Fibre Channel
光纤通道技术详解,单模和多模有哪些不同？
光纤通道技术详解，单模和多模有哪些不同？光纤通道技术（Fibre Channel）是一种网络存储交换技术，可提供远距离和高带宽，能够在存储器、服务器和客户机节点间实现大型数据文件的传输。
Fibre Channel (FC) 是一种高速网络互联技术（通常的运行速率有2Gbps、4Gbps、8Gbps 和16Gbps），主要用于连接计算机存储设备。
过去，光纤通道大多用于超级计算机，但它也成为企业级存储SAN中的一种常见连接类型。
尽管被称为光纤通道，但其信号也能在光纤之外的双绞线上运行。
光纤通道协议（Fibre Channel Protocol，FCP）是一种类似于TCP的传输协议，大多用于在光纤通道上传输SCSI命令。
光纤通道广泛用于通信接口，并成为传统I/O接口与网络技术相结合趋势的一部分。
Network运作于一个开放的，非结构化的并且本质上不可预测的环境。
Channels通常运行在一个封闭的、结构化的和可预测的环境，该环境下所有与主机通信的设备都预先已知，任何变更都需要主机软件或配置表进行相应更改。
通道协议如SCSI，ESCON, IPI。
Fibre Channel将这两种通信方式的优势集合为一种新的接口，同时满足network和channel 用户的需求。
Fibre Channel的目标与优势:Fibre Channel要提供的是一个连接计算机和共享外围设备的接口，在这一技术提出之前是通过多种不同的接口来连接的，如IDE，SCSI，ESCON。
Fibre Channel需要提供大量信息的高速传输。
上图显示了2Gbps Fibre Channel与Escon和SCSI同等级下的传送速率对比。
除了速度增长以外，Fibre Channel也需要支持公里级的距离。
通过光纤交换机实现，如下图所示：。
IPSAN和FCSAN的比较
FC SAN与IP SAN的比较SAN（Storage Area Network，存储区域网络）是一个由存储设备和系统部件构成的网络。
所有的通信都在一个与应用网络隔离的单独的网络上完成，可以被用来集中和共享存储资源。
SAN不但提供了对数据设备的高性能连接，提高了数据备份速度，还增加了对存储系统的冗余连接，提供了对高可用群集系统的支持。
简单地说，SAN是关联存储设备和服务器的网络。
它和以太网有类似的架构。
以太网由服务器、以太网卡、以太网集线器/交换机及工作站组成。
SAN则由服务器、HBA卡、集线器/交换机和存储装置所组成。
面对迅速增长的数据存储需求，大型企业和服务提供商开始选择SAN作为网络基础设施。
SAN网络具有出色的可扩展性，理论上最多可以连接上万个设备。
事实上，SAN比传统的存储架构具有更多优势。
传统的服务器连接存储通常难于更新或集中管理。
每台服务器必须关闭才能增加和配置新的存储。
相比较而言，SAN不必宕机或中断与服务器的连接即可增加存储。
SAN 还可以集中管理数据，从而降低总体拥有成本。
利用协议技术，SAN可以有效地传输数据块。
通过支持在存储和服务器之间传输海量数据块，SAN提供了数据备份的有效方式。
因此，传统上用于数据备份的网络带宽可以节约下来，用于其他应用。
SAN可以分为FC SAN和IP SAN。
开放的、标准化的光纤通道技术使得FC SAN非常灵活。
FC SAN克服了传统上与SCSI相连的线缆限制，极大地拓展了服务器和存储之间的距离，从而增加了更多连接的可能性。
改进的扩展性还简化了服务器的部署和升级，保护了原有硬件设备的投资。
但是，FC SAN也存在很多不足之处。
FC SAN的传输距离通常不超过50公里。
因此，FC SAN还不能有效地整合更多的主机与存储的需求。
虽然光纤通道（Fibre Channel）技术有统一的标准，但各家厂商却有不同的解释。
时至今日，互操作性仍是FC SAN实施过程中存在的主要问题。
光纤通道fc协议介绍
从分层协议栈的角度看，FC仅仅包含了从物理层到传输层的规 范。它的上层定义了把其他协议作为应用层协议进行封装的接 口，如SCSI或IP协议。而将SCSI封装起来后整个协议，就是FCP （FC Protocol）。
FC物理层具有很高的传输带宽，从1Gb/s、2Gb/s、4Gb/s到 8Gb/s、16Gb/s，采用NMb的编码方式，同步串行方式传输。
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FC的优势
通道
• 连接业务 • 物理电路 • 可靠的硬件传输 • 高速
• 低延迟 • 短距离 • 基于硬件
光纤通道
• 电路和分组交换 • 可靠性传输 — 误码率(BER)<10-12 • 高数据完整性 — 错误检测 • 高数据传输速率 — 800和1600MB/s • 高带宽，低延迟 — 8Gbps/16Gbps • 高连接数 — 24位地址 • 长距离 — 10公里到100公里
独立于LAN的服务器后端存储专 用网络
• 主要利用Fibre Channel protocol（光纤通道协议）， 通过FC交换机建立起与服务器 和存储设备之间的直接连接
• 400MB/S、800MB/S、 1600MB/S的速率消除了带宽上 的瓶颈
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FC组网模式
DAS Direct Attached Storage
SAN Storage Area Network
NAS Network Attached Storage
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1-2Fibre Channel Overview-光纤介绍
Serial Storage & Network 127 per Loop Point to Point, Loop, Fabric Copper & Optical No termination required Non-disruptive expansion
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• MIA
Media Independent Adaptor (DB9 - SC)
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Enterprise Training Services
Enterprise Service Force – Level 2 v3.0
Transceivers
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Small Form-Factor Pluggables (SFPs)
• Used in 2 Gb applications. • Fiber Optic and Copper
High Speed Serial Data Connector-2 (HSSDC-2)
Lucent Connector (LC)
channelled I/O interface
• The term Fibre is not intended to indicate that the protocol uses
only optical fiber media
• FC is not a command set
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DB-9
HSSDC-2
SC Optical LC
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pci_pcie_cpci详解及区别
一、PCI：PCI，外设组件互连标准(Peripheral Component Interconnection)一种由英特尔（Intel）公司1991年推出的用于定义局部总线的标准。
此标准允许在计算机内安装多达10个遵从PCI标准的扩展卡。
最早提出的PCI总线工作在33MHz频率之下，传输带宽达到133MB/s(33MHz * 32bit/s)，基本上满足了当时处理器的发展需要。
随着对更高性能的要求，1993年又提出了64bit的PCI 总线，后来又提出把PCI 总线的频率提升到66MHz。
目前广泛采用的是32-bit、33MHz的PCI 总线，64bit的PCI插槽更多是应用于服务器产品。
从结构上看，PCI是在CPU和原来的系统总线之间插入的一级总线，具体由一个桥接电路实现对这一层的管理，并实现上下之间的接口以协调数据的传送。
管理器提供信号缓冲，能在高时钟频率下保持高性能，社和为显卡，声卡，网卡，MODEM等设备提供连接接口，工作频率为33MHz/66MHz。
PCI总线系统要求有一个PCI控制卡，它必须安装在一个PCI插槽内。
这种插槽是目前主板带有最多数量的插槽类型，在当前流行的台式机主板上，ATX结构的主板一般带有5～6个PCI插槽，而小一点的MATX主板也都带有2～3个PCI插槽。
根据实现方式不同，PCI控制器可以与CPU一次交换32位或64位数据，它允许智能PCI辅助适配器利用一种总线主控技术与CPU并行地执行任务。
PCI允许多路复用技术，即允许一个以上的电子信号同时存在于总线之上。
由于PCI 总线只有133MB/s的带宽，对声卡、网卡、视频卡等绝大多数输入/输出设备显得绰绰有余，但对性能日益强大的显卡则无法满足其需求。
Intel在2001年春季的IDF上，正式公布了旨在取代PCI总线的第三代I/O技术，该规范由Intel支持的AWG(Arapahoe Working Group)负责制定。
光纤通道(FC_-Fibre-Channel)
光纤通道标准定义了一个通过网络移动数据的多层结构。它的协议被划分为5个层次，从FC-0到FC-4。最顶层FC-4为光纤通道提供与上层应用的接口，它定义了如何把应用协议映射到下面的光纤通道网络。例如，串行SCSI必须将光纤通道设备映射为可被操作系统访问的逻辑设备.。对于主机总线适配器，这种功能一般要由厂商提供的设备驱动器程序来实现。FC-3定义公共服务，例如多路复用和地址绑定功能。FC-2定义如何把上层应用传下来的数据块切分成帧，也包含对各种服务类别的定义和流量控制机制。最下面的两层FC-1和FC-0则致力于网络数据传输。FC-1提供数据编码和解码的工具，还定义了访问介质的命令结构。FC-0为各种介质类型、所允许的长度和物理信号建立了标准。在光纤通道协议栈旁边列出的链路服务和交换网服务用于对光纤通道网络的运行进行维护和管理工作。
其中，纤芯为光通路，包层用来把光线反射到纤芯上。由于短波激光流是由数百种模(即所传输的光波的波长)组成的，它们在光纤内以不同的角度发生全反射，因此称为多模。光的散射效应限制了原始信号所能达到的总长度。多模光纤在62.5&mu;m/ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ25&mu;m规格下支持l75m的长度，在50&mu;m/125&mu;m规格下支持500m的长度。
4. NL端口(结点和环端口)：NL端口同时具有N端口和L端口的能力。一个NL端口既可以连到一个交换网，也可以连到一个仲裁环。
基于fpga的fc交换机线卡设计与实现
摘要摘要光纤通道(Fibre Channel，FC)技术是一种可靠性高，传输速度快，实时性强的传输技术。
在网络高速发展的今天，海量数据的传输存储显得尤为重要，与信息传输相关的可靠性问题一直都是研究的热点。
光纤通道技术由于它优良的特性，使其成为网络传输中的重要技术。
光纤通道技术能够应用于存储区域网络和航空电子系统中，光纤通道交换机是交换网络中的关键设备，也是存储区域网络中的核心设备，能够实现数据的传输和交换。
本论文通过对光纤通道技术协议的研究，设计了一款光纤通道交换机，该交换机传输速率能够达到2.125Gbps，传输性能好，结构简单。
对该交换机进行模块化划分，采用硬件描述语言Verilog实现，并进行功能仿真和调试。
本文首先介绍光纤通道技术的背景及发展状况，并对光纤通道协议做了简单描述，着重描述光纤通道的服务类型，分层结构，拓扑类型和节点组成。
随后本文在光纤通道协议基础上，通过分层模块化划分，设计了应用于点对点传输技术的端口，主要包括FC-0层，FC-1层，FC-2P层的设计实现。
本文随后在光纤通道端口的基础上，对现有的交换机做简单介绍，对现有的交换结构和调度算法做了大量的研究和对比，并设计了本课题研究的光纤通道交换机。
FC交换机设计的核心是内部的交换结构和调度算法，本文交换结构采用的是CICQ输入及交叉点联合排队缓存结构，输入调度采用LQD调度算法，输出调度采用RR调度。
通过对各功能模块的设计，提出了整体的交换机设计架构，并对内部的切分策略，重组策略，路由策略做了详细描述。
最后对本文设计的交换机线卡进行功能仿真并在FPGA上进行具体实现，并简单介绍了FPGA的调试验证平台，其中采用modelsim软件进行功能仿真，采用Xilinx的virtex-5系列XC5VFX70T的FPGA开发板进行具体实现，采用chipscope 在线调试助手进行调试，并给出了最后的仿真和调试波形图。
仿真调试结果表明本课题设计的交换机功能正确，且性能良好。
QLogic 5800V 5802V Fibre Channel 堆栈式开关数据表说明书
–– QuickTools™ on-board GUI and CLI included –– Adaptive Trunking included ••Powerful advanced software options –– Enterprise Fabric Suite™ –– SANdoctor™ ••Still the most cost-effective, high-performance SAN switch available!
QLogic’s field-proven modular backbone architecture, a key component of the QLogic SAN lifecycle management framework, offers a powerful answer to this dual request, allowing customers to build SANs that will last far into the future while simultaneously providing the lowest cost of entry. The QLogic 5800V switch reduces both capital expense (CAPEX) and operating expense (OPEX) through all phases of technology roll‑out.
••Preferred Service included—24×7 call support plus next-business-day hardware exchange
Fibre Channel over Ethernet(FCoE) 简介
Enhanced Transmission Selection (ETS) (IEEE 802.1QAZ)
Enhanced Transmission Selection (ETS) enables optimal bandwidth management of multiple protocols on a single link (virtual link) Each class of traffic is assigned a specified bandwidth percentage Other traffic can use the spare bandwidth as available.
Why do we need to Enhance Ethernet for Convergence? Ethernet drops packets when congestion occurs Ethernet doesn’t care if packets are lost
– Expects upper layer protocols to handle tracking and retransmit
© 2009 IBM Corporation
Comparing OSI stack (Ethernet) and FC Stack
© 2009 IBM Corporation
Network Stack Comparison
SCSI FCP iSCSI FCIP TCP IP Ethernet PHYSICAL WIRE
Priority-based Flow Control (PFC) (IEEE 802.1QBB)
光纤收发器支持的协议
光纤收发器支持的协议光纤收发器是一种用于光纤通信的设备，它能够接收光纤传输的信号，并将其转化为电信号进行处理和传输。
光纤收发器支持的协议种类繁多，不同的协议能够满足不同的通信需求。
本文将围绕光纤收发器支持的几种常见协议展开讨论，分别是Ethernet协议、Fibre Channel协议和SONET/SDH协议。
一、Ethernet协议Ethernet协议是一种局域网通信协议，也是目前应用最广泛的协议之一。
光纤收发器可以支持不同版本的Ethernet协议，如10Mbps、100Mbps、1000Mbps等速率的千兆以太网协议。
这些协议能够实现高速、稳定的数据传输，广泛应用于企业网络、数据中心等领域。
光纤收发器支持的Ethernet协议还包括全双工和半双工模式。
全双工模式可以同时进行发送和接收操作，实现双向通信，提高了网络的传输效率。
而半双工模式则只能在发送和接收之间切换，不能同时进行，传输效率相对较低。
二、Fibre Channel协议Fibre Channel协议是一种用于存储区域网络（SAN）的协议，主要用于连接存储设备和服务器。
光纤收发器支持的Fibre Channel 协议能够实现高速、可靠的数据传输，满足大容量数据存储和快速访问的需求。
Fibre Channel协议通常采用光纤作为物理传输介质，因此光纤收发器在Fibre Channel网络中起到了至关重要的作用。
它能够将存储设备发送的光信号转化为电信号，并将其传输到服务器进行处理，同时也能将服务器发送的电信号转化为光信号，传输到存储设备中。
三、SONET/SDH协议SONET（Synchronous Optical Networking）和SDH （Synchronous Digital Hierarchy）是一种同步光纤通信协议，用于长距离、高速传输。
光纤收发器支持的SONET/SDH协议能够实现光纤传输中的时分复用，提供了灵活的带宽管理和故障恢复功能。
A6795A Fibre Channel Mass Storage Adapter 安装指南说明书
A6795A Fibre Channel Mass Storage Adapter Installation GuideEdition 2Manufacturing Part Number:A6795-90005June 2004United States© Copyright 2004 Hewlett Packard Development Company L.P.Legal NoticesThe information in this document is subject to change without notice. Hewlett-Packard makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this manual, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Hewlett-Packard shall not be held liable for errors contained herein or direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this material.WarrantyA copy of the specific warranty terms applicable to your Hewlett-Packard product and replacement parts can be obtained from your local Sales and Service Office.U.S. Government LicenseProprietary computer software. Valid license from HP required for possession, use or copying. Consistent with FAR 12.211 and 12.212, Commercial Computer Software, Computer Software Documentation, and Technical Data for Commercial Items are licensed to the U.S. Government under vendor's standard commercial license.Copyright NoticeCopyright 1997-2004 Hewlett-Packard Development Company L.P. All rights reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation of this document without prior written permission is prohibited, except as allowed under the copyright laws.Trademark NoticesUNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively through The Open Group.1A6795A Fibre Channel Adapter InstallationA6795A Fibre Channel Adapter InstallationNOTE The latest copy of this document can be found at under the Networking and Communications area.A6795A Fibre Channel Adapter InstallationStep 1.Verify compliance with the supported configurations listed in thefollowing table.1) The maximum supported number of cards is limited by the number of available PCI slots in any listed systemTable 1-1A6795A Hardware, Operating Systems and PDC/FirmwareHardware Platforms 1)Operating System Minimum PDC/FirmwareRequirements superdomesuperdome (PA-8800)rp8420rp8400rp7420rp7410rp54xx rp4440rp34x0rp24xx rx9610rx8620rx7620rx9610rx2600rx4610b2000 and up c3000 and up j5000 and up zx6000zx200011.0 on all listedPA-RISC workstations and servers exceptsuperdome, rp8400, and rp7410.11i v1.0 on all listed PA-RISC workstations and servers.11i v1.6 and v2.0 on all listed IPF workstations and servers.superdome, PDC 36.5superdome (PA-8800), PDC 20.8rp8420, PDC 20.8rp8400, PDC 17.005rp8420, PDC 20.8rp7420, PDC 20.8rp7410, PDC 17.005rp7400, PDC 43.22rp5400, PDC 41.39rp5430, PDC 43.22rp5450, PDC 44.01rp5470, PDC 43.22rp4440, PDC 44.06rp34x0, PDC 44.06rp2400/30/70, PDC 43.24All listed IPF workstations and servers EFI driver 1.10A6795A Fibre Channel Adapter InstallationStep 2.Review the the following table to determine if the adapter is a Customer Replacable Unit. If the adapter is not listed as a Customer ReplacableUnit, contact your HP representative for installation assistance.Field Replaceable Units (FRUs) should be installed or replaced byqualified Hewlett-Packard service representatives only. CustomerReplaceable Units (CRUs) can be installed or replaced by customers orqualified Hewlett-Packard service representatives.Table1-2Fibre Channel Adapter FRUs and CRUsAdapter System FRU CRUA6795A rp24xx Yes Yesrx2600Yes Yesrx4610Yes Yesrp34x0Yes Yesrp4440Yes Yesrp5470Yes Yesrx5670Yes Yesrp7410Yes Yesrp7420Yes Yesrp8400Yes Yesrp8420Yes Yesrx9610Yes Yessuperdome Yes NoYes Yesb2000 and upworkstationsYes Yesc3000 and upworkstationsYes Yesj5000 and upworkstationsA6795A Fibre Channel Adapter InstallationTable1-2Fibre Channel Adapter FRUs and CRUs (Continued)Adapter System FRU CRUzx2000Yes Yeszx6000Yes YesA6795A Fibre Channel Adapter InstallationStep plete the following installation prerequisites.•Verify that the /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, and /sbin directories are inthe PATH by invoking the following command:echo $PATH•Verify the following product contents—Grounding wrist strap—Fibre Channel driver software media (included with OS orapplication CD)—Fibre Channel host bus adapter with an optical port protectorattached (not included with all adapters).•Verify the cabling requirements:—Cable map (optional)—Fiber optic cable terminated with a duplex SC connector. Cablemust be 50 or 62.5 micron multimode cable.NOTE The A6795A uses a 50 micron fibre optic duplex M/M cableterminated with a SFF (small form factor) LC connector.A6795A Fibre Channel Adapter Installation Step 4.Review the installation guidelines that cover the new adapter.A6795A Installation GuidelinesCAUTION The optical port protector is used only to protect the adapter port when it is not in use. Do not use the protector as a diagnostic tool.Figure1-1A6795A Fibre Channel Host Bus AdapterA6795A Fibre Channel Adapter InstallationOn systems running HP-UX 11i v1.0, the A6795A adapter is capable ofOnline Addition and Replacement (OLAR). OLAR refers to the ability ofa PCI card to be replaced (removed or added) without shutting down andrebooting the system.The A6795A adapter supports arbitrated loop and fabric topologies, andall legacy Fibre Channel devices.Install all driver software and dependency patches before you install theadapter.Step 5.Install the driver software:Installing driver software for adapter modelA6795A (11.00, 11i v1.0 - v2.0)NOTE The following instructions should only be used if the driver software is provided on a CD-ROM. If the driver software is downloaded, follow theinstructions provided with that file. On systems running HP-UX 11iv1.0, the driver for these adapters is automatically selected forinstallation with the operating environment.To load the driver from an application CD-ROM, do the following:1.Log in as root.2.Insert the latest application CD-ROM.3.Mount the CD-ROM using the command:mount dev/dsk/<cd_rom_dev_file> /<tmp_mnt>4.Run the swinstall program to install the software. Enter thecommand: /usr/sbin/swinstallThis opens the Software Selection window and the SpecifySource window.5.In the Specify Source window, change the Source Host Name ifnecessary. Enter the mount point of the drive in the Source DepotPath field and click the OK button to return to the SoftwareSelection window. (You can click the Help button to get moreinformation).6.Select the appropriate software bundle, depending on your adapter.7.Select Mark for Install from the Actions menu.8.Select Install from the Actions menu to begin product installationand open the Install Analysis window.9.Click the OK button in the Install Analysis window to confirm thatyou want to install the software. Swinstall displays the Installwindow.View the Install window to read processing data while thesoftware is being installed. When the Status field indicates Ready, the Confirmation window opens.10.Click the OK button. A second Confirmation window opens.11.Click the OK button again. The Install window opens.12.Click the Done button. The Note window opens.13.Click the OK button on the Note window to reboot. The user interfacedisappears and the system reboots.14.Once the system comes back up, log in as root and view the followingfiles to see any error or warning messages that may have occurred during the installation:/var/adm/sw/swagent.log/var/adm/sw/swinstall.logStep plete the hardware installation steps that cover the new adapter.Installing the A6795A Adapter (all systemsexcept Superdome)Observe all ESD safety precautions before attempting this procedure.Failure to follow ESD safety precautions could result in damage toequipment.The optical port protector is used only to protect the adapter port when itis not in use. Do not use the protector as a diagnostic tool.When used in some servers, the A6795A is limited to use in specific slots. The following table identifies these limitations.NOTE rp54xx servers have slot restrictions for OLAR. PCI slots 1 through 4 do not support OLAR. In these servers, use PCI slots 5 through 12 forOLAR.Install all driver software and dependency patches before you install theadapter.Table 1-3Server NameProduct Number Supported Slots L1000A5576A 8, 10, 12L2000A5191A 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12N4000 Rev . AA3639A 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12N4000 Rev . BA3639B 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12N4000 Rev . C A3639C Ifupgraded fromA3639A or A3639B 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12See the system documentation for information about how to safely shutdown your system and obtain access to expansion slots.To install the adapter, perform the following steps:Shutdown the system.15.Install the adapter in an available PCI slot.16.Attach fibre cabling to the adapter. The A6795A adapter uses a fibreoptic cable terminated with an LC connector.Installing the A6795A Adapter on SuperdomeThe following procedure should only be performed by an HP Authorized Service Provider. Failure to properly complete the steps in this procedure may result in erratic system behavior or system failure and may void the warranty. For assistance with this procedure, contact your local HP Authorized Service Provider.Observe all ESD safety precautions before attempting this procedure. Failure to follow ESD safety precautions could result in damage to equipment.The optical port protector is used only to protect the adapter port when it is not in use. Do not use the protector as a diagnostic tool.Install all driver software and dependency patches before you install the adapter.For installation instructions see the system documentation.Step 7.Attach to other Fibre Channel devices:1.Be sure you have removed the Fibre Channel host bus adapter’soptical port protector (if included).2.Be sure you have attached a connector cable to the Fibre Channelhost bus adapter. Align the slotted plug with the keyed connector.Push the connector in until you hear it click.3.Attach the free end of the cable to a compatible Fibre Channel device.4.Reconnect the power cord, if necessary, and power up the system.The following table lists the Fibre Channel cables that you can use withFibre Channel Host Bus Adapters. Be sure to use LC-LC or LC-SC cablesfor the A6795A.Table1-4Cable ProductsSC-SCA3583A2M Fibre Channel Cable 50uM/125uM multimodeA3531A16M Fibre Channel Cable 50uM/125uM multimodeA3735A50M Fibre Channel Cable 50uM/125uM multimodeA3736A100M Fibre Channel Cable 50uM/125uM multimodeLC-LCC7524A Fibre Channel Cable 2m LC 50/125 duplex M/MC7525A Fibre Channel Cable 16m LC 50/125 duplex M/MC7526A Fibre Channel Cable 50m LC 50/125 duplex M/MC7527A Fibre Channel Cable 200m LC 50/125 duplex M/MLC-SCC7529A Fibre Channel Cable 2m LC-SC 50/125 duplex M/MOpticalTable1-4Cable Products (Continued)C7530A Fibre Channel Cable 16m LC-SC 50/125 duplex M/MOpticalAdapter/ExtendersC7534A Fibre Channel Adapter SC F/FAdapter KitC7540A Fibre Channel Adapter Kit: Includes 2m LC/SC Cableand F/F extendersStep 8.Verify the Fibre Channel Adapter installation.1.Enter the following command:ioscan -f2.Verify that the following drivers appear for each installed adapter. Ifall drivers display, proceed to the next section, “VerifyingConnectivity.”The ioscan output might look like the following. The third columnrepresents the hardware path of the slot in which the adapter isinstalled. This path will be different for each installed adapter. Table1-5ioscan -f OutputClass I H/W Path Driver S/W State H/W Type Description fc00/1/0/0td CLAIMED INTERFACE HP TachyonTL/TS FibreChannelMassStorageAdapter NOTE If the drivers for an installed Tachyon adapter (td driver) don’tdisplay, verify that the Tachyon adapter is securely seated beforetaking additional action.3.If the correct driver is installed, but the adapter does not show in theioscan output, the driver is not recognizing the adapter. Contact HPfor assistance.Verifying ConnectivityOnce your HP Fibre Channel Mass Storage software and hardware isinstalled and running, type the following commands to verify massstorage hardware and software installation.1.Check the state of all Fibre Channel hardware and interfaces. Enterthe ioscan command and verify that the Hardware State and the HW-Interface State are CLAIMED.If the Fibre Channel device file has not been created, enter thefollowing commands:insf -eioscan -f2.Verify that all devices you attached to the Fibre Channel adapter arelisted in the ioscan output. For example, if you have a direct attach Fibre Channel device attached to the system, the ioscan outputmight look like the following:8/12.8.0.255.0.1.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE DGCC3400WDR5The example above is the hardware path of LUN0 of a directlyattached Fibre Channel Mass Storage device with Loop ID of 1. For details on interpreting hardware paths for Fibre Channel devices, see the sections on interpreting hardware paths below.3.HP Fibre Channel Mass Storage installation is verified if the ioscanoutput lists all mass storage devices attached to the adapter. If all attached devices are not listed or appear as UNCLAIMED, see the Troubleshooting and Maintenance chapter of the HP Fibre Channel Adapters Support Guide.Interpreting the Hardware Path (private loop devices)Interpreting the hardware path in the ioscan output for Fibre Channel devices is different from interpreting ioscan output for other types of devices. The Fibre Channel hardware path format for a private loop device is as follows:Figure 1-2Hardware Path for Private Loop DevicesEach field in the hardware path is described below:Bus_Converter One of several possible bus converters providing theinterconnect to the bus to which the Fibre Channeladapter is connected.AdapterModule address of the Fibre Channel adapter.Protocol_Type Fibre Channel protocol type. For Fibre Channel MassStorage, the protocol type is FCP and is represented bya value of 8.Area The area portion (second byte) of the N_Port Identifier.For a private loop topology , the value is 0.PortWhen interpreting the hardware path for FibreChannel Mass Storage devices, arrays are defined ashaving addressable controllers, and non-arrays aredefined as not having addressable controllers.For hardware paths associated with non-array LUNs,the port element of the hardware path is set to thevalue 255 (255 for direct connect controller).For hardware paths associated with array LUNs, theport element of the hardware path is set to the Loop ID(for a private loop topology).Bus For hardware paths associated with non-array LUNs,the bus element of the hardware path gets its valuefrom the upper four bits of the port portion of theN-Port Identifier.8/12.8.0.255.0.1.0Bus_Converter Adapter Protocol_Type Port Bus Target LUNAreaFor hardware paths associated with array LUNs, thebus element of the hardware path is set as:•The bus number (0-7) for an array device using thelogical unit addressing method•The value of the upper seven bits of the 14-bitvolume number for an array device using thevolume set addressing method.Target For hardware paths associated with non-array LUNs,the target element of the hardware path gets valuefrom the lower four bits of the port portion of theN_Port Identifier.For hardware paths associated with array LUNs, thetarget element of the hardware path is set as follows:•The target number (0-15) for an array device usingthe logical unit addressing method.•The value of bits 6-3 (0 is the least significant bit ofthe 14-bit volume number) for an array deviceusing the volume set addressing method.LUN For hardware paths associated with non-array LUNs,the LUN element of the hardware path is the LUN ID(0-7) for the LUN.For hardware paths associated with array LUNs, theLUN element of the hardware path is set as follows:•The LUN ID (0-7) of the LUN for an array deviceusing the logical unit addressing method.•The value of bits 2-0 of the 14-bit volume numberfor an array device using the volume set addressingmethod.The following is an example of the hardware path for a Fibre Channel SCSI Device (K-class system).LUN 0 (base address) of a direct connect device in an arbitrated loop:8/4.8.0.255.0.0.0A6795A Fibre Channel Adapter InstallationInterpreting the Hardware Path (public loop devices)The following illustration is the Fibre Channel hardware path format for a public loop device:Figure 1-3Hardware Path for Public Loop DevicesEach field in the hardware path is described below:AdapterModule address of the Fibre Channel adapter.Domain Domain ID or Fabric ID (8 is reserved for private loop).A domain can be defined as two or more nodesconnected by an interconnect subsystem. In a fabricenvironment, a domain is generally associated with thephysical instance of a switch.AreaThe area portion (second byte) of the N_Port Identifier.In a fabric environment, the area ID is generallyassociated with a physical port on a switch. (For aprivate loop topology , the value is 0).In the above ioscan example, the area ID 19 is not theactual port number. Some switches place a fixed “1” inthe upper four bits of the area field (0001xxxx) andshows the value of this field as hexadecimal. However,ioscan shows a decimal value for this field. Because ofthe fixed “1” in this position, you must subtract decimal16 from the number 19 to get the actual port number,which is 3 (19 - 16 = port 3).PortSet to 255 for Peripheral Device Addressing.Bus The bus element of the hardware path gets its valuefrom the upper four bits of the AL_PA (not theLoop_ID).0/1/2/0.1.19.255.15.4.0Adapter Area Port Bus Target LUNDomainA6795A Fibre Channel Adapter InstallationTarget The target element of the hardware path gets its valuefrom the lower four bits of the AL_PA (not theLoop_ID).In the above example, the AL_PA = 15.4 = E4 hex = 228decimal = switch setting of 2).LUN The LUN element of the hardware path is the LUN ID(0-7) of the LUN.。
Fibre Channel技术在SAN环境下的应用
Fibre Channel技术在SAN环境下的应用Fibre Channel技术是一种高速数据传送的技术，它被广泛应用于存储区域网络（SAN）环境中，主要用于连接存储设备和服务器，支持高速、可靠的数据传输和存储，并提供了一种高级的存储管理方式，可以使企业获得更高效、更可靠，更安全的数据存储和管理。
一、Fibre Channel技术的基本原理Fibre Channel技术采用光纤通信，具有高速、可靠、多路复用的特点。
其基本原理是利用光纤传输信号，对信号进行编码和解码处理，从而实现高速数据传输。
Fibre Channel还采用虚拟通道技术，可以在一个物理通道上构建多个逻辑通道，这样可以在不占用额外物理带宽的前提下实现多路复用，使传输效率更高。
Fibre Channel技术还支持点对点（P2P）、环型（FC-AL）和交换（FC-SW）三种拓扑结构，其中交换式拓扑结构可以支持更大规模的网络，在大型企业中得到广泛应用。
二、Fibre Channel技术在SAN环境中的应用Fibre Channel技术可以快速连接SAN环境中的存储设备和服务器，提供高效、可靠的存储管理服务。
在现代企业中，SAN环境中的存储设备数量庞大，同时又需要支持高速的数据传输和存储，Fibre Channel技术能够很好地满足这种需求。
SAN环境中的存储设备可以分为磁盘式存储设备和磁带式存储设备两种，而Fibre Channel技术可以同时支持这两种设备。
在企业中，通常采用磁盘式存储设备来存储企业的重要数据，而采用磁带式存储设备来备份数据。
Fibre Channel技术可以通过兼容性良好的接口连接这两种存储设备，实现高速、可靠的数据传输和备份服务。
在SAN环境中，Fibre Channel技术还可以实现虚拟存储，即将多个物理存储设备组合成一个逻辑存储设备，从而提高存储效率和使用率。
这种方式可以在不影响存储服务的前提下，节省企业的存储成本，提高存储效率。
nvme over fc 工作原理
NVMe over FC（Fibre Channel）是一种新兴的存储协议，它将NVMe（Non-Volatile Memory Express）协议扩展到Fibre Channel网络上，从而实现了更快的数据传输速度和更低的延迟。
本文将介绍NVMe over FC的工作原理，以及它是如何实现高性能和高可靠性的。
1. NVMe协议简介NVMe是一种用于SSD（固态硬盘）和闪存存储器的高性能接口协议，它在2011年发布，并且迅速成为了业界的主流协议。
相比于传统的SAS（Serial Attached SCSI）和SATA（Serial ATA）接口，NVMe具有更低的延迟和更高的吞吐量，从而更好地发挥了固态硬盘的性能优势。
2. FC协议简介Fibre Channel是一种基于光纤的存储网络协议，它在1994年发布，并且一直被广泛应用于企业级存储系统中。
FC网络具有高带宽、低延迟和高可靠性的特点，因此适合用于大规模的存储环境。
3. NVMe over FC的工作原理NVMe over FC是通过在Fibre Channel网络上传输NVMe命令和数据来实现的。
具体来说，它使用了FC-NVMe（Fibre Channelover NVMe）协议，这是一种专门为NVMe设备优化的Fibre Channel传输协议。
4. 重点技术1）FC-NVMe的队列模型FC-NVMe在传输层引入了名为“队列模型”的概念。
在这个模型中，每个NVMe命令都有一个唯一的队列标识符（Queue Identifier，QID），而每个队列都对应于一个独立的发送和接收队列。
这种方式可以充分利用并行传输的优势，从而提高了存储系统的整体性能。
2）NVMe命令映射在FC网络上，NVMe命令需要被映射成适用于Fibre Channel传输的格式。
为了实现这一点，FC-NVMe引入了一个叫做“命令映射层”的组件，它负责将NVMe命令转换成基于Fibre Channel的命令帧，并且将Fibre Channel的响应转换成NVMe的响应。
Emulex 16Gb Gen 5 Fibre Channel HBA 产品指南说明书
Emulex 16Gb Gen 5 Fibre Channel AdaptersProduct Guide (withdrawn product)The Emulex 16Gb Fibre Channel (FC) host bus adapters (HBAs) are part of a family of high-performance FC HBA solutions. These Generation 5 HBAs deliver exceptional performance, enabling small and medium businesses to experience unsurpassed robustness and reliability for a wide spectrum of servers, storage, and SANs. These adapters provide an ideal solution for all System x servers requiring high-speed data transfer in disk connectivity for virtualized environments and data-backup, mission-critical applications. Emulex Generation 5 16Gb HBAs now seamlessly supports Brocade ClearLink diagnostics through Emulex HBA Manager (formerly named OneCommand Manager), ensuring the reliability and management of storage network configurations when connected to Brocade Gen 5 FC SAN fabrics. In addition, the adapters can offer end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) application prioritization with ExpressLane technology.The following figure shows the single-port adapter (SFP+ is not present).Figure 1. Emulex 16Gb FC Single-port HBA (with 3U bracket attached; SFP+ is not present)Did you know?The highly integrated multiprocessor design of the Emulex 16 Gb FC HBA minimizes onboard components and improves host performance and efficiency. Advanced error-checking features ensure the integrity of block data passing through the storage area network (SAN). The Emulex HBA Manager enterprise class management application features a multiprotocol and cross-platform architecture that provides centralized management of all Emulex HBAs. The unique Emulex HBA Manager plug-in for VMware vCenter enables HBAs to be managed directly within the VMware environment, simplifying management.Click here to check for updatesFigure 2. Emulex 16Gb FC Dual-port HBA (with 3U bracket attached; SFP+ are not present)Server supportThe Emulex 16Gb FC Single-port and Dual-port HBAs are supported in the servers that are listed in the following tables.Support for System x and dense servers with Xeon E5/E7 v4 and E3 v5 processors Table 2. Support for System x and dense servers with Xeon E5/E7 v4 and E3 v5 processorsPart number Description81Y1655Emulex 16Gb FC Single-port HBA N N Y Y Y Y N 81Y1662Emulex 16Gb FC Dual-port HBANNYYYY NSupport for System x and dense servers with Intel Xeon v3 processors Table 3. Support for servers with Intel Xeon v3 processorsPart number Description81Y1655Emulex 16Gb FC Single-port HBA Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 81Y1662Emulex 16Gb FC Dual-port HBAYYYYYYY x 3250 M 6 (3943)x 3250 M 6 (3633)x 3550 M 5 (8869)x 3650 M 5 (8871)x 3850 X 6/x 3950 X 6 (6241, E 7 v 4)n x 360 M 5 (5465, E 5-2600 v 4)s d 350 (5493)x 3100 M 5 (5457)x 3250 M 5 (5458)x 3500 M 5 (5464)x 3550 M 5 (5463)x 3650 M 5 (5462)x 3850 X 6/x 3950 X 6 (6241, E 7 v 3)n x 360 M 5 (5465)Operating systemsMicrosoft Windows Server 2008 R2Y Y Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Microsoft Windows Server 2012Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Microsoft Windows Server 2016N Y Y Y YY Y Y Y Y Y Y Microsoft Windows Server 2019N N N Y N N N Y N Y N N Microsoft Windows Server version 1709N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Microsoft Windows Server version 1803N N N N N N N Y N Y N N Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 Server EditionN N N N N N N N N N N Y Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 Server with Xen x64 Edition N N N N N N N N N N N Y Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 Server x64 Edition N N N N N N N N N N N Y Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Server Edition N N N N N N N N N N N Y Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Server x64 Edition Y Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.0N N N Y N N N N N N N N SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 for AMD64/EM64T Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 for x86N N N N N N N N N N Y N SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 with Xen for AMD64/EM64T Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 with Xen N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15N N Y Y Y N N Y N Y N N SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 with Xen N N Y Y Y N N Y N Y N N VMware vSphere 5.1 (ESXi)Y Y N N Y Y Y N Y N Y Y VMware vSphere Hypervisor (ESXi) 5.5Y Y N N N Y N Y Y Y N N VMware vSphere Hypervisor (ESXi) 6.0Y Y Y NYY Y Y Y YN YVMware vSphere Hypervisor (ESXi) 6.5Y N Y Y Y YY Y Y Y Y YVMware vSphere Hypervisor (ESXi) 6.7NNNY Y Y NY NY N N[in box driver support only]Please refere LSIC (interop site) for latest Lenovo External Storage support configuration.https:///ca/en/lsic/Detail information please refer to Support Tip HT506708 [Emulex 16G FC adapter can't concurrent work with IBM iboot on legancy mode. Retain Tip H213415 :https:///support/entry/portal/docdisplay?brandind=5000008&lndocid=MIGR-5096509 ]x 3850/3950 X 6 (3837)x 3850/3950 X 6 (6241, E 7 v 2)x 3850/3950 X 6 (6241, E 7 v 3)x 3850/3950 X 6 (6241, E 7 v 4)n x 360 M 5 (5465)x 3500 M 5 (5464)x 3550 M 5 (5463)x 3550 M 5 (8869)x 3650 M 5 (5462)x 3650 M 5 (8871)x 3100 M 5 (5457)x 3250 M 5 (5458)444111444442222223221234Operating systemsMicrosoft Windows Server 2008 R2Y Y Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Microsoft Windows Server 2012Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Microsoft Windows Server 2016N Y Y Y YY Y Y Y Y Y Y Microsoft Windows Server 2019N N N Y N N N Y N Y N N Microsoft Windows Server version 1709N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Microsoft Windows Server version 1803N N N N N N N Y N Y N N Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 Server EditionN N N N N N N N N N N Y Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 Server with Xen x64 Edition N N N N N N N N N N N Y Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 Server x64 Edition N N N N N N N N N N N Y Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Server Edition N N N N N N N N N N N Y Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Server x64 Edition Y Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.0N N N Y N N N N N N N N SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 for AMD64/EM64T Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 for x86N N N N N N N N N N Y N SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 with Xen for AMD64/EM64T Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 with Xen N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15N N Y Y Y N N Y N Y N N SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 with Xen N N Y Y Y N N Y N Y N N VMware vSphere 5.1 (ESXi)Y Y N N Y Y Y N Y N Y Y VMware vSphere Hypervisor (ESXi) 5.5Y Y N N N Y N Y Y Y N N VMware vSphere Hypervisor (ESXi) 6.0Y Y Y NYY Y Y Y YN YVMware vSphere Hypervisor (ESXi) 6.5Y N Y Y Y YY Y Y Y Y YVMware vSphere Hypervisor (ESXi) 6.7NNNY Y Y NY NY N N[in box driver support only]Please refere LSIC (interop site) for latest Lenovo External Storage support configuration.https:///ca/en/lsic/Detail information please refer to Support Tip HT506708[Emulex 16G FC adapter can't concurrent work with IBM iboot on legancy mode. Retain Tip H213415 :https:///support/entry/portal/docdisplay?brandind=5000008&lndocid=MIGR-5096509 ]x 3850/3950 X 6 (3837)x 3850/3950 X 6 (6241, E 7 v 2)x 3850/3950 X 6 (6241, E 7 v 3)x 3850/3950 X 6 (6241, E 7 v 4)n x 360 M 5 (5465)x 3500 M 5 (5464)x 3550 M 5 (5463)x 3550 M 5 (8869)x 3650 M 5 (5462)x 3650 M 5 (8871)x 3100 M 5 (5457)x 3250 M 5 (5458)444111444442222223221234TrademarksLenovo and the Lenovo logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Lenovo in the United States, other countries, or both. A current list of Lenovo trademarks is available on the Web athttps:///us/en/legal/copytrade/.The following terms are trademarks of Lenovo in the United States, other countries, or both:Lenovo®ServerProven®System x®The following terms are trademarks of other companies:Intel® and Xeon® are trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries.Linux® is the trademark of Linus Torvalds in the U.S. and other countries.Microsoft®, Windows Server®, and Windows® are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both.Other company, product, or service names may be trademarks or service marks of others.Emulex 16Gb Gen 5 Fibre Channel Adapters (withdrawn product)11。
Sun Storage Fibre Channel Switch 5802 安装和激活指南说明书
This guide describes the simple steps to install and activate your replacement switch.Note – Do not apply power to the switch until instructed in Step 3.1.Verify the package contents.The Sun Storage Fibre Channel Switch 5802 is shipped with the following items:2.Mount the switch.You can mount the switch on a flat surface or in a rack.■For a surface mount, attach the rubber feet to the locations on the bottom of the switch.■To mount the switch in a rack, install the Sun Storage Fibre Channel Switch 5802 rail kit in a standard 19” rack as described in the Sun Storage Fibre Channel Switch 5802 Rack Mounting Guide (part number 820-4956-xx ) that is packaged with the rail kit.3.Apply power to the switch.■Attach the AC power cords to the switch and wall outlet or power strip. For greater availability, connect the power cords to separate power circuits. Verify that the Input Power LED is illuminated.FIGURE 1LED Indicators ■The switch runs its self tests and begins normal operation – this may take a few minutes. Verify that the Status (OK) LED is continuously illuminated and the System Fault LED is not illuminated.1Sun Storage Fibre Channel Switch 58022AC power cords4Rubber feet1Input Power LED 3System Fault LED 2Status (OK) LED4.Connect the workstation to the switch.Connect the workstation to the switch using an Ethernet crossover cable, switch, or hub. Confirm that your workstation is configured to communicate on the 10.0.0 subnet. If you are using a Windows workstation, you must have a live Ethernet connection when the workstation powers up.5.Log in to the switch.You can log in to and manage the switch using the command line interface or the QuickTools™ web applet for Sun FC switches and directors. This guide will describe the use of QuickTools.■Open an Internet browser and enter the default IP address 10.0.0.1 to start the QuickTools web applet.■Log in to the switch using the default user name (admin) and password (password).6.Confirm firmware version.■Confirm that the FRU switch has the same version of firmware as that of the old switch. In QuickTools, you can find the firmware version in the Switch tab data window.■If the firmware is not the same, visit to download firmware. Refer to the Sun Storage Fibre Channel Switch 5802 Installation Guide (part number 820-4969-xx) for information about installing firmware.7.Configure the switch.If you have a configuration backup file or if you can create one, do the following:■Download a configuration backup file to the new switch. The backup file can come from the old switch or a similarly configured switch in the fabric.■Restore the configuration backup file on the new switch using QuickTools, Enterprise Fabric Suite 2007, or the CLI.Use the same application to restore the configuration that was used to create the backup file.■Open an Internet browser and start a new QuickTools session. Enter the new IP address to log in to the switch.If you do not have a configuration backup file, do the following:■Obtain the switch and network configuration parameters from your system administrator.■Reconfigure the switch and network properties.■Open an Internet browser and start a new QuickTools session. Enter the new IP address to log in to the switch.8.Transfer license keys.If you installed license keys to upgrade your original switch, you must transfer the license keys to the replacement switch. To transfer license keys to the replacement switch, do the following:a.Obtain the serial numbers from your original switch and the replacement switch.b.Visit the Sun support web site at /licensing.c.Click Receive your Storage Networking Switch license keys.d.Enter the serial number and click Continue, then follow the instructions. You will activate all license keys that youordered for this switch serial number.e.Receive your authorization code.f.Apply the license key authorization code to your switch.9.Connect device and switches.An SFP transceiver is required for each SFP port that will be connected to a device, device loop, or another switch. The Sun Storage Fibre Channel Switch 5802 SFP ports support 2-Gbit/sec, 4-Gbit/sec, and 8-Gbit/sec transmission. The XPAK ports support 10-Gbit/sec transmission and can be upgraded to 20-Gbit/sec with a license key.The standard switch activates SFP ports 0–7 plus XPAK ports (20-23). You can activate ports 8–19 in four-port increments by purchasing a Port Activation license key. Contact your authorized reseller for information about license keys.To install an SFP transceiver, wear an Electrostatic Sensitive Device (ESD) wrist strap connected to ground and insert the transceiver into the switch port; gently press the transceiver until it snaps in place. The transceiver will fit only one way.If the transceiver does not install under gentle pressure, flip it over and try again.10.Connect fiber optic cables between the installed SFP transceivers and their corresponding devices. Each port auto-negotiates the proper port type with the connected device or switch.Part No. 820-5505-10, Rev. A September 2008 Sun Microsystems, Inc.Accessing Sun DocumentationYou can view, print, or purchase a broad selection of Sun documentation, including localized versions, at:/documentationThird-Party Web SitesSun is not responsible for the availability of third-party web sites mentioned in this document. Sun does not endorse and is not responsible or liable for any content, advertising, products, or other materials that are available on or through such sites or resources. Sun will not be responsible or liable for any actual or alleged damage or loss caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any such content, goods, or services that are available on or through such sites or resources.Contacting Sun Technical SupportIf you have technical questions about this product that are not answered in this document, go to:/service/contactingSun Welcomes Your CommentsSun is interested in improving its documentation and welcomes your comments and suggestions. You can submit your comments by going to:/hwdocs/feedbackPlease include the title and part number of your document with your feedback:Sun Storage Fibre Channel Switch 5802 Replacement Guide , part number 820-5505-10Copyright 2008 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, Java, AnswerBook2, , StorageTek, and Solaris are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc., or its subsidiaries, in the U.S. and in other countries.QuickTools and SANdoctor are trademarks of QLogic Corporation.Copyright 2008 Sun Microsystems, Inc. Tous droits réservés.Sun, Sun Microsystems, le logo Sun, Java, AnswerBook2, , StorageTek, et Solaris sont des marques de fabrique ou des marques déposées de Sun Microsystems, Inc., ou ses filiales, aux États-Unis et dans d’autres pays.QuickTools et SANdoctor sont des marques de fabrique de QLogic Corporation.。
光纤通道Fibre-ChannelFC航天应用的论证
光纤通道的（导弹）航天应用光纤作为一种传输媒质，与传统的铜电缆相比具有一系列明显的优点，因此，自70年代以来，光纤技术不仅在电信等民用领域取得了飞速的发展，而且因其具有抗电磁干扰、保密性好、抗核辐射等能力，以及重量轻、尺寸小等优点，得到了各发达国家政府和军方的重视与青睐。
美国80年代中期，先后计划的光纤军事应用项目就达400项左右，这些项目包括固定设施通信网、战术通信系统、遥控侦察车辆和飞行器、光纤制导导弹、航空电子数据总线和控制链路、舰载光纤数据总线、反潜战网络、水声拖曳阵列、遥控深潜器、传感器和核试验等，并陆续有报道称项目取得了不同的进展。
进入90年代以来，光纤技术的军事应用继续受到美、欧等国军方的高度重视和大力发展。
航空领域中电子系统的信息传输要求高可靠性、低误码率、低延迟、高带宽，光纤通道（Fibre Channel，FC）作为航空电子系统的高速总线已经被广泛应用。
光纤通道可实现低误码率（<=10-12）、低延迟（微秒级）、高带宽（>=2Gbps），这些完全能够满足航空电子系统信息传输的要求。
美国空军服役的F-22/F-35等机型已经成功应用FC总线作为航电的传输总线，国内也已经进入实验阶段。
在航天领域，随着电子系统深层综合化和国内外对光纤和光总线技术研究的不断深入，火箭总线系统将向分布式、高速化、光纤化方向发展。
光纤通道将成为新一代航天电子系统的首选。
光纤通道具有以下优势：(1)可靠性高、实时性强、延迟少、吞吐率高；(2)成本相对较低；(3)FC-AE子标准专为航空系统设计，接近航天使用环境；(4)FC-AE-1553上层映射可平滑代替1553B总线，最大限度保护现有成果；在火箭和导弹的实际应用中，特别是火箭中控制系统各级段设备较多，需要较高的通讯数据传输率，可采用交换网络结构与仲裁环结构混合构建。
仪器舱设备采用交换网络结构，可满足高实时、高带宽、高可靠的要求。
其他级段设备可采用交换网络结构或仲裁环结构，满足性能和成本的要求。
fcp协议 d+ d- 电压
fcp协议 d+ d- 电压
在Fibre Channel Protocol（FCP）中，D+和D-是指光纤通道（Fibre Channel）中的两个差分信号线，用于传输数据。
这些信号线通常被用于实现光纤通道的物理层连接。
Fibre Channel是一种高性能的、典型用于存储网络的通信协议。
D+和D-是一对差分信号线，它们之间的电压差被用来传输二进制数据。
在Fibre Channel中，D+和D-之间的电压差通常是正常模式（NRZ）编码。
NRZ编码表示0和1分别用不同电压水平表示，而不是通过信号的上升或下降沿进行变化。
在Fibre Channel中，D+和D-的电压约为±200mV（差分信号）。
这是一种典型的差分信号范围，可以减小传输中的电磁干扰影响，并提高信号的可靠性。
请注意，实际的电压规格可能会根据具体的Fibre Channel标准和设备而有所不同。
因此，强烈建议查阅相关的Fibre Channel标准文档或设备规格表，以获取确切的电气特性和电压规格。
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硬件接口的时钟频率与传输速度的关系——峰值带宽
硬件接口的时钟频率与传输速度的关系——峰值带宽很久以前就想写这篇文章了，而导致想写这篇文章的主要原因又是系统+虚拟盘方案，因为该方案把所有游戏都扔到服务器上去了，有些人理解了缓存，但是无法理解网卡带宽问题，更有人经常提出，买几块网卡插上分流，或者用NIC做绑定，而实际上这么做是根本没价值的，原因在于是他推荐的网卡是PCI类型的，PCI的带宽注定了瓶颈的产生，结果造成了多张网卡无法起到分流或者流量叠加的情况出现，下面就拿我百度到的一些资料和大家分享下，因为看这错误的信息传递，只会误导更多的人。
因为内容较多，还有个人逻辑思维能力有限，所以就全面的说下影响我们对电脑整体性能影响的一些因素好了，他们的顺序分别为：1、主板前端总线带宽；2、CPU带宽；3、内存带宽；4、AGP带宽；5、PCI带宽；6、PCI-X带宽；7、PCI-E带宽；8、SATA硬盘带宽；------------------------------------------------------------------------------------在了解这些之前，我们有必要先了解一个词，叫做“峰值带宽”，名词解释来自百度词条：带宽这个词在电子学领域里很常用，它的意思是指波长、频率或能量带的范围，特指以每秒周数表示频带的上、下边界频率之差。
可以显见带宽是用来描述频带宽度的，但是在数字传输方面，也常用带宽来衡量传输数据的能力。
用它来表示单位时间内传输数据容量的大小，表示吞吐数据的能力。
在很多文章里往往看见关于带宽的各种描述，那么怎么计算有关存储器的带宽呢？对于存储器的带宽计算有下面的方法：B表示带宽，F表示存储器时钟频率，D表示存储器数据总线位数，则带宽为：B（峰值带宽）=F（时钟频率MHz）×D（总线位数bit）/8例如，PC-100的SDRAM带宽计算如下：100MHZ×64BIT/8=800MB/S当然，这个计算方法是针对仅靠上升沿信号传输数据的SDRAM 而言的，对于上升沿和下降沿都传输数据的DDR来说计算方法有点变化，应该在最后乘2，因为它的传输效率是双倍的，这也是DDR能够有如此高性能的重要原因。
固态硬盘接口统一吗
固态硬盘接口统一吗多磁头技术：通过在同一碟片上增加多个磁头同时的读或写来为硬盘提速，或同时在多碟片同时利用磁头来读或写来为磁盘提速，多用于服务器和数据库中心。
下面是店铺带来的关于固态硬盘接口统一吗的内容，欢迎阅读!固态硬盘接口统一吗?固态硬盘有多种接口，普通的都是SATA接口，也有NGFF接口，一般电脑自带的都是SATA接口，购买替换即可。
SCSISCSI的英文全称为“Small Computer System Interface”(小型计算机系统接口)，是同IDE(ATA)完全不同的接口，IDE接口是普通PC 的标准接口，而SCSI并不是专门为硬盘设计的接口，是一种广泛应用于小型机上的高速数据传输技术。
SCSI接口具有应用范围广、多任务、带宽大、CPU占用率低，以及热插拔等优点，但较高的价格使得它很难如IDE硬盘般普及，因此SCSI硬盘主要应用于中、高端服务器和高档工作站中。
光纤通道光纤通道的英文拼写是Fibre Channel，和SCSI接口一样光纤通道最初也不是为硬盘设计开发的接口技术，是专门为网络系统设计的，但随着存储系统对速度的需求，才逐渐应用到硬盘系统中。
光纤通道硬盘是为提高多硬盘存储系统的速度和灵活性才开发的，它的出现大大提高了多硬盘系统的通信速度。
光纤通道的主要特性有：热插拔性、高速带宽、远程连接、连接设备数量大等。
光纤通道是为在像服务器这样的多硬盘系统环境而设计，能满足高端工作站、服务器、海量存储子网络、外设间通过集线器、交换机和点对点连接进行双向、串行数据通讯等系统对高数据传输率的要求。
SATA使用SATA(Serial ATA)口的硬盘又叫串口硬盘，是未来和现在PC 机硬盘的主流趋势。
2001年，由Intel、APT、Dell、IBM、希捷、迈拓这几大厂商组成的Serial ATA委员会正式确立了Serial ATA 1.0规范，2002年，虽然串行ATA的相关设备还未正式上市，但Serial ATA 委员会已抢先确立了Serial ATA 2.0规范。
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基于Fibre Channel的SAN(Storage Area Network)技术已经成为企业级存储的最佳解决方案而越来越受到用户的青睐。
而由于各种原因，对于一些Fibre Cha nnel技术的命名至今仍然处于不规范的状态下，而这种不规范的命名甚至开始影响到用户对此项技术的理解。
Fibre Channel技术一直以来被中国的IT业界译为“光纤通道”技术。
做为一种高速的数据传输技术，把Channel译成“通道”当然无可非议，而把Fib re翻为“光纤”就有点让真正的Fibre Channel哭笑不得了。
在无论那个版本的金山词霸里Fibre这个词都是“纤维、构造”的意思，其本身并没有任何描述“光”的涵义，而真正的光纤的英文应该是fiber-optic cable。
说到这里就要谈到Fibre和Fiber的区别，就像我们的高中英语课文“皇帝的新装”中所提到的Fibre和Fiber是同音并且同义的，只是在英国叫Fibre
而美国人喜欢用Fiber而已。
而当计算机出现Fibre Channel技术时业界就已经将这里的Fibre固定下来，也就是说在谈到Fibre Channel的时候不可以用Fib er！这一点我们可以从Fibre Channel本身的业界标准组织FCIA的全称中得到答案。
回到“光纤”的问题上，根据IBM对Fibre Channel接口的定义：“The F ibre Channel (FC) interface is a serial interface (usually implemente d with fiber-optic cable).”可以看出，Fibre Channel只是“usually”采用fiber-optic cable，现实情况下更多的时候是使用铜线缆，就算使用到光纤，而最后进入实际设备时，仍然需要借助GBIC这样的设备来实现光电转换。
显然对着一个光纤实际使用率连50%都不到的技术叫“光纤通道”是很勉强的。
实际上，现在不管是用户还是FC产品的销售，都已经把Fib词系和“光纤”技术“紧密的联系在一起”了，甚至这种联系已经延伸到像fabric这种和光纤无任何联系的词上。
而光纤产品的乱“取命”情况并不仅仅限于Fibre Channel这一词身上，像经常使用的HBA(Host Bus Adapter)，真正管它叫“主机总线适配器”的人会有几个呢？叫“HBA卡”的、叫“光纤卡”的、甚至还有叫“光卡”的人比比皆是！
我写此文的目的并不是要声明一个FC的真正叫法，如果真的把Fibre Chan nel翻成“纤维通道”我想召来的批评肯定会更大。
那既然传统的叫法不正确，正确的叫法不接受，那我们直接叫英文不就行了。
为什么我们可以直接去叫IDE 叫PCI，就不能叫FC呢？既然SCSI没人会去叫成“小型计算机系统接口”那我们为什么又要一定把FC叫成“光纤通道”呢？
计算机技术发展每一个时刻都依赖着一种严谨的认知态度。
做为不断进步的中国市场的用户群里的我们是不是也应该从这些细节的地方做起，竖立这种严谨的作风呢？。