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365DaysOfWordsearches（APuzzleADay）

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英语泛读教程2 课后答案

Unit 5 WorkSection AWord Pretest1C 2A 3B 4 C 5 B 6 A 7 C 8 CReading Comprehension1-8 C A A C C BV ocabulary BuildingWord Search1 intangible 2. crave 3 ego 4 attributable 5 stall 6 tool up 7 at stake 8. cram 9. forfeit 10. cornyUse of EnglishBy the time I opened the can its contents had gone off.I’ll go over how it works before you try it yourself.I was told it would be repaired free of charge, but the man in the shop has gone back on his promise.The book was so popular that there weren’t enough copies to go round.His shop has gone out of business after making heavy losses.The trade has gone from bad to worse and staff are being laid off.Stems 1-6 BADAACSynonyms 1-5 graceful spontaneously oppose usual clientClozestaff maximize objectives participate potentialskills easier appointed specific commitmentSection BACBFT 6-10 FACDB 11-15 CBTFTSection C1-5 FTFTF 6-10 TFTFTUnit 6 The African-AmericansSection AWord Pretest1. C2. A3. C4. A5. B6. A7. C8. CReading Comprehension1. F 2T 3T 4F 5T 6F 7T 8TV ocabulary BuildingWord Search1. destined2. relief3. segregation4. boycott5. sit-in6. legacy7. chronicle8. assault9. plight 10. vigilanceSemantic Variations1C 2A 3C 4A 5B 6CStems1. evolution: the theory that groups of organisms change with passage of time, mainly as a result of natural selection, so that descendants differ morphologically and physiologically from their ancestors2. ascend: to go or move upward3. devolve: to pass on or delegate to another4. migrate: to change location periodically, especially by moving seasonally from one region to another5. export: to send or transport (a commodity, for example) abroad, especially for trade or sale6. condescend: to descend to the level of one considered inferior; to lower oneselfAntonyms1. observe2. admit3. dismiss4. eulogize5. advanceClozeNominated raised immigrated earned roseAssignment position army autobiography speakerSection B1T 2T 3F 4C 5B 6D 7D 8D 9T 10F11F 12F 13T 14TSection C1A 2D 3D 4C 5C 6B 7D 8CKeys to Reading Course 2Unit 7 Greek StoriesSection AWord Pretest1.C2.B3.D4.D5.A6.B7.B8.A9.C 10.CReading Comprehension1.B2.C3.C4.C5. C6.D7.C8.DV ocabulary BuildingWord matchripple a little wave on the surface of watermischief naughty behavior by childrenhospitality welcoming behaviorbillow a large sea wavespell delightful influencenymph a goddess of natureband a group of musiciansuitor a man wishing to marry a particular womanmortal a human beingwarrior a soldiercrafty cunninghostile unfriendlymerry cheerfultame not wildcontent satisfiedresume to take againgloom darknessdespise to look down on with contemptdismay a strong feeling of fear, anxiety and hopelessnessdusk the time just before nightSemantic Variations1-6 CAAAACStemstendency: movement or prevailing movement in a given direction2. conservative: favoring traditional views and values; tending to oppose change3. preserve: to keep in perfect or unaltered condition; tending to oppose change valuable: of great importanceavailable: present and ready for use; at hand; accessibleprevail: to be most common or frequent; to be predominantAntonyms1. forbid2. clarify3.sorrow4.remain5.concealClozename place arrows wandered powermischief won neglected celebrate expeditionSection B1-5 CCACD 6-10 TTFFF 11-15 TTBBCSection C1-5 CADBA 6-8DCCUnit 8 Attitude Towards LifeSection AWord Pretest: BACBA BCAReading Comprehension: CABBC BBBV ocabulary BuildingWord matchastonishing surprisingconsiderate thoughtful of other persons’ wishes, needs or feelingspreach to advise or urge others to accept (sth. one believes in) strenuous taking or needing great effort or strengtharena an enclosed area for sports, public entertainments, etc.adversity bad fortune, troublebatter to damage, break, or cause to lose shapereverse the opposite, the other way roundpenetrate to see into or throughself-esteem one’s good opinion of one’s own worthdoom to cause to suffer sth unavoidable and terribleemerge to come out or appear from inside or from being hiddenblessing a gift from God or anything that brings happiness and good fortunemess up to get into disorder; to spoil, etc.devastating completely destructivecommon denominator a quality or belief shared by all the members of a groupodds the probabilities that sth will or will not happenstack to arrange dishonestly so as to give oneself an unfair advantagemotive to provide with a strong reason for doing sth.falter lose strength or effectiveness; weakenSemantic Variations: CBBACBStems1 prescribe to advise the use of a medicine2 description an account of a person in words3 terrain a stretch of land, with regard to its natural features4 subscribe to pay regularly in order to receive a magazine, newspaper, etc.5 territorial of a country’s territory6 extraterrestrial of or from outside the earth or its atmosphereAntonymsappear ready hide s skillful carelessClozeintelligent activities workout attitudeoff reducing seem asideSection BCCCCC TFTFT TTFFTSection CFTFTF TFTTTUnit 9 First AidSection AWord Pretest1.B.2.A.3.C4.B.5.B.6.B.7.B.8.A.9.C. 10.B Reading comprehension1.B.2. C.3. D.4. B/D/A/C.5.C.6.C.7.A.8.C/A/B/DVocabulary BuildingWord Search1.ambulance2.urgent3.emergency4.massage5.yell6.vein7.artery8.fracture9.blister 10.tetanusUse of English1.The government has come in for a lot of criticism.2. It’s hard to come to terms with the government’s defense policy.3. After retiring in 1980 he has decided to make a comeback to the political scene.4. The situation has come to the boil now that the government has to face a vote of confidence.5. The tax cuts announced in the Budget do not come into effect until next year.6. The miners came out on strike against the government’s privatization plans.Stemssolo: a composition or passage for an individual voice or instrument, with or without accompaniment series: a number of objects or events arranged or coming one after the other in successionisolate: to set apart or cut off from othersdesert: to withdraw from, especially in spite of a responsibility or duty; to forsakepeninsula: a piece of land that projects into a body of water and is connected with the mainland by an isthmus exert: to put to use or effect; to put forthinsulate: to prevent the passage of heat, electricity or sound into or out of somewhere, especially by surrounding with a non-conducting materialsinsert: to put or set into, between or amongSynonymsgive 2. stop 3. antiseptic 4. block 5. penetrateClozePedestrians adults declining avoid signals case impaired fatalitiesSection B1.C2.B3.B4.D5.A6.C7.B8.A 9.T 10.F 11.F 12.F 13.T 14.TSection C1.F2.T3.F4.T5.F6.F7.F8.F9.F 10.T Keys to Reading Course 2Unit 10 MarriageSection AWord Pretest1.C2.C3.C4.C5.A6.A7.A8.CReading Comprehension1.A2.B3.C4.C5. B6.C7.A8.AV ocabulary BuildingWord matchquotation a sentence or passage taken from a bookartificial not naturalanguish very great pain or suffering, esp. of the mindanniversarya day which is an exact year or number of years after something has happenedsuperstition a belief based on association of ideas instead of reason or factbouquet a bunch of flowersheed to give attention toescort to accompanyconfetti small pieces of colored paper thrown on weddingsconceal to hideconsent agreementasunder apartvow a solemn promise or declaration of intentionrites forms of behavior with a fixed pattern for a religious purposesermon to talk usually based on a sentence from the Bible and given as part of a church serviceUse of EnglishWill you please keep me company for a while?I couldn’t keep a straight face when he told me of his plan.The staff are going to be kept in the dark about the firm’s plans for the future.I’ll keep an open mind until we’ve discussed it.I’ll keep away from her until she’s feeling more optimistic.Try to keep your head even if you don’t know what’s going to happen.Stemsbriefly: for a short time; in as few words as possibleastronaut: a person trained to pilot, navigate, or otherwise participate in the flight of aspacecraftabridge: to reduce the length of (a written text); to condensefuse: to blend thoroughly by or as if by melting togetherastronomy: the scientific study of matter in outer space, especially the positions, dimensions, distribution, motion, composition, energy and evolution of celestial bodes and phenomenaconfusing: unclear or difficult to understandabbreviate: to reduce (a word or phrase) to a shorter form intended to represent the full formSynonyms 1. naughty 2. divine 3.break 4.give 5.seizeCloze wrong dislike midnight standard homelife convinced meantime capitalSection B1.T 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.B 6.C 7.C 8.D 9.C 10.D11.F 12.T 13.F 14.A 15.C 16. BSection C1.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.TUnit 11 Creativity Section A Word Pretest1-5: B, A, A, B, A 6-8: B, A, AReading Comprehension 1-6: A, C, A, A, C，CV ocabulary Building ---Word Matchglow to give out heat or lightinstinctive (of ideas, behaviors) natural, not based on learning or thinkingexemplify to serve as examplefunnel a wide-mouthed tube used for pouring liquids into a narrow-necked containerprelude a short piece of music that introduces a large musical workapplaud to praise by clapping one’s handsflash to shine suddenly and brightlyattend to to direct one’s interest and effort topotential the ability to develop, achieve or succeedimpulse a sudden wish to do somethingdoze to sleep lightlyevaluate to judge the value or degree ofresurgence a return to power, life and activitystuck unable to gosketch to describe roughlyUse of EnglishThe Austrians made peace with Napoleon.They couldn’t make out what the enemy were trying to say.Seeing the enemy’s guns facing him made hi hair stand on end.The onset of winter made things worse for the troops.While they were on leave the sailors made the most of their freedom.I make no secret of my loathing for war.Stemsaccordance: agreement; conformitydisclose: to make known (something heretofore kept secret); to revealinclusive: including the specified extremes or limits as well as the area between themcore: the hard or fibrous central part of certain fruits, such as the apple or the pear, containing the seeds enclose: to surround on all sides; to close inconclude: to bring about a final agreement or settlementencouragement: the act or words of encouragingclose: a cabinet or enclosed recess for storing linens, household supplies, or clothingAntonyms 1. lose 2. horizontal 3. sterile 4. old 5. identicalClozename managed worked after feel parents computers playing to spend trade Section B 1-5: C, C, C, C, C 6-10: C, C, C, F, F 11-13: T, C, BSection C 1-5: F, F, T, T, F 6: TUnit 12 TravelSection AWord Pretest1.A2.A3.C4.B5.B6.B7.A8.AReading Comprehension1.B2.B3.A4.C5.A6.A7.C8.BV ocabulary BuildingWord Search1.halve2.purchase3.consulate4.fare5.discount6.resort7.monopoly8.principal9.carnival 10.boredomUse of EnglishThey are putting on a version of “Cinderella” on ice.The opening of his one-man show has been put off until he recovers from his illness.I can’t put my finger on what it was that I disliked about the performance.Put your previous failures behind you and think of what your next venture might be.A plan has been put forward to prevent valuable paintings being sold to collectors and galleries abroad. They tried to put pressure on the Arts Council to supports the newly-formed orchestraStems1.dictation: the act of saying or reading aloud to be recorded or written by another2.fraction: a small part; a bit3.indication: serving as a sign, symptom, or token of; something that is signified4.predict: to state, tell about, or make known in advance, especially on the basis of special knowledge5.contradiction: being contrary to; being inconsistent with6.fragments: small parts broken off or detachedSynonyms1. chief2. examine3. fame4. local5. soleCloze found trade famous spread discoveryidea support offered valued saltSection B1.B 2.C 3.C 4.C 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.T 9.T10.T11.C 12.C 13.BSection C1.F2.T3.F4.F5.T6.T7.F8.T9.F 10.F Unit 13 ExaminationsSection AWord Protest1. A 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. BReading Comprehension1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. BV ocabulary BuildingWord Search1. assimilate2. presentation3. deduct4. reinforce5. statistics6. offender7. thwart 8. impunity 9. plagiarize 10. reprimand 11. crib 12. divisive Semantic Variations1. B 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. BStems occupation: a n activity that serves as one’s regular source of livelihood; a vocationbroadcast: to transmit (a radio or television program) for public or general usecaptive: taken and held prisoner, as in warcapture: to hold; to occupyabroad: out of o ne’s own countryperceive: to become aware of directly through any of the sense, especially sight or hearingconceive: to form or hold an ideabroaden: to make or become broaderSynonyms1. thwart 2. huge 3. break 4. obvious 5. accomplishClozeadvantage meaningful disadvantages subject expressingreading unsatisfactory giving arise pictureSection B1. C2. D3. B4. B5.C6.T7.T8. F 9.F 10. T 11. T 12.B 13. A 14. BSection C1. F2. F3. T4. T5. T6. T7.T8. T9. T 10. TUnit 14 Intellectual PropertySection AWord Pretest1. B2. A3. B4. A5. A6. B7. C8. BReading Comprehension1. B2. C3. C4. B5. C6. B7. AV ocabulary BuildingWord Search1. procedure2. variety3. multiple4. application5. promote6. diligent7. novelty8. judicial9. disclosure 10. stimulusUse of EnglishThis cloudy weather is getting me down.I would like to get this meeting over with as quickly as possible.You won’t be able to get through to her what she has to do.His refusal to commit himself gets on my nerves.Thomas and David get along very well.One of these days I must get round to replying to all this correspondence.Stems1. densely: the quality of being packed or crowded together2. defense: the act of defending against attack, danger, or injury3. credit: an arrangement for deferred payment of a loan or purchase4. condense: to make (a liquid) thicker by removing some of the water5. incredible: too strange to be believed; unbelievable6. dense: difficult to see throughSynonyms1. rival2. final3. variety4. personal5. barClozebasis revised minimum addition works participated adopted concepts Section B1. T2. F3. F4. A5. A6. C7. F8. T9. F 10. F11. T 12. T 13. C 14. B 15. CSection C1. B2. A3. B4. A5. B6. D7. A8. AUnit 15 LawSection AWord pretest1. C2. A3. B4. B5. C6. B7.C8.CReading Comprehension1.T2. T3. F4. T5. F6. F7. F8. T9. T 10. TV ocabulary BuildingWord Searchespionage 2. anonymity 3. extortion 4. prosecutor 5. sue 6. accuse 7. indict 8. plead9. testimony 10. verdict 11. probation 12 reverseSemantic Variations 1. C 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. BStemscorruption: the act of being venal; dishonestypendulum: a body suspended from a fixed support so that it swings freely back and forth under the influence of gravity, commonly used to regulate various devices, especially clockserupt: to become violently activebankruptcy: the state of being unable to pay one’s debtsdependable: reliable, trustworthyinterrupt: to break the continuity or uniformity ofindependence: the state or quality of being independentsuspend: to cause to stop for a period: to interruptAntonyms1. frequently2. prohibition3. agreement4. disapprove5. fairnessClozeadmitted survey caught relatives vehicles admission threatened increase professional unskilledSection B1. D2. A3. C4. A5. B6. C7. B8. T9. T 10. T11. T 12. T 13. FSection C1. D2. C3. C4. B5. B6. D7. B8. DUnit 16 World War IISection AWord PretestA A AB BC C A Reading ComprehensionC C C A A AV ocabulary BuildingWord Searchraid ordeal wail commutersmash neutral devastate armisticedisarm grievance puppet appeasementSemantic VariationsB A B AC BStemsspectator: an observer of an eventinspect: to examine carefully and critically, especially for flawsinspire: to affect, guide, or arouse by divine influencerespectively: each separately in the order mentionedsuspicious: arousing or apt to arouse suspicon; questionableexpire: to come to an end; to terminateprospect: something expected; a possiblityperspective: a mental view or outlookspectacle: something that can be seen or viewed, especially something of a remarkableor impressive naturecircumspect: looking round on all sides watchfully; prudentSynonymshuge ultimate conquer deadly disturbanceClosebase undetected took bombed fleetheart sunk lost declared troopsSection BB A B T T F T TT T B C C F T FSection CF F T T F T F T F TUnit 17 HousingSection AWord Pretest1.B2. B3.B4.C5.C6.B7.B8.DReading Comprehension1. T2.F3.T4.F5.T6.T7.T8.TV ocabulary BuildingWord Search1. sociologist2. spontaneously3. hassle4. sneak5. fee6. jack7. spacious8. cozy9. crawl 10. customarySemantic Variations1. C2. A3. A4. B5. B6. AStems1. sensible: reasonable2. structural: of, relating to, having, or characterized by structure3. sensitive: feeling readily, acutely, or painfully4. consent: to give assent, as to the proposal of another; to agree5. destructive: causing destruction; ruinous6. construction: the act or process of constructingAntonyms1. attached2. helpful3. fixed4. limited5. displeasureClozeplentiful fire inexpensively room spread disastrous difficult uncomfortableSection B1. C2. D3. B4. D5. F6. T7. T8. F9. C 10. B 11. F 12. T 13. T 14. C 15. ASection C1. A2. B3. D4. B5. D6. C7. C8. A9. C 10. A Unit 18 DramaWord Pretest1. B2. B3. B4. A5. B6. A7. A8. BV ocabulary BuildingWord Matchsparse thinly spread or distributedbequeath to leave something, especially property, to another by willprecisely exactlyethics moral principlesproposition proposal, suggestiondisloyalty behavior of being not loyalfidget to move one’s body about restlesslywrangle to quarrel angrily and noisily, arguepresume to supposeturn down to refuseconversant familiarfurnish to put furniture, carpets, curtains, and other things into a roomdiscreditable shamefulsolicitor lawyerhire-purchase a way of buying goods gradually; installmnet planSemantic Variations1. C2. A3. C4. B5. A6. AStems1. chronometer a very exact clock for measuring time2. encyclopedia a book or set of books containing information on every branch of knowledge, or on one particular branch, subjects or on numerous aspects of a particular field, usually arranged alphabetically3. autograph a person’s own signature or handwriting4. chronic lasting for a long period of time or marked by frequent recurrence, as of certain diseases5. diagram a plan, sketch, drawing, or outline designed to explain how something works6. pedestrian a person who is walking esp. in an area where vehicles go7. calligraphy the art of fine handwritingl handwriting8. recycle to use againSynonyms1. show2. contradict3. exact4. refuse5. withdraw Clozetypes difference focuses struggle decides involves society human reformation Opposing prevail symbolizes。

(完整word版)词汇学练习

Chapter 5 Word Meaning (练习4)I。

Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers。

Choose the one that would best complete the statement.C 1。

A word is the combination of form and ________。

A. spelling B。

writing C。

meaning D。

denoting2.B_____is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.A. Reference B。

Concept C。

Sense D。

Context3.Sense denotes the relationships ____D_the language.A。

outside B. with C。

beyond D。

inside4. Most English words can be said to be __A_____.A. non-motivated B。

motivated C。

connected D。

related5. Trumpet is a（n）____C___motivated word.A。

morphologically B。

semantically C. onomatopoeically D. etymologically6.Hopeless is a ____A__motivated word.A. morphologically B。

onomatopoeically C。

semantically D. etymologically7. In the sentence ‘ He is fond of pen ’，pen is a _C_____ motivated word.A. morphologically B。

查英语字典的步骤

查英语字典的步骤To look up a word in an English dictionary, you canfollow these steps:1. Determine the word you want to look up. Make sure you have the correct spelling.2. Open your English dictionary. This can be a physical book or an online dictionary.3. Locate the word in the dictionary. If you are using a physical book, flip through the pages to find the word. If you are using an online dictionary, use the search bar to type in the word.4. Read the definition of the word. English dictionaries often provide multiple definitions, so make sure to read through all of them to understand the word's various meanings.5. Pay attention to any examples or usage notes provided. These can help you understand how to use the word correctly in different contexts.6. Take note of any synonyms or antonyms listed for the word. This can expand your vocabulary and help you better understand the word's nuances.7. If you still have questions about the word, consider looking up related words or exploring the dictionary's additional resources, such as language guides or grammar tips.8. Close the dictionary once you have found the information you need. If you are using a physical book, bookmark the page for future reference.中文翻译：查阅英语字典的步骤如下：1. 确定您想要查阅的单词。

人教必修二 Unit3 The Internet 重要短语句式单词串记作文

M2 Unit3 The Internet I.II.Expressions1.blog post 博客帖子2.a search engine 搜索引擎3.identity card（ID card）身份证4.look up a word 查阅=refer to a dictionary5.chat with sb.about sth. 与某人聊天6.by the way顺便说一下7.wait in line排队等候8.out of work失业9.keep sb. company陪伴某人10.apply for a job申请一份工作11.now that 既然由于12.go through tough times经历困境（度过；浏览通读）13.in shape 状况良好身材好=in good condition14.keep track of 掌握…的最新消息；了解…的动态15.make fun of 取消戏弄16.be familiar with sth. 熟悉…17.be familiar to sb. 为……某人所熟悉18.keep sth. in mind 牢记……19.take over 接管20.content words 实意词实词21.function words 功能词虚词22.stream movies and music流播电影和音乐23.headline news 头条新闻24.database system 数据库系统25.download software 下载软件26.online community 在线社区27.social networks 社交网络28.develop a serious illness患严重的疾病29.be stuck\caught in 被困在…；遭受30.benefit from…从…中受益31.give out 分发公布用尽32.catch the attention of 引起…的注意33.remove the distance between people消除人们之间的距离感34.inspire sb. to do sth.激励（激发）某人做某事35.bridge the digital divide消除数字分歧（差异界限）36.have access to进入；有权利或机会使用\接触37.in case（of）以防万一38.cash payment 现金支付39.the most updated information最新的信息40.confirm the Wi-Fi password 确认Wi-Fi密码41.press the button 按下按钮42.perform a very important function执行很重要的功能43.a bank account 银行账户44.a target group\user 目标群体\用户45.Alipay mobile payment 支付宝手机支付46.WeChat Pay 微信支付47.scan to pay 扫码支付III.Important sentences1.The Internet is becoming the town square for the global village of tomorrow.因特网正在成为未来地球村的城镇广场。

泛读教程第二版1

泛读教程第二版 1 答案【篇一：泛读教程第二册课后练习答案 1-12 】习答案unit 1 reading word pretest 1-4 abba 5-8 bcbcreading comprehension 1-6 babbccword search1-5 assignment, irony, reverse, accomplish, assemble6-10 squeeze, sensual, fragment, narcotic, adolescenceuse of english1. bob agreed to take on the leadership of the expedition.2. the world was taken in by his fantastic story of having gotto the pole alone.3. he took up his story after a pause for questions and refreshments.o the top of mount fuji.5. the members of the party took it in turns to steer the boat.6. they took it for granted that someone would pick up their signals and come to their aid. synonyms 1-5 adaptability, purpose, strained, hold, defeatcloze important, second, france, student, bilingual, monolingual, serious, means, use, difficultsection b 1-5 fttca 6-10 bbbbt 11-15 tfftt section c 1-5 fttft 6-10 fffffunit 2 musicdecide whether each of the following statements in true orfalse. 1-5 tfttt 6-8 ttfword search1-5 folk, capacity, sensuous, qualified, abuse 6-9 stuff, mood, clarify, strivesemantic variations1-6 bbbbab synonyms1-5 discriminating, widespread, compatibility, clearness, associationcloze music, form, south, dance, interest, instruments, voice, rootssection b1-3 ftf 4-6 fft 7-9 tff 10-12 fft 13-15 tftsection c1-5 daddd 6-8ddaunit 3 generationcircle the letter of the best answer1-5 dccab 6-8 cabword search1-5 lull, associate, client, utterly, certificate 6-10 rags, jerk, foreman, demanding, sentimental semantic variations 1-6 ccbabcantonyms 1-5 hopeless, disobedient, weighty, agree, clear clozeactive, girls, skirts, move, raised, force, show, fly, hesitated, planesection b1-3 bcc 4-6 bcc 7-9 cca 10-12 ccc 13-15 accsection c1-5 ftttf 6-10 ftfttunit 4 weather and climate word pretest 1-5 daaba 6-10 cabdc reading comprehension 1-7 bbbbcabword search1-5 slanting, equator, amplifier, vapor, desert6-10 latitude, altitude, monsoon, drain, precaution synonyms 1-5 mixture, eternal, impact, humidity, remotecloze radio, incorrect, predict, misunderstanding, unexplained, happen, up, rightsection b 1-5 bcaf 6-10 ffftc 11-15 cbtftsection c 1-5 ttftf 6-10 tftffunit 5 work circle the letter of the best answer1-6 caaccb word search1-5 intangible, crave, ego, attributable, stall 6-10 tool up, at stake, cram, forfeit, corny circle the letter of the best answer1-6 badaac synonyms1-5 graceful, spontaneously, oppose, usual, clientcloze staff, maximize, objectives, participate, potential, skills, easier, appointed, specific, commitment section b1-3 acb 4-6 ftf 7-9 acd 10-12 bcb 13-15tftsection c decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.1-5 ftftf 6-10 tftftunit 6 the african-americansdecide whether each of the following statements is true or false.1-4 fttf 5-8 tfttword search1-5 destined, relief, segregation, boycott, sit-in 6-10 legacy, chronicle, assault, plight, vigilancefor each italicized word, decide which semantic variation best expresses the meaning of the author. circle the letter of the best answer. 1-6 cacabcantonyms 1-5 observe, admit, dismiss, eulogize, advancecloze nominated, raised, immigrated, earned, rose, assignment, position, army, autobiography, speakerdecidewhether each of the following statements is true or false.1-3 ttf 4-6 cbd 7-8 dd 9-11 tff 12-14 ftt circle the letter ofthe best answer1-4 addc 5-8 cbdcunit 7 greek stories word pretest 1-5 cbdda 6-10 bbacc reading comprehension 1-4 bccc 5-8 cdcdword searchripplea little wave on the surface of watermischief naughty behavior by childrenhospitality welcoming behaviorbillow a large sea wave spelldelightfulinfluencenymph a goddess of naturebanda group of musicianssuitor a man wishing to marry a particular womanmortal a human being warrior a soldiercrafty cunninghostileunfriendlymerrycheerfultamenot wildcontentsatisfiedresumeto take againgloomdarknessdespise to look down on with contemptdismaya strong feeling of fear, anxiety and hopelessness duskthe time just before nightantonyms 1-5 forbid, clarify, sorrow, remain, conceal cloze name, place, arrows, wandered, power, mischief, won, neglected, celebrate, expedition section b 1-5 ccacd 6-10 ttfff 11-15 ttbbcsection c 1-4 cadb 5-8 adcc unit 8attitude towards life circle theletter of the best answer1-4 cabb 5-8 cbbbword matchastonishing-surprising considerate-thoughtful preach-to advise or urge ⋯strenuous -taking or needing great ⋯aren-an enclosed area ⋯adversity-bad fortune batter-to damagereverse-the opposite penetrate-to see into or throughself-esteem- one’s good opinion of ⋯doom- to cause to suffer ⋯emerg-eto come outor ⋯blessing -a gift from god ⋯mess up-to get into disorder devastating-completely destructivecommon denominator-a quality or belief s hared by all ⋯adds- the probabilities that something.. stack-to arrange dishonestly so as to ⋯motivate -to provide with a strong ⋯falt-elorse strength or effectiveness ⋯for each italicized word, decide which semantic variation best expresses the meaning of the author. circle the letter of the best answer. 1-6 cbbacbantonymsappear, ready, hide, skillful, carelessclozeintelligent, activities, workout, attitude, off, reducing, seem, aside1-3 ccc 4-5 cc 6-8 tft 9-11 ftt 12-15 tfftdecide whether each of the following statements is true or false.1-5 ftftf 6-10 tftffunit 9 first aid word pretest 1-5 bacb 6-10 bbacbreading comprehension1-4 bcdb/d/a/c 5-8 ccac/a/b/dword search1-5 ambulance, urgent, emergency, massage, yell6-10 vein, artery, fracture, blister, tetanususe of english1. the government has come in for a lot of criticism.2. it ’s hard to come to terms with the government ’s defense policy.3. after retiring in 1980 he has decided to make a comeback to the political scene.4. the situation has come to the boil now that the government has to face a vote of confidence.5. the tax cuts announced in the budget do not come intoeffect until next year. 6. the miners came out on strike against the government ’s pirvatization plans.synonyms 1-5 give, stop, antiseptic, block, penetratecloze pedestrians, adults, declining, avoid, signals, case, impaired, fatalitiessection b 1-5 cbbda 6-10 cbatf 11-14 ffttsection c 1-5 ftftf 6-10 fffftunit 10 marriageword pretest 1-4 cccc 5-8 aaacreading comprehension 1-4 abcc 5-8 bcaaword matchquotation a sentence or passage taken from a bookartificial not naturalanguishvery greater pain and suffering, esp. of the mindanniversary a day which is an exact year or number of years after something has happened superstition a belief based on association of ideas instead of reason or factbouqueta bunch of flowersheedto give attention toescortto accompanyconfettismall pieces of colored paper thrown on weddings concealto hideconsentagreementasunderapartvowa solemn promise or declaration of intentionritesforms of behavior with a fixed pattern for a religious purposesermon a talk usually based on a sentence from the bible and given as part of a churchserviceuse of english1. will you please keep me company for a while?2. i couldn ’t keep a straight face when he told me of his plan.3. the staff are going to b e kept in the dark about the firm ’s plans for the future.4. i ’ll keep an open mind until we ’ve discussed it.5. i ’ll keep away from her until she ’s feeling more optimistic.6. try to keep your head even if you don ’t know what ’s going to happen. synonyms 1-5 naughty, divine, break, give, seizecloze wrong, dislike, midnight, standard, homelife, convinced, meantime, capital section b 1-5 tftfb 6-10 ccdcd 11-16 ftfacbsection c 1-5 tfttf 6-10 ftfftunit 11 creativityword pretest 1-4 baab 5-8 abaareading comprehension 1-6 acaaccword matchglowto give out heat or lightinstinctive (of ideas, behaviors) natural, not based on learningor thinkingexemplify to serve as examplefunnela wide-mouthed tube used for pouring liquids into anarrow-necked container preludea short piece of music that introduces a large musical workapplaud to praise by clapping one ’s hands【篇二：泛读教程第一册答案】esection aword pretest1. d2. b3. b4. c5. d6. d7. a8. breading comprehensionl. f2. t 3. f4. t5. f6. f7. t8. fvocabulary buildingword matchrationally in a way based on reason rather than emotions established accepted; recognizedvariousdifferent panic sudden fear consolidate strengthenassignment homeworkbiologicalof living thingsflexiblenot fixedstrenuousstressful; requiring effort and energymasteroverallrecreationway of spending free time estimatecalculate roughlyroutineregular; usual priorityfirstconcern relaxationrest1. flexible2. established3. panic4. strenuous5. priority6. routine7. rationally8. recreationssuffix1. familiarize2. visualize3. merely4. idealize5. finalize6. necessarily7. physically8. highlyclozefavorabletheir respected professors authorityrole expect need several changessection b1. d2. c3. c4. b5. c6. b7. d8. dsection cl. d2. a3. b 4. d5. c6. b7. c8. aunit 2 culture shocksection aword pretest1. c2. a3. d4. c5. c6. b7. a8. dreading comprehension1. c2. d3. d4. d5. d6. cvocabulary buildingword matchexaggerate say more than the truth about something slang nonstandard vocabulary adapt make orbecome suitable insecure weak; uncertain; unprotecteddistinct different; separatechallengingdifficult, but in an interesting wayrange vary within limitsadjust change slightly in order to make suitable aggressiveready for conflictcope with deal withoccur happenidentity the distinguishing character or personality of an individual automatic self-acting; under its own powerdistortion twist; changing shapereverse opposite; contraryl. slang 2. exaggerate 3. cope with 4. reverse5. adapt / adjust6. range / ranged7. occurred8. aggressive suffixl. dividable / divisible2. determination3. dependable4. satisfaction5. correction6. relation7. usable / useable8. recognizable clozeforeignanxiousbehaviormean necessarilyappearunsure approachfrustrationssystemsection bl. c2. b3. d4. c5. c6. d7. b8. dsection cl. c2. b3. b4. d5. b6. c7. a 8. dunit 3 moviesection aword pretestl. b2. d3. b4. c5. d6. b7. a8. dreading comprehensionl. c2. d3. b4. c5. d6. b7. c8. avocabulary buildingword matchnomineecandidatecreate make; inventstare look at for a long timereducedecrease; make lessoverhearaccidentally hear what others are sayingimpressfill someone with admirationexpensecostvictimone who is harmed or killedfloat stay on the surface of the watercynicismdistrustminiaturesmall; tinysubstitutesomething / somebody that takes the place of anothergrateful thankfulscrapescratch awayillusionfalse impressionl. scrape 2. grateful 3. substitute 4. expenses5. reduce6. staring7. impressed8. floatssuffixl. confidence 2. distance 3. devilish 4. presence5. importance6. childish7. patience8. appearanceclozestars drawingsmovieslove rememberkindsserious well-known collecthangingsection bsection cl. t2. t 3. t4. t5. f 6. f7. t8. tunit 4 foodsection aword pretestl. c 2. c 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. b 8. breading comprehensionl. c 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. b 8. cvocabulary buildingword match flavortaste complimentpraisevegetarian one who does not eat meatdairy relating to milk or milk productingredientany of the things that are formed into a mixturedessertsweet food served after the main part of a mealdiet food and drink usually taken by a person barbecuecook food on a metal frame outdoorscuisinefood cooked in a particular styleappetizerfood or drink taken to increase the desire for foodcourteouspolite and kindstaple basic foodportionpart of something largerdoughflour mixed with water ready for baking sufficientenoughl. courteous2. flavor 3. staple 4. ingredients5. barbecue6. compliment7. portion8. sufficientprefixl. disagrees2. misunderstands 3. disappearance4. misleading 5. disadvantage6. misfortune7. discourage 8. misinterpreted clozeingredients called handsincrease rising allowed final ovensection bl. a 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. d 7. c 8. bsection cl. a 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. b 6. b 7. c 8. bunit 5 businesssection aword pretestl. b 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. c 6. a 7. a 8. creading comprehensionl. d 2. d 3. d 4. d 5. c 6. c 7. a 8. dvocabulary buildingword matchdisputean argument or disagreemententerprisebusiness companyauthenticreal; trueenlightened showing true and deep understanding successora person or thing that follows anotherfacilityequipmentnegotiation discussion aimed at reaching an agreement measurea method for dealing with a situationserial in or forming a series captureseize by forcemultilateral involving more than two groups or countries staff the group of people who work for an organization annualhappening once every yearinfrastructure basic systems and services, such as transport and power supplies commitment a promise or decision to do something1. authentic2. successor3. negotiation4. dispute5 facilities 6. measures 7. multilateral 8. staffsuffix1. minimize7. partial 8.talentedclozespreadconceptreasonsupermarketsestimateleast work price open formsection bsection cl. t 2. t 3. f 4. f 5. f 6. f 7. t 8. f 9. t l0. t泛读教程第二版1答案【篇三：泛读教程第二版第一册unit 8 】txt>1-5 acbcbb ab1-5 ftftf ttfword matchstumble to speak in an uncertain waytentative not certain spouse husbandor wifetyrant a person who uses power cruelly and unjustly broodto spend time thinking sadly about somethingreassurance something said to make someone stop worrying inadequacy being not enough or good enough; being not adequate alienateto cause to become isolated or hostile; estrange persuasive able to cause people to do or believe somethingstrideto walk with quick, long stepsintimidate to threaten; to frightencommitted having made a firm promiseinherit to receive something from ones parentspersonality character; individuality6.brooding7.alienated8.stridingsuffixes8.helpfulclozese7.differently 8.service9.low10.physical1-5 cabaa bcc1-5 bbbbc bab1 / 11。

Practical Techniques for Searches on Encrypted Data

Practical Techniques for Searches on Encrypted DataDawn Xiaodong Song David Wagner Adrian Perrigdawnsong,daw,perrig@University of California,BerkeleyAbstractIt is desirable to store data on data storage servers suchas mail servers andﬁle servers in encrypted form to reducesecurity and privacy risks.But this usually implies that onehas to sacriﬁce functionality for security.For example,if aclient wishes to retrieve only documents containing certainwords,it was not previously known how to let the data stor-age server perform the search and answer the query withoutloss of data conﬁdentiality.In this paper,we describe our cryptographic schemesfor the problem of searching on encrypted data and pro-vide proofs of security for the resulting crypto systems.Ourtechniques have a number of crucial advantages.They areprovably secure:they provide provable secrecy for encryp-tion,in the sense that the untrusted server cannot learnanything about the plaintext when only given the cipher-text;they provide query isolation for searches,meaningthat the untrusted server cannot learn anything more aboutthe plaintext than the search result;they provide controlledsearching,so that the untrusted server cannot search for anarbitrary word without the user’s authorization;they alsosupport hidden queries,so that the user may ask the un-trusted server to search for a secret word without revealingthe word to the server.The algorithms we present are sim-ple,fast(for a document of length,the encryption andsearch algorithms only need stream cipher and blockcipher operations),and introduce almost no space and com-munication overhead,and hence are practical to use today.cally,for a document of length,the encryption and search algorithms only need number of stream cipher and block cipher operations.Our schemes in-troduce essentially no space and communication over-head.They are alsoﬂexible and can be easily extended to support more advanced searches.Our schemes all take the form of probabilistic searching: a search for the word returns all the positions where occurs in the plaintext,as well as possibly some other er-roneous positions.We may control the number of errors by adjusting a parameter in the encryption algorithm; each wrong position will be returned with probability about ,so for a-word document,we expect to see aboutfalse matches.The user will be able to eliminate all the false matches(by decrypting),so in remote searching applications,false matches should not be a problem so long as they are not so common that they overwhelm the com-munication channel between the user and the server.This paper is structured as follows.Weﬁrst introduce the problem of searching on encrypted data in Section2and brieﬂy review some important background in Section3.We then describe our solution for the case of searching with sequential scan in Section4.We discuss further issues such as advanced search and search with index in Section5.We discuss related work in Section6andﬁnally we conclude in Section7.Appendix A presents the proofs for all of proofs of security for these schemes.2Searching on Encrypted DataWeﬁrst deﬁne the problem of searching on encrypted data.Assume Alice has a set of documents and stores them on an untrusted server Bob.For example,Alice could be a mobile user who stores her email messages on an untrusted mail server.Because Bob is untrusted,Alice wishes to en-crypt her documents and only store the ciphertext on Bob. Each document can be divided up into‘words’.Each‘word’may be any token;it may be a64-bit block,an English word,a sentence,or some other atomic quantity,according to the application domain of interest.For simplicity,we typ-ically assume these‘words’have the same length(otherwise we can either pad the shorter‘words’or split longer‘words’to make all the‘words’to have equal length,or use some simple extensions for variable length‘words’;see also Sec-tion5.3).Because Alice may have only a low-bandwidth network connection to the server Bob,she wishes to only retrieve the documents which contain the word.In or-der to achieve this goal,we need to design a scheme so that after performing certain computations over the ciphertext, Bob can determine with some probability whether each doc-ument contains the word without learning anything else.There seem to be two types of approaches.One possibil-ity is to build up an index that,for each word of interest, lists the documents that contain.An alternative is to per-form a sequential scan without an index.The advantage of using an index is that it may be faster than the sequential scan when the documents are large.The disadvantage of using an index is that storing and updating the index can be of substantial overhead.So the approach of using an index is more suitable for mostly-read-only data.Weﬁrst describe our scheme for searching on encrypted data without an index.Since the index-based schemes seem to require less sophisticated constructions,we will defer discussion of searching with an index until the end of the paper(see Section5.4).3Background and DeﬁnitionsOur scheme requires several fundamental primitives from classical symmetric-key cryptography.Because we will prove our scheme secure,we use only primitives with a well-deﬁned notion of security.We will list here the re-quired primitives,as well as reviewing the standard deﬁni-tions of security for them.The deﬁnitions may be skipped onﬁrst reading for those uninterested in our theoretical proofs of security.We adopt the standard deﬁnitions of security from the provable security literature[2],and we measure the strength of the cryptographic primitives in terms of the resources needed to break them.We will say that an attack-breaks a cryptographic primitive if the attack algorithm succeeds in breaking the primitive with resources speciﬁed by,and we say that a crypto primitive is-secure if there is no al-gorithm that can-break it.Letbe an arbitrary algorithm and let and be random vari-ables distributed on.The distinguishing probability of—sometimes called the advantage of—for and isAdvWith this background,our list of required primitives is as follows:1.A pseudorandom generator,i.e.,a stream cipher.We say that is a-secure pseu-dorandom generator if every algorithm with run-ning time at most has advantage Adv.The advantage of an adversary is deﬁned as Adv,whereare random variables distributed uniformly on.2.A pseudorandom function.We say thatis a-secure pseudorandom function if every oracle algorithm making at most oraclequeries and with running time at most has advantage Adv.The advantage is deﬁned as Advwhere representsa random function selected uniformly from the set ofall maps from to,and where the probabilities are taken over the choice of and.3.A pseudorandom permutation,i.e.,a block cipher.We say that is a-secure pseu-dorandom function if every oracle algorithm making at most oracle queries and with running time at mosthas advantage Adv.The advantage is deﬁned as Advwhere represents a random permutation selected uni-formly from the set of all bijections on,and where the probabilities are taken over the choice of and.Notice that the adversary is given an oracle for encryp-tion as well as for decryption;this corresponds to the adaptive chosen-plaintext/ciphertext attack model.In general,the intuition is that-security represents resistance to attacks that use at most ofﬂine work and at most adaptive chosen-text queries.There is of course no fundamental need for three sepa-rate primitives,since in practice all three may be built out of just one off-the-shelf primitive.For instance,given any block cipher,we may build a pseudorandom generator us-ing the counter mode[3]or a pseudorandom function using the CBC-MAC[4].We rely on the following notation.Ifrepresents a pseudorandom function or permutation,we write for the result of applying to input with key .We write for the concatenation of and, and for the bitwise XOR of and.For the remain-der of the paper,we let be a pseudorandom generator for some,be a pseudo-random function,and be a pseudoran-dom permutation.Typically we will have, ,and.4Our Solution with Sequential ScanIn this section,we introduce our solution for searching with sequential scan.Weﬁrst start with a basic scheme and show that its encryption algorithm provides provable secrecy.We then show how we can extend theﬁrst scheme to handle controlled searching and hidden searches.We de-scribe ourﬁnal scheme which satisﬁes all the properties we mentioned earlier including query isolation at the end.4.1Scheme I:The Basic SchemeAlice wants to encrypt a document which contains the sequence of words.Intuitively,the scheme works by computing the bitwise exclusive or(XOR)of theclear-text with a sequence of pseudorandom bits which have a special structure.This structure will allow to search on thedata without revealing anything else about the clear text.More speciﬁcally,the basic scheme is as follows.Alicegenerates a sequence of pseudorandom valuesusing some stream cipher(namely,the pseudorandom gen-erator),where each is bits long.To encrypta-bit word that appears in position,Alice takes the pseudorandom bits,sets,and outputs the ciphertext.Note that only Alice can gen-erate the pseudorandom stream so no one else can decrypt.Of course,encryption can be done on-line,so that we encrypt each word as it becomes available.There is someﬂexibility in how the keys may be cho-sen.One possibility is to use the same key at every po-sition in the document.Another alternative is to choose a new key for each position independent of all other keys. More generally,at each position,Alice can either(a)choose to be the same as some previous(),or(b)choose independently of all the previous keys.We shall see later how thisﬂexibility allows us to support a variety of inter-esting features.The basic scheme provides provable secrecy if the pseu-dorandom function and the pseudorandom generator are secure.By this,we mean that,at each position where is unknown,the values are indistinguishable from truly random bits for any computationally-bounded adver-sary.We formalize the theorem as below.Theorem4.1.If is a-secure pseudorandom function and is a-secure pseudorandom genera-tor,and if the key material is chosen as described above, then the algorithm described above for generating the se-quence is a-secure pseudorandom generator,where and the constant is negligible compared to.In other words,we expect the basic scheme to be good for encrypting up to about max words,if the pseudorandom function and pseudorandom generator are adequately secure.See Appendix A for a slightly more precise statement of the theorem and for a full proof.The basic scheme supports searches over the ciphertext in the following way:if Alice wants to search the word, she can tell Bob and the corresponding to each lo-cation where a word may occur.Bob can then search for in the ciphertext by checking whether is of the form for some.Such a search can be performed in linear time.At the positions where Bob does not know,Bob learns nothing about the plaintext.Thus, the scheme allows a limited form of control:if Alice only wants Bob to be able to search over theﬁrst half of the ci-phertext,Alice should reveal only the corresponding toStream CipherCiphertext PlaintextFigure2.The Scheme for Hidden Searchallows Bob to search for without revealing itself.Itis easy to see that this scheme satisﬁes the hidden search property as long as the pre-encryption is secure.4.4Scheme IV:The Final SchemeCareful readers may have noticed that Scheme III ac-tually suffers from a small inadequacy:if Alice generateskeys as then Alice can no longer recover the plaintext from just the ciphertext because shewould need to know(more precisely,the last bits of)before she can decrypt.This defeats the purpose of an encryption scheme,because even legitimate principals with access to the decryption keys will be unable to decrypt.(Scheme II also has a similar inadequacy,but as we will show below,the best way toﬁx it is to introduce pre-encryption as in Scheme III.)We now show a simpleﬁx for this problem.In theﬁxedscheme,we split the pre-encrypted wordinto two parts,,where(respectively) denotes theﬁrst bits(st bits)of.Instead of generating,Alice should generate as.To decrypt,Alice can generate using the pseudorandom generator(since Alice knows the seed), and with she can recover by XORing against the ﬁrst bits of.Finally,knowledge of allows Alice to compute and thusﬁnish the decryption.Thisﬁx is not secure if the’s are not encrypted since itmight be very likely in some cases that different words have the sameﬁrst bits.Pre-encryption will eliminate this problem,since with high probability all the’s are distinct.(Assuming that the pre-encryption is a pseudo-random permutation,then due to the birthday paradox[15], the probability that at least one collision happens after en-crypting words is at most) With thisﬁx,the resulting scheme is provably secure,and in fact we can also show that it provides query isola-tion,meaning that even when a single key is revealed,no extra information is leaked beyond the ability to identify the positions where the corresponding word occurs. Theorem4.3.Suppose is a-secure pseudoran-dom permutation,is a-secure pseudorandom function,is a-secure pseudorandom function, is a-secure pseudorandom generator,and we choose the key material as described above.Then the algorithm de-scribed above for generating the sequence will be a a-secure pseudorandom generator,where.Moreover,if we disclose one and consider the reduced sequence obtained by discarding all the values at po-sitions where,then we obtain a-secure pseudorandom generator,where.Strictly speaking,the proof of the theorem does not ac-tually require to be a pseudorandom permutation:if denotes the(keyed)map sending to theﬁrst bits of,then we can make do with the much weaker assumption that collisions in should be rare.As a special case,if theﬁrst bits of()can be shown to be a pseudorandom function,then will necessarily have the required property,and we will be able to prove a result anal-ogous to Theorem3.This suggests that for pre-encryptiontheﬁrst occurrence only,if she wishes just to identify the documents where the word appears;and Bob does not gain any information about other positions of the search term in the document.As an additional feature,this encoding al-lows Alice to search for documents,that contain or more occurrences of the word by searching for.5.3Dealing with Variable-Length WordsIn our scheme,the minimal unit we can search for is an individual word.So far we have assumed that the clear text can be easily broken into a sequence of words of aﬁxed length.But this might not be true in a normal text document. For example,if the minimal unit of search interest is one English word,then we have to deal with the fact that English words differ in length.One possibility is to pick aﬁxed-size block that is long enough to contain most words.Words that are too short or too long may be padded to a multiple of the block size with some pre-determined padding format.(Note that the padding cannot be random since Alice needs to know the padding in order to perform the search.)However,such a padding scheme would introduce space inefﬁciency.Also, for security reasons we cannot decrease the word length be-low a certain limit.Another solution is to use variable length words.In this case,to support random-access decryption,the length of each word also needs to be stored with the word.One natu-ral approach is to store the lengthﬁeld before each word in theﬁle,and to glue the lengthﬁeld and word together as one word to perform encryption and search using our standard schemes.When words lengths may vary,it is important to hide the length information from the server,because revealing the length of each word might allow for statistical attacks.For-tunately,in this case the server does not need to know the lengths to perform a search:he may just scan through the ﬁle and check for a match at each possible bit boundary. In this case,the cost of each scan is increased,because the number of operations is determined by the bit-length of the document rather than by the number of blocks in the docu-ment.However,such an approach may provide better space efﬁciency than is available with a block-oriented scheme.5.4Searching with an Encrypted IndexSequential scan may not be efﬁcient enough when the data size is large.For some applications,rge databases,a common technique to speed up the searching is to use a pre-computed index.Here we show how we can answer search queries with the aid of an encrypted index without sacriﬁcing security.An index contains a list of key words;with each key word is a list of pointers to documents where the key wordappears.The key words are words of interest that Alice may want to search for later.Alice can certainly build the index of her clear text documents and then encrypt the clear textand the index and store the ciphertext on Bob.The interest-ing question is how to encrypt the index.A naive way would be to just encrypt the key words inthe index and leave the lists of positions in clear.This makes it easy for Bob to perform search queries on Alice’s behalf, but also leaks a lot of information to Bob and hence mayallow him to apply various statistical attacks.Therefore,we reject this naive approach.A simple way is to also encrypt the document pointers ineach list in the index.Consequently,when Bob searches for andﬁnds a match,he returns Alice the encrypted list of matching positions from the index.Alice may decryptthe encrypted entries and send Bob another request to re-trieve the relevant documents.One possible advantage for this scheme is that the request could be embedded in other retrievals so that Bob might have uncertainty about the cor-relation of the search request and the retrieval request for ciphertext.The disadvantage is that Alice has to spend an extra round-trip time to retrieve the documents.If Alice does not want to wait for an extra round-trip time,or if Alice would like Bob to merge the results of sev-eral search queries for her,other techniques are also avail-able.For example,she may encrypt the list of document pointers in the index using a key related,i.e..Hence,when Alice wants to search for the word,she will reveal to Bob.In order to prevent Bob from doing statistical analysis on the index,it is better to keep the lists of pointers in aﬁxed-size list.For words that appear infrequently,Alice can pad the list to theﬁxed size.For more common words,Alice can split the long list into several lists with theﬁxed size;then, to search for such a word,Alice will need to ask Bob to perform and merge several search queries in parallel.Note that by keeping the lists of pointers in aﬁxed-size list,we are mainly preventing Bob from learning statistical infor-mation on the key words that he has not searched.For the key words that Bob has searched,he might still be able to learn some statistical information from Alice’s access pat-tern.This is acceptable from our point of view since Alice only wants to retrieve relevant documents in theﬁrst place.Note that a general disadvantage for index search is thatwhenever Alice changes her documents,she must update the index.There is a trade-off between how much index Al-ice updates and how much information Bob might be able to learn.For example,if Alice does not change the list of doc-ument pointers for one key word entry when she adds a new document into Bob’s data storage,Bob would be able to tell that the key word does not appear in the new document.Hence,Alice needs to update a substantial part of the index to hide the real updates which can be quite expensive.It is an interesting research question to develop schemes which support more efﬁcient updates.5.5More Security IssuesIn all our schemes,by allowing Bob to search for a word we effectively disclose to him a list of potential locations where might occur.If we allow Bob to search for too many words,he may be able to use statistical techniques to start learning important information about the documents. One possible defense is to decrease(so that false matches are more prevalent and thus Bob’s information about the plaintext is‘noisy’),but we have not analyzed the cost-effectiveness of this tradeoff in any detail.A better defense is for Alice to periodically change the key,re-encrypt all the documents under the new key,and re-order the ciphertext according to some pseudorandom per-mutation(known to Alice but not to Bob).This will help prevent Bob from learning correlations or other statistical information over time.This technique may also be help-ful if Alice wants to hide from Bob the places where the searched word occurs in the documents of interest.In all the schemes we have discussed so far,we must trust Bob to return all the search results.If Bob holds out on us and returns only some(but not all)of the search results, Alice will have no way to detect this.In our scope of inter-est,we assume Bob does not misbehave in this way.Even when this type of attack is present,it is possible to combine our scheme with hash tree techniques[17]to ensure the in-tegrity of the data and detect such attacks,although a full description of this countermeasure is out of the scope of the paper.6Related WorkMany researchers have investigated the problem of pro-viding secrecy and integrity when using an untrustedﬁle server or external untrusted memory[5,12,1,6].But as far as we know,no previous work has provided a solution for searching on encrypted data.Secure multi-party computa-tion and oblivious functions are also intensely studied(see, e.g.,[14,8]).We believe there could be a solution to the problem of searching on encrypted data using multi-party computation,but it would require a high overhead,for ex-ample multiple servers.Our solution only needs one server to search on encrypted data,and hence is a more practical solution.Several researchers have studied the Private Information Retrieval(PIR)problem[9],so that clients may access en-tries in a distributed table without revealing which entries they are interested in.The PIR literature typically aims for very strong information-theoretic security bounds,which makes it harder toﬁnd practical schemes:PIR schemes of-ten require multiple non-colluding servers,consume large amounts of bandwidth,do not guarantee the conﬁdentiality of the data,do not support private keyword searching,and do not support controlled searching or query isolation(but see,e.g.,[16,13,10,7]for important exceptions which al-low to remove some—but not all—of those limitations).In contrast,although our scheme does not solve the PIR prob-lem,it needs only a single server(with no impractical trust assumptions),has low computational complexity,and sup-ports private keyword searching with very strong security properties.7ConclusionWe have described new techniques for remote searching on encrypted data using an untrusted server and provided proofs of security for the resulting crypto systems.Our techniques have a number of crucial advantages:they are provably secure;they support controlled and hidden search and query isolation;they are simple and fast(More speciﬁ-cally,for a document of length,the encryption and search algorithms only need stream cipher and block cipher operations);and they introduce almost no space and com-munication overhead.Our scheme is also veryﬂexible,and it can easily be extended to support more advanced search queries.We conclude that this provides a powerful new building block for the construction of secure services in the untrusted infrastructure.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank Doug Tygar for his valuable sug-gestions and advice.We would also like to thank John Kubi-atowicz for encouraging the work on the problem of search-ing on encrypted data.We would also like to thank Bob Briscoe for his helpful comments on the paper.References[1]Nancy Amato and Michael Loui.Checking linkeddata structures.In Proceedings of the24th annual In-ternational Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing, 1994.[2]M.Bellare.Practice-oriented provable-security.InProceedings of First International Workshop on Infor-mation Security(ISW97).Springer-Verlag,1998.Lec-ture Notes in Computer Science No.1396.[3]M.Bellare,A.Desai,E.Jokipii,and P.Rogaway.Aconcrete security treatment of symmetric encryption:Analysis of the des modes of operation.In Proceed-ings of the38th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science.IEEE,1997.[4]M.Bellare,J.Kilian,and P.Rogaway.The securityof the cipher block chaining message authentication code.In CRYPTO’94.Springer-Verlag,1994.Lecture Notes in Computer Science No.839.[5]Matt Blaze.A cryptographicﬁle system for unix.InProceeding of the1st ACM Conference on Communi-cations and Computing Security,1993.[6]M.Blum,W.Evans,P.Gemmell,S.Kannan,andM.Noar.Checking the correctness of memories.Al-gorithmica,12(2/3),1994.[7]C.Cachin,S.Micali,and putation-ally private information retrieval with polylogarith-mic communication.In EUROCRYPT’99.Springer-Verlag,1999.Lecture Notes in Computer Science No.1592.[8]R.Canetti.Studies in Secure Multi-Party Computationand Applications.PhD thesis,Weizmann Institue of Science,Israel,1995.[9]B.Chor,O.Goldreich,E.Kushilevitz,and M.Sudan.Private information retrieval.In Proceedings of the 68th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science.IEEE,1995.[10]Benny Chor,Niv Gilboa,and Moni Naor.Private in-formation retrieval by keywords.Report98-03,The-ory of Cryptography Library,1998.[11]M.Crispin.Internet message access protocol-version4.RFC1730,December1994.[12]Premkumar T.Devanbu and Stuart G.Stubblebine.Stack and queue integrity on hostile platforms.In Pro-ceeding of IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 1998.[13]Y.Gertner,Y.Ishai,and E.Kushilevitz.Protectingdata privacy in private information retrieval schemes.In Proceedings of the30th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing.ACM,1998.[14]Oded Goldreich.Secure multi-party computation.Working Draft,1998.[15]S.Goldwasser and M.Bellare.Lecture notes oncryptography.available online from /users/mihir/papers/gb.html.[16]E.Kusilevitz and R.Ostrovsky.Replication is notneeded:single database,computationally-private in-formation retrieval.In Proceedings of the38th An-nual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science.IEEE,1997.[17]Ralph C.Merkle.A certiﬁed digital signature.InG.Brassard,editor,CRYPTO89,pages218–238.Springer-Verlag,1990.Lecture Notes in Computer Science No.435.A Proofs of SecurityDeﬁne bywhere we write as shorthand for the-th block of .Please refer to Section3for notation and precise deﬁnitions of security for the primitives. Lemma A.1.If is a-secure pseudorandom function and is a-secure pseudorandom generator, then(deﬁned as above)is a-secure pseudo-random generator,whereand the constant is negligible compared to.Proof.Deﬁnewhere are independent random variables each drawn from the uniform distribution on.Also,let be a random variable with the uniform distribution on. We will write for the random variables obtained by choosing uniformly at random from. The goal is to show that and are indistinguishable to any computationally-bounded adversary.The proof will proceed by showingﬁrst that and are indistinguish-able,and second that and are indistinguishable.First,we show that no algorithm with running timecan distinguish between and with advantage better than.Suppose not,i.e.,there exists an algorithm with running time at most andAdvThen we exhibit an algorithm with running time at most which distinguishes the output of from a truly random bit string with advantage at least.The algorithm works in the following way:on input,it runs on input and halts with the output from.Note thatand, where is a uniformly-distributed random variable on. Thus we calculateAdvAdv。

Unit5 Languages around the World高一英语(人教版2019必修第一册)

Part 3 核心短语
1. refer to
指的是;描述;提到;查阅
2. be known for
因……而出名
3. all the way through 一直以来;自始至终
4. ups and downs 浮沉;兴衰;荣辱
5. at the beginning 最初;在开始时
6. date back to
2. variety n.(植物、语言等的)变体;异体;多样化
[教材原句] Over the years,the system developed into different forms,as it was a time when people were divided geographically,leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.(P62) 多年以来,这种书写体发展成不同的形式,因为在那段时间,由于人们在地理上的分裂,方言和文字的多样性也随之产生。
3. It was exercise for the brain; the more I learnt of a language, the more my brain would grow. （the＋比较级， the＋比较级）我们跟他相处的时间越长，他就会在我们中间越受欢迎。 _T_h__e_lo_n__g_er_ we get along twhiethmhoirme ,p_o_p_u_l_a_r__________ with us he will be.
2. Even today, no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak, they can all still communicate in writing. （no matter where ...）无论你去什么地方，你都应该让你父母知道。① ____N__o_m__a_t_te_r_w__h_e_r_e_/W__h_e_r_e_v_e_r_y_o_u__g_o__，you should let your parents know.

(完整word版)上海市闵行区2015学年第一学期六年级英语学科期末考试试卷(含答案).doc,推荐文档

2015学年第一学期六年级英语学科期末考试试卷V. Choose the best answer.( ) 1. “Don’t run in the library.” said the teacher angrily. Which of the following match the sound of the underlined word?A.[seid]B. [sed]C. [said]D. [səʊd]( ) 2. Which of the following underlined parts is different in pronunciation with the others?A.I think there will be less air pollution in the future.B.Peter had a bad toothache last night because he ate too much chocolate.C.Shanghai Grand Theatre has put on many famous plays since it opened to thepublic.D.Most of those students came to Shanghai for sightseeing and fun.( ) 3. You don’t need to wear ______ uniform every day.A. aB. anC. theD./( ) 4.They are talking about what they can see _______ windy weather.A.inB. atC. onD. of( ) 5. Help _______ to work out these physics problems, will you?A.yourselfB. youC. myselfD. me( ) 6. Roger has made several cookies, but _______ of them taste good.A.BothB. allC. noneD. nothing( ) 7. The magician has a stick in his right hand. Can you guess what’s in his ______ hand?A.AnotherB. otherC. the otherD. others( ) 8. Ben saw Kitty and many children ______ in the swimming pool at that moment.A. swimB. to swimC. swamD. swimming( ) 9. --- Where is Tommy?--- He ______ the teachers’ office.A.has been toB. has gone toC. goesD. went( ) 10. Mike holds his hat and raincoat ______ in the street when the wind becomes_____.A.tight, slightlyB. tightly, fiercelyC. tightly, fierceD. tight, slight( ) 11. ---_______ is it from Century Park to Shanghai Zoo?---About 3 hours’ drive.A.How muchB. How longC. How soonD. How far( ) 12. When we ______ tennis yesterday, it _____ to rain.A.played, was startingB. played, startedB.were playing, was starting D. were playing, started( ) 13. It’s getting hotter and hotter outside. You’d better ______ inside.A.staysB. stayingC. to stayD. stay( ) 14. When there is a typhoon, a strong wind ______ blow away pots outside our flats.A.shouldB. mayC. mustD. need( ) 15. All students got excited ______ they got the champion at last.A.soB. andC. becauseD. until( ) 16. Finally, the foremen ______ the fire and saved the people from danger.A. put onB. put outC. put upD. put off( ) 17. A: English is hard to learn, but it’s quite important in our life.B: _________________A.I think notB. I couldn’t agree moreC. That’s all rightD. All right.VI. Complete the following passage with the words or phrase inthe box. Each word or phrase can only used once.A.PollutionB. intoC. seldomD. More expensiveE. higherF. enoughThink about different ways that people use the wind. We can use it to fly a kite or to sail a boat.Windmills began to be used in seventeen century BC. At first, people used windmills togrind(磨碎) wheat ___1___ flour and get water out of the deep underground.When Benjamin Franking found electricity in the late 1800s, people began to use it in many different ways, like electric lights and radios. However, when electricity was everywhere by the 1940s, windmills were ___2____ used. During the 1970s, people started worrying about the___3___ when coal and gas are burned to make electricity. People also realized that there were not ___4____ coal and gas for us to use. Then people started to reuse windmills, though it means__5____ costs.VII. Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms.1.All students must wear red ______ from Monday to Friday in our school. (scarf)2.“Good night” mum said ______ to her daughter. (gentle)3.We should know the______ of protecting forests. (important)4.Mr. White is showing the ________ slide to the kids. (five)5.In some places, people get _______ water by taking away salt from sea water. (drink)6.All living things cannot stay alive _______ air or water. (with)VIII. Rewrite the following sentences as required.1.Mary has to get up early to work from Monday to Friday. (改为否定句)Mary ______ _______ get up early to work from Monday to Friday.2.I help him to study Chinese three times a week. (划线提问)_______ _______ do you help him to study Chinese?3.It is an important piece of advice. (改为感叹句)______ _______ important piece of advice it is!4.Work hand, or you’ll fail in your exam.(保持句意不变)______ you work hand, or you’ll fail in your exam.5.Ben didn’t go shopping with his mum yesterday. He stayed at home. (保持句意不变)Ben stayed at home ________ of ______ shopping with his mum yesterday.IX. Reading Comprehension.A.Read the passage and choose the best answer.Learning English requires action. You may know all the learning skills, but if you don’t start doing things, you will never learn it. If you want to learn to speak English well, you must change your life. Here are some examples of things you will have to do:*read a book in English for an hour every day, studying the grammar in sentences and looking up words in an English dictionary.*Listen to an audio book or other recording in English, stopping it frequently, trying to understand what they are saying, and trying to learn the speaker's pronunciation.*Spend your afternoon practicing the pronunciation of the English sound*Carefully write an e-mail message in English, using a dictionary or a Web search every20 seconds to make sure every word is correct, and taking 5 minutes to write one sentence.*Talking to yourself in English about the things you see around you. What kind of person would do all these things? Only one kind--- a person who enjoys doing them.Now, follow all the suggestions abov e, and you’re sure to learn English better.( ) 1. The first paragraph tells us ____________.A.All the learning skillsB.Learning English requires actionC.How to change our lifeD.How to learn English well( ) 2. When we listen to an andio book, we should stop it often to _______.A.Understand what we hearB.Write an e-mail in EnglishC.Have a short restD.Talk to yourself in English( ) 3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?A.Practicing the pronunciation.ing flashcard to remember.ing a dictionary or a Web.D.Studying grammar in sentences.( ) 4.What’s the meaning of the underlined phrase “looking up” in paragraph Two?A. 抬头看B.小心C.查找D.浏览( ) 5.What’s the best title of the passage?A.What’s the best way to learn English?B.What should you do to change your life?C.How can you remember the words?D.How can we learn English well?B.Choose the words or expressions and complete the passageReport cardName: Jame SmithTime: January 21st,2013Subjects Grades Comments(评语)English B+: Your reading and writing are good. But you have a ____ Scottish accent(口音)， so you are not good at speaking. And you do not put much effort into this subject. If you work hard, you can get a better ______ in this subject.Science A+: You are good at this subject. You are hard-working. I am ______ that you do best in this subject.Maths C: You like this subject. But you are not good at this subject because you are a little bit ______. It is disappointing. You can do better in this subject.______ B: It is happy time to hear you play the piano. You are crazy about it. ______ you like this subject best, your Scottish accent has a bad effect on your singing.( )1. A. large B. strange C. nice D. strong( )2. A. view B. score C. present D. grade( )3. A. glad B. sorry C. surprised D . upset( )4. A. excited B. foolish C. lazy D. wise( )5. A. P.E. B. Physics C. Chinese D. Music( )6. A. Through B. As C. If D. WhenC.Read the passage and fill in the blanks with the proper words.A new 3D animated cartoon film. Mr Peabody& Sherman was on at all cinemas in Shanghai last April. Nobody has ever thought about having a talk dog for a dad because it might sound a little crazy.However, Sherman has s___1___ a father and he enjoys taking adventures with his doggie dad. The film tells us about the love between Mr. Peabody (the father) and his adopted(收养) boy Sherman. Mr.Peabody may be the smartest one in the world. He has i___2____ WABAC,a time travelling machine. They use the machine to go b__3____ to ancient(古老的) Egypt tosee how the great Pyramid was made. They also travel to Rome in the 15th century to meet one of the most famous s____4____ Calileo(伽利略) and his amazing flyer. They are happy to discuss with the greatest artist Vincent Van Gogh about how to use different colors in his p___5____. They even witness the war between the Greeks and the Trojans(特洛伊之战).Through their trip with WABAC, Mr. Peabody tries his best to protect his son and almost loses his own life. When we are at the cinema, we can not only enjoy the exciting journey with them together, but also know something about the world history as well. Another thing that makes the film special is its director, Rob Minkoff, who once directed the famous film the lion king. This time ,he wants to make Mr. Peabody &Sherman another success. He believes that a___6___ can enjoy the film, no matter how old they are or where they are from. Hehopes the show will be a hit all around the world. Now, are you interested in the storybetween the super dog and his adopted son? I f so, you can surf the Internet to download it and watch it with your friends right now!D.Answer the questions.The hobby market at Harbin Junior School last Sunday was a big success.--- the creative(有创造力的) teenagers had a chance to share their hobbies and to make some money at the same time. Our reporter paid a visit to find out more.Li Ming was showing his collected of radio-controlled cars. There were a lot of people in the playground watching him send the car racing around, turning, and going fast. Some lucky people had a chanc e to control the cars, but they did not have Li Ming’s skill.In the hall, everyone was interested in Liu Jiaxin’s cooking. She was selling cakes, sandwiches, and fish-balls, all made at home and very tasty. We think Liu Jiaxin can easily make a living from her hobby. She is so good at it.Ma Hua knows all about metal-detectors(金属探测器). As you move one over the ground and if there is any metal underneath, it starts making a noise. Ma Hua showed some of the interesting things he had found, and some of them were very old. If his friends lose their keys, they usually go to Ma Hua for help.Nearly, many people were buying dolls from Chen Yuan. She made them at home from small pieces of cloth. Their faces were lovely. Every child would like one of her dolls.At the end of the hall, we found Zhao Feng and Shen Xue. Their hobby is writing, and a little book of their stories has just come out. Their friend Yang Lei has added pictures and the book looks very nice. They were selling a lot of them and looked very happy.Outside a the back, Li Hua was showing his unusual hobby: glass-blowing. You can watch him blow air into hot glass and make lovely shapes with many different colors. On Saturday he was making glasses and people were buying them as fast as he made them.Oh, what a big surprise the students have given us!1.The Hobby Market was held at Harbin Junior High School last Saturday, wasn’t it?_______, _________________________________.2.Who could have the chance to control Li Ming’s cars?__________________________________________.3.How many kinds of food did Liu Jiaxin sell?__________________________________________.4.How can Ma Hua help find his friend’s lost keys?By__________________________________________.5.What is Chen Yuan good at?She__________________________________________.6.What do you think of the Hobby Market at Harbin Junior High School?I think__________________________________________.X. WritingA. Make up sentences with the words and phrases given.1. will, when, a typhoon, what, happen, there ,is________________________________________________?2. passagers, buy, from, had to, in the past, all, a bus conductor, tickets________________________________________________________.3. a running tap, we ,save, wate, not, under, can, by, brushing our teeth.________________________________________________________.4. forest, they, shelter and food, for, because, are, animals and insects, provide, very important. ________________________________________________________.B.Write at least 60 words abo ut the topic “my favorite season”Use the following points as a reference.1.Which season is your favorite season?2.What do you usually do in that season?3.Why do you like it best?Keys:V: 1-5 BDAAD 6-10 CBDBC 11-15 DDDBC 16-17 BBVI 1-5: BCAFEVII 1-6: svarves, gently, importance, fifth, drinking, withoutVIII 1-5: doesn’t have , how often , what an , if won’t , instead doing;IX A 1-5:BABCDB 1-6: DDAVDAC 1-6: such, invented, back, scientist, paintings, anybodyD 1. No, it wasn’t.2. Some lucky people3. She sold three kinds of food.4. By using the metal –detectors5. I think it was interestingX. WritingA 1. What will happen when there is a typhoon2. Passengers had to buy tickets from a bus conductor in the past.3. We can save water by not brushing our teeth under a running tap.4. Forests are very important because they provide shelter and food for animals and insects.My favorite seasonAmong the four seasons in the year, my favorite season is autumn. In autumn, the weather is very comfortable. It feels so great after the hot summer. Therefore, I likegoing outside for hiking in autumn. I can enjoy the beautiful scenery of nature. Besides, autumn is a season of harvest. Farmers are busy with their farm work. After such long time of hardworking, it's time for them to enjoy their fruits of labor. After the harvest, they are going to prepare for the New Year. Therefore, harvest means a lot to thefarmers, because it is able to bring a good new year to farmers.。

Crossword puzzleword search combination

专利名称：Crossword puzzle/word search combination发明人：Scott Petry申请号：US11098847申请日：20050405公开号：US20050218593A1公开日：20051006专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A crossword puzzle/word search puzzle combination includes first and second puzzle sections. The first puzzle section includes an interlocking crossword region having spaces for letters allowing the formation of down and across words and the second puzzle section includes a word search region including random letters and a plurality ofwords generally hidden therewithin. A crossword clue section provides clues to fill in correct down and across answers, and the plurality of words in the word search region of the second puzzle section include substantially all of the correct down and across answers of the interlocking crossword region. The word search region and the interlocking crossword region cooperate to provide the correct down and across answers for the interlocking crossword region by enabling the puzzle solver to alternatively deduce the correct answer from the clues or find the correct answer in the word search region.申请人：Scott Petry地址：Council Bluffs IA US国籍：US更多信息请下载全文后查看。

大学英语全新版第一册第八单元答案

developed and put on the market. As a result the company solved financial] [its financial]problems. (financial, complex, manual) 2) Philip [was very upset] to find it so hard to [make a living by] upset] living by] writing in the new country. He [swore] that he would give up his writing career and try some other job. To his delight, he [was much better off / /became much better off] when he switched to better off became much better off] teaching, and even had adequate money for a new car. (swear, upset, better off, make a living)
written for you.
BOOK 1 - Unit 8 - Language Focus - Vocabulary 1) The rise in gas prices will probably have a serious effect on the
cost of electricity. (affect) [to The cost of electricity is likely[to be seriously affected by the rise

Unit 5 Languages around the World 词汇学习 1(人教版必修第一册)

Unit 5 Languages around the World 词汇学习1 + 语篇训练(教师版)【新教材精创】2020-2021学年高一英语新教材知识讲学（人教版必修第一册）Step 1词汇分类记忆Task 1 阅读词汇(英译中)1, reference 参考；指称关系2, ups and downs 沉浮；兴衰；荣辱3, despite 即使；尽管4, factor 因素；要素5, based 以……为基础的；以……为重要部分的6, date back (to...) 追溯到7, symbol 符号；象征8, shell 壳；壳状物9, carve 雕刻10,dynasty 王朝；朝代11,dialect 地方语；方言12,regard n.尊重；关注; vt.把……视为13,calligraphy 书法；书法艺术14, affair 公共事务；事件；关系15, appreciate 欣赏；重视；感激16, specific 特定的；明确的17, character 人物；性格；汉字18, gap差距；间隙；开口19, semester学期20, pants裤子；内裤；短裤21, description描写(文字); 形容22, Korean n.朝鲜(或韩国) 语；朝鲜(或韩国) 人; adj. 朝鲜(或韩国)的23, Danish n. 丹麦语；丹麦人；adj. 丹麦的24, Denmark丹麦25,Arabic阿拉伯语26, FIFA国际足联27, CE (Common Era)公园Task 2 写作词汇(中译英)1, 提到；参考；查阅refer2, 指的是；描述；提到；查阅(短语) refer to 3, 体系；制度；系统system4, 出生地的；本地的；土著的；本地人native 5, 态度；看法attitude6, 十亿billion7, 以……为据点；以……为基础；底部；根据base8, 骨头；骨(质) bone9, (植物、语言等的)变体；异体；多样化variety10, 主要的；重要的；主修课程；主修；专门研究major11, 不论哪里/谁/什么等等；不管哪里/谁/什么等等no matter where/who/what etc.12, 方式；方法；途径means13, 传统的；最优秀的；典型的；经典作品；名著classic14, 全球的；全世界的global15, 斗争；奋斗；拼搏struggle16, 舌头；语言tongue→母语mother tongue =native language 17, 观点；看法point of view18, 汽油；气体gas19, 汽油(N AmE gas) petrol20, 地铁subway21, 公寓套房apartment22, 恳求；乞求；哀求beg23, 同等的人；相等物；相同的；同样的equal 24, 要求；需求；强烈要求；查问demand 25, 词汇vocabulary26, 联系；讲述relate27, 与……相关；涉及；谈到relate toTask 3 词性变换或常用词块1, reference→v. refer2, base→adj. based→n. basis(基础；基底)3, symbol→adj. symbolic 4, Danish→n. Denmark丹麦5, affair→常用词块: have an affair with sb.与某人有暧昧关系；foreign affairs外交事务6, appreciate→n. appreciation7, specific→adv. specifically8, semester→同义词：term 9, description→v. describe10, Korean→n. Korea / South Korea(韩国)→North Korea(朝鲜)11, system→adj. systematic有系统的；分类的；体系的；有条理的12, attitude→常用词块: an/the attitude to/towards...对……的态度13, variety→adj. various →v. vary14, major→ n. majority大多数；多数；多数党；多数派15, global →n. globe地球(仪)；球体；世界→常用词块: global warming全球气候变暖16, equal→ adv. equally →n. equality17, beg→ n. beggar乞丐；穷人18, relate→adj. related相关的；有亲属关系的；属于同一种类的(或组别的)→n. relation关系；联系；亲戚；陈述；参考Step 2 词汇运用检测。

New Smart Phonics 家长手册Level 2

一、New Smart Phonics Level 2学习重点1. 着重认识五个短元音的发音。

2. 掌握包括短元音的相对应的词汇。

3. 通过故事阅读，让孩子掌握其中的常用字（sight words）二、New Smart Phonics的家长辅导建议1. 把重点放在拼读技巧上，引导孩子掌握字母或单词的发音和拼写之间的联系，而不是一直强调单词的拼写。

孩子在掌握了拼读规则和技巧并练习一段时间后，能够很容易的读出或拼写出很多的单词，即使是不知道意思的单词，也可以根据发音规则拼读并写出来。

拼读规则的掌握需要一个过程，一旦熟悉了之后，会对孩子将来的英语学习帮助很大。

2. 重视常用字（sight words）的练习。

Phonics 和sight words 是少儿初级阅读的两大基础。

常用字是少儿英语阅读中经过统计最常用，并且大多数不符合发音规律的单词。

由于其经常出现在阅读中，如果熟练的掌握了之后，可以很有效的提高阅读速度，减少阅读阻力，培养阅读兴趣。

本书在练习Phonics的同时，每课都配有含有常用字的英文小故事，为孩子掌握常用字提供了很好的语用环境，家长在辅导孩子的常用字部分时，可以再孩子课上学习的基础上，制作一些常用字小卡片，用游戏或比赛的方式，引导孩子对单独出现的常用字进行识读，然后再结合故事进行阅读，培养孩子的阅读信心。

3. 在掌握了Phonics和Sight words之后，可以找一些简单的适合孩子年龄的其它读物来尝试着进行阅读，阅读书籍要能吸引孩子的兴趣，家长可以事先将一些故事背景并留下悬念，吸引孩子自己试着进行阅读。

在一开始的阅读中注意鼓励孩子，不要难度太大，建立目标和奖励机制，当孩子完成了一定的阅读量时，给予适当的鼓励和奖励，养成良好的阅读习惯。

阅读书籍可以选择一些优秀的绘本读物，集艺术性与可读性为一体，可以从小培养孩子的审美，并为孩子的童年留下一份美好的回忆。

三、各单元中英文对照及学习目的说明1. 包括全部课本内容中英文对照，每个部分的学习目的说明（仅在同类部分第一次出现时配有说明，其它单元相同部分功能相同）以及对应的页数。

英语9宫格找单词 -回复

英语9宫格找单词-回复How to Easily Solve an English Word Search PuzzleWord search puzzles are not only fun and entertaining, but they also help improve your vocabulary and enhance your cognitive skills. The 9-square word search puzzle is one of the most popular formats, where you need to find words hidden horizontally, vertically, or diagonally within a 9-square grid. In this article, we will guide you through the process of solving a 9-square word search puzzle, using the theme [Animals].Step 1: Familiarize Yourself with the GridBefore you begin searching for the words, take a moment to examine the grid. It consists of nine squares, each containing a different letter. In this case, the theme is [Animals], so you can expect to find names of various animals hidden in the grid. Read the theme carefully and keep it in mind while solving the puzzle.Step 2: Start with Easy WordsScan the grid to find the easiest words. These could be relatively short words that are easily recognizable. Look for them horizontally, vertically, and diagonally. Don't forget to search in both forwardand backward directions. Circle each letter of the word with a pencil as you find it.Step 3: Identify Longer WordsAfter finding the easy words, focus on identifying longer words. These might be hidden within the easy words and can span multiple rows or columns. Look for the first and last letter of each potential word and trace the letters in order from start to end. Remember to circle each letter as you find it.Step 4: Analyze the LettersOnce you have circled all the words, take a step back and analyze the letters you have found. Look for any patterns, such as repeated letters or common prefixes and suffixes. This will help you uncover additional words that you might have missed initially. Pay attention to similarities in the shapes or letters within words.Step 5: Utilize Crossword CluesIf you are stuck and unable to find any more words, consider utilizing crossword clues to provide hints. For example, if you have circled the word "ELEPHANT," try to think of related animals such as "GIRAFFE" or "RHINOCEROS." Crossword clues can help triggeryour memory and unlock more words.Step 6: Check for Missed WordsBefore you consider the puzzle solved, double-check your work to ensure you haven't missed any words. Take another look at the theme, as well as the circled letters, and compare them with the list of words provided. It's easy to overlook hidden words, especially if they are long or diagonally placed.Step 7: Celebrate Your SuccessCongratulations! You have successfully solved a 9-square word search puzzle using the theme [Animals]. Take a moment to appreciate the words you found and reflect on the process you followed. Word search puzzles are not only a recreational activity but also an excellent exercise for your brain.In conclusion, solving a 9-square word search puzzle can be a delightful and rewarding experience. By following these seven steps, you can easily unravel the hidden words within the grid while sharpening your vocabulary and cognitive abilities. So, grab a pencil, find a word search puzzle, and embark on this excitingjourney of word discovery. Happy puzzling!。

search的用法和例句

search的用法和例句在日常生活中，我们经常会使用到“search”这个单词，它是指根据特定的关键词或条件来搜寻、寻找信息或事物。

本文将探讨search的用法和提供一些例句以帮助读者更好地理解和运用该词汇。

一、用法介绍1. Search as a verb (动词)Search可以作为一个动词使用，表示“搜寻、寻找”，常用于寻找特定的信息、答案或物体等。

例句：- I often search for information on the Internet.（我经常在互联网上搜索信息。

）- They searched the house for the missing keys.（他们搜寻了房子寻找丢失的钥匙。

）2. Search as a noun (名词)Search也可以作为一个名词使用，表示“搜索、查找”的行为或过程。

例句：- The search for the missing hiker is still ongoing.（对于失踪的徒步旅行者的搜索仍在进行中。

）- She conducted an online search to find the best deals.（她进行了在线搜索以寻找最好的优惠。

）二、例句展示下面是一些使用search的例句，以帮助读者更好地理解该词汇的用法。

1. I need to search for my car keys; I can't find them anywhere.（我需要寻找我的车钥匙，它们不知道跑哪儿去了。

）2. The detective searched the crime scene for any clues.（侦探在犯罪现场搜寻任何线索。

）3. We should search for a solution to this problem as soon as possible.（我们应该尽快寻找解决这个问题的办法。

found英语范文

found英语范文英文回答：Found is a verb that means to discover or locate something that was lost or hidden. People can find objects, information, or even themselves. When you find something, you usually experience a sense of relief, excitement, or accomplishment.The word "found" is derived from the Middle English word "finden," which in turn comes from the Old English word "findan." The word has been used in English since the 12th century.Here are some examples of how the word "found" can be used in a sentence:I found my keys under the couch.The scientist found a new species of frog.She found herself in a strange and unfamiliar place.I found the answer to the riddle.中文回答：发现（Found）。

“发现”是一个动词，表示找到了丢失或隐藏的东西。

人们可以发现物品、信息，甚至是自己。

当你发现某样东西时，你通常会体验到一种解脱、兴奋或成就感。

“发现”这个词源自中古英语单词“finden”，而“finden”又源自古英语单词“findan”。

掌握汉语拼音中的an,en,in,un,ün音节

IntroductionChinese pinyin is an essential part of learning Mandarin. In pinyin, there are several syllables that are composed of an, en, in, un, and Ã¼n sounds. Mastering these sounds is crucial in being able to speak and read fluently in Mandarin.In this teaching plan, we will discuss strategies for teaching these sounds effectively and suggest activities that can help students improve their pronunciation and recognition of these sounds.Teaching Strategies1.Introduce the SoundsThe first step in teaching these sounds is to introduce them to the students. Use clear audio samples to demonstrate the pronunciation of each sound. Also, show them how these sounds relate to the characters that represent them in pinyin.2.Teach PronunciationPronunciation is critical when learning pinyin. Provide a lot of practice opportunities for students to say each sound. It is helpful to let them work with individual sounds beforemoving on to combinations. Give them feedback and encourage them to keep trying.3.Encourage ListeningIn addition to practicing pronunciation, we recommend engaging students in listening activities that will help them recognize each sound. Use audio samples and ask them to identify the sound. For example, you can say a word with one of the sounds and ask them to repeat the word or simply raise their hands if they hear the specified sound.e Games or ActivitiesGames and activities can be a useful tool for teaching these sounds. Here are some activities that you may try:-Tongue Twisters â€“ write several tongue twisters that feature the target sound. Challenge students to say them as fast as they can while maintaining goodpronunciation.-Word Search â€“ create a word search game using words that have the targeted sounds.-Sentence Building â€“ write several sentences, each containing one of the sounds. Challenge students to build new sentences.ConclusionMastering the an, en, in, un and Ã¼n sounds is vital in Mandarin language learning. Using effective teaching strategies, students will learn to recognize and produce the sounds accurately. The key is to provide a lot of practice opportunities and listening activities. Games and activities can make learning fun while helping students to remember the sounds and their characters. With commitment and hard work, students can quickly improve their Mandarin pronunciation and become excellent speakers of the language.。

阅读短文判断句子正误正确的写错误的写FOnce an old

阅读短文判断句子正误正确的写错误的写FOnce an old阅读下面短文，根据短文内容判断句子的正误。

正确的涂＂a＂，错误的涂＂b＂。

puter technology has bee an important part ofpeople’s lives. this technology has its own special vocabulary. one well-known puter word is google. it is the name of a popular ＂search engine(引擎)＂ for the internet. people use the search engine to find information about almost any subject on the internet. the people who started the pany named it google because, in math, a googol is a very large number —one hundred zeros follow the number one. when you ＂google＂ a subject, you can get a lot of information about it.if you google someone, you might find that person’s name on a blog. a blog is short for a weblog. it is a personal web page. some people write blogs to express their opinions and ideas over the internet. some use them to share their lives with faraway friends or family. others write blogs to help them deal with sickness, money problems or to choose movies to see or books to read. some people add information to their blogs every day. people who have blogs are called bloggers.1.google and blog are two kinds of popular search engines.2.google is a person’s name, and the person started the search engine pany.3.people may use google to ask others for help.4.bloggers are those who often surf the internet to read others’ blogs.•阅读下面短文，根据短文内容判断句子的正误。

search的短语有哪些

search的短语有哪些search表示搜寻，搜索; 调查的意思，那么你知道search的短语有哪些吗?今天店铺为大家整理了search的短语搭配，希望对你有帮助哦!search的短语search for寻找 act of searchingThe search for the missing man has not been successful.失踪的男子至今没有找到。

The police will leave no stone unturned in their search for the bank robbers.警察千方百计缉捕抢劫银行者。

search after寻找 act of searchingHis search after fame ended in failure.他追求名望,最后以失败而告终。

in search of寻找,寻求 searching for sb/sthHe ran in search of her.他跑去找她。

The boys went in search of something to eat.男孩子们找吃的去了。

search through(v.+prep.)搜遍,查遍 examine carefully and thoroughlyHe searched through his pockets for a cigarette.他摸遍衣袋想找支烟。

search into(v.+prep.)调查 investigate; inquireThey are searching into this matter.他们正在调查这件事。

search for(v.+prep.)搜索,搜寻 look carefully forThey searched for him everywhere.他们到处搜寻他。

We searched in vain for the missing child.我们到处寻找那孩子,但没有找到。

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