件bearing connection承压连接bearing stength承压强度bearing stiffener支承加劲肋bend test弯曲试验blast-clean磨砂bolt tightening螺栓拧紧bolted connections螺栓连接bolting螺栓branch member支管brittle fracture脆断butt welds对头焊接camber起拱carbon content碳含量carbon structural steels碳素结构钢cast steel铸钢Charpy V-notch impact test v形坡口冲击试验chord member弦杆cladding涂层closed section闭口截面coefficient of linear expansion线膨胀系数cold-formed steel structural member冷弯型钢构件compact section厚实截面component stability单肢稳定condition of bolts螺栓状态condition of steel钢材状况constant amplitude fatigue常幅疲劳couposite rubber and steel support橡胶支座crane girder吊车梁crane truss吊车桁架cross diagonals交叉斜杆cutting切割defect acceptance criteria缺陷可接受准则design value of strength of steel钢材强度设计值diagonal stiffeners斜加劲肋dimensions and tolerances尺寸和允许误差direct dynamic loading/直接动力荷载distortion/deformation变形double-stepped column双阶柱doubly symmetric section双轴对称截面edge distance边距effective length计算长度，有效长度effective length factor计算长度系数effective length for torsional bucking扭转屈曲计算长度effective thickness of fillet welds角焊缝有效厚度effective width有效宽度effective width factor有效宽度系数end bearing端面承压end moment端弯矩equal leg angles等边角钢equivalent slenderness ratio换算长细比erection安装erection drawing安装图evaluation of welding techniques焊接工艺评定excessive deformation过度变形eyebar眼杆factor of equivalent moment等效弯矩系数fatigue failure疲劳破坏faying surfaces for hsfg fasteners高强摩擦连接的构件表面field /site welding现场焊接field connection现场接头fillers填板fillet welds角焊缝finish/surface layer面层first order elastic analysis一阶弹性分析flame-cut edge焰切边flange凸缘flexural buckling弯曲失稳flexural-torsional buckling弯扭屈曲forged steel connection node pieces节点锻造钢构件forming成孔frame braced with strong bracing system强支撑纯框架frame braced with weak bracing system弱支撑纯框架frequency of weld examination焊接检验次数。

新世界-美国财务会计准则fas-005

Statement of Financial AccountingStandards No. 5FAS5 Status PageFAS5 SummaryAccounting for ContingenciesMarch 1975Financial Accounting Standards Boardof the Financial Accounting Foundation401 MERRITT 7, P.O. BOX 5116, NORWALK, CONNECTICUT 06856-5116Copyright © 1975 by Financial Accounting Standards Board. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Financial Accounting Standards Board.Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 5Accounting For ContingenciesMarch 1975CONTENTSParagraphNumbers Introduction................................................................................................................1– 7 Standards of Financial Accounting and Reporting:Accrual of Loss Contingencies (8)Disclosure of Loss Contingencies.......................................................................9– 13 General or Unspecified Business Risks.. (14)Appropriation of Retained Earnings (15)Examples of Application of this Statement (16)Gain Contingencies (17)Other Disclosures..............................................................................................18– 19 Effective Date and Transition.. (20)Appendix A: Examples of Application of this Statement......................................21– 45 Appendix B: Background Information...................................................................46– 54 Appendix C: Basis for Conclusions......................................................................55–104FAS 5: Accounting for ContingenciesINTRODUCTION1. For the purpose of this Statement, a contingency is defined as an existing condition, situation, or set of circumstances involving uncertainty as to possible gain (hereinafter a "gain contingency") or loss 1 (hereinafter a "loss contingency") to an enterprise that will ultimately be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. Resolution of the uncertainty may confirm the acquisition of an asset or the reduction of a liability or the loss or impairment of an asset or the incurrence of a liability.2. Not all uncertainties inherent in the accounting process give rise to contingencies as that term is used in this Statement. Estimates are required in financial statements for many on-going and recurring activities of an enterprise. The mere fact that an estimate is involved does not of itself constitute the type of uncertainty referred to in the definition in paragraph 1. For example, the fact that estimates are used to allocate the known cost of a depreciable asset over the period of use by an enterprise does not make depreciation a contingency; the eventual expiration of the utility of the asset is not uncertain. Thus, depreciation of assets is not a contingency as defined in paragraph 1, nor are such matters as recurring repairs, maintenance, and overhauls, which interrelate with depreciation. Also, amounts owed for services received, such as advertising and utilities, are not contingencies even though the accrued amounts may have been estimated; there is nothing uncertain about the fact that those obligations have been incurred.3. When a loss contingency exists, the likelihood that the future event or events will confirm the loss or impairment of an asset or the incurrence of a liability can range from probable to remote. This Statement uses the terms probable, reasonably possible, and remote to identify three areas within that range, as follows:a. P robable. The future event or events are likely to occur.b. R easonably possible. The chance of the future event or events occurring is more than remote but less thanlikely.c. Remote. The chance of the future event or events occurring is slight.4. E xamples of loss contingencies include:a. C ollectibility of receivables.b. Obligations related to product warranties and product defects.Copyright © 1975, Financial Accounting Standards Board Not for redistributionc. R isk of loss or damage of enterprise property by fire, explosion, or other hazards.d. Threat of expropriation of assets.e. P ending or threatened litigation.f. A ctual or possible claims and assessments.g. Risk of loss from catastrophes assumed by property and casualty insurance companies includingreinsurance companies.h. Guarantees of indebtedness of others.i. O bligations of commercial banks under "standby letters of credit."2j. A greements to repurchase receivables (or to repurchase the related property) that have been sold.5. S ome enterprises now accrue estimated losses from some types of contingencies by a charge to income prior to the occurrence of the event or events that are expected to resolve the uncertainties while, under similar circumstances, other enterprises account for those losses only when the confirming event or events have occurred.6. T his Statement establishes standards of financial accounting and reporting for loss contingencies (see paragraphs 8-16) and carries forward without reconsideration the conclusions of Accounting Research Bulletin (ARB) No. 50, "Contingencies," with respect to gain contingencies (see paragraph 17) and other disclosures (see paragraphs 18-19). The basis for the Board's conclusions, as well as alternatives considered and reasons for their rejection, are discussed in Appendix C. Examples of application of this Statement are presented in Appendix A, and background information is presented in Appendix B.7. T his Statement supersedes both ARB No. 50 and Chapter 6, "Contingency Reserves," of ARB No. 43. The conditions for accrual of loss contingencies in paragraph 8 of this Statement do not amend any other present requirement in an Accounting Research Bulletin or Opinion of the Accounting Principles Board to accrue a particular type of loss or expense. Thus, for example, accounting for pension cost, deferred compensation contracts, and stock issued to employees are excluded from the scope of this Statement. Those matters are covered, respectively, in APB Opinion No. 8, "Accounting for the Cost of Pension Plans," APB Opinion No. 12, "Omnibus Opinion—1967," paragraphs 6-8, and APB Opinion No. 25, "Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees." Accounting for other employment-related costs, such as group insurance, vacation pay, workmen's compensation, and disability benefits, is also excluded from the scope of this Statement. Accounting practices for those types of costs and pension accounting practices tend to involve similar considerations. STANDARDS OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND REPORTINGAccrual of Loss Contingencies8. An estimated loss from a loss contingency (as defined in paragraph 1) shall be accrued by a charge to income 3 if both of the following conditions are met:Copyright © 1975, Financial Accounting Standards Board Not for redistributiona. I nformation available prior to issuance of the financial statements indicates that it is probable that an assethad been impaired or a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements.4 It is implicit in this condition that it must be probable that one or more future events will occur confirming the fact of the loss.b. T he amount of loss can be reasonably estimated.Disclosure of Loss Contingencies9. Disclosure of the nature of an accrual 5 made pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 8, and in some circumstances the amount accrued, may be necessary for the financial statements not to be misleading.10. If no accrual is made for a loss contingency because one or both of the conditions in paragraph 8 are not met, or if an exposure to loss exists in excess of the amount accrued pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 8, disclosure of the contingency shall be made when there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss or an additional loss may have been incurred.6 The disclosure shall indicate the nature of the contingency and shall give an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss or state that such an estimate cannot be made. Disclosure is not required of a loss contingency involving an unasserted claim or assessment when there has been no manifestation by a potential claimant of an awareness of a possible claim or assessment unless it is considered probable that a claim will be asserted and there is a reasonable possibility that the outcome will be unfavorable.11. After the date of an enterprise's financial statements but before those financial statements are issued, information may become available indicating that an asset was impaired or a liability was incurred after the date of the financial statements or that there is at least a reasonable possibility that an asset was impaired or a liability was incurred after that date. The information may relate to a loss contingency that existed at the date of the financial statements, e.g., an asset that was not insured at the date of the financial statements. On the other hand, the information may relate to a loss contingency that did not exist at the date of the financial statements, e.g., threat of expropriation of assets after the date of the financial statements or the filing for bankruptcy by an enterprise whose debt was guaranteed after the date of the financial statements. In none of the cases cited in this paragraph was an asset impaired or a liability incurred at the date of the financial statements, and the condition for accrual in paragraph 8(a) is, therefore, not met. Disclosure of those kinds of losses or loss contingencies may be necessary, however, to keep the financial statements from being misleading. If disclosure is deemed necessary, the financial statements shall indicate the nature of the loss or loss contingency and give an estimate of the amount or range of loss or possible loss or state that such an estimate cannot be made. Occasionally, in the case of a loss arising after the date of the financial statements where the amount of asset impairment or liability incurrence can be reasonably estimated, disclosure may best be made by supplementing the historical financial statements with pro forma financial data giving effect to the loss as if it had occurred at the date of the financial statements. It may be desirable to present pro forma statements, usually a balance sheet only, in columnar form on the face of the historical financial statements.12. Certain loss contingencies are presently being disclosed in financial statements even though the possibility of loss may be remote. The common characteristic of those contingencies is a guarantee, normally with a right to proceed against an outside party in the event that the guarantor is called upon to satisfy the Copyright © 1975, Financial Accounting Standards Board Not for redistributionguarantee. Examples include (a) guarantees of indebtedness of others, (b) obligations of commercial banks under "standby letters of credit," and (c) guarantees to repurchase receivables (or, in some cases, to repurchase the related property) that have been sold or otherwise assigned. The Board concludes that disclosure of those loss contingencies, and others that in substance have the same characteristic, shall be continued. The disclosure shall include the nature and amount of the guarantee. Consideration should be given to disclosing, if estimable, the value of any recovery that could be expected to result, such as from the guarantor's right to proceed against an outside party.13. This Statement applies to regulated enterprises in accordance with provisions of the Addendum to APB Opinion No. 2, "Accounting for the 'Investment Credit.'" If, in conformity with the Addendum, a regulated enterprise accrues for financial accounting and reporting purposes an estimated loss without regard to the conditions in paragraph 8, the following information shall be disclosed in its financial statements:a) The accounting policy including the nature of the accrual and the basis for estimation.b) The amount of any related "liability" or "asset valuation" account included in each balance sheet presented. General or Unspecified Business Risks14. Some enterprises have in the past accrued so-called "reserves for general contingencies." General or unspecified business risks do not meet the conditions for accrual in paragraph 8, and no accrual for loss shall be made. No disclosure about them is required by this Statement.Appropriation of Retained Earnings15. Some enterprises have classified a portion of retained earnings as "appropriated" for loss contingencies. In some cases, the appropriation has been shown outside the stockholders' equity section of the balance sheet. Appropriation of retained earnings is not prohibited by this Statement provided that it is shown within the stockholders' equity section of the balance sheet and is clearly identified as an appropriation of retained earnings. Costs or losses shall not be charged to an appropriation of retained earnings, and no part of the appropriation shall be transferred to income.Examples of Application of This Statement16. Examples of application of the conditions for accrual of loss contingencies in paragraph 8 and the disclosure requirements in paragraphs 9-11 are presented in Appendix A.Gain Contingencies17. The Board has not reconsidered ARB No. 50 with respect to gain contingencies. Accordingly, the following provisions of paragraphs 3 and 5 of that Bulletin shall continue in effect:a. Contingencies that might result in gains usually are not reflected in the accounts since to do so might be to Copyright © 1975, Financial Accounting Standards Board Not for redistributionrecognize revenue prior to its realization.b. Adequate disclosure shall be made of contingencies that might result in gains, but care shall be exercised toavoid misleading implications as to the likelihood of realization.Other Disclosures18. Paragraph 6 of ARB No. 50 required disclosure of a number of situations including "unused letters of credit, long-term leases, assets pledged as security for loans, pension plans, the existence of cumulative preferred stock dividends in arrears, and commitments such as those for plant acquisition or an obligation to reduce debts, maintain working capital, or restrict dividends." Subsequent Opinions issued by the Accounting Principles Board established more explicit disclosure requirements for a number of those items, i.e., leases (see APB Opinions No. 5 and 31), pension plans (see APB Opinion No. 8), and preferred stock dividend arrearages (see APB Opinion No. 10, paragraph 11(b)).19. Situations of the type described in the preceding paragraph shall continue to be disclosed in financial statements, and this Statement does not alter the present disclosure requirements with respect to those items. Effective Date and Transition20. This Statement shall be effective for fiscal years beginning on or after July 1, 1975, although earlier application is encouraged. A change in accounting principle resulting from compliance with paragraph 8 or 14 of this Statement shall be reported in accordance with APB Opinion No. 20, "Accounting Changes." Accordingly, except in the special circumstances referred to in paragraphs 29-30 of APB Opinion No. 20, the cumulative effect of the change on retained earnings at the beginning of the year in which the change is made shall be included in net income of the year of the change, and the disclosures specified in APB Opinion No. 20 shall be made. Reclassification of an appropriation of retained earnings to comply with paragraph 15 of this Statement shall be made in any financial statements for periods before the effective date of this Statement, or financial summaries or other data derived therefrom, that are presented after the effective date of this Statement.The provisions of this Statement need notbe applied to immaterial items.This Statement was adopted by the unanimous vote of the seven members of the Financial Accounting Standards Board:Marshall S. Armstrong, ChairmanOscar S. GelleinDonald J. KirkArthur L. LitkeRobert E. MaysWalter SchuetzeRobert T. SprouseCopyright © 1975, Financial Accounting Standards Board Not for redistributionAppendix A: EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF THIS STATEMENT21. This Appendix contains examples of application of the conditions for accrual of loss contingencies in paragraph 8 and of the disclosure requirements in paragraphs 9-11. Some examples have been included in response to questions raised in letters of comment on the Exposure Draft. It should be recognized that no set of examples can encompass all possible contingencies or circumstances. Accordingly, accrual and disclosure of loss contingencies should be based on an evaluation of the facts in each particular case.Collectibility of Receivables22. The assets of an enterprise may include receivables that arose from credit sales, loans, or other transactions. The conditions under which receivables exist usually involve some degree of uncertainty about their collectibility, in which case a contingency exists as defined in paragraph 1. Losses from uncollectible receivables shall be accrued when both conditions in paragraph 8 are met. Those conditions may be considered in relation to individual receivables or in relation to groups of similar types of receivables. If the conditions are met, accrual shall be made even though the particular receivables that are uncollectible may not be identifiable.23. If, based on available information, it is probable that the enterprise will be unable to collect all amounts due and, therefore, that at the date of its financial statements the net realizable value of the receivables through collection in the ordinary course of business is less than the total amount receivable, the condition in paragraph 8(a) is met because it is probable that an asset has been impaired. Whether the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated (the condition in paragraph 8(b)) will normally depend on, among other things, the experience of the enterprise, information about the ability of individual debtors to pay, and appraisal of the receivables in light of the current economic environment. In the case of an enterprise that has no experience of its own, reference to the experience of other enterprises in the same business may be appropriate. Inability to make a reasonable estimate of the amount of loss from uncollectible receivables (i.e., failure to satisfy the condition in paragraph 8(b)) precludes accrual and may, if there is significant uncertainty as to collection, suggest that the installment method, the cost recovery method, or some other method of revenue recognition be used (see paragraph 12 of APB Opinion No. 10, "Omnibus Opinion—1966"); in addition, the disclosures called for by paragraph 10 of this Statement should be made.Obligations Related to Product Warranties and Product Defects24. A warranty is an obligation incurred in connection with the sale of goods or services that may require further performance by the seller after the sale has taken place. Because of the uncertainty surrounding claims that may be made under warranties, warranty obligations fall within the definition of a contingency in paragraph 1. Losses from warranty obligations shall be accrued when the conditions in paragraph 8 are met. Those conditions may be considered in relation to individual sales made with warranties or in relation to groups of similar types of sales made with warranties. If the conditions are met, accrual shall be made even though the particular parties that will make claims under warranties may not be identifiable.Copyright © 1975, Financial Accounting Standards Board Not for redistribution25. If, based on available information, it is probable that customers will make claims under warranties relating to goods or services that have been sold, the condition in paragraph 8(a) is met at the date of an enterprise's financial statements because it is probable that a liability has been incurred. Satisfaction of the condition in paragraph 8(b) will normally depend on the experience of an enterprise or other information. In the case of an enterprise that has no experience of its own, reference to the experience of other enterprises in the same business may be appropriate. Inability to make a reasonable estimate of the amount of a warranty obligation at the time of sale because of significant uncertainty about possible claims (i.e., failure to satisfy the condition in paragraph 8(b)) precludes accrual and, if the range of possible loss is wide, may raise a question about whether a sale should be recorded prior to expiration of the warranty period or until sufficient experience has been gained to permit a reasonable estimate of the obligation; in addition, the disclosures called for by paragraph 10 of this Statement should be made.26. Obligations other than warranties may arise with respect to products or services that have been sold, for example, claims resulting from injury or damage caused by product defects. If it is probable that claims will arise with respect to products or services that have been sold, accrual for losses may be appropriate. The condition in paragraph 8(a) would be met, for instance, with respect to a drug product or toys that have been sold if a health or safety hazard related to those products is discovered and as a result it is considered probable that liabilities have been incurred. The condition in paragraph 8(b) would be met if experience or other information enables the enterprise to make a reasonable estimate of the loss with respect to the drug product or the toys.Risk of Loss or Damage of Enterprise Property27. At the date of an enterprise's financial statements, it may not be insured against risk of future loss or damage to its property by fire, explosion, or other hazards. The absence of insurance against losses from risks of those types constitutes an existing condition involving uncertainty about the amount and timing of any losses that may occur, in which case a contingency exists as defined in paragraph 1. Uninsured risks may arise in a number of ways, including (a) noninsurance of certain risks or co-insurance or deductible clauses in an insurance contract or (b) insurance through a subsidiary or investee 7 to the extent not reinsured with an independent insurer. Some risks, for all practical purposes, may be noninsurable, and the self-assumption of those risks is mandatory.28. The absence of insurance does not mean that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred at the date of an enterprise's financial statements. Fires, explosions, and other similar events that may cause loss or damage of an enterprise's property are random in their occurrence.8 With respect to events of that type, the condition for accrual in paragraph 8(a) is not satisfied prior to the occurrence of the event because until that time there is no diminution in the value of the property. There is no relationship of those events to the activities of the enterprise prior to their occurrence, and no asset is impaired prior to their occurrence. Further, unlike an insurance company, which has a contractual obligation under policies in force to reimburse insureds for losses, an enterprise can have no such obligation to itself and, hence, no liability.Copyright © 1975, Financial Accounting Standards Board Not for redistributionRisk of Loss from Future Injury to Others, Damage to the Property of Others, and Business Interruption 29. An enterprise may choose not to purchase insurance against risk of loss that may result from injury to others, damage to the property of others, or interruption of its business operations.9 Exposure to risks of those types constitutes an existing condition involving uncertainty about the amount and timing of any losses that may occur, in which case a contingency exists as defined in paragraph 1.30. Mere exposure to risks of those types, however, does not mean that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred. The condition for accrual in paragraph 8(a) is not met with respect to loss that may result from injury to others, damage to the property of others, or business interruption that may occur after the date of an enterprise's financial statements. Losses of those types do not relate to the current or a prior period but rather to the future period in which they occur. Thus, for example, an enterprise with a fleet of vehicles should not accrue for injury to others or damage to the property of others that may be caused by those vehicles in the future even if the amount of those losses may be reasonably estimable. On the other hand, the conditions in paragraph 8 would be met with respect to uninsured losses resulting from injury to others or damage to the property of others that took place prior to the date of the financial statements, even though the enterprise may not become aware of those matters until after that date, if the experience of the enterprise or other information enables it to make a reasonable estimate of the loss that was incurred prior to the date of its financial statements. Write-Down of Operating Assets31. In some cases, the carrying amount of an operating asset not intended for disposal may exceed the amount expected to be recoverable through future use of that asset even though there has been no physical loss or damage of the asset or threat of such loss or damage. For example, changed economic conditions may have made recovery of the carrying amount of a productive facility doubtful. The question of whether, in those cases, it is appropriate to write down the carrying amount of the asset to an amount expected to be recoverable through future operations is not covered by this Statement.Threat of Expropriation32. The threat of expropriation of assets is a contingency within the definition of paragraph 1 because of the uncertainty about its outcome and effect. If information indicates that expropriation is imminent and compensation will be less than the carrying amount of the assets, the condition for accrual in paragraph 8(a) is met. Imminence may be indicated, for example, by public or private declarations of intent by a government to expropriate assets of the enterprise or actual expropriation of assets of other enterprises. Paragraph 8(b) requires that accrual be made only if the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. If the conditions for accrual are not met, the disclosures specified in paragraph 10 would be made when there is at least a reasonable possibility that an asset has been impaired.Litigation, Claims, and AssessmentsCopyright © 1975, Financial Accounting Standards Board Not for redistribution33. The following factors, among others, must be considered in determining whether accrual and/or disclosure is required with respect to pending or threatened litigation and actual or possible claims and assessments:a. The period in which the underlying cause (i.e., the cause for action) of the pending or threatened litigationor of the actual or possible claim or assessment occurred.b. The degree of probability of an unfavorable outcome.c. The ability to make a reasonable estimate of the amount of loss.34. As a condition for accrual of a loss contingency, paragraph 8(a) requires that information available prior to the issuance of financial statements indicate that it is probable that an asset had been impaired or a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements. Accordingly, accrual would clearly be inappropriate for litigation, claims, or assessments whose underlying cause is an event or condition occurring after the date of financial statements but before those financial statements are issued, for example, a suit for damages alleged to have been suffered as a result of an accident that occurred after the date of the financial statements. Disclosure may be required, however, by paragraph 11.35. On the other hand, accrual may be appropriate for litigation, claims, or assessments whose underlying cause is an event occurring on or before the date of an enterprise's financial statements even if the enterprise does not become aware of the existence or possibility of the lawsuit, claim, or assessment until after the date of the financial statements. If those financial statements have not been issued, accrual of a loss related to the litigation, claim, or assessment would be required if the probability of loss is such that the condition in paragraph 8(a) is met and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated.36. If the underlying cause of the litigation, claim, or assessment is an event occurring before the date of an enterprise's financial statements, the probability of an outcome unfavorable to the enterprise must be assessed to determine whether the condition in paragraph 8(a) is met. Among the factors that should be considered are the nature of the litigation, claim, or assessment, the progress of the case (including progress after the date of the financial statements but before those statements are issued), the opinions or views of legal counsel and other advisers, the experience of the enterprise in similar cases, the experience of other enterprises, and any decision of the enterprise's management as to how the enterprise intends to respond to the lawsuit, claim, or assessment (for example, a decision to contest the case vigorously or a decision to seek an out-of-court settlement). The fact that legal counsel is unable to express an opinion that the outcome will be favorable to the enterprise should not necessarily be interpreted to mean that the condition for accrual of a loss in paragraph 8(a) is met.37. The filing of a suit or formal assertion of a claim or assessment does not automatically indicate that accrual of a loss may be appropriate. The degree of probability of an unfavorable outcome must be assessed. The condition for accrual in paragraph 8(a) would be met if an unfavorable outcome is determined to be probable. If an unfavorable outcome is determined to be reasonably possible but not probable, or if the amount of loss cannot be reasonably estimated, accrual would be inappropriate, but disclosure would be required by paragraph 10 of this Statement.Copyright © 1975, Financial Accounting Standards Board Not for redistribution。

A monothetic clustering method

A monothetic clustering method∗Marie Chavent(*)(**)(*)INRIA Rocquencourt,Action SODAS,Domaine de Voluceau,B.P.105,78153Le Chesnay cedex,France(**)Universit´e de Paris IX Dauphine,Lise Ceremade,Place du Mar´e chal De Lattre de Tassigny,75775Paris cedex16,Francee-mail:Marie.Chavent@inria.frAbstract:The proposed divisive clustering method performs simultaneously a hierarchy of a set of objects and a monothetic characterization of each cluster of the hierarchy.A division is performed according to the within-cluster inertia criterion which is minimized among the bipartitions induced by a set of binary questions.In order to improve the clustering,the algorithm revises at each step the division which has induced the cluster chosen for division.Key Words:Hierarchical clustering methods,Monothetic cluster,Inertia criterion1.IntroductionThe objective of cluster analysis is to group a setΩof N objects into clusters having the property that objects in the same cluster are similar to another and diﬀerent from objects of other clusters.In the pattern recognition literature(Duda and Hart,1973)this type of problem is referred to as unsupervised pattern recognition.The most common clustering methods are partitioning,hierarchical agglomerative and hierarchical divisive ones.A partition ofΩis a list(C1,...,C K)of clusters verifying C1∪...∪C K=Ωand C k∩C k =∅for all k=k .The essence of partitioning is the optimization an objective function measuring the homogeneity within the clusters and/or the separation between the clusters.Algorithms of the exchange type are frequently used toﬁnd a local optimum of the objective function, because of the complexity of the exact algorithms.Well-known partitioning procedures are the Forgy’s k-means and the isodata methods,described in Anderberg(1973),and the dynamical clustering method(Diday,1974).Agglomerative and divisive hierarchical clustering methods are diﬀerent,in the type of structure they are searching,from partitioning.Indeed,a hierarchy ofΩis a family H of clusters satisfying Ω∈H,{ω}∈H for allω∈Ωand A∩B∈{∅,A,B}for all A,B∈H.A hierarchy can be represented in the form of a tree or dendogram,that shows how the clusters are hierarchically organized.The general algorithm for agglomerative clustering starts with N clusters,each consisting of ∗Pattern Recognition Letters19(1998)989-9961one element ofΩ,and merges successively two clusters on the basis of a similarity measure. Well-known agglomerative hierarchical methods are described in Everitt(1974).Divisive hierarchical clustering reverses the process of agglomerative hierarchical clustering,by starting with all objects in one cluster,and dividing successively each cluster into smaller ones. Those methods are usually iterative and determine at each iteration the cluster to be divided and the subdivision of this cluster.This process is continued until suitable stopping rule arrests further division.There is a variety of divisive clustering methods(Kaufman and Rousseeuw,1990).A natural approach of dividing a cluster C of n objects into two non-empty subsets would be to consider all the possible bipartitions.In this,Edward and Cavalli-Sforza(1965)choose among the2n−1−1 possible bipartitions of C,the one having the smallest within-cluster sum of squares.It is clear that such complete enumeration procedure provides a global optimum but is computationally prohibitive.Neverless,it is possible to construct divisive clustering methods that does not consider all bipar-titions.MacNaughton-Smith(1964)proposed an iterative divisive procedure using an average dissimilarity between an object and a group of objects.Chidananda Gowda and Krishna(1978) proposed a disaggregative clustering method based on the concept of mutual nearest neighbor-hood.Other methods taking as input a dissimilarity matrix are based on the optimization of criterions like the split or the diameter of the bipartition(Gu´e noche,Hansen and Jaumard,1991; Wang,Yan and Sriskandarajah,1996).Probabilistic validation approach for divisive clustering has also been proposed(Har-even and Brailovsky,1995).Another family of divisive clustering methods is monothetic.A cluster is called monothetic if a conjunction of logical properties is both necessary and suﬃcient for membership in the cluster (Sneath and Sokal,1973).Indeed,each division is carried out using a single variable and by separating objects possessing some speciﬁed values of this variable from those lacking them. Monothetic divisive clustering methods haveﬁrst been proposed in the particular case of binary data(Williams and Lambert,1959;Lance and Williams,1968).Since then,monothetic cluster-ing methods have mostly been developed in theﬁeld of unsupervised learning and are known as descendant conceptual clustering methods(Michalski,Diday and Stepp,1981;Michalski and Stepp,1983).In theﬁeld of discriminant analysis,monothetic divisive methods have also been widely devel-oped.However,those methods are diﬀerent from clustering in which the clusters are inferred from data.Indeed,a partition ofΩis pre-deﬁned and the problem concerns the construction of a systematic way of predicting the class membership of a new object.In the pattern recognition literature,this type of classiﬁcation is referred to as supervised pattern recognition.Divisive methods of this type are usually known as tree structured classiﬁer like cart(Breiman,Fried-man,Olshen and Stone,1984)or id3(Quinlan,1986).Recently,Ciampi(1994)insisted on the idea that trees oﬀer a natural approach for both class formation(clustering)and development of classiﬁcation rules(discrimination).The clustering method proposed in this paper was developed in the framework of symbolic data analysis(Diday,1995),which aims at bringing together data analysis and machine learning. More precisely,we propose a monothetic hierarchical clustering method performed in the spirit of cart from an unsupervised point of view.We have restricted the presentation of this method to the particular case of quantitative data.At each stage,the division of a cluster is performed according to the within-cluster inertia criterion(section??).This criterion is minimized among bipartitions induced by a set of binary questions(section??).Moreover,clusters are not sys-2tematically divided but one of them is chosen according to a speciﬁc criterion(section??).The divisions are stopped after a number of iterations given as input by the user,usually interested in few clusters partitions.The output of this divisive clustering method is an indexed hierarchy. It is also a decision tree(section??).The Ruspini’s data are given as aﬁrst illustration of this method(section??).We propose a modiﬁcation of the algorithm in order to soften the property shared by both agglomerative and divisive hierarchical methods,that eﬃcient early partition cannot be corrected at a later stage.It consists in revising,after the division of a cluster,the previous division which has induced the cluster itself(section??).Before the conclusion(section ??),the method is performed on Fisher’s iris dataset(section??).2.The inertia criterionLet N be the number of objects inΩ.Each object is described on p real variables Y1,...,Y p by a vector x i∈R p and weighted by a real value p i(i=1,...,N).Indeed,the analyst will prefer sometimes to weight the objects diﬀerently.For instance,countries could be weighted according to the size of their population.But usually,the weights are equal to1or equal to1n.The inertia I of a cluster C k is an homogeneity measure equal to:I(C k)=xi ∈C kp i d2M(x i,x k)(1)where d M is the Euclidean distance(M is a symmetric matrix positively deﬁned):∀x,y∈R p,d2M(x,y)=(x−y)t M(x−y)(2) and x k is the center of gravity of the cluster C k:x k=1µkxi∈C kp i x i(3)µk=xi ∈C kp i(4)The within-cluster inertia W of a K-clusters-partition P K=(C1,...,C K)is equal to:W(P K)=Kk=1I(C k)(5)According to the Huygens Theorem,minimizing the within-cluster inertia of a partition(e.g. the homogeneity within the clusters)is equivalent to maximizing the between-cluster inertia (e.g.the separation between the clusters).This equals to:B(W K)=Kk=1µk d2M(x k,x)(6)3.Bipartitioning a clusterLet C be a set of n objects.We want toﬁnd a bipartition(C1,C2)of C such that the within-cluster inertia is minimum.In the Edward and Cavalli-Sforza method(1965)one chooses the optimal bipartition(C1,C2)among the2n−1−1possible bipartitions.It is clear that the amount of calculation needed when n is large will be prohibitive.3In our approach,to reduce the complexity,we divide C according to a binary question(Breiman, Friedman,Olshen and Stone,1984)of the form“Y i≤c?”where Y i:Ω→R is a real variable and c∈R is called the cut point.The bipartition(C1,C2)induced by the binary question is deﬁned as follows.Letωbe an object in C.If Y i(ω)≤c thenω∈C1elseω∈C2.Those objects in C answering“yes”go to the left descendant cluster and those answering“no”to the right descendant cluster(Fig.??).Figure1:“Is height≤172?”For each variable Y i,there will be at most n−1diﬀerent bipartitions(C1,C2)induced by the above procedure.Indeed,whatever the cut point c between two consecutive observations Y i(ω) may be,the bipartition induced is the same.In order to ask only n−1questions to generate all these bipartitions,we decide to use the n−1cut points c,chosen as the middle of two consecutive observations Y i(ω)∈R.Indeed,if the n observations Y i(ω)are diﬀerent,there are n−1cut points on Y i.If there are p variables,we choose among the p(n−1)corresponding bipartitions(C1,C2),the bipartition having the smallest within-cluster inertia.4.Choice of the clusterLet P K=(C1,...,C K)be a K-clusters-partition ofΩ.At each stage,a new(K+1)-clusters-partition is obtained by dividing a cluster C k∈P K into two new clusters C1k and C2k.Thepurpose is to choose the cluster C k∈P K so that the new partition,P K+1=P K∪{C1k,C2k}−{C k}has minimum within-cluster inertia.We know that:W(P K+1)=W(P K)−I(C k)+I(C1k)+I(C2k)In this,minimizing W(P K+1)is equivalent to choosing the cluster C k∈P K so that the diﬀerencebetween the inertia of C k and the within-cluster inertia of its bipartition(C1k ,C2k)is maximum.The criterion used to determine the cluster that will be divided is then equal to:∆(C k)=I(C k)−I(C1k)−I(C2k)(7) Of course,it means that the bipartitions of all the clusters of the partition P K have been deﬁnedpreviously.At each stage,the bipartitions of the two new clusters C1k and C2kare deﬁned andused in the next stage.5.The stopping rule and the outputThe divisions are stopped after a number L of iterations and L is given as input by the user, usually interested in few clusters partitions.Indeed,the last partition obtained in the last iteration is a L+1-clusters-partition.The issue of stopping the divisions before obtaining the4total hierarchy(L=N)is to ensure that the partitions of smallest within-cluster inertia of the total hierarchy are still in the hierarchy obtained after L iterations.This property is veriﬁed because the clusters are not systematically divided but one cluster is chosen according to the criterion∆given in(??)which ensures that the partition induced by this division has minimum within-cluster inertia.However,this stopping rule doesn’t solve the issue of determining the number of clusters in the dataset(Milligan and Cooper,1985).The output of this divisive clustering method is a hierarchy H which singletons are the L+1 clusters of the partition obtained in the last iteration of the algorithm.Each cluster C k∈H is indexed by∆(C k).Because∆is a non-decreasing mapping,C k⊂C k ⇒∆(C k)≤∆(C k )(8)there will be no inversions in the dendogram of the hierarchy.This hierarchy is also a decision tree.The L clusters are the leaves and the nodes are the binary questions selected by the algorithm.Each cluster is characterized by a rule deﬁned according to the binary questions leading from the root to the corresponding leaves.6.A simple exampleThe dataset is75points of R2(Ruspini,1970).Weﬁnd successively a partition in2,3and4 clusters(L=3).At theﬁrst stage,the method induces2(75−1)=148bipartitions.We choose among the 148bipartitions(C1,C2),the one of smallest within-cluster inertia.It has been induced by the binary question“Is Y1≤75.5?”.Notice that the number of subdivisions has been reduced from 275−1=3,77×1022to148.At the second stage,we have to choose whether we divide C1or C2.Here,we choose the cluster C1and its bipartition(C11,C21)because∆(C1)>∆(C2).The binary question is“Is Y2≤54?”. At the third stage,we choose the cluster C2and its bipartition(C12,C22).The binary question is“Is Y2≤75.5?”.Finally,the divisive algorithm gives the4clusters represented Fig.??.Figure2:The4-clusters partitionAccording to the dendogram of the hierarchy givenﬁgure??,the four clusters are characterized by four rules.For instance cluster C11is characterized by the following rule:If[Y1(ω)≤75,5]and[Y2(ω)≤54]thenω∈C11.5Figure3:The dendogram of the indexed hierarchyThis dendogram can be read as a decision tree and the rules can be read as classiﬁcation rules of new objects to one of the four clusters.7.Revising a binary questionThe purpose is to enable the analyst to revise at each division of a cluster the binary question which has induced the cluster itself.Let C be a cluster which has been divided in two clusters C and C according to the binary question“Is Y1≤c1?”.Then C is chosen to be divided in two clusters C1and C2according to the binary question“Is Y2≤c2?”.Figure4:Revising a binary questionAt this stage,the binary question“Is Y1≤c1?”is revised by modifying the cut point c1.We choose a new cut point c among all possible cut points on Y1,such that the3-clusters-partition (C 1,C 2,C )induced by“Is Y1≤c ?”and“Is Y2≤c2?”has minimum within-cluster inertia (ﬁgure??).For instance,ﬁgure??gives the3-clusters-partition of320points of R2simulated from four 2-dimensional Gaussian distributions.The points have been dividedﬁrst according to the binary question“Is Y2≤10,9?”and then according to the binary question“Is Y1≤8?”.Theﬁrst cut point10.9is then modiﬁed in order toﬁnd,with the second binary question “Is Y1≤8?”,the3-clusters-partition of minimum within-cluster inertia.The new cut point is 12.1(ﬁgure??).8.The Fisher’s iris datasetThe above clustering method has been examined with the well-known Fisher’s iris dataset.The length and breadth of both petals and sepals were measured on150ﬂowers.There are three varieties of iris:Setoa,Versicolor and Virginia.There are50iris of each variety.6Figure5:The two3-clusters-partitionsOf course,the knowledge of this pre-deﬁned3-clusters-partition is not used in our unsupervised clustering procedure which is performed only with four quantitative variables:the petal width (PeWi),the petal length(PeLe),the sepal width(SeWi)and the sepal length(SeLe).First,we have used the Euclidean distance d M,with M=I,the identity matrix.Figure?? gives the dendogram of the hierarchy and the3-clusters-partition(C1,C2,C3)obtained after two divisions of the dataset.Theﬁrst cluster is composed of53iris including50Setoa,3Versicolor and no Virginia.Wholly,the3-clusters-partition contains19iris misclassiﬁed.Theﬁrst binary question“Is PeLe≤3.4”is then revised in order to improve the within-cluster inertia of the3-clusters-partition.Figure??gives the dendogram of the hierarchy obtained with the revised binary question“Is PeLe≤2.45”.We can notice that the mis-classiﬁcations have been reduced to16.Indeed,the50Versicolor are all in C2.Figure6:Before the revision Figure7:After the revisionDynamical clustering and Ward agglomerative hierarchical clustering methods have also been performed on the same dataset.The same distance was used.The partitions obtained with the two clustering methods contained the same number of mis-classiﬁcations since16iris were misclassiﬁed.where U i is Secondly,we have used the normalized Euclidean distance d M,with M=D1/U2ithe length between the maximum and the minimum value for the variable Y i.Theﬁgure?? gives the dendogram of the hierarchy obtained with this distance and we notice a reduction of the number of mis-classiﬁcations from16to10iris.It conﬁrms the inﬂuence of the choice of the distance in the result of a clustering.Then,before the second division,we have normalized the Euclidean distance,according to the four length U i computed locally in the cluster which7Figure8:Global normalization Figure9:Local normalizationwas divided.Theﬁgure??gives the dendogram of the hierarchy obtained with the locally normalized Euclidean distance.We can notice that the number of mis-classiﬁcations is now reduced to6.It corresponds to an error rate of0.04.In their comparative study of the performance of diﬀerent classiﬁers with Fisher’s iris dataset, Weiss&Kulikowski(1991)give for the cart decision tree an error rate equal to0.04.In this,we obtain with the Fisher’s iris dataset comparable results with both unsupervised and supervised approaches.However,the goal of the proposed clustering method and the cart algorithm are diﬀerent since we aim at inferring clusters from the data and cart algorithm aims at discovering classiﬁcation rules.9.ConclusionThe proposed clustering method has the advantages to be simple and to give simultaneously a hierarchy and a simple interpretation of its cluster.Moreover,it deals easily with very large datasets.Indeed,is possible to construct the hierarchy on a sample of the dataset,and to use the classiﬁcation rules to assign the rest of the objects.This method has also given good results on the Fisher’s iris dataset and on other real applications where it has been compared with the dynamical clustering method and the Ward agglomerative hierarchical method(Chavent,1997). However,dividing a cluster according to a single variable can also be a deﬁciency in some situa-tions.As for cart algorithm,in situations where the cluster structure depends on combinations of variables,the divisive method will do poorly at discovering the structure.A perspective would be on the one hand to use a local stopping rule(Milligan and Cooper,1985; Har-even and Brailovsky,1995)for deciding if a cluster should be divided into two subclusters and on the other hand to divide a cluster according to a metric locally deﬁned in the cluster itself.ReferencesAnderberg,M.R.(1973).Cluster analysis for applications.Academic Press,New York. Breiman,L.,J.H.Friedman,R.A.Olshen and C.J.Stone(1984).Classiﬁcation and regression Trees.C.A:Wadsworth.8Chavent,M.(1997).Analyse des Donn´e es Symboliques.Une m´e those divisive de classiﬁcation.PhD Thesis,Universit´e Paris-IX Dauphine,France.Chidananda Gowda,K.and G.Krishna(1978).Disaggregative Clustering Using the Concept of Mutual Nearest Neighborhood.ieee Transactions on Systems,Man,and Cybernetics 8,888-895.Ciampi,A.(1994).Classiﬁcation and Discrimination:the recpam Approach.In proc.of compstat’94,129-147.Diday,E.(1974).Optimization in non-hierarchical clustering.Pattern Recognition6,17-33. Diday,E.(1995).Probabilist,possibilist and belief objects for knowledge analysis.Annals of Operations Research55,227-276.Duda,R.O.and Hart,P.E.(1973).Pattern Classiﬁcation and Scene Analysis.Wiley,New York.Edwards,A.W.F.and L.L.Cavalli-Sforza(1965).A method for cluster analysis.Biometrics 21,362-375.Everitt,B.(1974).Cluster Analysis.Social Sciences Research Council,Heineman Educational Books.Gu´e noche,A.,P.Hansen and B.Jaumard(1991).Eﬃcient algorithms for divisive hierarchical clustering.Journal of Classiﬁcation8,5-30.Har-even,M.and V.L.Brailvosky(1995).Probabilistic validation approach for clustering.Pattern Recognition16,1189-1196.Kaufman,L.and P.J.Rousseeuw(1990).Finding groups in data.Wiley,New York. Lance,G.N.and W.T.Williams(1968).Note on a new information statistic classiﬁcation program.The Computer Journal11,195-197.MacNaughton-Smith,P.(1964).Dissimilarity analysis:A new technique of hierarchical sub-division.Nature202,1034-1035.Michalski,R.S.and E.Diday,R.Stepp(1981).A recent advance in data analysis:Clustering objects into classes characterized by conjunctive concepts.Progress in Pattern Recognition, L.N.Kanal and A.Rosenfeld(eds),North Holland,33-56.Michalski,R.S.and R.Stepp(1983).Learning from observations:Conceptual clustering.Machine Learning:An Artiﬁcial Intelligence Approach,R.S.Michalsky,J.Carbonell and T.Mitchell(eds),163-190.Milligan,G.W.and M.C.Cooper(1985).An examination of procedures for determining the number of clusters in a data set.Psychometrika50,159-179.Quinlan,J.R.(1986).Induction of decision trees.Machine Learning1,81-106.Ruspini,E.M.(1970).Numerical Methods for Fuzzy rmation Science2,319-350.Sneath,P.H.and R.R.Sokal(1973).Numerical Taxonomy.Freeman and company,San Fran-cisco.Weiss,S.M.and C.A.Kulikowski(1991).Computer systems that learn:Classiﬁcation and prediction methods from statistics,neural network,machine learning,and expert systems.San Mateo,Calif:Morgan Kaufmann.Williams,W.T.and mbert(1959).Multivariate methods in plant ecology.Journal of Ecology47,83-101.Wang,Y.and H.Yan,C.Sriskandarajah(1996).The weighted Sum of Split and Diameter Clustering.Journal of Classiﬁcation13,231-248.9List of Figures10。

暨南国际经济学考试范围（卜国琴范围）

暨南国际经济学考试范围（卜国琴范围）《国际经济学》复习范围题型：一、名词解释（共5小题，每小题3分，共15分）二、判断题（共15小题，每小题1分，共15分）三、简答题（共5小题，每小题8分，共40分）四、论述题（共2题，每题15分，共30分）范围：I. 名词解释1. Interindustry tradeTrade in which the products of one industry are exchanged for products of another industry. 2. Intraindustry trade Two-way trade in differentiated products within an industry or broad product group.3. Intraproduct tradeTrade in which the products of one industry are exchanged for products of another industry.4. The Balance of PaymentA summary statement of all the international transactions of the residents of a nation with the rest of the world during a particular period of time ,usually a year.5. Comparative AdvantageA country has a comparative advantage in producing a goods if the opportunity cost of producing this goods in terms of others is smaller than that in other countries.6. Stolper-Samuelson Theorem (effect)If the relative price of a goods increases , holding the factor supplies constant, then the nominal and real return to the factor used intensely in that goods will also increase while the nominaland real return of others will decrease.7. Heckscher-Ohlin TheoremA country will export goods that use its abundant resources intensely while import those using its scarce factors intensely.8. Factor-Price Equalization TheoremInternational trade leads to complete equalization in the relative and absolute returns to homogenous factors across countries.9. Optimum tariffThe rate of tariff that maximizes the benefit resulting from im provement in the nation’s terms of trade against the negative effect resulting from the reduction of trade.10. Exchange Rate OvershootingThe tendency of exchange rates to immediately depreciate or appreciate by more than required for long-run equilibrium ,and then partially reversing their movement as they move toward their long-run equilibrium levels.11. purchasing power parity (PPP)The theory that postulates that exchange rate depends on relative prices in the two countries.12. Law of one priceThe proposition that in the absence of transportation costs , tariffs and other obstructions to the free flow of trade ,the price of each identical traded commodity will be equalized in all markets by commodity arbitrage.13. The Fisher EffectA rise (fall) in a country’s expected inflation rate will eventually cause an equal rise(fall) in the interests rate that deposits of its currency offer.14.The J-CurveAfter a real currency depreciation, the CA of a country may first worsen and then improve. The changing path of CA in terms of time is like a “J”, so we call this curve “J-Curve” that describes the time lag with which a real currency depreciation improves the CA.15. managed floating exchange ratesThe policy of intervention in foreign exchange markets by monetary authorities to smooth out short -run fluctuations without attempting to affect the long-run trend in exchange rates.16. sterilized interventionA sterilized intervention is the purchase or sale of foreign currency by a central bank to influence the exchange value of the domestic currency, without changing the monetary base. 17. Capital flightCapital flight is a large-scale exodus of financial assets and capital from a nation due to events such as political or economic instability, currency devaluation or the imposition of capital controls.18.vehicle currencyA currency that is widely used to denominate international contracts made by parties who do not reside in the country that issues the vehicle currency.19.interest parityInterest rate parity (IRP) is a theory in which the interest rate differential between two countries is equal to the differential between the forward exchange rate and the spot exchange rate. Taking dollar and euro as examples, the condition is R$ = R€ + (E’$/€ - E$/€)/E$/€. 20.inflation biasHigh inflation with no average gain in output that resultsfrom governments’ policies to prevent recessionII. Give a T(True) or a F(False) for each of the following sayings.涉及每章重要的知识点。

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Abstract Unbound granular material speciﬁcations for road pavements in Australia are primarily based on physical material speciﬁcation rather than mechanical characterisation. This simpliﬁed approach does not reﬂect the actual material performance under repeated dynamic trafﬁc loads. There is a little information available on the inﬂuence of the local crushed rock properties and compacted layer properties on permanent deformation (PD). This study aims to characterise the local unbound granular materials in Victoria according to their PD behaviour under repeated loads and to develop a suitable shakedown criterion that could describe the PD of the tested materials to simplify the ﬂexible pavement design. Repeated-load triaxial tests were conducted over several samples with a range of moisture contents, gradations, densities, and stress conditions. The laboratory test results showed that PD behaviour was inﬂuenced by several factors. In addition, the tested subbase-speciﬁed unbound granular materials reﬂect high PD resistance that is almost equivalent to basequality unbound granular materials. This may indicate that current requirements for the subbase-quality unbound granular materials are over-prescribe. Moreover, as the existing shakedown criterion was not applicable for the multi-stage repeated-load triaxial test and the local tested materials, a new shakedown criterion and new boundaries are proposed based on the PD behaviour. In the proposed criterion, the shakedown ranges are identiﬁed based on the curve angle of the PD vs. logarithm of the number of loading cycles, and this new criterion was validated using
Ali Alnedawi1 • Kali Prasad Nepal1 • Riyadh Al-Ameri1
Received: 15 October 2018 / Revised: 14 March 2019 / Accepted: 18 March 2019 / Published online: 2 April 2019 Ó The Author(s) 2019
several materials from existing literature. The local tested base and subbase materials can be assigned as Range A when PD \ 1%, Range B when 1% \ PD \ 3%, and Range C when PD [ 3%. The proposed criterion could provide a useful and quick approach to assess the PD of the unbound granular materials with both single and multistages of stresses.
& Ali Alnedawi amaln@.au; alnedawi.ali.m@
1 School of Engineering, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
Keywords Flexible pavement Á Unbound granular materials Á Repeated load triaxial test Á Permanent defoபைடு நூலகம்mation Á Shakedown theory
J. Mod. Transport. (2019) 27(2):108–119 https:///10.1007/s40534-019-0185-2
New shakedown criterion and permanent deformation properties of unbound granular materials