上海交大Biochemistry Test II(Chinese)

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上海交通大学SCI期刊分类目录(2014-2016)

上海交通大学SCI期刊分类目录(2014-2016)

ISSN
0036-8075 0034-6861 0028-0836
IF
31.477 42.86 42.351 41.706 39.794 39.08 37.231 36.458 36.425 33.836 33.265 33.116 31.376 29.958 29.648 28.054 25.953 24.973 23.893 23.317 23.297 20.603 20.058 18.062 14.976 14.464 13.217 11.633
上海交通大学SCI期刊分类目录(2014-2016)
No
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Abbreviated Journal Title SCIENCE REV MOD PHYS NATURE NAT REV CANCER NAT REV GENET NAT BIOTECHNOL NAT REV DRUG DISCOV NAT REV MOL CELL BIO NAT MATER NAT REV IMMUNOL Full Journal Title SCIENCE REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS NATURE
Subject
MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES ONCOLOGY GENETICS & HEREDITY BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY CELL BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL IMMUNOLOGY

医疗器械的可用性工程浅析

医疗器械的可用性工程浅析

-材料医疗器械的可用性工程浅析Analysis of Usability Engineering to Medical Devices[摘 要] 本文介绍了有源医疗器械可用性和可用性工程的含义以及可用性工程的工作过程并结合风险管理的要求,以及可用性工程和风险管理之间的关系。

对于风险管理过程而言,与可用性关联的问题,诸如与安全性有关的特征,应在风险分析时予以考虑;可用性确认的结果最好也在剩余风险的评价中考虑;风险管理过程中的生产后信息的评价宜包括可用性。

可用性工程过程的目标是在用户接口的可用性方面提供对患者、操作者和其他人员的安全。

因此,可用性工程应及早进行并持续贯穿医疗器械的整个开发周期,最终形成可用性工程文档;可用性工程文档可以是风险管理文档的一部分。

[关键词] 医疗器械;可用性;可用性工程;风险管理;人机交互Abstract: This article introduced the usability of active medical devices, meaning of usability engineering as well as the working process of usability engineering; and also introduced the relationship between usability engineering and risk management in combination with the requirements of risk management. For the risk management process, issues related to usability, such as safety-related features, should be considered in risk analysis; results of usability validation should better be taken into account in the assessment of residual risks; it is better to include usability in the post-production informationassessment during risk management process. The goal of usability engineering process is to provide for the safety of patient, operator, and other personnel in terms of usability of user interface. For this reason, usability engineering should be conducted early and carried out throughout the entire development cycleof the medical device, finally forming the usability engineering documents, which can be part of risk management document.Key words: medical devices; usability; usability engineering; risk management; man-machine interaction [中图分类号] TG174.2;TG14 [文献标识码] A doi :10.3969/j.issn.1674-1633.2017.02.001[文章编号] 1674-1633(2017)02-0001-04李庆雨1,施燕平1,刘美丽2,杨婧21.山东省医疗器械产品质量检验中心,山东 济南 250101;2.山东恒信检测技术开发中心,山东 济南 250101LI Qing-yu 1, Shi Yan-ping 1,LIU Mei-li 2, YANG Jing 21. Shandong Quality Inspection Center for Medical Devices, Jinan Shandong 250101, China;2. Shandong Heng Xin Inspection Technique Exploiture Center, Jinan Shandong 250101, China栏目主编:王瑾晔(上海交通大学生物医学工程学院教授)1992年获日本东北大学获博士学位,2000年9月起任中国科学院上海有机化学研究所百人计划研究员、课题组长。

上海交大Biochemistry Test(2010年二年级中文考试卷)

上海交大Biochemistry Test(2010年二年级中文考试卷)

Biochemistry Test (Chapters 7 ~ 10)II Multiple Choice (20 x 2.5 = 50)1.可能抑制纤维蛋白形成.(A) H 3N + -Arg - Gly-Pro-Gly-Gly-Gly (B) H 3N +- Gly-Gly-His-Arg- Gly- Gly (C) H 3N + - Pro-Arg - Gly- Gly-Gly-Gly (D) H 3N +-Gly-His-Arg-Gly-Gly-Gly 2. α1-Antitrypsin(A) trypsin (C) chymotrypsin (D) all above 3. 首次用 发现凝血酶原有γ-Carboxyglutamate(A) amino acid analysis (B) amino acid sequencing (C) NMR (D) X-ray crystallography4. 胎儿血红蛋白γ 链用Ser 替代成人血红蛋白 β 链的 氨基酸, 使之能够有效地吸取母体血液的氧气. (A) Thr (B) Tyr (C) His (D) Asp5. 在红细胞内,增加 浓度不会降低血红蛋白对氧气的亲和性。

(A) CO 2 (B) H + (C) 2,3 –bisphosphoglycerate (D) O H -6.当 free hemes 暴露于 oxygen, 将形成 。

(A) aggregation of hems (B) superoxide(C) an oxo heme (D) an oxo-bridged dimeric heme7. 生物素是 酶促反应所需要的。

(A) protease (B) restriction enzymes (C) pyruvate carboxylase (D) protein kinase 8.本教材指出 是serine 的组特异性试剂。

生物专业英语常用构词成分(Version1.0)

生物专业英语常用构词成分(Version1.0)

生物学常用专业英语构词词素说明:1.生物常用专业英语构词词素共有三个版本(V ersion 1.0, V ersion 2.0 and V ersion 3.0), 其中version1.0的容量最大,主要供教师备课使用,学生若有兴趣也可索取;version2.0 供研究生学习专业英语使用;version 3.0 供本科生(生化专业和基础班)学习专业英语作参考。

2.各词素后所举的例词有一部分由编者自己根据词素意义组成,若有不当之处,皆有编者负责。

欢迎使用者指正。

3.本词素表仅供上海大学生命学院学生使用,请勿外传。

否则,相关责任(如其中个别错误以讹传讹)皆由传播者负责。

4.词素按英语字母顺序排列,其后的例词主要为生物学方面的词汇,也有一少部分相关专业的词汇。

“→”指向的后面供查阅时比较分析之用,一般为反义词或相关词汇。

邓志瑞2000.4a, 不, 无sexual(有性的)→asexual(无性的),spermous(种子的、精子的)→aspermous(无种子的、无精子的),aspermous watermelonab- 无,反,非,离,去,从,abaxile 原轴的,背轴的,轴外的acro-高点、顶点,acrogen 顶生植物, acrophobiaactin- = actino- 射线、光线,actinomycinad-(ac-,af-ag-,al-,ap-,ar-,as-,at 分别用在c/k/qu, f, g, l, p, r, s, t之前),向、在、与,加强与引申,adduce, accustom, affix, aggrieve, allocate, appoint, arrange, assure, attractadeno-腺,adenoma 腺瘤, adenosine 腺苷酸→adenine 腺嘌呤adenosyl- 腺[嘌呤核]苷基adenyl- 腺嘌呤基adenylo- 腺[嘌呤核]酸苷adenylyl- 腺[嘌呤核]苷酰基aer- = aero- =aeri- 空气、大气,aerobe需氧生物(→anaerobe厌氧生物), aerobat, ,aerometer agro-农业的、农田的、土壤的,agronomy, agrochemistry-aldehyde 醛aldo- 醛,aldose 醛糖(→ketose酮糖),aldoheptose庚醛糖,aldohexose 己醛糖, aldopentosre, aldotetrose, aldotriose-algia(ae), 痛,coelialgia(ae) 腹痛,coeliomyalgia (ae) 腹肌炎algesi- alge- algo- 痛,algesia 痛觉,algesimeter测痛仪,algometer痛觉仪,algophobia 痛觉恐怖Allo-别、异,allosteric effect变构效应, allotrope 同素异形体(→isotrope同位素),allotrophic 异养的(→autotrophic自养的),allodimer异二聚物,allodiploid异源二倍体,Alt(o)-高,altitude高度,altimeterAmbi- 二、二者,ambiguous 模棱两可的-amide 酰胺,acethylamide(→-amine胺, -imine亚胺,-imide酰亚胺)-amine 胺,ethamine乙胺Amino- 氨基,amino acid氨基酸(AA)→〔imino- 亚胺基〕Amphi- 两边、两类amphibious 两栖的,amphidiploid双二倍体(异源四倍体),ampholyte 两性电解质Amyl- 1.淀粉amylase,amylolysis淀粉分解;2.戊基,戊酯,amyl alcohol 戊醇, iso-amyl alcohol 异戊醇An- 1.不,无,缺少,anaerobe 厌氧微生物(→aerobe需氧微生物),anhydrase 脱水酶2. 异常-ane 饱和烷烃,methane 甲烷,ethane乙烷,pentadecane十五烷Andr(o)- 男性的、雄性的(→gyn(o)- 女性的、雌性的),androgyne 雌雄同体,雌雄同株,androgen雄性激素(→estrogen雌性激素→oestrogen 雌激素)aniso- 不等,异,不同,不均(→an + iso-),anisogamy 异配生殖, anisospore 异型孢子ant- =anti-反,抗,阻, 解,antibiotic抗生素, antimycin 抗霉素,antigen, antibody,anticode ante-前,在前antenatal产前的, antenuptial 婚前的anth- =花,anther花药,anther culture 花药培养,anther dust 花粉, anthocyan花色素类anthocyanidin 花色素anthocyanin花色素苷-anthous 花anthrop(o)-人,人类,anthropology人类学, anthropogenesis人类起源apo-脱辅的apoproteinarchae(o)- = arche(o)- 古代的、原始的archaeologyarchi-=arch- 原的,archicerebrum原脑asco- 囊,ascocarp 子囊果-ase 酶, cellulase, amylase, proteinase-asis 病aspartyl- 天冬氨酰-aster 次等的、小的、伪的aster- 星形,astro- 星、天体、宇宙, astronaut , astronomy-ate 1. …盐(→-ite)sulphate=sulfate 硫酸盐, phosphate 磷酸盐, nitrate 硝酸盐,acetate 乙酸盐;2. …状的,具有…的,florate 有花的atmo- 大气,atmbios空中生物,,atmosphere大气层aureo- 金色,黄色,aureomycin 金霉素auto-1.自动的、自身、自己,autotroph,自养生物→(allotroph异养生物),autoclave (自动)灭菌;2. 同源,autoalloploid,同源异源多倍体,autobivalent 同源二价染色体,autoradiograph 放射自显影auxo- 1.生长,增加, auxotroph 营养缺陷型,auxin 生长素;2.助,auxochrome 助色团axo-轴bacteri(o)- 细菌的,bacteriologybaro-压力,barometer, barographbatho-深,bathochromic effect 向红(增色)效应bathometerbenoxy- 苯氧基benoyl- 苯甲酰基benzo-与苯有关,benzoic acid 安息香酸biblio-书籍的,bibliophile 书籍爱好者bili- 胆汁,biliary 胆汁的,bilochol 胆汁醇,biliproteinbin- = bi-(bin用在元音前),binary 二元的、二进制的,~ acid 二元酸,bio- 生命、生物, biochemistrybis- = bi- (bis用在c和s前面) , fructose 1,6-bisphosphate(FBP), ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate(RuBP) bi-两、双、重、复,bilayer 双分子层,bichromate双色的,bivalent, bicycle, biose-blast 1.胚,幼芽,恁枝;2.成…细胞,…母细胞, fibroblast成纤维细胞(→fibrocyte纤维细胞),embryoblast成胚细胞,nephroblast 成肾细胞(→nephrocyte肾细胞)blasto-胚,芽,blastocyte 胚细胞bolo-辐射,bolometer, bolographbotan- 草,牧场,植物,botany 植物学,botanical garden植物园bromo(o)-溴的、含溴的、溴代的,bromoform 三溴甲烷,溴仿bryo- 苔藓,bryology, bryophyte苔藓植物, bryozoa苔藓动物by-1.附近、临近;2.边、侧;3.副,byproduct=by-productcaco- 恶、丑,cacophone 声音不正常,cacochylia 消化不良,cacotrophy 营养不良calc- = calci- 石灰的、钙的、钙盐的,calciferol 麦角钙化醇、维生素D2calro-= calri- 热、热的,calrometer量热器, calrometry量热学,caroliecapill- 毛细管,capillary action毛细管作用, capillary tube毛细管caproyl- 己酰基capryl- 辛基,辛酰基carb-=carbo- 碳、羰,carbohydratecarboxy-,carboxyl- 羧基carcin(o)- 癌、肿瘤,carcinogen 致癌物,致癌剂cardi- = cardio-心脏,cardiogram, cardiograph-cardia心脏位置carni- 肉,carnivore 食肉生物,carnine 肌苷,carnosine肌肽,carnivorous plant 食肉植物caro- 肉, 果肉,肌肉carp- = carpo-(→sarc(o)-) 果实, 子实体,carpologycaryo-核,caryotype 核型, eucaryon 真核, procaryon 原核, eucaryote真核生物, procaryote原核生物cat (a)- =cath- :1.在下;2.反对、相反, catogenesis 退化;3.完全,cauli- = caulo-柄,茎,干,cauliflower 花椰菜, caulicle 幼茎,cauloid 假茎cello-1, 细胞,小房;2. 纤维,cellobiose纤维二糖, cellohexose纤维六糖centi- 百分之一,centimetercentr- = centri- =centro-中心,centromere 着丝点、着丝粒(→telomere),centrosome 中心体chemi- =chemico- =chmo- 化学的, chemotherapy 化学疗法, chemosynthesischiro- 手,chirality手性, chiral center 手性中心chlor(o)- = chlor-绿、氯,chloramphenicol 氯霉素, chlorophyll 叶绿素,chloroform 氯仿chloride 氯化物, chlorine 氯,氯气, chlorotetracyclin=aureomycin 金霉素chol(e)- 胆汁,chlorine 胆碱, cholesterol胆固醇chondrio- 谷,粒,chondriogene 线粒基因,mitochondria 线粒体chrom- =chromo-颜色、色素chromosome 染色体, chromatin 染色质, chromoplast 有色体, chromophore 生色团chromato- = chromato-颜色,染色质,chromatograph 色谱, chromatophore 载色体、色素细胞chron- = chrono- 时间,synchronization同步化,chronicle 编年史,chronograph 记时器,chronometry 测时学-cide 杀,杀者,insectcide, pestcide杀虫剂, suicidecircum- 环,circumcise 环割,circumlunar环月的circumcentre 外圆cis- 在这边,顺式的,cis-action element 顺式作用元件→trans-action element反式作用元件,cis-trans test 顺反试验citr- =citri- 柠檬的,citrate 柠檬酸盐,citric acid 柠檬酸-cle 小, particlecleisto- 闭,cleistogamym闭花受精,cleistocarp 闭蒴co- 共同,cofactor,coenzyme,covalentcoen- = coeno-共,同,coenocarpium 聚合果,coenocyte多核体, coenozygote多核合子col- 与,共同,相互com- (用在p、b、m前)与、共、全,combinecon- =com- (con- 用在c、d、f、g、j、n、q、s、t、v前, cor- 只用在r 之前)conidi-,conidio- 分生孢子的,conidial layer 分生孢子层,conidiocarp 分生孢子果contra-相反、反对, contrapositioncopro- 粪,coproantibody,粪抗体,coprology 粪便学,coproporphyrin 粪卟啉cor- = con- (只用在r 之前), correspondcounter- 反、逆,counterclockwise 逆时针的cry=cryo-(→kryo-):寒冷、冻结,cryogen 致冷剂、冷冻剂,cryobiology低温生物学,cryophyte 冰雪植物cryophilic[生]好冷的,嗜寒的crypt- = crypto-隐蔽、秘密(→krypto-),cryptogam[生]隐花植物, cryptogram密码cubic- 立方体的、立方,cubiform立方体-cule 小,animalcule 小动物cult 耕、培养,aquiculture水产,agriculture农业-cy 性质、状态、职位,infancycyan- = cyano- 蓝、氰、青,cyanobacteria蓝细菌,cyanide氰化物cycl- = cyclo- 圆、轮转的,cyclic adenosine monophosphate =cAMPcyno- 犬,狗,cynodont 犬齿,尖齿,cynolyssa狂犬病cyst-=cysti-胞、囊、膀胱,cysteine半胱氨酸,cystine胱氨酸cystic form 囊状,cystis 囊,cystitis 膀胱炎,cystoma 囊瘤,cystoid 囊状的cyt- = cyto- 细胞(→kyto-), cytology细胞学, cytoplasm细胞质, cytochrome细胞色素,cytokinesis 细胞分裂,cytogenesi s细胞发生,cytolysis细胞溶解,cytometer 血细胞记数器, cytotoxin 细胞毒素-cyte 细胞,leucocyte白细胞, haemocyte红细胞de-1.离开、除去,dehydrogenase,deamination, dehydrate = deaquation;denature,dclour, decoding 2.向下,depress, decline;3. 完全denude;4. 否定、倒转,defrost;5.减少、降低devaluedeca- 十(有时用deka-), decagon 十边形decem- 十deci- 十分之一, 分,decimeter分米deka- = decademi- 半,部分,demilune 半月的, demediate半圆的dent- = denti- = dento- 齿, dentist, dentoformderm- =dermo- 皮、皮肤,derma皮肤,dermal 真皮-derm 皮、外壳dermat(o)-皮肤,dermatitis 皮炎; dermatopathy = dermatosi s皮肤病,dermatologydes- desamination 脱氨作用, desaminase脱氨酶desm-,desmo-带,韧带,纤维,desmocyte 成纤维细胞,desmogen 维管束原deuter(o)- = deuto-第二、再,deuterogamy 再婚deuteropathy[医]并发症、继发症dexy- 脱氧,dexyadenosine diphosphate (dADP), dexyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), dexyadenosine triphosphate(dA TP),dexyribonucleic acid (DNA)dextro- 向右的、右旋的dextrorotatary右旋的, dextroisomer右旋异构体, detrose 右旋糖di- 二的、二倍的、二重的, dimeric由两部分组成的、二聚的, dicotyledony双子叶植物(→monocotyledony单子叶植物),dichromatic, diploid;[化]含有两个原子(分子或基团)的dioxide,diamino acid-diene 双烯,butadiene 1,2 –丁二烯di(a)- 1.通过、横过,dialysis 透析,diagonal 对角线,diathermia=diathermy 透热疗法2. 分离、间,diagnosediazo- 重氮基,diazo salt 重氮盐, diazomycin重氮霉素dich- 成二数的,分为二的,dichasial 二歧的dicho- dichotype 二形态, dichotomic method 二分法dictyo-网,网状dif- = dis-digiti- 指、趾,digitali-form 指形的,指状的dipl(o)- 双重、复、两,diplobivalent双二价的, diplobiont 两型世代生物,diploid双倍体,双的,重的dexy- 脱氧,dexyadenosine diphosphate (dADP), dexyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), dexyadenosine triphosphate(dA TP),dexyribonucleic acid (DNA)dis- 1.否定、相反, disinfection消毒, disinhibition 抑制解除,disappear, disease, disassmbly, disassimilation;2. 除去、剥夺,disburden,discolour;3. 二,双,disacchridase 双糖酶dithio- 二硫,dithiothreitol(DTT) 二硫苏糖醇dodec(a)- 十二,dodecogon-dom 1.职位、领域, kingdom;2.状态、性质, freedom-drome 跑道场地, motordromedynam(o)- 力、动力,dynamics, dynamometer-dynamous 有……力的,hypodynamous乏力-dynia 痛,enterodynia肠痛,coeliodynia腹痛dys-反常的、困难的、坏的,dysphonia 发音困难的,dystrophy 营养不良、营养障碍dystocia 难产的dysfunction 机能失调,dyspepsia 消化不良, dysontogenesis 发育不良e- = ex-, ejectec- = ex- (ec 用在c之前), eccentric 偏心圆ef- =ex-(ef 用在f之前)-eae 族(分类学)eco-1.生态2.居住,生境,房屋,ecology生态学,ecophenotype生态表现型,ecologicl form,生态型=ecotype,ecological group 生态类群ect- 对面,表面,ectal 向外的,在外的,表面的,ectendotrophic 内外寄生的ecto-外,外边,在外,ectoblast, ectoderm, 外胚层,外层,ectocarp外果皮,ectoconidium 外分生孢子, ectoenzyme 胞外酶,外酶, ectogenesis 体外发生,人工培育繁殖,ectotoxin外毒素eletric-,electrical- 电的,electrical potiential 电势,电位electro-电,电的,电解, electrode电极,electrocardiogrm(ECG)心电图, electroencephalogram(EEG)脑电图,electrochemical gradient 电化学陡度, electrolysis电解作用, electrolyte电解质, electrophoresis电泳,electron transfer chain 电子传递链,electrophilic 亲电子的(→electrophobic疏电子的),electrophotometer光电比色计-lle, -llae 小,小型em- = en- (em- 用在p、b、m之前)embry- = embryo- 胚胎(芽), embryolgy 胚胎学, embryogenesi s胚胎发生,embryonal layer 胚层,embryonic bud胚芽-emia = -(a)emia, 血病, leukemia白血病, cholemia胆血病en- 1. 放进、用…包住,entrapment, encage;2. 提供、赋予,endanger, enrich, enable-enchyma 灌注物-enchysis 注射end(o)- 内、在内,endogenous 内源的,内生的(→exogenous),endoenzyme 胞内酶, endoblast 内胚层,endocellular 细胞内,endo-antitoxin 内抗毒素,endoexogenous内外生的, endocrinolgy 内分泌学,endoplasmic reticulum(ER) 内质网,endosperm胚乳-ene 构成烯烃和苯系烃的名词,ethylene, benzene,xylene 二甲苯enol[化]烯醇phosphoenolpyruvateenoyl-烯酰基ent- 向内的,在内的,内部的(→ect-), ental, 向内的,在内的,内部的enter- = entero- 肠的,enterokinase 肠激酶, enteritis肠炎, enterocoele 肠体腔, enterodynia肠痛ento-在内、内部,entoblast 内胚层(→entoderm),entocyte细胞内溶物, entoenzyme 胞内酶entomo- 昆虫,entomologyeo- 始新,原始,黎明,曙eos- 始新,原始,黎明,曙,eosin 曙红ep- = epi- 在…上面在,…外面,表,附,epiphyte, epiblast外胚层epidermis 表皮epicarp 种皮,epicholesterol 表胆固醇,epididymis附睾, epididymitis 附睾炎,epiorganism 附生生物epoxy- 环氧,桥氧,epoxy resin 环氧树脂equi- 相等,等,equilibrium 平衡,equivalent当量erio- 绵毛eriophorous 具绵毛状的erythr-,erythro-红,erythritol 赤藓糖醇,erythrocyte 红血球、血红细胞,erythrocin=erythromycin 红霉素,erythrose 赤藓糖,erythrulose赤藓酮糖-ester 酯-et 1 .小2. 组、组合,octet 八人一组的, quartet四人一组的-ether 醚ethn- = ethno- 种族、人类、人种,ethnologyetio-1. 本,初,etiocholane本胆烷, etioporphyrin本卟啉2.etiology病原学,病因学,etiolation 黄化作用(现象)-ette 1. 小,kitchenette;2. 假、人造,leatherette;3. 组,quartette四人一组的eu-真、良好、优美,eubacteria, euchromosome 常染色体,euchromomatin常染色体质(→heterochromatin异染色体质), eucaryote=eukaryote真核生物(procaryote=prokaryote原核生物) eugenics优生学euploid整倍体(→aneuploid非整倍体),euplankton 真浮游生物,eutropic (水体)富营养化的,eutrophyte肥土植物ex- 向外、离开,extract提取,抽提,exide 切割,切除,切掉exo-外、产生,exoergic放能的(endoergic吸能的),exogenic(exogenous)外源的→endogenic(endogenous)内源的, exocellular enzyme = exoenzyme胞外酶, exotoxin细胞外毒素(endotoxin 细胞内毒素), exothermic放热的(→endothermi c吸热的),exonuclease 核酸外切酶(→endonuclease核酸外切酶)extra- = extro- 超出、在…之外,extracellular enzyme 胞外酶,extrachromosomal genetic element 染色体外遗传因子,extranuclear DNA, 核外DNA,extraordernary-ferous ,具,带ferri- 1. 铁,2.高铁正铁,ferriheme 高铁血红素,ferritin 铁蛋白ferro- 铁,亚铁,ferrocyanide亚铁氰化物, ferroheme亚铁血红素febr- 热病fibr- =fibro- 纤维, fibrocyte纤维细胞,febroblast成纤维细胞, febroma纤维瘤-fid 裂片fil- 线,filament 丝,化丝,丝状体,藻丝体,filate,filiate 线性,丝形fili- 线,纤维,filiate 线性,丝形, filiform cell 丝状细胞filic-蕨,Filicales真蕨目,filicology 蕨类植物学fiss-, fissi- 裂开,分裂,裂缝, fission 分裂, fission yeast 裂殖酵母flav- = flavo- 黄, flavine黄素, flavoprotein黄素蛋白, flavone 黄酮,flavine adenine dinucleotide(FAD) 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(→FMN)flori- 花、像花,floriform 化状的, floriculture-florate 开花的-florous 有…花的fluor-1. 氟,fluoride; 2.=fluori-荧光,fluorimeterfluoresci-荧光,fluorescein 荧光素fluori- = fluoro- 荧光氟, fluorometer= fluorimeter 氟量计,荧光计-fold 倍、重(Chong), fourfoldfoli- 叶, foliage 叶, foliage bud 叶芽,folialiferous具小叶的,folilean 小叶的fore- 先、前、预,forebrain 前脑,fopre leg 前足,forecast-form 具有…形状的,uniform, lunarform , multiformfruct- =fructi- 果,fructose,fructan, fructiferous-fuge、- fugal 离开、逐出,centrifuge 离心, vermifuge 驱虫药fungi-真菌,fungicidegalact(o)- 乳的galactose 半乳糖(lactose乳糖)galactosyl- 半乳糖基galvano- 电流的,galvanometer 电流计gam-,gamo- 结合、婚配,性,gamogenesis 有性生殖, gamete 配子gameto-配偶,gametocyst 配子囊,gametocyte 配子母细胞gastro- 胃的,gastroenteritis 胃肠炎,gastrology 烹调学,gastrologer,烹调学家gastronomy 烹调法-gen 1. 产生、生长, ketogenic 生酮的,glycogenic 生糖的, genetics;2. 原,antigen, pathogen, carcinogen,glycogen-generous 具,有-genesiis 发生、形成,morphogenesis形态发生, embryogenesis胚胎发生genito-生殖,生殖器,genitourinary 泌尿生殖器geno-1.种族,子孙2.遗传,生殖,genome,基因组,genopathy 基因病, genotype基因型,遗传型(→phenotype表现型)geo- 地球、土地,geology 地质学,geochemisry地球化学, geography 地理学geotropism 向地性glacial 冰的、冰状的,glaciology 冰川学glacial acetic acid 冰醋酸global 球型的、全部的、全局的,globin 珠蛋白,globulin 球蛋白,global network 全局网络global system全球系统,global stucture 全局结构gluc- 甜的,葡萄糖的,glucoamylase 葡糖淀粉酶,glucogenesis 葡糖生成作用,glucuronate 葡萄糖醛酸glucuronite葡萄糖苷酸,glucose→g lucosan(g lucan) →g lucosideglucosyl- 葡糖基glyco-糖原、甘油,glycan 聚糖, glycogen糖原, glycogenesis, glyconeogenesis, glycolysis glycosyl- 糖基-gon …角形,hexagon, ploygongon-生育,后代,gonad 生殖腺,gonadal hormone性激素,gonadust 生殖管-gram 书写物、描绘物,telegram-graph 书写器、描绘仪,telegraph,chromatograph-grapher 书写者、描绘者,biliographer 自传作者, stenographer 速记员-graphy 书法、图示法、记,photographygymno-裸gymnosperm 裸子植物,gymnocyte 裸细胞, gymnospore裸孢子gyn-,gyno- 雌,女性(→andr(o)-)gynaecium 雌蕊群,gynander 雌雄嵌合体gynaeco-女性、雌性,gynaecology-gynous 雌gyr- = gyro- 旋转、环gyrocompass 陀螺罗盘hadro-厚,强,haem- 血,haeme=heme 血红素haemacytometer 血细胞计数器,haemal tissue血组织,haemoma血肿haemato- = hemato- 血, hematoblast 血小板,hematology 血液学,haematoxin 血毒素halo- 含卤素的,halobiont适盐生物, halopgen卤素, halometer盐量计, halobis海洋生物, halophyte 盐生植物,halophile适盐植物、喜盐生物(→halophobe避盐的,嫌盐的)hapl(o)- 单,haploid单倍体,haplocaulous 单茎的hecto- 一百,hectometer 一百米heli- = helio- 太阳,heliocenter 日心, heliochrome 天然色照片,彩色照片helo-1.沼泽,沼生,helobios池沼生物2. 爪,指hem(o)- = haem(o)-, hemolysis溶血作用, hemoblast成血细胞, hemochrome血色素hemato- = haematohemi- 半hemicycle, hemispherehepta- 七,庚herba-草,herbicide 除草剂, herbage 草本植物heter- = hetero- 异,变,杂,不同,heterochromosome异染色体, heterocycle杂环, heterogamete[生]异型配子, heteromorphous 异型的, heteroploid 异倍体,heterotroph(allotroph) 异养生物(→autotroph, holotroph 自养生物),heteropolymer, heteropolysaccharidehex(a)-六,hexagon 六角形, hexachlorohexan六氯环己烷,六六六,hexose monophosphate pathway(HMP) 磷酸己糖途径, hexaploidhipp(o)- 马,hippocampus海马his- 组织, histamine 组胺,histidine组氨酸,histdyl-组胺酰histio-, histo- 组织,histiocyte组织细胞, histoblast成组织细胞, histochemistry组织化学,histoautoradiograph组织放射自显影,histology 组织学holo-全,hologram全息图, holoenzyme全酶,holochrome全色素, holotroph 自养生物,holoplankton 全浮游生物homo-同,homogamy 同配生殖,homocaryon同核体,homogenizer 匀浆器,holochrome, homocentric, homogeneous, homophone, homosexuality, homopolysaccharidehort- 花园,horticulture园艺学hyal-,hyalo- 玻璃,透明,明,hyaloid 透明的,玻璃状的,hyalosome透明体-hydric含酸式氢,含羟基,hydro=hydr-水、氢化的、氢的, hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物,hydrophilic, hydrophilous,亲水的(→hydrophbic,hydrophobous 疏水的),hydropathy=hydrotherapy 水疗法, hydrotropism 向水性,hydrophyte 水生植物hydrophobia,hydrochloric acidhyeto-雨,下雨。

上海交大生物化学下册总复习

上海交大生物化学下册总复习

上海交大生物化学下册总复习下册复习(2009.11)*Activated carrier (452) 活性载体Adenine nucleotide carrier or A TP-ADP translocase (550)腺嘌呤核苷酸载体,A TP-ADP移位酶*Alcoholic fermentation (497)酒精发酵酵母特有,由葡萄糖→乙醇(厌氧降解)*Aldolase (487, 499)醛缩酶 6 = 3 + 3, (在缩合反应中)它与底物磷酸二羟基丙酮形成希夫碱amytal (544)安密妥抑制电子在第一个质子泵内的传递anabolism 合成代谢(685) 代谢的一部分, 需能, 较简单物质→较复杂物质, 如生长和其它生物合成过程中*anaplerotic reaction or “fill up” (522, 573)回补反应丙酮酸羧化酶(合成OAA)不仅在糖异生中至关重要,它在维持柠檬酸循环中间物水平中也发挥重要作用,这些中间物在一些生物合成反应中(如由琥珀酰CoA合成血红素,由OAA和α-KG形成氨基酸)会被消耗所以需要得到补充.antimycin A(544)抗霉素A 抑制电子在第二个质子泵内的传递*antioxidants(735)抗氧化剂(血浆中: 抗坏血酸,胆红素,尿酸, 细胞内:谷胱甘肽) asymmetric reaction(520)不对称反应在柠檬酸循环中, 柠檬酸→异柠檬酸→α酮戊二酸的反应过程是不对称反应,尽管底物柠檬酸是一个对称分子atractyloside(550)苍术苷bongkrekic acid米酵霉酸(550) 植物糖苷,能与A TP-ADP移位酶结合,从而阻断氧化磷酸化*bifunctional enzyme(494)双功能酶具有双重功能的酶, 如催化F-2,6-BP合成的激酶(PFK2)和催化它水解的磷酸酶(FBPase2),两者(两个功能域)在同一条多肽链上.此双功能酶可能是由于(编码上述功能域的)基因融合而形成的.biotin(572) 生物素VH, 在许多酶促β羧化反应中作为(羧基的)载体. 在含生物素的酶中,它通过酰胺键与Lys残基的ε氨基相连而与酶的活性部分结合(并形成”长而灵活的分子线”)blood glucose level(774)*Carbanion(515,566)负碳离子含有偶数电子的阴离子,其中多余负电荷的有效部分位于一个或几个碳原子上. (TPP噻唑环负碳离子, 在Pyr DH,在转酮酶中等),此原子在催化过程中具重要作用.*Chemiosmotic (coupling) hypothesis(544)化学渗透假说解释氧化磷酸化之间相偶联的基本理论。

实验指导书-上海交通大学课程中心

实验指导书-上海交通大学课程中心
1.了解Grignard试剂的制备及性质
2.通过Grignard试剂与酮反应制备叔醇
二、 实验内容
1.Grignard试剂乙基溴化镁的制备
2.由乙基溴化镁制备2-甲基-2-丁醇 3.学习无水操作 4.进一步学习萃取,蒸馏等基本操作。
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三、 实验示意图
图 7-1 电磁搅拌回流装置 (冷凝管和滴液漏斗上分别装有氯化钙干燥管)
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九、 实验方法指示及注意事项 1.所有的反应仪器及试剂必须充分干燥。溴乙烷事先用无水氯化钙干燥并蒸馏 进行纯化。丙酮用无水碳酸钾干燥亦经蒸馏纯化。所用仪器在烘箱中烘干后,让 其稍冷后,取出放在干燥器中冷却待用(也可以放在烘箱中冷却) 2.镁带应用沙纸擦去氧化层,再用剪刀剪成约 0.5cm 的小段,放入干燥器中 待用。或用 5%盐酸溶液与之作用数分钟,抽滤除去酸液,依次用水、乙醚洗涤, 干燥待用。 3.乙醚应绝对无水。 4. 开始为了使正溴丁烷局部浓度较大,易于发生反应和便于观察反应是否开始, 故搅拌应在反应开始后进行。若 5 分钟后仍不反应,可用温水浴加热,或在加热 前加入一小粒碘以催化反应。反应开始后,碘的颜色立即褪去。 5.如仍有少量残留的镁,并不影响下面的反应。 6.硫酸溶液应事先配好,放在冰水中冷却待用,也可用氯化铵的水溶液水解。 7.为了提高干燥剂的效率,可事先将干燥剂放在瓷坩锅中焙烧一段时间,冷却 后待用。
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八、 对实验结果和实验中某些现象的分析讨论 1.Grignard 反应是一个放热反应,所以反应刚开始时,溴乙烷的滴加速度不宜 过快,必要时可用冷水冷却。当反应开始后,调节滴加速度,使反应物保持微沸 为宜。
2.卤代烷生成 Grignard 试剂的活性次序为:RI>RBr>RCl,在用活性较差的溴 乙烷制备 Grignard 试剂时,若反应不易发生,温水浴加热,或可采用加入少许 碘粒的 1,2 一二溴乙烷或事先已制好的 Grignard 试剂引发反应发生。

上海交大第10章生化 (刘建华)

上海交大第10章生化 (刘建华)

大鼠发育过程中,心脏LDH表达谱的变化情况。H亚基用方块表示 ,M亚基用圆圈表示。负数表示出生前的天数,正数表示出生后的 天数。
成年大鼠不同组织的LDH同功酶
有些同功酶在血液中出现表示相应组织出 现损伤,可以用作临床诊断指标。
血清中H4(相对于H3M)水平增加表 示心肌破裂(Myocardial infraction)或心脏 病,损伤心肌细胞导致胞内组分释放。
1. 磷酸基团修饰蛋白质,使蛋白质增加两个负电荷。破 坏没有修饰蛋白质间的静电相互作用,建立新的静电 作用。显著改变酶蛋白的底物结合性和催化活性。 2. 磷酸基团能形成三个或更多的氢键。磷原子四面体几 何形状使之具有很高的方向性,能够与氢键供体形成 特异的相互作用。 3. 磷酸化的自由能很大。ATP提供了-50kJ mol-1,大约一 半的能量用于驱动蛋白质磷酸化反应。另一半能量储 存在磷酸化蛋白中。蛋白磷酸化反应不可逆。自由能 变化5.69 kJ mol-1能够使反应平衡增加10倍,因此消耗 ATP的磷酸化反应能够使反应平衡增加104倍。
有些情况下共价修饰不可逆。在信号传导过 程中蛋白质不可逆地与脂质分子共价连接, 变成面向细胞浆的固定于细胞质膜的蛋白质 ,如Ras(一种GTPase)和Src(一种蛋白酪氨 酸激酶)。固定在这种地方,蛋白质更能够接 受沿信号途径传递的信号,并将信号向下游 传递(第14章)。有些癌症,其Ras和Src有 变异。与小蛋白ubiquitin连接,是销毁该蛋白 的信号,也是一种调节方式(第23章)。当 细胞经过细胞周期进入细胞分裂后期 (anaphase)之前,就得使蛋白质cyclin与 ubiquitin连接并销毁之。
ATCase的S型曲线可以看作是两种米氏酶 (一种是T态酶,另一种是R态酶)酶促反应的 叠加。底物浓度的增加有助于酶促反应从T 态曲线转化成R态曲线(图10.10)。注意这 种S型动力学曲线有另一个结果,当底物浓 度达到T向R转化时,增加底物浓度使酶促 反应速度急剧上升。酶分子从活性低转变成 活性高的底物浓度区间很窄。如果细微的浓 度变化就需要应答的话,这种酶促行为就非 常有用。底物对变构酶的这种效应叫同质效 应(homotropic effects)。

大口黑鲈的营养需要研究进展____

大口黑鲈的营养需要研究进展____

动物科学现代农业科技2011年第21期大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides ),俗称加州鲈,原产于美国加利福尼亚州,隶属鲈形目(Perciformes ),太阳鱼科(Ceutrarchidae )。

20世纪80年代初引入我国,由于其生长快、病害少、耐低温、肉多刺少、味道鲜美及营养丰富等优点,已成为我国养殖的主要淡水鱼品种之一。

大口黑鲈属典型淡水肉食性鱼,迄今尚未成功开发出营养平衡的全价专用饲料,尤其全程使用饲料一直是业界的一大难题,表现在中后期经常出现生长慢、厌食、肝脏疾病等问题[1]。

虽然大口黑鲈的养殖在国内外均有一定的规模,而且饲料成本占养殖成本的比例较高,但有关大口黑鲈营养需要的研究仍十分缺乏[2]。

在国外,大部分大口黑鲈的养殖,均采用比较容易获得的其他肉食性鱼类如鲑鱼和鳟鱼的饲料,而非采用针对大口黑鲈自身营养需要配制的专用饲料[3]。

在国内,养殖户投喂的饲料多以冰鲜下杂鱼和其他动物性饲料为主,这对海洋资源无疑是一种浪费,同时对养殖环境的污染也十分明显,容易引起各种疾病的暴发[4]。

按大口黑鲈2010年的产量测算,我国潜在的鲈鱼专用饲料需求可达20万t/年[1]。

对配合饲料的需要日益增加,亟待进一步全面开展其营养需要的研究。

因此,该文综述了国外内大口黑鲈营养需要的研究进展,并参考其他鱼类的营养需要,比较全面地总结了大口黑鲈对饲料中各营养素的需要量,以期为大口黑鲈专用饲料的研发和配制提供参考。

1大黑鲈对各种营养成分的需要量1.1蛋白质和氨基酸由于没有专门为大口黑鲈开发的商用饲料,目前在国外均采用其他肉性鱼类的饲料(蛋白质含量>40%,鱼粉含量50%~70%)[5-8]。

最早关于大口黑鲈饲料蛋白质营养需要的研究见于1981年[5]。

研究发现,0~1龄的大口黑鲈对饲料中蛋白质的需要量为39.9%~40.8%(基于饲料干物质)。

以饲料中水分含量为10%来计算的话,蛋白质含量为36%~37%(饲料湿重)即可满足1龄及之前的大口黑鲈鱼的生长。

Biochemistry Test(part I 中文)参考答案

Biochemistry Test(part I 中文)参考答案

Biochemistry Test (part one)Name Student ID ScoreI II III IV TotalI Write the Structures and state their applications respectively in Biochemistry.(5 x 4 = 20)Number Structure Applications1 phenyl isothiocyanate 蛋白质测序(Edman降解)用荧光试剂。

2E.coli plasmid 基因克隆、基因表达的载体3 DIPF 组特异性抑制剂,专门修饰表面丝氨酸(与丝氨酸形成共价连接)4eukaryotic mRNAs 蛋白质合成的模板5 cystine (1)蛋白质水解的产物(2)多肽链内或链间交联I I Matching Questions (30 x 1 = 30) Use the items listed in the table to answer questions 1-30. Not all of the answers will be used.A B C D E1 R T N C K2 noncompetitive competitive uncompetitive feedback B3 Zwitterions epitope synonyms anonyms’ E4 zero positive negative 3’5'5 catalytic triad oxyanion hole retroviruses prokaryotes eukaryotes6 apoenzymes holoenzymes allosteric gene expression gene transcription7 expression cloning mRNAs tRNAs rRNAs8 evolutionary tree thalassemia sickle-cell convergent Divegernt9 conservative alignment identity search BLAST gla domain P-loop10 total activity specific activity affinity ion exchange gel filtration11 elongation factor release factor themselves itself others12 cysteine histidine arginine aspartate valine13 asparagine tyrosine lysine serine hydroxyproline14 stopped-flow DNA ligase Circe effect homotropic heterotropic15 Isozymes or Isoenzymes GTP ATP c-AMP cGMP16 superoxide Bohr effect SD sequence RFLP fingerprint17 bicarbonate ion orthologs paralogs LDH ACDH18 NMP kinases zymogens insulin pyrimidines purine1.催化DNA分子断裂位点形成磷酸二酯键的酶是______14B_______.2.固相合成寡核苷酸,2' deoxyribonucleoside-3'-phosphoramidite 添加到合成寡核苷酸链的_4E__ 末端。

上海交通大学 上海交大 生物化学 课件 chapter 24fatty

上海交通大学 上海交大 生物化学 课件 chapter 24fatty

TAGs are hydrolized by cAMP-regulated lipases脂酶
initial step in the utilization of fat as energy source: TAG+ 3H2O→glycerol+ 3 FAs +3H+ Hormones, such as epinephrine, norepinephrine (去甲肾上腺素 去甲肾上腺素), 去甲肾上腺素 glucagon and adrenocorticotropic hormone (促肾上腺皮质 促肾上腺皮质) 促肾上腺皮质 induce lipolysis: : hormones→adenylate cyclase腺苷酸环化酶 腺苷酸环化酶→cAMP→protein 腺苷酸环化酶 kinase A →lipase cAMP is a second messenger in activation of lipolysis in fat cells, as it is in activation of glycogen breakdown
为脂肪酸和甘油,从脂肪组织释放并运送到需能组织。 2. 脂肪酸被激活运送进入上述 为脂肪酸和甘油,从脂肪组织释放并运送到需能组织。 氧化) 脂肪酸逐步降解为乙酰CoA,然后进入柠 组织细胞的线粒体中进行降解 (β氧化 。 3. 脂肪酸逐步降解为乙酰 氧化 , 檬酸循环。 檬酸循环。
FAs are degraded by the sequential removal of two-carbon units
TAG are highly concentrated energy stores
TAGs are reduced and anhydrous (无水的 无水的) 无水的 The yield from the complete oxidation of FA is about 9 kcal/g, in contrast with about 4 kcal/g for carbohydrates and protein ( x 2)

晚发型戊二酸尿症Ⅱ型的临床分析(附2例报道)(1)

晚发型戊二酸尿症Ⅱ型的临床分析(附2例报道)(1)
氟乙酰胺与三甲基氯硅烷混合物进行甲基硅烷化衍生 后,应用GC—MS仪(日本岛津公司QP2010)进行检测。 病例1住院号929×××,患者男性,18岁,汉族, 浙江省人。职业:学生。因“反复双下肢乏力9年余,恶 心呕吐2个月”,于2012年11月30日入住上海交通大 学医学院附属新华医院(我院)神经内科。 现病史:患者于2003年在走远路后出现双下肢乏
戊二酸尿症II型(glutaric aciduria II)又称多种酰基 辅酶A脱氢酶缺陷(multiple
acyl CoA dehydrogenase
deficiency,MADD)[11,是常染色体隐性遗传性线粒体能 量代谢障碍性疾病。重症者常于新生儿期、婴幼儿期死
[文献标识码]A
[中图分类号]R591.4 R746.9 [文章编号]1008—0678(2014)03—0269—07 [作者简介]吴娜,女(1983一),硕士,住院医师,主要从事神经变性疾病的研究。 [通讯作者]李琳,E—mail:lilin7505@126.com
U・L。(参考值:0-25U・L。),0c一羟丁酸脱氢酶
U・L。1(参考值:72-182 U・L。1),乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)491
u・L。1(参考值:106-21 1 U・L。1)。②肝功能:丙氨酸转氨酶
597
U・L。1(参考值:0-75 U・L。1),天冬氨酸转氨酶1
083
u・L1(参考值:8-83 U・L。1)。⑧乳酸试验:运动前乳酸4.70 mmol・L。1(参考值:0.1-2.7 mmol・L。1),运动后0、5、10、 15、30rain分别为10.50 mmol‘L1、13.90 mmol‘L1、16.40
488 87
的2例戊二酸尿症Ⅱ型患者的临床资料分析报道如下。 临床资料 血酰基肉碱和尿有机酸分析方法采用MS—MS和 GC—MS技术对戊二酸尿症疑诊患者进行血酰基肉碱和尿 有机酸分析。①MS—MS检测酰基肉碱和氨基酸:按参 考文献[3]报道的方法进行,采集患者手指或静脉血,滴 于专用采血滤纸(S&S 903#)上晾干后送检。干血滤纸片

代谢15章上海交大生化课件

代谢15章上海交大生化课件

代谢
一系列相互关联的化学反应
起始分子 中间代谢物
产生其他分子
代谢物
Figure 15.1 Glucose metabolism.葡萄糖代谢 Glucose is metabolized to pyruvate in 10 linked reactions. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is metabolized to lactate and, under aerobic conditions, to acetyl CoA.
林双君 教授
Part III SYNTHESIZING THE MOLECULES OF LIFE
24 The Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
25 Nucleotide Biosynthesis
26 The Biosynthesis of Membrane Lipids and Steroids
因为蜂鸟有能力将燃料转换成细胞能量货币 - ATP
Questions
1.How does a cell extract energy and reducing power from its environment?细胞如何从环境中获取能量?
2. How does a cell synthesize the building blocks of its macromolecules and then the macromolecules themselves? 细胞是如何合成它的大分子所需模块,以及大分子本身?
Part II TRANSDUCING AND STORING ENERGY
15 Metabolism: Basic Concepts and Design

油红O染色在斑马鱼体内脂质染色中的应用

油红O染色在斑马鱼体内脂质染色中的应用

第25卷第4期中国组织化学与细胞化学杂志Vol.25.N〇.4 2016 年 8 月CHINESE JOURNAL OF HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY August.2016技术方法油红〇染色在斑马鱼体内脂质染色中的应用陈侃,王长谦'范虞琪,韩志华,汪月,高霖,曾华甦(上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院心内科,上海2〇〇〇11)〔摘要〕目的探索油红〇在斑马鱼体内脂质染色中的技术方法。

方法取受精后4d的斑马鱼幼鱼,4%多聚甲醛固定 12h后,用油红0工作液对整鱼进行染色,比较不同的染色时间及不同的染料浓度对油红0染色效果的影响。

结果斑马鱼脑组织、卵黄囊、鱼鳔及血管内的脂质被油红〇染色。

油红〇液浓度〇. 3%、染色时间3h时斑马鱼整鱼油红0染色效果较好。

结论油红〇可对斑马鱼体内的脂质进行染色,可用于斑马鱼脂代谢研究。

〔关键词〕斑马鱼;脂质;油红〇染色〔中图分类号〕R329. 33 〔文献标识码〕A DOI:10.16705/j. cnki. 1004 -1850.2016.04.012Application of Oil Red O in the staining of lipids in ZebrafishChen Kan, Wang Changqian **, Fan Yuqi, Han Zhihua, Wang Yue, Gao Lin, Zeng Huasu(Department o f Cardiology, Shanghai Ninth People9 s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai JiaotongUniversity School o f M edicine, Shanghai200011, China)〔Abstract〕Objective To explore the technical characteristics of Oil Red 0 staining of lipids in zebrafish. Methods 4d - post -f erti­lization zebrafish larvae were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 12h and then dyed with Oil Red 0. The effects of different dyeing time lengths and dye concentrations on the staining result were compared. Results The lipids in the brain tissue, yolk sacs, swim bladders and blood vessels of zebrafish were able to be stained with Oil Red 0. The best result was observed when the larve was stained with 0.3% Oil Red 0 for 3h. Conclusion Oil Red 0 is able to stain the lipids in zebrafish and be used for the study of lipid metabolism in zebrafish.[Keywords] Zebrafish; lipids; Oil Red 0 staining斑马鱼是近年来新兴的模式生物,具有体型小、身体透明、繁殖量大、生长发育快、养殖费用低等特 点,正越来越多地被应用于科学研究中。

靶向作用牛OCT-4基因的MICRORNA分子及其功能验证

靶向作用牛OCT-4基因的MICRORNA分子及其功能验证

上海交通大学硕士学位论文靶向作用牛Oct-4基因的microRNA分子及其功能验证姓名:***申请学位级别:硕士专业:生物化学与分子生物学指导教师:***20080501分子与牛Oct-4 mRNA 3’UTR比对,找到了5条调控Oct-4基因的候选miRNA分子。

首先使用人工合成化学修饰的miRNA分子转染表达RFP-3’UTR的转基因COS7细胞,观察荧光变化初步确定miRNA-146b和204具有调控作用;然后构建miRNA表达载体再次转染转基因COS7细胞,通过FACS检测,证明这两条miRNA分子确实对具Oct-4具有调控作用。

本实验从寻找牛新的及作用于Oct-4的miRNA分子开始,通过两个层次的实验,验证了miRNA-146b和204具有调控Oct-4的作用,这将有助于进一步研究miRNA在胚胎发育中的作用。

关键词:miRNA及功能,Oct-4,生物信息学,牛IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS OF MICRORNAS TARGETED OCT-4 GENE IN COWABSTRACTmicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of non-coding small RNA molecules with roughly 22 nucleotides in length, regulating gene expression on post-transcriptional level and playing an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis process. Now there are 108 miRNAs reported in cow and it has already become hot point of research that to identify more miRNAs and their targeted genes or those miRNAs which target very important genes, providing guides for studying embryo development and transgenetic cow.Because of high efficiency,it is widely used that to identify novel miRNAs by bioinformatics and homologous blast, based on the conservation of miRNAs sequence. Here we compared the known miRNAs among five mammals, i.e., human, mouse, pig, dog and sheep with the sequence of cow genome published on the NCBI, and 147 candidate miRNAs were eventually obtained, though they needed experimental identification. We can clone miRNAs directly by smallRNAs cloning and distinguish novel miRNAs after sequencing. We obtained 13 novel miRNAs by this method, 8 of which were the same with the miRNAs from homologous blast, illuminating the availability of two methods.Based on the regulation mechanism of miRNAs, we compared all cow miRNAs including published and identified newly with the sequence of Oct-4 mRNA 3’UTR in cow and obtained 5 candidates which may target Oct-4 gene. Then we transfected COS7 cell that expressed Red Fluorescence Protein-3’UTR(RFP-3’UTR) with man-made miRNAs with chemic modification and identified the regulation function of miRNA-146b and 204 primarily. After that we secondly transfected the same cells with the vector that could express miRNAs, and then identified the function again through counting the percentage of RFP cell by FACS.In total, beginning with searching novel miRNAs and miRNAs targeted Oct-4 gene, we identified the regulation function of miRNA-146b and 204 targeted cow Oct-4 gene on two levels, which is helpful for studying miRNAs function in embryo development.KEYWORDS: miRNA and function, Oct-4,bioinformatics, cow上海交通大学学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明:所呈交的学位论文,是本人在导师的指导下,独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。

交大生化笔记8范文

交大生化笔记8范文

交大生化笔记8范文能形式释放。

二硝基苯酚(dinitrophenol,DNP)为脂溶性物质,在线粒体内膜中可自由移动,进入基质侧释出H+,返回胞液侧结合H+,从而破坏了电化学梯度。

人(尤其是新生儿)、哺乳类等动物中存在含有大量线粒体的棕色脂肪组织,该组织线粒体内膜中存在解偶联蛋白(uncoupling protein),它是由2个32 kDa亚基组成的二聚体,在内膜上形成质子通道,H+可经此通道返回线粒体基质中,同时释放热能,因此棕色脂肪组织是产热御寒组织。

新生儿硬肿症是因为缺乏棕色脂肪组织,不能维持正常体温而使皮下脂肪凝固所致。

游离脂肪酸可促进质子经解偶联蛋白返流至线粒体基质中。

近年来发现在其它组织的线粒体内膜中也存在解偶联蛋白,可能对机体的代谢速率起调节作用。

3.氧化磷酸化抑制剂这类抑制剂对电子传递及ADP磷酸化均有抑制作用。

例如,寡霉素(oligomycin)可阻止质子从F0质子通道回流,抑制ATP生成。

此时由于线粒体内膜两侧电化学梯度增高影响呼吸链质子泵的功能,继而抑制电子传递。

各种抑制剂对线粒体耗氧的影响见图8-7、(二)ADP的调节作用正常机体氧化磷酸化的速率主要受ADP的调节。

当机体利用ATP增多,ADP浓度增高,转运入线粒体后使氧化磷酸化速度加快;反之ADP不足,使氧化磷酸化速度减慢。

这种调节作用可使ATP的生成速度适应生理需要。

(三)甲状腺激素甲状腺激素诱导细胞膜上Na,K–ATP酶的生成,使ATP加速分解为ADP和Pi,ADP增多促进氧化磷酸化,甲状腺激素(T3)还可使解偶联蛋白基因表达增加,因而引起耗氧和产热均增加。

所以甲状腺功能亢进症患者基础代谢率增高。

(四)线粒体DNA突变线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA)呈裸露的环状双螺旋结构,缺乏蛋白质保护和损伤修复系统,容易受到本身氧化磷酸化过程中产生氧自由基的损伤而发生突变,其突变率是核DNA突变率的10~20倍。

Biochemistry Test(English 2010-10考试卷)

Biochemistry Test(English 2010-10考试卷)

Biochemistry Test (Chapters 11 to 15)Name Student ID ScoreIII Multiple Choice (1 points of each, total 30 points)1.Fructose can cyclize to (a) primarily.A) pyranose ring. B) furanose ring. C) both pyranose and furanose ring forms.D) All of the above. E) None of the above.2.As they can block releasing of viral particles from host cells, inhibitors of are important anti-influenza agents .A) glycosidase B) protease C) nucleaseD) glycosyl transferase E) neuroaminidase (sialidase)3.The transmembrane helices can be predicted by calculation the free energy change that takes place when a hypothetical a-helix formed of residues n to n + is transferred from membrane interior to water.A) 15 B) 17 C) 19 D) 21 E) 234.Ca2+ ATPase transfers phophoryl group from ATP to the side chain of residue(s) in P-domain.A) Tyr B) Ser C) Thr D) Asp E) Glu.5.Channels that open in response to membrane depolarization are called __________ channels.A) voltage-gated B) symport C) ligand-gatedD) All of the above. E) None of the above.6.In addition to dissociation of epinephrine-receptor complex, are involved in resetting the receptors.A)β-adrenergic receptor kinase B) β-arrestin C) G-proteinD) a and b E) a, b, and c7.The fluorescent proterties of Fura-2 are changed on binding calcium through .A) positioning oxygen atoms of Fura-2 B) modifying Fura-2 C) cleaving Fura-2D) covalently binding Fura-2 E) an unknown mechanism8.Phospotyrosine residue are recognized by and bound to other proteins that contain a domain.A) SH1 B) SH2 C) SH3 D) EF-handin E) None of the above9.The reason for bound GTP considered as a “clock” is the GTP .A) behaves in specific time intervals B) is hydrolyzed by the intrinsic GTPase activity of the Gα receptorsC) is regulated by energy D) All of the above E) None of the above. .10.Example(s) of disease(s) caused by altered G-protein activity is (are) .A) whooping cough. B) cholera. C) bubonic plague. D) a and b. E) a and c.11.The major purpose(s) for organisms require energy is (are) .A) performance of mechanical work B) active transport C) synthesis of biomoleculesD) a and c E) a, b, and c12.have a higher phosphoryl-transfer potential than A TP.A) phosphoenolpyruvate B) creatine phosphate C) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerateD) a and b E) a, b, and c13.is the electron donor used for reductive biosynthesis.A) NADH B) CoASH C) NADPH D) ATP E) FADH214.Metabolic processes are regulated by .A) transcriptional regulation of the amount of enzyme. B) allosteric control of enzyme activity.C) Accessibility of substrates by compartmentalization. D) a and b. E) a, b, and c.15.Reducing sugars are those that can transfer into red precipitate.A) Feeling's solution B) Sanger's solution C) Fehling's solutionD) Edman's solution E) Yellow's solution16.Mucopolysaccharidoses is the name given to a collection of diseases that result from the inability todegrade .A) glycogen B) glycosaminoglycans C) glucose D) lactose E) glycoproteins17.Oligosaccharides are assembled in the reactions catalyzed by .A) glycosyl-ligase B) monosaccharide-ligase C) monosaccharide-transferaseD) glycosyl-transferases E) glycosidase18.The side chains of residues are glycosylated in glycoproteins.A) Asp, Thr, and Ser B) Asn, Thr, and Ser C) Gln, Thr, and SerD) Tyr, Thr, and Ser E) Asn, Tyr, Thr, and Ser19.Engineered EPO in Ecoli has only 10% of the bioactivity of the glycosylated ones because they .A) bind their receptors inefficiently B) have incorrect structure C) a re removed rapidly in vivoD) are modified again in vivo E) are precipitated immediately.20.There are possibility to convert micelle-forming molecules into bilayer ones when the size of hydrophobic tailis .A) enlarged B) the same but temperature is changed C) positively chargedD) decreased. E) negatively charged21.In general, membranes performing different functions contains different repertoires of .A) membrane lipids B) membrane proteins C) membrane carbohydratesD) a and b E) a, b, and c22.Some peripheral membranes are anchored to the lipid bilayer by .A) covalently attached a hydrophobic chain B) covalently attached a trans-membrane helixC) covalently attached a trans-membrane strand D) a and b E) a, b, and c23.The technique used to evaluate the speed of lateral diffusion is .A) fluorescence recovery B) ultracentrifugation C) patch-clampD) a and b E) a, b, and c24.Digitalis specifically inhibits the Na+-K+ ATPase by blocking its .A) phosphorylation B)dephosphorylation C) permeability selectivityD) a and b E) a, b, and c.25.Protein kinase C is activated by .A) IP3 B) Ca2+ C) DAG D) a and b E) b and c26.EF hand is a binding site for that used to initiate specific conformational change.A) DNA B) glucose C) Ca2+ D) cAMP E) DAG27.Insulin receptor is a kinase that phosphorylates the side chains of within the substrate proteins.A) Ser or Thr B) Tyr C) a or b D) a and b E) None of the above.28.The kinase activity of EGF receptor requires .A) EGF binding B) phosporylation of its carboxyl terminal tail C) dimerization D) Grb 2 E) None29.An enzyme called is used catalyze a metabolic reaction in which a functional group is added across a doublebond or removed to form a double bond.A) isomerase B) transferase C) ligase D) lyase E) mutase30.Hydrolysis of ATP is required for reset for another cycle.A) Ca2+-ATPase B) Na+-K+ ATPase C) ABCD) lactose permease transporters E) glucose transporters.III Fill in the Blanks with the key words listed in the table (1 points per one blank, total 30 points)31.Protein kinase A phosphorylates ______ residues.32.____ receptor is approximately 50% identical in amino acid sequence with the EGF receptor and has similar domainstructure, but it does not bind any known ligand.33.7TM is an abbreviation for _____ _____ receptors.34.The binding of IP3 to the IP3 receptor results in the release of __ __ from the endoplasmic reticulum.35.The catalytically active form of the insulin receptor is a result of phosphorylation of specific _____ residues in theactivation loop.36.EGR signaling is terminated by the action of phosphatases and the hydrolysis of ________ by Ras.37.The specific transport of a species down its concentration gradient is referred to as ___________.38.Membrane pumps are energy ____________.39.In ______ a phosphoryl group is transferred from ATP to a specific aspartate residue.40.The lactose permease transports lactose into the cell along with a _______.41.Tetrodotoxin, isolated from puffer fish, binds tightly and specifically to ______ channels in nerve cells.42.______ are an important class of channels that increase the rate at which water flows through membranes.43._______ are aqueous compartments enclosed by a lipid bilayer.44.________ membrane proteins are bound primarily by electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions with the headgroups of lipids.45. A ____ is a stereoisomer that is not a mirror image.46. A _______ is formed when two monosaccharides are linked together via a glycosidic bond.47. A branched polymer of glucose synthesized in plants is referred to as ______.48.Maltose is composed of two molecules of glucose linked together by glycosidic bond.49.is a galactose joined to a glucose by a β-1,4 glycosidic bond.50.In N-linked glycoproteins, the carbohydrate portion is attached to a(n)___ residue in the protein.51.The influenza virus recognizes _____ residues of glycoproteins present on cell surface.52.________ is the first stage of catabolism and involves the degradation of macromolecules in food into smaller units.53. A thermodynamically unfavorable reaction can be driven by a thermodynamically favorable reaction to which it is .54.ATP is considered an “energy rich” compound because it contains two __________ bonds.55.In the cell, the hydrolysis of an ATP molecule in a coupled reaction changes the equilibrium ratio of products to reactantsby a factor of __________.56.β subunit, of the insulin receptor is a ______ kinase.57.FAD is an electron carrier that is derived from the vitamin ________________ .58.ATP-generating (catabolic) pathways are inhibited by a ________ energy charge.59.________ _____ reactions form new bonds by using free energy from ATP cleavage.60.In vertebrate muscle, __________ serves as a reservoir of high-potential phosphoryl groups that can be readily transferredto ADP to regenerate ATP.IV Short answers and calculations (4 points each, total 20 points)61.Currents generated through the acetylchlorine receptors from a patient who has a mutation in b-subunit and a normalperson respectively. Propose the effect of the mutation on the channel function and the reasons supporting your suggestion.62.If the selectivity filter binds the potassium ion tightly, how are ions released to pass through the membrane?63.How does a genetic mutation account for some of the different human blood types?64.Describe the mechanism by which N-linked sugars are synthesized and attached to proteins.65.What are the stages for extracting energy from food?。

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Biochemistry Test II
Name Student ID Score
I Matching Questions (20 x 2 = 40)
1.____________是orthologs.
2.RNA polymerase进行transcription 要求DNA具有.
3.末端没有cohesive sequence,可以与______连接,然后用_______处理产生.
4.只改变一个氨基酸的DNA操作叫____________.
5.DNA重组导致外源基因插入的动物叫____________.
6.____________ 可以作为DNA片段的指纹.
7.将外源DNA显微注射到____________.
8.基因工程的λ载体能够插入长度为_____________外源DNA片段.
9.固相化学合成核酸的延长方向是____________.
10.用遗传方法探索基因功能,常用的技术是____________.
11.免疫细胞同一基因产生的抗体有膜结合型,也有分泌型。

基因表达产物不同的机制是_____。

12.蛋白质分子内重复可以采用aligning sequences with _________。

13.除了___________ 之外,其他生物都不用Agrobacterium tumefaciens协助进行基因转化。

14.凝胶电泳后用____________染色DNA片段。

15.细菌transformation是将____________ 引入细菌的操作。

16.加热导致DNA双链分离,叫.
17.原核生物合成RNA的聚合酶有种.
18.决定真核mRNA翻译起始位置的结构是.
19.现在采用的DNA序列测定技术是建立的.
20.评估序列比对的统计意义采用e值,是基于比对打分的结果.
II Write structures (4 x 5 = 20)
1.adenosine 3’-phsphoramidite with DMT and β-CE attached
2.fMet-tRNA
3.consensus sequence for the splicing of mRNA precursors
4.cohesive ends
III Fill in the Blanks (10 x 2 = 20)
1 _______________ are contained in the polylinker region.
2 真核生物的起始密码子位于_____________________.
3 基因克隆用的载体有_______ ___________ 和_________。

4 酵母人工染色体有_______ ___________ 和_________。

5 线粒体的遗传密码子与标准遗传密码子不同,原因在于____________。

6 将基因文库的插入的DNA片段进行排序,这种技术叫___________。

7 ACUAGGAGUCUGCCCAUGUCA 是某一基因mRNA序列的一部分,抑制该基因表达的siRNA 是__________________.
8 用RNA作为模板,合成RNA的酶叫_________________。

10 _____________ 稳定DNA双螺旋的碱基堆积.
IV Multiple Choice ( 5 x 2 = 10)
1.原核生物某一mRNA开始序列是5’-AGCGG AUG CAUCCCUCU AUG AAUU AUG UUAAGAAGGA
(a) (b) (c)
GAUAUACC AUG GGCAGCAGCC……….3’,起始密码子是AUG。

(d)
2.DNA的Tm与无关。

(A)DNA的分子量(B) DNA的GC含量
(C)DNA的纯度(D)缓冲液组成
3.用放射性同位素标记培养的肿瘤细胞的DNA,但不标记RNA,应该在培养基中添加。

(A) [H3]-uracil (B) [H3]-thymine (C) [H3]-adenine (D) [H3]-guanine
4.仅能水解RNA/DNA双链的RNA成分的酶是。

(A) DNase (B) RNase A (C) RNase H (D) restriction endonuclease
5. 同义遗传密码子差异最小的核苷酸是什么?
A) first position B) second position C) third position D) a and c
E) None of the above
V Short-Answer Questions (2 x 5 = 10)
1 提出一种研究方案,制造免疫毒素。

2 简单介绍基因证据指认犯罪凶手
V Short-Answer Questions (2 x 5 = 10)
1 抗体基因与毒素基因融合表达。

嫌疑人衣物血迹、嫌疑人自身DNA、受害者DNA进行PCR扩增、分型检测。

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