2018年上海宝山区高三二模试卷(附答案)

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上海市宝山区2018-2019年高三二模语文试卷

宝山区2018学年高三二模语文试卷考生注意:1.本考试设试卷和等题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有管题必须涂(选择题)或写(非选择题)在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

2.答卷前，务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写校名、姓名、准考证号。

3.答整纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。

4.考试时间 150 分钟。

试春满分 150 分。

一积累应用10 分1.按要求填空(5 分)（1），献愁供恨。

玉簪螺髻。

(辛弃疾《水龙吟·登建康赏心亭》)(1 分) （2）又有清流激园，映带左右，，列坐其次（《兰亭集序)》）(2 分》（3）杜甫(《月夜)中描写妻子美好形象的“，”两句诗。

(2 分)2.按要求选择(5 分)（1）下列选项中，名句使用不恰当的项是（）。

(2 分)A.父母要求小孙独自安心读书。

小孙反驳说:“独学而无友，则孤陋而寡闻。

”B.小孙根嫉妒班上成绩好的同学，老师开导他：“临渊羡鱼。

不如退而结网。

”C.听爸爸讲当年眼难创业的故事，小黄感慨说：”真是“年路蓝缕，以启山林”。

D.小黄刚考上高中就放松学习，妈妈告诚说:“行百里者半九十”，不能松懈!（2）将下列编号的语句依次填入语段空白处，语意连贯的项是（）(3 分)要改良教育，必须从养成良好风格下手。

有了良好的风备，应几对于民众和青年学生。

才能，，，。

是见转移风俗与陶铸人才，实是一事的两面。

①施之以无官之教②不知不觉中可以陶冶出许多人才③熏陶感化于无形④如春风之普被、细雨之滋润，A.③①④②B.①③②④C.④①③②D. ③④①②二阅读 70 分(一)阅读下文，完成第 3 7 题。

(16 分)宣传与教育(节选) 贺麟①我们并不否认宣传有其不可免的流弊，本不否认我们的思想界和出版界常为悲劣的宣传所充斥。

但我们不能向时代开倒车，主张根本摒绝一切宣情，只能向前努力去提高宣传的素质。

所以我们主张不可离开教育而从事宣传，也不可仅仅热心教育而忽略宣传。

上海市宝山区2018届高三英语二模试卷及答案

宝山区2017-2018学年第二学期教学质量监测高三年级英语学科试卷Ⅱ. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.How Much of the Jetsons’ World Has Become a Reality?For most of our readers, The Jetsons may be an unfamiliar name. However, for many American born in or before the 1980s, it is a name we fondly remember. The Jetsons was a popular cartoon that featured a family living in an advanced world ___21___ people settle in houses built in the sky, work only three days a week and drive flying cars that resemble flying saucers. While sky-high houses and three-day workweeks don’t appear to be on the horizon, other visions of the future ___22___（turn）into practical realities.Flying cars have been on the minds of scientists and inventors for decades. They are part of a typical imaging of the future fast-paced and luxurious, ___23___（allow）us to speed through the skies. As ___24___（see）in The Sky’s No longer the Limit, this flight of fancy may soon be a reality in Dubai. Aiming ___25___（become）the world’s most advanced city, Dubai is currently testing the first-ever flying taxi.___26___ money still exists in its current cash-based form in The Jetsons, people today are looking toward a world where even cash is out-of-date. Bitcoin is a type of digital money that has taken the world by storm. Since its introduction, the money’s price ___27___（increase）to rates as high as US$ 19,000. This, however, may not predict well for the future of digital currency, as experts warn that Bitcoin is a bubble and ___28___ crash soon. It’s possible that some dreams of the future may still be ___29___ ______ our reach.Other more probable technologies already exist, for example, future flying eye hospitals in A Hospital with Wings, unusual-engineered folding paper in Clever Folding and the population of endangered corals（珊瑚）in Lab-Bred Coral to the Rescue, etc. All these show ___30___ humans are already capable of. So, what else could the future have in store for us?Section BDirections：After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each wordComputer reads brain activity to find out the music each person is listening to In the experiment, six volunteers heard 40 pieces of classical music, rock, pop, jazz, and others. The Neural （神经的）fingerprint of each song on participants’ brain was ___31___ by the Magnetic Resonance（MR）machine while a computer was learning to identify the brain patterns drawn out by each musical piece. Musical ___32___ such as tone, volume, rhythm and beat were taken in account by the computer.After that, researchers expected that the computer would be able to do the ___33___ way: identify which song participants were listening to, based on their brain activity –a technique known as brain decoding. When faced two options, the computer showed up to 85% ___34___ in identifying the correct song, which is a great performance, comparing to previous studies.Researchers then pushed the test even ___35___ by providing not two but 10 options（e.g. one correct and ninewrong）to the computer. In this situation, the computer correctly identified the song in 74% of the decisions.In the future, studies on brain decoding and machine learning will create possibilities of communication ___36___ any kind of written or spoken language.“Machines will be able to translate our musical thoughts into songs,”says Sebastian Hoefle, researcher from D’Or Institute and PhD student from Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study is a result of a ___37___ between Brazilian researchers and colleagues from Germany, Finland and India.According to Hoefle, brain decoding researches provide ___38___ to understand neural functioning and interact with it using artificial intelligence. In the future, he experts to find answers for ___39___ like“what musical characteristics make some people love a song while others don’t? Is our brain ___40___ to prefer a specific kind of music?”Ⅲ. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Having a clear picture in mind of what their future will look like can motivate students to keep going despite the challenges of college life. This ___41___ seems to be particularly effective for female students from relatively low socioeconomic status（SES）backgrounds says Mesmin Destin of Northwestern University in the US. College is a time of great opportunity for some, but can be ___42___ for others. It is often the first time that many students are away from the regular and familiar support of their family and friends. Weak students from lower SES backgrounds often encounter greater financial and psychological challenges than others, and this can lead to ___43___ and even withdrawal from difficult situations, such as when interacting with their lecturers or taking tests and exams.Destin and his colleagues wanted to understand if students’ ___44___ to academic challenges improve when they look forward to the future. This idea is built around the theory of identity-based motivation. It holds that people can take positive action during times of unfavorable conditions when they ___45___ a successful future for themselves.“The theory of identity-based motivation proposes that stimulating a focus on a successful future identity may be especially ___46___ in motivating students who are weak during challenging academic situations to develop a sense of action readiness,”explains Destin. This involves feeling ready and able to take appropriate action when ___47___ difficulty.In two almost identical laboratory experiments—one involving 93 female students, the other 185 students （including 101 women）-- participants were first asked either to write about their past or their future ___48___. After their deep thoughts, the participants were filmed during an limited interview with a so-called lecturer, and then had to ___49___ a difficult academic test. The research team noted whether participants’ body language was bold and confident, and measured the amount of effort participants’ ___50___ the academic test.The results were in agreement with the theory of identity – based motivation. Destin and his team found that having a successful future identity can prevent especially female students from lower SES backgrounds from ___51___ during challenging academic situations. Specially, lower SES women who wrote about their future identities displayed greater action ___52___ compared to those who considered their past. They showed more confident body language. It helped them to make more effort to tackle the test, and had an indirect effect on their ___53___.“Simulating imagined successful future identities appears to provide a ___54___ pathway to enable weak students to effectively navigate everyday stressors,”says Destin.“The findings ___55___ suggest that certain students may benefit from strategies that remind them to image their successful futures before any difficult and important task that they might otherwise be likely to avoid.”41. A. instruction B. strategy C. challenge D. psychology42. A. disgraceful B. shameful C. harmful D. stressful43. A. hesitation B. intention C. depression D. decision44. A. willingness B. options C. responses D. applications45. A. destroy B. imagine C. abandon D. substitute46. A. powerful B. upright C. unique D. ambitious47. A. avoiding B. overcoming C. surrendering D. encountering48. A. experience B. suffering C. success D. failure49. A. design B. complete C. comment D. revise50. A. put away B. put on C. put out D. put into51. A. withdrawing B. transforming C. advancing D. engaging52. A. quantity B. dullness C. readiness D. inability53. A. fascination B. ignorance C. dilemma D. performance54. A. tolerable B. potential C. straight D. academic55. A. therefore B. however C. otherwise D. meanwhileSection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）I believe in getting lost. Lost in the text of the novel that is particular to your thoughts and feelings that you consider special. The song that reminds you of your childhood summers, where you close your eyes and lose yourself reliving a memory; feeling the warm wind brushing against your arm, the smell of the dusty sand that you stir up as you ride your bicycle, murmuring the tune of that song. Like the unprepared Sunday Drive, with no destination. You’re free to wander, take paths that you’ve never noticed, discover places you haven’t been. Then falling off on the path to lead you back home, leaving you to test directions and alertly absorb your surroundings in order to find your way back; that kind of lost.I get lost daily, whether it’s in thought, or the unplanned drive I just decided to go on. Getting lost is an adventurous learning experience that trains you how to be more aware of your surroundings. A few of my most favorite memories involve physically getting lost. That one late night trip back to Ludington from Grand Rapids I took with a few friends. We finally realized we were going the wrong way when we hit South Haven, almost three hours out of our way. There was also the time where I got lost in the De V os Place in Grand Rapids after the President’s Ball and then the parking garage for a solid two hours. I felt like my life was that one scene of an American television situation comedy, minus the air conditioner. At the time, these are nervous experiences that get your anxiety pumping. You’re fearful that you won’t be safe, but it always works itself out in the end. Physically losing yourself prepares you for how you manage when you emotionally or mentally lose yourself.You don’t always have to be lost in a literal sense to“get lost”and some of the time, losing yourself may not be a positive experience. There are times where I lose sight of who I am. While lost, I test our metaphorical paths and sometimes they turn out to be the right direction and other times they were a wrong turn. I make note of these wrong turns, so I can avoid them further on up the road of finding my way back to who I am.In Walden, Henry David Thoreau wrote“Not till we are lost, in other words not till we have lost the world, do we begin to find ourselves, and realize where we are and the infinite extent of our relations.”Getting lost fuels my curiosity and teaches me lessons on finding my way back to the right track. I believe in getting lost through daydreams, a misplacement, adventures, and difficult times where you make discoveries about yourself and the atmosphere around you. In order to truly find yourself, I believe that you should put down the map and get wonderfully lost.56. In the first paragraph, the author mainly expresses that ______.A. lost in a novel is a special feelingB. songs remind us of past experiencesC. wandering is a wonderful discoveryD. getting lost brings us benefits57. The author mentions the experiences of physically getting lost（in paragraph 2）in order to say _______.A. physically getting lost is most difficult to deal withB. we can enjoy trips while physically getting lostC. people are easy to get physically lost in our daily lifeD. we realize our surroundings while physically getting lost58. Words from Henry David Thoreau（in the last paragraph）imply that getting lost ______.A. enables us to look within and to see outwardB. pulls people back into the previous momentC. enables us to remind ourselves of adventuresD. helps us enjoy ourselves wherever we are59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. I Once Was LostB. Wonderfully LostC. Physically Getting LostD. Mentally Getting Lost（B）Two in three Americans shower once a day or more, according to a YouGov poll. Here’s why you might be better off showering less frequently（and here are other ways you might be showering wrong）60. What’s the whole passage mainly about?A. Reasons you can probably get away with showering less.B. Advice you can take on how to shower more and better.C. Harmful effects made on you through showering less.D. Benefits you can get from showering on a daily basis.61. This passage provides us with the following further detailed information Except ___.A. the best time of day to showerB. the proper temperature for your showerC. the other ways you shower wrongD. the other ways to cut your water bill62. Which of the following is Not a reason why you should shower less?A. Showering gets rid of good bacteria.B. You’re absolutely as dirty as you think.C. Towel drying causes damage to your skin.D. You only really need to wash your smelly parts.（C）Social norms of right and wrong are vital to a well-functioning society. However, such moral standards are changeable and the psychological mechanisms（机制）driving this change are unknown. Now, researchers at Karolinska Institutet report that our view of selfish and unselfish behaviors changes depending on how common they are.The results are based on a combination of behavioral experiments, mathematical models and computer simulations. In the experiments, the participants first observed other people’s behavior in a so-called“public goods game,”in which players receive a sum of money and then choose either to invest it to varying degrees so that it benefits everyone in the group, or to keep it for themselves. After every round, the participants were asked to judge the different choices as morally right or wrong, and whether the choices ought to be punished with areduction in how much the players gained.Unselfish behavior was considered more morally right than selfish, but both behaviors were judged to be more moral and less deserving of punishment if the majority exhibited them than if they were uncommon. The commonness of the selfish behavior also affected the participants’ willingness to themselves pay to punish selfishness.“Tolerance of selfish behavior increased when the majority of the players kept the money for themselves, which surprised me,”s ays principal investigator Andreas Olsson, senior lecturer at Karolinska Institutet’s Department of Clinical Neuroscience.“The fact that a behavior is common doesn’t automatically mean that it’s right – this idea is based on faulty logic that confuses facts with moral values.”The study shows our view of what is morally right and wrong has strong similarities with social comformity, in that we tend to adapt ourselves to the people around us and how they behave. This means that changes in our social environment can quickly alter our moral compass.“This is interesting from several angles, and could explain why moral attitudes change over time, such as those towards public goods or legality,”says Bjorn Lindstrom, postdoc at University of Zurich and Karolinska Institutet’s Department of Clinical Neuroscience.63. According to Andreas Olsson’s analysis, if people accept selfish behavior, t hey actually _____.A. get facts and moral values mixed upB. misunderstand social mechanismsC. follow the logic of their ownD. consider it correct and reasonable64. It can be concluded that the participants in the experiments are punished if ______.A. they can’t play“public goods game”B. invest the money to benefit group membersC. they behave differently from the majorityD. they keep the money for themselves65. According to the passage, what is morally right or wrong is shaped by the following Except ___.A. the way people around us behaveB. changes in our social environmentC. personal standards of values and attitudesD. how widespread a particular behavior is66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. The psychological mechanisms behind attitude changeB. Behavior is considered more moral the more common it isC. Our view of selfish and unselfish behaviorsD. Moral standards of selfish and unselfish behaviorsSection CDirections：Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box. Each sentences can only be usedSeeking feedback not always sufficient for stimulating creativity It is widely believed that seeking feedback from colleagues, managers, friends and family enhances employees’ creativity. But is this always the case? No, a positive effect depends on the work, environment. This is the conclusion of new joint research study led by UvA work and organizational psychologist Roy Sijbom.___67___ For example, managers are encouraged to engage customers in order to confirm whether their business model is workable and scholars attend conferences to obtain feedback on their research results. A definite assumption is that individuals who have obtained feedback will also actually（be able to）use it.“The idea is simple: seeking feedback from different sources –also known as feedback source variety –benefits one’s creativity s ince it leads to a greater diversity of viewpoints”，says Sijbom.“And the more diverse the viewpoints, the more it benefits one’s creativity because by combing all the different viewpoints new perspectives will emerge that in turn will result in more creativity. ___68___”The researchers examined how specific characteristics of the immediate work environment influence the relationship between feedback source variety and creative performance. ___69___ One is the recognized rate of change of performance standards. The other is the extent to which employees feel they have sufficient time to develop creative ideas at work（experienced creative time pressure）.“We discovered a growing relationship between the search for input from a variety of feedback sources and creativity, but only when performance standards within an organization are changing and when a relatively low creative time pressure is experienced”，says Sijbom.Sijbom offers several recommendations.“___70___ In a more concrete sense, organizations can, for example, consider using feedback workshops in which employees are encouraged to reflect on diverse feedback and equipped with techniques and strategies on how to absorb feedback in their daily work. In addition, managers should not only stimulate their employees to actively cultivate relationships with potential feedback sources within and outside the organization, but also provide sufficient time to process the feedback obtained from these relationships.”Ⅳ. Summary Writing71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Screen-addicted teens are unhappyA new study explored the link between adolescent life satisfaction and screen time. Researchers found that teens who spent more time in front of screen devices – playing computer games, using social media, texting and video chatting –were less happy than those who invested more time in non-screen activities like sports, reading newspapers and magazines, and face-to-face social interaction.Total screen avoidance doesn’t lead to happiness either. The greater unhappiness among those with no screen exposure could be due to several factors, Twenge, the leading researcher said.“It could be that they are left out of the social scene of high school, that it’s very difficult to carry on friendships in high school these days without texting at all or being on social media.”It is also possible that those kids are outliers, Twenge said –teens with special needs or in special education, or those whose screens have been taken away from them by parents.The key to digital media use and happiness is limited use. The happiest teens used digital media a little less than an hour per day. But after a daily hour of screen time, unhappiness rises steadily along with increasing screen time, the researchers report in the journal Emotion.“Make effort to spend no more than two hours a day on digital media, and try to increase the amount of time you spend seeing friends face-to-face and exercising—two activities reliably linked to greater happiness.”Twenge said.“By far the largest change in teen’s lives between 2012 and 2016 was the increase in the amount of time theyspent on digital media, and the following decline in in-person social activities and sleep,”the leading researcher said.“The arrival of the smartphone is the most reasonable explanation for the sudden decrease in teens’ psychological well-being.”Ⅴ. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72. 我对这场比赛的结果抱乐观态度。

2018年上海市宝山区高考化学二模试卷

2018年上海市宝山区高考化学二模试卷一、选择题（本题共40分，每小题2分，每题只有一个正确选项）1．(★)下物质属于纯物的是（）硬铝胆矾生铁钢2．(★)下列离子在稳定人体血液H中起是（）Na+e2+HC3-Cl-3．(★)下列过属于人工固氮的）分离液态空制气工业合氨闪电N转化为NO豆科作根瘤菌将N2转化为氮合物4．(★)列属于煤干馏产物的是（）焦炭煤焦油焦炉气人造油5．(★★)列微粒中，互为同位素是）12C和1C2和O3H2H+和干冰6．(★★)制0L01mol/L的NaCO3溶液时，不需要用仪器是（）烧杯干燥器玻璃棒500m容量瓶7．(★★)下列关于Fe的性质误（）有银白色泽被磁铁吸引遇硫酸化能和蒸气反应8．(★★)下列固体溶于时吸热的是（）氯化铵氢化钠氧化钙过氧钠9．(★★)关于烯的法错的是（）有两种共价键能使溴水色成的晶体原子晶体可作果实催剂10．(★★)已知1ol和氧气完烧生成水蒸放2418千焦热量，下列热化学方程式正确的是）2H2（g）+O2（）→2H2g+21.8kJH2（g+O2（g）→H2（s+4.8 kJH2（）+O2（g）H2O（g）-418kJH2O（→H2（g）+O2）241.8 kJ11．(★★★)不能鉴乙和乙的方法是（）观颜色闻气味加蕊试液pH试纸12．(★)业制硫酸适宜条件不包（）矿石粉碎粉末加快反速率原料进入接触之前净化处理O2化为SO3时用铁触媒催化剂用98.3的浓硫酸收O313．(★)Cl是常见的两种属元素，下列判断错误的是（）外电子数：S＜Cl原子半径r（）＜（Cl）热稳定性H2SHCl非属性：＜Cl14．(★★)海带碘的实验可做萃取剂的是）四化碳水乙醇乙酸15．(★★★)下列关于实验室备乙乙酯酸丁酯描述正确是（）均采用浴加热均采用反应边蒸馏的法备乙酸乙酯时醇过量备乙酸丁酯时正醇过量16．(★★)图是电解CuCl溶的置，c、d为石墨电极。

则下判断正确的是（）a是，b是阴极c是正极，负极d极上发生还原应通电一段时后溶液pH值小17．(★★★)漂粉的有效成是C（lO）2，它会和中的CO2发生反应，成具有消毒作用的HClO．下表示程的离子方程正的是）Ca++2ClO-O+2O→CaCO3↓+2HCOClO+C2+H2O→HCO3+ClOCa2++2ClO-+2C22H2→Ca（HC322HCOCa（ClO）2CO2+2H2O→Ca2+2O-+2HCO18．(★★★)有生了证明SO2是一酸氧化，做了以下实验：向滴酚酞的氢氧化溶液中通入过量的O2气体溶液褪色。

2018年上海市宝山区高三二模语文试卷(附答案)

宝山区2018年第二学期教学质量监测试卷高三年级语文学科考生注意：1．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

2．答卷前，务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写校名、姓名、准考证号。

3．答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。

4．考试时间150分钟。

试卷满分150分。

一积累应用 10分1. 按要求填空。

（5分）（1）君子去仁，？（《论语·里仁》）（2），燕尾绣蝥弧。

（卢纶《》）（3）辛弃疾在《破阵子·为陈同甫赋壮词以寄》中以“可怜白发生”与雄奇壮阔的梦境对比，写梦醒后悲凉冷酷的现实处境，李白在《梦游天姥吟留别》中以同样手法写同样情境的句子是：“，。

”2.按要求选择（5分）（1）小杰将参加表哥的婚礼，以下诗句适合小杰在婚礼上送给表哥的一项是（）。

（2分）A.窈窕淑女，君子好逑。

B.桃之夭夭，灼灼其华。

C.凤皇于飞，翙翙其羽。

D.身无彩凤双飞翼，心有灵犀一点通。

（2）填入下面语段空白处的词句，恰当的一项是（）。

（3分）文字是文明发展的载体，记录了一个国家和民族的历史发展进程与经验教训。

古人说，欲灭其国者，必先灭其史。

，，其文明发展的根基也就动摇了。

A.反之，只要一个国家和民族的文字消亡了B.同样，如果一个国家和民族的文字消亡了C.从而，如果一个国家和民族的历史消亡了D.因而，只要一个国家和民族的历史消亡了二阅读 70分（一）阅读下文，完成第3-7题。

（16分）面对技术的挑战．．①现代科技已经彻底融入了我们的生活。

它给人类提供的似乎是无限的可能性。

这让我们既充满希望，也充满恐惧。

如何面对科技，也就成为从大众、政策制定者到哲学家都关注的核心问题之一。

②我们首先区分“科学”与“技术”。

在人们心目中、尤其在那些对科技发展充满担忧的人眼里，科学家常常是不修边幅、不食人间烟火、勇于打破各种边界的创造者。

2018学年第二学期上海宝山高三期末（二模）物理试卷（pdf版有答案）

2018学年第二学期上海宝山高三期末（二模）物理试卷（pdf版有答案）宝山区2018学年第二学期期末高三年级物理学科质量监测试卷考生注意：1．试卷满分100分，考试时间60分钟。

2．本考试分设试卷和答题纸。

试卷包括三部分，第一部分为选择题，第二部分为填空题，第三部分为综合题。

3．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写姓名、班级、学校和准考证号。

作答必须涂或写在答题纸上，在试卷上作答一律不得分。

第一部分的作答必须涂在答题纸上相应的区域，第二、三部分的作答必须写在答题纸上与试卷题号对应的位置。

一、选择题（共40分。

第1-8小题，每小题3分，第9-12小题，每小题4分。

每小题只有一个正确答案。

）1．原子核发生β衰变时发射出的β粒子是（A ）电子（B ）质子（C ）中子（D ）光子2．爱因斯坦提出光子说，是为了解释（A ）光电效应现象（B ）光的衍射现象（C ）光的干涉现象（D ）光的反射现象3．卢瑟福通过α粒子散射实验，揭示了（A ）电子的存在（B ）质子的存在（C ）原子的核式结构（D ）原子核可以再分4．关于波的干涉和衍射现象，下列说法中正确的是（A ）一切种类的波只要满足一定条件都能产生干涉和明显的衍射现象（B ）波只要遇到障碍物就能够发生明显的衍射现象（C ）只要是两列波叠加，都能产生稳定的干涉图样（D ）对于发生干涉现象的两列波，它们的振幅一定相同5．有算式2(0.5A)1010s ?Ω?，其中A 、Ω和s 都是物理单位，该式算得的结果是（A ）50J （B ）25J （C ）50V （D ）25V6．如图所示，A 金属环和B 金属环放在同一平面内，若将电键S 闭合，A 环接通电源，则（A ）闭合S 瞬间，B 中有逆时针方向的电流（B ）闭合S 后，B 中有逆时针方向的电流（C ）闭合S 瞬间，A 环受到B 环的排斥作用（D ）闭合S 后，A 环受到B 环的排斥作用7．跳绳是一种健身运动，某运动员一分钟跳180次，假定在每次跳跃中，脚与地面的接触时间占跳跃一次所需时间的2/5，为了算出该运动员跳起的最大高度，我们（A ）不能将跳绳中的运动员视为质点（B ）可以将运动中的绳子视为质点（C ）将跳绳运动看作简谐振动（D ）将在空中的运动员看作只受重力的作用A BS8．如图所示，强度足够的、不可伸长的轻线一端系着一个小球p ，另一端套在图钉A 上，图钉A 正上方有距它h 的图钉B ，此时小球在光滑的水平平台上做半径为a 的匀速圆周运动。

2018届上海市宝山区高三第二次模拟考试生物试题及答案

宝山区2018学年第二学期期中高三年级生命科学教学质量监测试卷考生注意：1.试卷满分150分，考试时间120分钟。

2.本考试分设试卷和答题纸。

试卷包含两部分，第一部分为选择题，第二部分为综合题，包括填空题、选择题和简答题等题型。

3.答题前，务必用钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔在答题纸上填写姓名、考场号和座位号。

第一部分的作答必须涂在答题纸上相应的区域，第二部分的作答必须写在答题纸上与试卷题号对应的位置。

在试卷上作答一律不得分。

一、选择题(共60分，每小题2分。

每小题只有一个正确答案)1.生物细胞内的下列物质中，既含N元素又属于生物大分子的一组是A.核苷酸和糖原B.血红蛋白和核酸C.氨基酸和葡萄糖D.胆固醇和纤维素2.坏血病、脚气病等都属于维生素缺乏症，这些症状出现是因为膳食中缺少①维生素B 1 ②维生素C ③维生素A ④维生素DA.②①B.③②C.③④D.④①3.原核细胞具有的结构特点或生理过程是A.没有细胞器B.有成形的细胞核C.能进行转录、翻译过程D.进行有丝分裂 4.下表为四种不同微生物的比较结果，正确的是5.某种植物细胞的正常形态和在浓度为m 的淡盐水中的形态如图1。

以下能够正确反映细胞由正常形态转变为淡盐水中形态的过程中水分子进出细胞的图示是（说明：图中箭头表示水分子的运动方向，箭头多少表示水分子进出细胞的数目）正常形态淡盐水中的形态图1图26.下列结构的成分与艾滋病病原体的化学成分最相似的是 A.核糖体 B.中心体 C.溶酶体 D.染色体7.下列关于皮肤感受器的叙述，错误．．的是 A.是传入神经末梢 B.能将刺激转变为电信号 C.能形成感觉 D.含有多种感受器 8.图2为不同pH 值条件下唾液淀粉酶对淀粉的分解作用结果，下列相关分析正确的是A.B.pH 值为4和pH 值为8C.pH 值由13调节到7，淀粉酶的活性迅速升高 D.弱酸环境对酶活性的影响小于弱碱环境的影响9.图3确的是A.能转换光能的色素位于色素带①中B.低温对色素带④的破坏率最高C.镁元素缺乏影响色素带①②的含量D.能吸收红橙光的色素带是③④ ③② ①图310.在1、3、5号试管中分别加入2 mL 蒸馏水，2、4、6号试管中分别加入2 mL量滴加班氏试剂，5、6期观察到的实验现象是①呈蓝色的是1、2、3、5号 ②三组实验中甲组和乙组的实验结果相同 ③2、 4号呈紫色，6号呈红黄色 ④ 4号呈红黄色，6号呈紫色A.①④B.①③C.②③D.②④11.验结果如图5所示。

2018年3月宝山区高三数学二模试卷参考答案

宝山二模参考答案一、填空题（本大题共有12题，满分54分）二、选择题（本大题共有4题，满分20分）三、解答题（本大题共有5题，满分76分）17．解：（1）依题意，可知EA 为点E 到底面ABCD 的距离，故所求的体积为E ABD V -13ΔABDS EA =⋅⋅2=．（2）以A 为坐标原点，AB 、AD 、AP 分别为x 、y 、z 轴建立空间直角坐标系，易得P (004)，，，C (430)，，，D (030)，，，E (001)，，，故F 3(22)2，，，CE (431)=--u u u r ，，，DF 3(22)2=-u u u r ，，，设异面直线CE 与DF 所成的角为θ，则cos θCE DF CE DF⋅=⋅u u u r u u u ru u u r u u u r =， 02π⎛⎤∈ ⎥⎝⎦Q ，θ，∴=θ，因此，异面直线CE 与DF 所成角的大小为．18．解：（1）由已知可得i 、i -均为关于x 的方程20x mx n ++=（m n R ∈，）的虚根，故由韦达定理，得()()01m i i n i i ⎧-=+-=⎪⎨=⋅-=⎪⎩，即01m n =⎧⎨=⎩.（2）依题意得1z +也是方程210x mx ++=（m R ∈）的虚根，所以 ()111z z +⋅+=，即 11z +=，因此，P 为圆11z +=上的点，由复数几何意义可知516max PQ =+=，514min PQ =-=，从而，PQ 的取值范围是[]46，．19．解：（1）由题意可知：当04x <≤时，()2g x =；当420x ≤≤时，设()g x kx b =+，由已知得42200k b k b ⋅+=⎧⎨⋅+=⎩，解得1852k b ⎧=-⎪⎪⎨⎪=⎪⎩，故函数**2(04)()15(420)82x x N g x x x x N ⎧<≤∈⎪=⎨-+≤≤∈⎪⎩，，.（2）易得*2*2(04)()15(420)82x x x N f x x x x x N ⎧<≤∈⎪=⎨-+≤≤∈⎪⎩，，，当04x <≤时，()2f x x =，故()(4)f x f ≤8=；当420x ≤≤时，()f x 21582x x =-+，故()f x ≤(10)f 12.5=．综上，()f x 的最大值为12.5．20．解：（1）Q 椭圆2212723x y +=的右焦点为C 的右顶点，∴a 2=，又x y 210++=与C 的一条渐近线平行，得b 1=，故双曲线C 的方程为x y 2214-=．（2）依题意可得1(0)F、20)F ，则直线PF 1：y x x y 000(0-=，直线PF 2：y x x y 000(0-=，Q 点M 在F PF 12∠的平分线上，∴=，又m <<y 01≥，∴=（※），注意到22114x y =-≥，且动点P 在C 的右支上，故x 0≥利用y x 2200(+x 20(2)2=+，y x 2200(+x 20(2)2=-，（※）可化为：=x m04=，最后，结合x 0≥m ≤．（3）由（2）知：直线PM ：000044()()x y y x x x -=-，∴N y 01(0)-，，从而，直线l：y x =+，由x y y x 2214⎧-=⎪⎪⎨⎪=+⎪⎩可得y y y y 2200(54)1010-++=，注意到Δy 2080160=+>，设11()D x y ，， 22()E x y ，，则y y y y y y y 0121222001015454+=-=--，，∴y y 12-=0=，故 ΔF DES 2F F y y 121212=⋅⋅-0== 显然当y 201154=-即y 01=时，ΔF DE S 2取得最大值，此时点N 的坐标为(01)-，．21．解：（1）由已知可得(12)(1)3f =，，(22)22()x f x x +=，，(13)(3)f ，2=，Q (12)(22)(13)(1)()(3)f f x f ，，，，，成等差数列，∴(22)(12)(13)2()(1)(3)f x f f =+，，，，即 22232x x+⋅=+，解得4x =. （2）设正整数u 满足题设要求，则45132x x ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭， Q 15x x N *∈，，∴412x k =⋅（k N *∈），从而453x k =⋅. 由41x u ≥可得2u ≤（※）；由45(1)x u ≤+可得13u +≥ （※※）；消去k 得1u +32u≥⋅，解得2u ≤，再由（※※）得1u +3≥，得2u ≥，这样，便有2u =. 或这样：由（※）、（※※）消去u得1≥所以1k ≥，注意到k N *∈，故1k =，于是由（※）、（※※）可得2u ≤，2u ≥，从而2u =.（3）易得1mn n x ax b +=+（n N *∈）．充分性：设120m ab-+≥，即12m ab -≥-，则由0b <，且120m ab-+≥可得m ab b b +≤- （※※※）. 现用数学归纳法证明：数列{}n x 的每一项都落在区间[]b b -，中. （10）当1n =时，[]1x b b b =∈-，，结论成立；（20）假设当n k =时，结论成立，即 []k x b b∈-，⇔k b x b ≤≤-，那么，当1n k =+时，因为0b <，且m 为正偶数，所以，0mm k x b ≤≤，又0a >，并利用（※※※），便得mm k b ax b ab b b ≤+≤+≤-，即1k b x b+≤≤-⇔[]1k x b b +∈-，，这就是说，当1n k =+时，结论也成立. 综上，数列{}n x 的每一项都落在区间[]b b -，中，因而，数列{}n x 有界. 必要性：假设120m ab -+<，即12m ab -<-，则由0b <且m 为正偶数，可得1()2m a b --> （※※※※）.注意到0m ab b b +>->，且0a >，故()()0m m m m a ab b b a b b ab b b ++>-+=+>->，即3210x x b b x >>->>=，进而4323m m x ax b ax b x =+>+=，即43x x >，于是，43210x x x b x >>>->>，……………利用函数m ax b +在(0)x ∈+∞，上递增，可知：113210n n n x x x x x b x +->>>>>>>->>L L ，即数列{}n x 单调递增，并且从第二项起的每一项都大于b -.对于23n =，，L ，利用（※※※※）便有211()m m n n n n x x a x x +++-=-123243111111()()m m m m m n n n n n n n n n na x x x x x x x x x x -----+++++=-+++++L 11()m n n n a x x mx -+>-⋅11()()m n n am b x x -+>--12()n n m x x +>-1n n x x +>-，即 211n n n n x x x x +++->-（23n =，，L ），这表明，数列{}n x 中相邻两项的差距总体呈现出越来越大，与数列{}n x 有界矛盾！所以，假设不成立，即120m ab -+≥成立.综上，数列{}n x 有界的充要条件是120m ab -+≥.。

2018年上海市宝山区高考生物二模试卷

2018年上海市宝山区高考生物二模试卷一、选择题（共40分，每小题2分．每小题只有一个答案）1．(★★)欲分离筛选出土壤中的自生固氮菌，应选择下列固体培养基（仅列出了碳氮源）中的（）A．葡萄糖，蛋白胨B．葡萄糖，缺氮源C．缺碳源，缺氮源D．乳糖，硫酸铵2．(★)某植物叶肉细胞质内含有的多糖和核酸主要是（）A．糖原和RNA B．蔗糖和RNA C．淀粉和RNA D．糖原和DNA3．(★)雌性家兔体细胞中高尔基体数量最多的是（）A．神经细胞B．心肌细胞C．乳腺细胞D．红细胞4．(★★)将紫色洋葱鳞叶外表皮细胞置于30%蔗糖溶液数分钟后，结果如图所示，紫色分布的区域是（）A．①B．②C．③D．①和②5．(★★)下列关于细胞核的叙述，正确的是（）A．颤藻和水绵细胞都具有核膜B．染色质储存着大量遗传信息C．核膜、核仁在有丝分裂末期解体D．蛋白质和DNA通过核孔进出细胞核6．(★★)如图显示物质X和Y跨膜出细胞，下列叙述正确的是（）A．物质X可能是碘B．物质Y一定是二氧化碳C．物质X和Y出细胞都需要能量D．物质X出细胞的数量取决于相应载体数量7．(★)下列不属于艾滋病的主要传播途径是（）A．血液传播B．胎盘传播C．空气传播D．体液传播8．(★★)细胞内的能量供应机制可表示为图，下列说法中错误的是（）A．图中X代表的是ATPB．ATP中含两个高能磷酸键C．ATP是生命活动的直接能源物质D．酶Ⅰ促进光合作用，酶Ⅱ促进呼吸作用9．(★)一学生在15分钟内相继进行四次俯卧撑．如图表示每次俯卧撑数，对这一结果最合理的解释是（）A．肝脏贮藏的糖元不足B．糖类转化为酒精C．供氧不足，乳酸积累D．肌肉组织中CO2过剩10．(★★)酵母菌在无氧状态和有氧状态下均可存活。

如图表示的酵母菌呼吸作用过程，正确的是（）A．①式代表水解反应B．②式代表缩合反应C．③是二氧化碳D．④是水11．(★★)灭菌的标准是（）A．杀死所有的细菌B．杀死所有的微生物的细胞、芽孢和孢子C．杀死所有的病原微生物D．使病原菌不生长12．(★★)能正确表示病毒或病菌侵入机体后，引起血液中抗体浓度变化的是（①表示第一次感染，②表示第二次感染）（）A．B．C．D．13．(★★)在牛蛙的脊髓反射实验中，若只要证明神经中枢是完成曲腿反射必不可少的环节，下列操作不必要的是（）A．环割后肢脚趾尖皮肤B．用探针破坏牛蛙的脊髓C．用0.5%HCl溶液刺激趾尖D．剪去牛蛙的脑14．(★)图表示细胞分裂分化的过程，其中属于细胞分化的过程（）A．仅有①B．有②和③C．仅有②D．有①、②和③15．(★★)一般来说，当人们感到口渴时，其体内的（）A．抗利尿激素分泌减少，肾小管、集合管重吸收水的能力减弱B．抗利尿激素分泌减少，肾小管、集合管重吸收水的能力增强C．抗利尿激素分泌增多，肾小管、集合管重吸收水的能力减弱D．抗利尿激素分泌增多，肾小管、集合管重吸收水的能力增强16．(★★)如图示酵母菌有丝分裂过程某些特点出现与时间的关系图，该细胞的细胞周期长度是（）A．约25分钟B．约40分钟C．约45分钟D．90分钟以上17．(★★)2017年诞生的“中中”和“华华”猕猴，是取母猕猴体细胞核注入去除细胞核的卵细胞中，通过人工方式激活后再送入另一母猕猴子宫发育成的个体，此过程使用的技术属于（）A．人工受精B．克隆技术C．单倍体育种技术D．杂交育种技术18．(★★)果蝇唾液腺细胞巨大染色体上有许多宽窄不一的横纹，下列描述中正确的是（）A．果蝇唾液腺细胞有一条特别大的X染色体B．宽窄不一是DNA复制次数不一致所致C．染色体上的横纹（区带）是很多基因的集合D．横纹的数目和位置在同种不同果蝇个体中都不同19．(★★)蒲公英种群密度取样调查过程是（）①随机选取若干样方②计数每个样方的个体数目③确定某一地段中的蒲公英为调查对象④计算种群密度⑤求每个样方的种群密度．A．①②③⑤④B．①③②④⑤C．③①②⑤④D．①④②③⑤20．(★★)一个家庭中，父亲正常，母亲患血友病，婚后生了一个性染色体为XXY的正常儿子产生这种变异最可能的亲本和时间分别是（）A．父亲、减数第二次分裂后期B．母亲、减数第二次分裂后期C．父亲、减数第一次分裂后期D．母亲、减数第一次分裂后期二、综合题（共60分）21．(★★)回答下列有关植物生长与激素调节的问题。

2018学年宝山区高三二模卷

2018学年宝山区高三二模卷一、填空题1、已知i 为虚数单位，则集合{}Z n i x x A n∈==;中元素的个数为_____________2、圆22266x y x y +-+=的半径r =__________3、过点()2,4A -，且开口向左的抛物线的标准方程是___________4、设z C ∈，且22z i z -=+，其中i 为虚数单位，则z =_____________ 5、在()()5311x x-+的展开式中，3x 的系数为___________（结果用数值表示）6、在平面直角坐标系xOy 中，已知点()2,1P ，若(),Q x y 为平面区域221x y x y +≥⎧⎪≤⎨⎪≤⎩上一个动点，则OP OQ 的取值范围是_____________7、将半径为1和2的两个铅球，熔成一个大铅球，那么这个大铅球的表面积是____________ 8、方程sec 01x =的解集为__________9、如图，扇形OAB 的半径为1，圆心角为2π，若P 为弧AB 上异于,A B 的点，且PQ OB ⊥交OB 于点Q ，当POQ ∆时，POQ ∠的大小范围为_________10. 一个口袋中装有9个大小形状完全相同的球，球的编号分别为…,1,2,9，随机摸出两个球，则两个球的编号之和大于9的概率是_____（结果用分数表示）. 11．已知无穷等比数列…123,,,a a a 各项和为92,且2=2a -,若49||102n S --<,则n 的最小值为_____.12.在线段12A A 的两端点各置一个光源，已知光源12,A A 的发光强度之比为1:2，则线段上光照度最小的一点到12,A A 的距离之比为_____（光学定律：P 点的光照度与P 到光源的距离的平方成反比，与光源的发光强度成正比。

）二、选择题13.用数学归纳法证明21211n n nn ->++对任意的,(,)n k n k N ≥∈自然数都成立,则k 的最小值为（）A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 414.设121212(,),(,),(,)A a a B b b C c c 点均非原点，则“OC 能表示成OA 和OB 的线性组合”是“方程组111222a xb yc a x b y c +=⎧⎨+=⎩有唯一解”的（）A ．充分不必要条件 B.必要不充分条件 C.充要条件 D.既不充分也不必要条件15.已知双曲线22221(0)x y a b a b-=>>的右焦点为(,0)F c ，直线()y k x c =-与双曲线的右支有两个交点，则（）A.||b k a >B.||b k a <C.||c k a >D.||c k a< 16.设向量(,,0),(,,1)u a b v c d ==，其中22221a b c d +=+=，则下列判断错误的是（）A.向量v 与z 轴正方向的夹角为定值（与,c d 之值无关）B.u v ⋅C.u 与v 夹角的最大值为34πD.ad bc -的最大值为1三、解答题 17、（本题满分14分，第1小题满分6分，第2小题满分8分）如图，已知点P 在圆柱1OO 的底面圆O 上，0120AOP ∠=，圆O 的直径4AB =，圆柱的高13OO =.（1）求圆柱的表面积和三棱锥1A APB -的体积；（2）求点A 到平面1A PO 的距离.18、（本题满分14分，第1小题满分6分，第2小题满分8分）．已知()21cos cos 2f x x x x =-+. （1）若0,2x π⎡⎤∈⎢⎥⎣⎦，求()f x 的取值范围；（2）设ABC ∆的三边分别是,,a b c ，周长为1，若()12f B =-，求ABC ∆面积的最大值. 19、（本题满分14分，第1小题满分6分，第2小题满分8分）．对年利率为r 的连续复利，要在x 年后达到本利和A ，则现在投资值为rxB Ae-=，e 是自然对数的底数；如果项目P 的投资年利率为6%r =的连续复利.（1）现在投资5万元，写出满n 年的本利和，并求满10年的本利和；（精确到0.1万元）（2）一个家庭为刚出生的孩子设立创业基金，若每年初一次性给项目P 投资2万元，那么，至少满多少年基金共有本利和超过一百万元？（精确到1年）. 20．（本题满分16分，第1小题满分4分，第2小题满分6分，第3小题满分6分）已知椭圆222:19x y bΓ+=的左右焦点为12,F F ，M 是椭圆上半部分的动点，连接M 和长轴的左右两个端点所得两直线交y 正半轴于AB ，两点（点A 在B 的上方或重合）．（1）当12M F F ∆面积12MF F S ∆最大时，求椭圆的方程；（2）当b =若B 是线段OA 的中点，求直线MA 的方程；（3）当1b =时，在x 轴上是否存在点P 使得PM PA ⋅为定值，若存在，求P 点的坐标，若不存在，说明理由．21．（本满分18分，第1小题满分4分，第2小题满分6分，第3小题满分8分）已知函数(),()f x g x 的在数集D 上都有定义，对于任意的12,x x D ∈，当12x x <时121212()()()()f x f x g x g x x x -≤≤-或122112()()()()f x f x g x g x x x -≤≤-成立，则称()g x 是数集D 上()f x 的限制函数．（1）求1()f x x=-在(0,)D =+∞上的限制函数()g x 的解析式；（2）证明：如果()g x 在区间1D D ⊆上恒为正值，则()f x 在1D 上是增函数；[注：如果()g x 在区间1D D ⊆上恒为负值，则()f x 在区间1D 上是减函数，此结论无需证明，可以直接应用]（3）利用（2）的结论，求函数2()f x x =-[0,)D =+∞上的单调区间．答案解析1. 【答案】4【解析】{}1234,,,,,1,,1nA x x i n Z x i i i i x i i ==∈⇒=⇒=--（4个一周期）共4个元素.2. 【答案】4【解析】写出圆的标准方程：22222266(1)(3)4x y x y x y +-+=⇒-++= 3. 【答案】28y x =-【解析】设抛物线为22,0y px p =->，代入点()2,4A -，则28y x =-4. 【答案】2 【解析】22222222(2)22111iz i i i z z i z z z i i i+-++=⇒-=+⇒=⇒===+--- 5. 【答案】9-【解析】观察法，3x 可以是()51x -中3x 项和后面的式中1相乘，也可以是()51x -中常数项和3x 相乘，()()5332351110x C x x -⇒-=-；()()50055111x C x -⇒-=所以系数为9-6. 【答案】[]3,5【解析】数形结合，画出平面区域，则()()2,1,2OP OQ x y x y ==+，令2x y z += 则即求z 的取值范围，2y x z =-+，线性规划得到分别在点()1,1和()2,1P 取到最值，为[]3,57. 【答案】13123π【解析】根据体积不变，得大铅球半径为R ==，则表面积1234123S R ππ==8. 【答案】,3xx k k Z ππ⎧⎫=-+∈⎨⎬⎩⎭【解析】：sec 0sec sin 01x x x =⇒+=，则tan ,3x xx k k Z ππ⎧⎫==-+∈⎨⎬⎩⎭9. 【答案】,63ππθ⎛⎫∈⎪⎝⎭ 【解析】()111sin 11cos sin sin 22248S OP OQ θθθθ===>，则,63ππθ⎛⎫∈ ⎪⎝⎭10. 【答案】95 【解析】()2912342205369P C +++===11. 【答案】10【解析】题意可得122191299402a q q q a a q ⎧=⎪-⇒--=⎨⎪==-⎩则1241,33q q ==-（舍去前者）16a =则44416(1())99913||101010122231()3nn n S -----⎫⎛-<⇒-<⇒< ⎪⎝⎭--,得到n 最小为1012. 【答案】【解析】法一：设12,PA x PA y ==，且1x y +=，322122()x y x yλ+++=3321x x x λλ⎫⎛+++ ⎪⎝⎭3322223y y y λλλ⎫⎛++≥+⎪⎝⎭取等号时，1,x y λ== 法二：设12,PA x PA y ==，则由加权柯西不等式可得232212()(1x y xy ⎫⎛++≥+⎪⎝⎭，等号取到当且仅当221/2/x y x y=13. 【答案】C【解析】试探法得到3k ≥，选择C 14. 【答案】B【解析】OC 能表示成OA 和OB 的线性组合说明情况一：向量不共线，则1221a b a b ≠，情况二：可以是三者都共线，也能够表示；方程组有唯一解即是1221a b a b ≠，故选择B 15. 【答案】A【解析】数形结合，与右支要有两个交点，说明斜率绝对值要大于渐近线斜率，选择A 16. 【答案】B【解析】法一：数形结合，画出一个圆柱体，令,OA u OB v ==，B 点在圆柱体的上底面，A 点在下底面圆周上动，选项A ，0,0,1cos 11v v θ===正确；选项B ，求出OB在OA 上的投影最大时，u v ⋅取到最大值，21OA OB OA ==，故B 错误；C 选项，轴截面时，取到34π； D 选项，因为22221a b c d +=+=，则()(),,,A a b B c d 是单位圆上两点，所以2AOB ad bc ad bc S ∆-≤-=，数形结合可知，11122AOB S OA OB ad bc ∆≤=⇒-≤法二：选项A 正确，0,0,1cos 11v v θ===夹角为0；选项B ，错误（柯西不等式）()()()222221u v ac bd a bcd ac bd ⋅=+≤++⇒+≤选项C 正确解法同选项B ；选项D 正确解法同选项B17. 【答案】（1）（2）32. 【解析】（1）底面半径=2r ，圆柱表面积：2222422320S r rh πππππ=+=⋅+⋅⋅=，AB 为直径，则090APB ∠=，Rt APB ∆中，0012060AOP ABP ∠=⇒∠=12APBSAP BP ⇒=⋅=则1113A APB APBV S AA -=⋅=（2）方法一：连接1AO ，在1Rt AOA 中，1AO =1Rt A AP 中，1AP AP =在1POA 中，由余弦定理可得：1cos 13AOP ∠==-则1sin AOP ∠=1112sin 2A OPSAOP =⋅∠=11A AOP A A OP V V --=可得：11113332AOP A OP S AA S h h ⋅=⋅⇒=，即点A 到平面1A PO 的距离为32.方法二：可以O 为坐标原点，AB 垂直平分线为x 轴，AB 为y 轴，1OO 为z 轴建立空间直角坐标系，则()()10,2,3,3,1,0OA OP =-=设平面1A PO 的一个法向量为(),,,n a b c =则有：1230000b c n OA b n OP ⎧-+=⎧⋅=⎪⎪⇒⎨+=⎪⋅=⎪⎩⎩；取()33,3,2.b n =⇒=-则有11cos AA n AA n θ⋅=⋅⋅，其中1AA 在n 上的投影长度，即点A 到平面1A PO 的距离为(10,0,332AA nd n⋅===.18. 【答案】（1）1,12⎡⎤-⎢⎥⎣⎦；（23. 【解析】（1）()1cos 212sin 2226x f x x x π+⎛⎫=-+=- ⎪⎝⎭, 则50,2,2666x x ππππ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎡⎤∈⇒-∈- ⎪⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎝⎭⎣⎦()1,12f x ⎡⎤⇒∈-⎢⎥⎣⎦. （2）()112sin 2,2623f B B B ππ⎛⎫=-⇒-=-⇒= ⎪⎝⎭由余弦定理：222222cos 2a c b Ba cb ac ac+-=⇒+-=-，又有11a b c b a c ++=⇒=--，代入可得：()222112210a c aca c ac a c ac ++=--⇒+=+≥-≥127sin 32ac S ac B ⇒≤-⇒=≤，即ABC ∆面积的最大值为3-.19. 【答案】（1）9.1万元；（2）至少满23年基金共有本利和超过一百万元. 【解析】（1）由题意：6%6%55nn AeA e -=⇒=⋅；当10n =时，本利和为6%100.6559.1A ee ⋅=⋅=⋅≈（万元）；（2）由题意：2B =；设n 年后共有本利和超过一百万元，则n 年后：第一年年初的投资所得的为：6%12nA e=⋅；第二年年初的投资所得的为：()6%-122n A e=⋅；以此类推：第n 年年初的投资所得的为：6%2n A e =⋅；则满n 年后，基金共有本利和：()()6%6%16%6%126%122221nn nn eA A A eeee --+++=⋅+⋅++⋅=⋅-；由题意：()6%6%6%6%6%150502100log 122.71ne e e n n e e -⎛⎫-⋅⋅>⇒>-⇒> ⎪-⎝⎭；故至少满23年基金共有本利和超过一百万元.20. 【答案】（1）221992x y +=；（2）2360x y -+=；（3）存在0()1,3P -，定值为109PM PA ⋅=.【解析】（1）12221212211||||2222MF F M F F b c a S y b bc F F ∆+=⋅⋅≤⋅⋅=≤=，当且仅当b c =时等号成立；则：222922a b c ===，此时椭圆方程为：221992x y +=；（2）点M 在y 轴或其左侧，则图形如本题图，设00(,)M x y ，那么：00:(3)3MA y l y x x =++，00:(3)3MB y l y x x =--，令0y =得：0000330,,0,33y y A B x x ⎛⎫⎛⎫- ⎪ ⎪+-⎝⎭⎝⎭；B 是线段OA 的中点，则：000033233y y x x -=⋅+-，解得：01x =-，则4(1,)3M -，则：2:(3)3MA l y x =+，即：2360x y -+=；（3）22:19x y Γ+=，设(,0)P m ，00(,)M x y若同（2）点M 在y 轴左侧，则0030,3y A x ⎛⎫ ⎪+⎝⎭，00003(,),(,)3y PM x m y PA m x =-=-+2200000000(3(3)(3)11))()133(33y x x m x m m x m m x m x PM P x A +---+=--+⋅=-+⋅=++++，使其与0x 取值无关，则13m =-，109PM PA ⋅=；综上，故存在点0()1,3P -使得PM PA ⋅为定值.21．【答案】（1）21()g x x=；（2）见解析；（3）单调减区间：2310,2⎡⎤⎛⎫⎢⎥ ⎪⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣⎦，单调增区间：231,2⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪+∞ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭. 【解析】（1）任取120x x <<，121212121211()()1f x f x x x x x x x x x -+-==--；由于任意性： 222121111x x x x ≤≤；故构造21()g x x =；由幂函数性质得()g x 在(0,)D =+∞单调递减，且易得：122122212121()()111()()f x f x g x g x x x x x x x -=≤=≤=-，满足题意，故：21()g x x =；（2）任取121x x D <∈，由题意：12()0()0g x g x >⎧⎨>⎩，又有121212()()()()f x f x g x g x x x -≤≤-或122112()()()()f x f x g x g x x x -≤≤-成立，则121x x D <∈时，1212()()0f x f x x x ->-恒成立，即()f x 在1D 上是增函数；（3）任取12x x D <∈，12121212()()f x f x x x x x -==+-，构造()2g x x =以下证明()2g x x =任取12[0,)x x<∈+∞，121212112()()()()0f x f xg x x x x xx x--=-=-> -，122121212()()()0f x f xg x x x x xx x--=-=-+< -，故：121212()()()()f x f xg x g xx x-≤≤-，得证；由（2）得：()f x递减，则需()20g x x=<，解得：2312x⎛⎫<< ⎪⎝⎭，即单调减区间为2310,2⎡⎤⎛⎫⎢⎥⎪⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣⎦；()f x递增，则需()20g x x=>，解得：2312x⎛⎫> ⎪⎝⎭，即单调增区间为231,2⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪+∞⎪⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭.。

2018年上海市宝山区高考地理二模试卷

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二、综合分析题（共60分）
21.
【答案】
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【考点】
太阳使以便分参特点及影响因素
影响农都起位因素
地三环实打采域分异规律
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22.
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【考点】
常见明形政词的特飞及分布
产业转来的原筒及对桌域地统环境的影响
城镇于间结落杯接形成和变化
12.全面实施“一对夫妇可生育两个孩子”政策有助于我国（）
A.增加人口合理容量B.减少老年人口的数量
C.降低人口自然增长率D.人口长期均衡发展
13.下列现象中，与城市化进程有必然联系的是（）
A.非农业人口比重增加B.绿化面积不断减少
C.住房紧张与交通拥挤D.耕地越来越少，粮食产量下降
14.我国地域文化中，传统民居以四合院为特色的是（）
材料二：2018平昌冬奥会组委会主席李熙范希望平昌和江陵的奥运场馆在赛后也能被积极利用。本届奥运会将创造经济效益约65万亿韩元（折合600亿美元），李熙范表示“通过平昌冬奥会，江原道在地域经济发展上会实现重大突破。”
材料三：日本、韩国、中国相对位置图及朝鲜半岛示意图。
（1）平昌冬奥会被认为是史上最冷的冬奥会，描述平昌冬季的气候特征，并从成因上分析平昌与欧洲同纬度地区相比特别寒冷的原因。
影响工常区树因素
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12.
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【考点】
人口政正向其影响
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13.

宝山区2018学年高三二模语文试卷详析

名句默写分两类:第①②题是给出上下句的直接默写,第③题是给出语境的理解性默写。要注意难写的、易写错的字,如“岑”“觞”“羲”“鬟”。第②题往往又会考到文学常识，作家、作品等
2.按要求选择（1）下列选项中，名句使用不恰当的项是（ D ）。
A.父母要求小孙独自安心读书。小孙反驳说:“独学而无友,则孤陋而寡闻。”
4.下列选项中的命题与第②段画线部分相同的项是( C ) A. 一位宣传家，只要自己具有实行的能力与勇气，就有资格作宣传。 B. 一位宣传家，如果自己具有实行的能力与勇气，就有资格作宣传。 C. 一位宣传家，只要自己没有实行的能力与勇气，就没有资格作宣传。 D. 一位宣传家，如果自己没有资格作宣传，就没有实行的能力与勇气。
2.这些评论确实丰富了本文的文化内涵，但是作为一篇游记散文,这些评论并非与岚山有直接关联，过多地引用古代的评论，割裂了文章的写作思路，给人以掉书袋之嫌。如⑪⑫段中所见景色都一笔带过，引用《诗品》、恽南田的话、王孟端的题画诗，堆砌大量评论来表达感受，给人以生硬凌乱之感。
考纲：（9）探究作品内涵，形成自己的见解。认真阅读文本、领悟文本主旨，提出自己的见解---总分总的结构
考纲：( 3)赏析作品使用的表现手法的特点及其表达效果。
要掌握描写景物的手法：意象的选取，描写的角度，远近动静虚实的手法…
“岚山仍是那样温柔恬静……远远飘来晨鸟歌唱” 先写远景，总写岚山的温柔恬静之美，并以远处鸟声来烘托岚山晨景。“川上的游船静悄悄的泊在树荫下……似乎是几个舞蹈者的造像，塑在沙滩上”，“到处有一二幽雅款式的茶寮及白石灯点缀着，细看，还有尚未结花的老樱树点缀水边及山坡上”，由远及近，描写近处的川流，以河中的游船作为画面的主体，再描写堤边的芦苇白花、岸上松树虬枝、沙滩上疏落的松杉；最后写优雅的茶寮建筑以及点缀其中的老樱树。最后总结。

宝山区2018高三二模(含答案)汇编

宝山区2017 学年第二学期期末高三年级英语学科教学质量监测试卷n . Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.How Much of the Jetsons ' World Has Become a Reality?For most of our readers, The Jetsons may be an unfamiliar name. However, for many American born in or before the 1980s, it is a name we fondly remember. The Jetsons was a popular cartoon that featured a family living in an advanced world ___21___ people settle in houses built in the sky, work only three days a week and drive flying cars that resemble flying saucers. While sky-high houses and three- day workweeks don ' t appear to be on the horizon, other visions of the future ___22___ （turn）into practical realities.Flying cars have been on the minds of scientists and inventors for decades. They are part of a typical imaging of the future fast-paced and luxurious, ___23___ （allow ）us to speed through the skies. As ___24___ （see）in The Sky's No longer the Limit , this flight of fancy may soon be a reality in Dubai. Aiming ___25___ （become）th e world 's most advanced ciDtyu,bai is currently testing the first-ever flying taxi.___26___ money still exists in its current cash-based form in The Jetsons, people today are looking toward a world where even cash is out-of-date. Bitcoin is a type of digital money that has taken the world by storm. Since its introduction, the money （'inscpreriacsee）__to_2ra7t_e_s_ashigh as US$ 19,000. This, however, may not predict well for the future of digital currency, as experts warn that Bitcoin is a bubble and ___28___ crash soon. It ossible that some'drseapms of the future may still be ___29___ _____ our reach.Other more probable technologies already exist, for example, future flying eye hospitals in A Hospital with Wings , unusual-engineered folding paper in Clever Folding and the population of endangered corals （珊瑚）in Lab-Bred Coral to the Rescue , etc. All these show __________________ 30 __ humansare already capable of. So, what else could the future have in store for us?学习-----好资料Section BDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box.Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word tha n you n eed.Computer reads brain activity to find out the music each person is listening toIn the experime nt, six volun teers heard 40 pieces of classical music, rock, pop, jazz, and others.The Neural (神经的) fingerprint of each song on participants' brain was _________ 31 __ by theMagn etic Resonance ( MR) mach ine while a computer was lear ning to ide ntify the brain patter ns draw n out by each musical piece. Musical __________________ 32 __ s uch as tone, volume, rhythm and beat weretake n in acco unt by the computer.After that, researchers expected that the computer would be able to do the _______ 33 __ way:identify which song participants were listening to, based on their brain activity -a technique known as brain decodi ng. When faced two opti ons, the computer showed up to 85% _______________________ 34 __ iniden tify ing the correct song, which is a great performa nee, compari ng to previous studies.Researchers then pushed the test even _ 35 ___ by providing not two but 10 options (e.g. onecorrect and nine wrong ) to the computer. In this situation, the computer correctly identified the song in 74% of the decisi ons.In the future, studies on brain decoding and machine learning will create possibilities of communication 36 any kind of written or spoken Ianguage. “ Machines will be able totranslate our musical thoughts into songs, ” says Sebastian Hoefle, researcher from D ' Or Institute and PhD student from Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study is a result of a 37 betwee n Brazilia n researchers and colleagues from Germa ny, Finland and In dia.According to Hoefle, brain decoding researches provide _______ 38 __ to understand neuralfunctioning and in teract with it using artificial in tellige nee. In the future, he experts to find answers for 39 like “what musical characteristics make some people love a song whileothers don' t? Is our brain ___ 40 __ to prefer a specific kind of music?”川.Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Having a clear picture in mind of what their future will look like can motivate students to keep going despite the challenges of college life. This ___41___ seems to be particularly effective for female students from relatively low socioeconomic status ( SES)backgrounds says Mesmin Destin of Northwestern University in the US. College is a time of great opportunity for some, but can be ___42___ for others. It is often the first time that many students are away from the regular and familiar support of their family and friends. Weak students from lower SES backgrounds often encounter greater financial and psychological challenges than others, and this can lead to ___43___ and even withdrawal from difficult situations, such as when interacting with their lecturers or taking tests and exams.Destin and his colleagues wanted to understand if students ' ___44___ to academic challenges improve when they look forward to the future. This idea is built around the theory of identity-based motivation. It holds that people can take positive action during times of unfavorable conditions when they ___45___ a successful future for themselves.“ The theory of identity-based motivation proposes that stimulating a focus on a successful future identity may be especially ___46___ in motivating students who are weak during challenging academic situations to develop a sense of action readiness,” explains Destin. This involves feeling ready and able to take appropriate action when ___47___ difficulty.In two almost identical laboratory experiments —one involving 93 female students, the other 185 students( including 101 women )-- participants were first asked either to write about their past or their future ___48___. After their deep thoughts, the participants were filmed during an limited interview with a so-called lecturer, and then had to ___49___ a difficult academic test. The research team noted whether participants ' body language was bold and confident, and measured the amount of effort participants ' ___50___ the academic test.The results were in agreeme nt with the theory of ide ntity -based motivati on. Dest in and histeam found that having a successful future identity can prevent especially female students from lower SES backgrounds from ___51___ during challenging academic situations. Specially, lower SES women who wrote about their future identities displayed greater action ___52___ compared to those who considered their past. They showed more confident body language. It helped them to make more effort to tackle the test, and had an indirect effect on their ___53___.“ Simulating imagined successful future identities appears to provide a ___54___ pathway to enable weak students to effectively navigate everyday stressors,”says Destin.“The findings ___55___ suggest that certain students may benefit from strategies that remind them to image their successful futures before any difficult and important task that they might otherwise be likelyto avoid.41. A. instruction B. strategy C. challenge D. psychology42. A. disgraceful B. shameful C. harmfulD. stressful43. A. hesitation B. intention C. depressionD. decision44. A. willingness B. options C. responses D. applications45. A. destroy B. imagine C. abandon D. substitute46. A. powerful B. upright C. unique D. ambitious47. A. avoiding B. overcoming C. surrendering D. encountering48. A. experience B. suffering C. success D. failure49. A. design B. complete C. comment D. revise50. A. put away B. put on C. put out D. put into51. A. withdrawing B. transforming C. advancing D. engaging52. A. quantity B. dullness C. readiness D. inability53. A. fascination B. ignorance C. dilemma D. performance54. A. tolerable B. potential C. straight D. academic55. A. therefore B. however C. otherwise D. meanwhileSection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）I believe in getting lost. Lost in the text of the novel that is particular to your thoughts and feelings that you consider special. The song that reminds you of your childhood summers, where 更多精品文档you close your eyes and lose yourself reliving a memory; feeling the warm wind brushing against your arm, the smell of the dusty sand that you stir up as you ride your bicycle, murmuring the tune of that song. Like the unprepared Sunday Drive, with no destination. You ' re free to wander, tak paths that you ' ve never noticed, discover places you haven ' t been. Then falling off on the path to lead you back home, leaving you to test directions and alertly absorb your surroundings in order to find your way back; that kind of lost.I get lost daily, whether it ' s in thought, or the unplanned drive I just decided to go on. Gettinglost is an adventurous learning experience that trains you how to be more aware of your surroundings. A few of my most favorite memories involve physically getting lost. That one late night trip back to Ludington from Grand Rapids I took with a few friends. We finally realized we were going the wrong way when we hit South Haven, almost three hours out of our way. There was also the time where I got lost in the De V os Place in Grand Rapids after the President ' s Balland then the parking garage for a solid two hours. I felt like my life was that one scene of an American television situation comedy, minus the air conditioner. At the time, these are nervous experiences that get your anxiety pumping. You ' re fearful that you won ' t be safe, but it alwaysworks itself out in the end. Physically losing yourself prepares you for how you manage when you emotionally or mentally lose yourself.You don ' t always have to be lost in a literal sense to“ get lost” and some of the time, losing yourself may not be a positive experience. There are times where I lose sight of who I am. While lost, I test our metaphorical paths and sometimes they turn out to be the right direction and other times they were a wrong turn. I make note of these wrong turns, so I can avoid them further on up the road of finding my way back to who I am.In Walden, Henry David Thoreau wrote “ Not till we are lost, in other words not till we have lost the world, do we begin to find ourselves, and realize where we are and the infinite extent of our relations. ” Getting lost fuels my curiosity and teaches me lessons on finding my way back to the right track. I believe in getting lost through day dreams, a misplacement, adventures, and difficult times where you make discoveries about yourself and the atmosphere around you. In order to truly find yourself, I believe that you should put down the map and get wonderfully lost.56. In the first paragraph, the author mainly expresses that ___ .A. lost in a novel is a special feelingB. songs remind us of past experiencesC. wandering is a wonderful discoveryD. getting lost brings us benefits57. The author mentions the experiences of physically getting lost ( in paragraph 2)in order to sayA. physically gett ing lost is most difficult to deal withB. we can enjoy trips while physically getting lostC. people are easy to get physically lost in our daily lifeD. we realize our surro undings while physically gett ing lost58. Words from Henry David Thoreau (in the last paragraph) imply that getting lost _______A. en ables us to look with in and to see outwardB. pulls people back into the previous mome ntC. en ables us to remind ourselves of adve nturesD. helps us enjoy ourselves wherever we are59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. I Once Was LostB. Won derfully LostC. Physically Getti ng LostD. Men tally Getti ng Lost(B)Two in three America ns shower once a day or more, accord ing to a YouGov poll. 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2018年上海市宝山区高考数学二模试卷含详解

2018年上海市宝山区高考数学二模试卷一.填空题（本大题共12题，1-6每题4分，7-12每题5分，共54分）1．（4分）设全集U=R，若集合A={0，1，2}，B={x|﹣1＜x＜2}，A∩（∁U B）= 2．（4分）设抛物线的焦点坐标为（1，0），则此抛物线的标准方程为3．（4分）某次体检，8 位同学的身高（单位：米）分别为1.68，1.71，1.73，1.63，1.81，1.74，1.66，1.78，则这组数据的中位数是（米）4．（4分）函数f （x）=2sin 4x cos 4x 的最小正周期为5．（4分）已知球的俯视图面积为π，则该球的表面积为6．（4分）若线性方程组的增广矩阵为的解为，则c1+c2=7．（5分）在报名的8 名男生和5 名女生中，选取6 人参加志愿者活动，要求男、女都有，则不同的选取方式的种数为（结果用数值表示）8．（5分）设无穷数列{a n}的公比为q，则a2=（a4+a5+⋅⋅⋅+a n），则q=9．（5分）若A、B 满足P（A）=，P（B）=，P（AB）=，则P（B）﹣P（A）=10．（5分）奇函数f（x）定义域为R，当x＞0时，f（x）=x+﹣1（这里m为正常数），若f（x）≤m﹣2对一切x≤0成立，则m的取值范围是11．（5分）如图，已知O为矩形P1P2P3P4内的一点，满足OP1=4，OP3=5，P1P3=7，则⋅的值为12．（5分）将实数x、y、z 中的最小值记为min{x，y，z}，在锐角△POQ种，且∠POQ=60°，PQ=1，点T 在△POQ 的边上或内部运动，且TO=min{TP，TO，TQ}，由T 所组成的图形为M，设△POQ、M 的面积为S△POQ、S M，若S M：（S﹣S M）=1：2，则S M=△POQ二.选择题（本大题共4题，每题5分，共20分）13．（5分）“sin x=”是“x=”的（）条件A．充分不必要B．必要不充分C．充要D．既不充分也不必要14．（5分）在（﹣x）6的二项展开式中，常数项等于（）A．﹣160B．160C．﹣150D．15015．（5分）若函数f （x）（x∈R）满足f （﹣1+x）、f （1+x）均为奇函数，则下列四个结论正确的是（）A．f （﹣x）为奇函数B．f （﹣x）为偶函数C．f （x+3）为奇函数D．f （x+3）为偶函数16．（5分）对于数列x1，x2，⋅⋅⋅若使得m﹣x n＞0对一切n∈N*成立的m的最小值存在，则称该最小值为此数列的“准最大项”，设函数f（x）=x+sinx（x∈R）及数列y1，y2，⋅⋅⋅且y1=6y0（y0∈R），若（n∈N*），则当y0=1时，下列结论正确的应为（）A．数列y1，y2，⋅⋅⋅的“准最大项”存在，且为2πB．数列y1，y2，⋅⋅⋅的“准最大项”存在，且为3πC．数列y1，y2，⋅⋅⋅的“准最大项”存在，且为4πD．数列y1，y2，⋅⋅⋅的“准最大项”不存在三.解答题（本大题共5题，共14+14+14+16+18=76分）17．（14分）如图，在四棱锥P﹣ABCD中，底面ABCD为矩形，PA⊥底面ABCD，AD=3，PA=AB=4，点E在侧棱PA上，且AE=1，F为侧棱PC的中点．（1）求三棱锥E﹣ABD的体积；（2）求异面直线CE与DF所成角的大小．18．（14分）设z+1为关于x 的方程x2+mx+n=0，m，n∈R的虚根，i为虚数单位．（1）当z=﹣1+i 时，求m、n 的值；（2）若n=1，在复平面上，设复数z 所对应的点为P，复数2+4i 所对应的点为Q，试求|PQ|的取值范围．19．（14分）某渔业公司最近开发的一种新型淡水养虾技术具有方法简便且经济效益好的特点，研究表明：用该技术进行淡水养虾时，在一定的条件下，每尾虾的平均生长速度为g（x）（单位：千克/年）养殖密度为x，x＞0 （单位：尾/立方分米），当x 不超过4 时，g（x）的值恒为2；当4≤x≤20，g（x）是x 的一次函数，且当x 达到20 时，因养殖空间受限等原因，g （x）的值为0．（1）当0＜x≤20 时，求函数g（x）的表达式；（2）在（1）的条件下，求函数f（x）=x⋅g（x）的最大值．20．（16分）在平面直角坐标系xOy中，椭圆=1的右焦点为双曲线C：（a＞0，b＞0）的右顶点，直线x+2y+1=0与C的一条渐近线平行．（1）求C的方程；（2）如图，F1、F2为C的左右焦点，动点P（x0，y0）（y0≥1）在C的右支上，且∠F1PF2的平分线与x轴、y轴分别交于点M（m，0）（＜m＜）、N，试比较m与的大小，并说明理由；（3）在（2）的条件下，设过点F 1、N 的直线l 与C 交于D 、E 两点，求△F 2DE 的面积最大值．21．（18分）设f （k ，t ）（x ）=（这里的k ，t ，x ∈R 且x ≠0）（1）f （1，2）（1），f （2，2）（x ），f （1，3）（3）成等差数列，求x 的值；（2）已知，n ∈N 是公比为的等比数列，x 1，x 5∈N*是否存在正整数u ，使x 1≥u 4，且x 5≤（u +1）4？若存在，求出u 的值，若不存在，请说明理由；（3）如果存在正常数M ，使得|y n |≤M 对于一切n ∈N*的成立，那么称数列{y n }有界，已知a ＞0，m 为正偶数，数列{x }满足x 1=b ＜0，且x n +1=，n ∈N*，证明：数列{x n }有界的充要条件是ab m ﹣1+2≥0．2018年上海市宝山区高考数学二模试卷参考答案与试题解析一.填空题（本大题共12题，1-6每题4分，7-12每题5分，共54分）1．（4分）设全集U=R，若集合A={0，1，2}，B={x|﹣1＜x＜2}，A∩（∁U B）= {2}【考点】1H：交、并、补集的混合运算．【专题】11：计算题；37：集合思想；49：综合法；5J：集合．【分析】进行交集和补集的运算即可．【解答】解：∁U B={x≤﹣1，或x≥2}；∴A∩（∁U B）={2}．故答案为：{2}．【点评】考查描述法、列举法表示集合的概念，以及交集、补集的运算．2．（4分）设抛物线的焦点坐标为（1，0），则此抛物线的标准方程为y2=4x 【考点】K8：抛物线的性质．【专题】11：计算题；34：方程思想；5O：排列组合．【分析】根据题意，由抛物线的焦点坐标分析可得抛物线的开口方向，则可以设其方程为y2=2px，由抛物线的性质可得=1，解可得p的值，将p的值代入抛物线的方程即可得答案．【解答】解：根据题意，抛物线的焦点坐标为（1，0），则抛物线开口向右，设其方程为y2=2px，又由其焦点坐标为（1，0），则有=1，解可得p=2，则抛物线的标准方程为y2=4x；故答案为：y2=4x．【点评】本题考查抛物线的标准方程，注意分析抛物线的开口的方向．3．（4分）某次体检，8 位同学的身高（单位：米）分别为1.68，1.71，1.73，1.63，1.81，1.74，1.66，1.78，则这组数据的中位数是 1.72（米）【考点】BB：众数、中位数、平均数．【专题】38：对应思想；4O：定义法；5I：概率与统计．【分析】根据一组数据的中位数定义求出它的中位数．【解答】解：8位同学的身高按从小到大的顺序排列为1.63，166，1.68，1.71，1.73，1.74，1.78，1.81；则这组数据的中位数是×（1.71+1.73）=1.72．故答案为：1.72．【点评】本题考查了中位数的定义与应用问题，是基础题．4．（4分）函数f （x）=2sin 4x cos 4x 的最小正周期为【考点】H1：三角函数的周期性．【专题】11：计算题；35：转化思想；49：综合法；57：三角函数的图像与性质．【分析】利用二倍角的正弦函数公式可得f（x）=sin8x，进而利用三角函数周期公式即可得解．【解答】解：∵f（x）=2sin4xcos4x=sin8x，∴f （x）的最小正周期T==．故答案为．【点评】本题主要考查了二倍角的正弦函数公式，三角函数周期公式的应用，考查了转化思想，属于基础题．5．（4分）已知球的俯视图面积为π，则该球的表面积为4π【考点】LG：球的体积和表面积．【专题】35：转化思想；5U：球．【分析】直接利用球的三视图和表面积公式求出结果．【解答】解：由于球的俯视图面积为π，则：π=πr2，解得球的大圆半径为1，故球的表面积为：S=4πr2=4π．故答案为：4π．【点评】本题考查的知识要点：三视图的应用，球的表面积公式的应用．6．（4分）若线性方程组的增广矩阵为的解为，则c1+c2=9【考点】OC：几种特殊的矩阵变换．【专题】35：转化思想；4R：转化法；5R：矩阵和变换．【分析】根据增广矩阵求得方程组，代入即可求得c1，c2，即可求得答案．【解答】解：由线性方程组的增广矩阵为，则，由，解得：，∴c1+c2=9，故答案为：9．【点评】本题考查方程组的增广矩阵的应用，考查转化思想，属于基础题．7．（5分）在报名的8 名男生和5 名女生中，选取6 人参加志愿者活动，要求男、女都有，则不同的选取方式的种数为1688（结果用数值表示）【考点】D9：排列、组合及简单计数问题．【专题】11：计算题；35：转化思想；5O：排列组合．【分析】根据题意，用间接法分析：先用组合数公式计算从8名男生和5名女生共13人中选取6人的取法数目，排除其中只有男生和只有女生的情况数目，即可得答案．【解答】解：根据题意，用间接法分析：从8名男生和5名女生共13人中选取6人，有C136=1716种取法，其中只有男生的取法有C86=28种，没有只有女生的取法，则男、女都有选取方式有1716﹣28=1688种；故答案为：1688．【点评】本题考查排列、组合的应用，注意正面分析涉及分类较多，要用间接法分析．8．（5分）设无穷数列{a n}的公比为q，则a2=（a4+a5+⋅⋅⋅+a n），则q=【考点】89：等比数列的前n项和．【专题】11：计算题；34：方程思想；4R：转化法；54：等差数列与等比数列．【分析】推导出a1q=[﹣]，从而|q|＜1，，由此能求出结果．【解答】解：∵无穷数列{a n}的公比为q，a2=（a4+a5+⋅⋅⋅+a n），∴a1q=[﹣]，∴|q|＜1，，由q≠0，整理，得q2+q﹣1=0，由|q|＜1，解得．故答案为：．【点评】本题考查等比数列的公比的求法，考查等比数列的性质等基础知识，考查运算求解能力，考查函数与方程思想，是基础题．9．（5分）若A、B 满足P（A）=，P（B）=，P（AB）=，则P（B）﹣P（A）=【考点】C2：概率及其性质；CB：古典概型及其概率计算公式．【专题】11：计算题；34：方程思想；4O：定义法；5I：概率与统计．【分析】推导出P（AB）=P（A）P（B），从而P（B）﹣P（A）=P（）P（B）﹣P（A）P（），由此能求出结果．【解答】解：∵A、B 满足P（A）=，P（B）=，P（AB）=，∴P（AB）=P（A）P（B），∴P（B）﹣P（A）=P（）P（B）﹣P（A）P（）==．故答案为：．【点评】本题考查概率的求法，考查相互独立事件概率乘法公式、对立事件概率计算公式等基础知识，考查运算求解能力，考查函数与方程思想，是基础题．10．（5分）奇函数f（x）定义域为R，当x＞0时，f（x）=x+﹣1（这里m为正常数），若f（x）≤m﹣2对一切x≤0成立，则m的取值范围是{m|m≥1}【考点】3R：函数恒成立问题．【专题】35：转化思想；51：函数的性质及应用．【分析】根据函数奇偶性的对称性求出当x≤0时的解析式，利用基本不等式的性质求出函数f（x）的最值即可得到结论【解答】解：若x＜0，则﹣x＞0，∵当x＞0时，f （x）=x+﹣1∴当x＜0时，f（﹣x）=﹣x﹣﹣1y=f（x）是定义在R上的奇函数，∴f（﹣x）=﹣f（x）即f（x）=x++1．当x=0时，f（0）=0，满足f（x）≤m﹣2，可得：m≥2．当x＜0时，f（x）=x++1≤1﹣2=1﹣2m．若f（x）≤m﹣2对一切x≤0成立，则1﹣2m≤m﹣2，解得：m≥1综上可得：m≥1．故答案为：{m|m≥1}【点评】本题主要考查函数恒成立问题，根据函数的奇偶性求出函数的解析式，以及利用基本不等式求出最小值是解决本题的关键11．（5分）如图，已知O为矩形P1P2P3P4内的一点，满足OP1=4，OP3=5，P1P3=7，则⋅的值为﹣4【考点】9O：平面向量数量积的性质及其运算．【专题】31：数形结合；44：数形结合法；5A：平面向量及应用．【分析】建立坐标系，根据条件列方程得出各点坐标的关系，从而得出⋅的值．【解答】解：以P1为原点建立平面坐标系如图所示：设P2（a，0），P4（0，b），O（x，y），则P3（a，b），=（a﹣x，﹣y），=（﹣x，b﹣y），∵OP1=4，OP3=5，P1P3=7，∴，整理可得ax+by=20．∴⋅=﹣x（a﹣x）﹣y（b﹣y）=x2+y2﹣（ax+by）=16﹣20=﹣4．故答案为：﹣4．【点评】本题考查了平面向量的数量积运算，属于中档题，12．（5分）将实数x、y、z 中的最小值记为min{x，y，z}，在锐角△POQ种，且∠POQ=60°，PQ=1，点T 在△POQ 的边上或内部运动，且TO=min{TP，TO，TQ}，由T 所组成的图形为M，设△POQ、M 的面积为S△POQ、S M，若S M：（S﹣S M）=1：2，则S M=△POQ【考点】3H：函数的最值及其几何意义．【专题】35：转化思想；48：分析法；58：解三角形．=3S M，考虑三角形POQ为等边三角形，且边长为1，【分析】由题意可得S△POQ由三角形的面积公式可得所求值．【解答】解：S M：（S△POQ﹣S M）=1：2，﹣S M=2S M，可得S△POQ=3S M，即有S△POQ考虑三角形POQ为等边三角形，且边长为1，可得S M=S△POQ=××12=，故答案为：．【点评】本题考查三角形的面积的求法，注意运用三角形的特殊情况：等边三角形，考查运算能力，属于中档题．二.选择题（本大题共4题，每题5分，共20分）13．（5分）“sin x=”是“x=”的（）条件A．充分不必要B．必要不充分C．充要D．既不充分也不必要【考点】29：充分条件、必要条件、充要条件．【专题】36：整体思想；4O：定义法；5L：简易逻辑．【分析】根据充分条件和必要条件的定义进行判断即可．【解答】解：当x=时，sinx=sin=，当x=时，满足sinx=，则x=不成立，即“sin x=”是“x=”的必要不充分条件，故选：B．【点评】本题主要考查充分条件和必要条件的判断，结合三角函数的公式是解决本题的关键．14．（5分）在（﹣x）6的二项展开式中，常数项等于（）A．﹣160B．160C．﹣150D．150【考点】DA：二项式定理．【专题】11：计算题；34：方程思想；4A：数学模型法；5P：二项式定理．【分析】写出二项展开式的通项，由x的指数为0求得r值，则答案可求．【解答】解：由，由2r﹣6=0，得r=3．∴在（﹣x）6的二项展开式中，常数项等于．故选：A．【点评】本题考查二项式系数的性质，关键是熟记二项展开式的通项，是基础题．15．（5分）若函数f （x）（x∈R）满足f （﹣1+x）、f （1+x）均为奇函数，则下列四个结论正确的是（）A．f （﹣x）为奇函数B．f （﹣x）为偶函数C．f （x+3）为奇函数D．f （x+3）为偶函数【考点】3K：函数奇偶性的性质与判断．【专题】35：转化思想；49：综合法；51：函数的性质及应用．【分析】根据奇函数的性质，首先由奇函数性质求f（x）的周期，然后利用此周期推导选择项【解答】解：∵f（x+1）与f（x﹣1）都是奇函数，∴函数f（x）关于点（1，0）及点（﹣1，0）对称，∴f（x）+f（2﹣x）=0，f（x）+f（﹣2﹣x）=0，故有f（2﹣x）=f（﹣2﹣x），函数f（x）是周期T=[2﹣（﹣2）]=4的周期函数．∴f（﹣x﹣1+4）=﹣f（x﹣1+4），f（﹣x+3）=﹣f（x+3），f（x+3）是奇函数．故选：C．【点评】本题主要考查奇函数性质的灵活运用，并考查函数周期的求法16．（5分）对于数列x1，x2，⋅⋅⋅若使得m﹣x n＞0对一切n∈N*成立的m的最小值存在，则称该最小值为此数列的“准最大项”，设函数f（x）=x+sinx（x∈R）及数列y1，y2，⋅⋅⋅且y1=6y0（y0∈R），若（n∈N*），则当y0=1时，下列结论正确的应为（）A．数列y1，y2，⋅⋅⋅的“准最大项”存在，且为2πB．数列y1，y2，⋅⋅⋅的“准最大项”存在，且为3πC．数列y1，y2，⋅⋅⋅的“准最大项”存在，且为4πD．数列y1，y2，⋅⋅⋅的“准最大项”不存在【考点】8K：数列与不等式的综合．【专题】23：新定义；35：转化思想；48：分析法；51：函数的性质及应用．【分析】首先求得y1，y2，y3的范围，运用导数判断f（x）的单调性，考虑当n ≥3时，数列{y n}的单调性，即可得到所求m的最小值．【解答】解：y1=6y0（y0∈R），若（n∈N*），当y0=1，可得y1=6，y2=f（6）=6+sin6＜y1，y3=f（y2+）﹣=y2++sin（y2+）﹣=y2+cosy2∈（2π，3π），由f（x）=x+sinx的导数为f′（x）=1+cosx≥0，可得f（x）在R上递增，当x∈（2π，3π），2π＜x＜x+sinx＜f（3π）=3π，可得当n≥3时，y n＜y n+1＜3π，可得m≥3π，数列y1，y2，⋅⋅⋅的“准最大项”存在，且为3π，故选：B．【点评】本题考查新定义的理解和运用，考查导数的运用：判断单调性，以及三角函数的图象和性质，属于难题．三.解答题（本大题共5题，共14+14+14+16+18=76分）17．（14分）如图，在四棱锥P﹣ABCD中，底面ABCD为矩形，PA⊥底面ABCD，AD=3，PA=AB=4，点E在侧棱PA上，且AE=1，F为侧棱PC的中点．（1）求三棱锥E﹣ABD的体积；（2）求异面直线CE与DF所成角的大小．【考点】LF：棱柱、棱锥、棱台的体积；LM：异面直线及其所成的角．【专题】11：计算题；31：数形结合；41：向量法；5I：概率与统计．【分析】（1）S==6，三棱锥E﹣ABD 的体积V=．△ABD（2）以A为原点，AB为x轴，AD为y轴，AP为z轴，建立空间直角坐标系，利用向量法能求出异面直线CE 与DF 所成角的大小．【解答】解：（1）∵底面ABCD 为矩形，PA⊥底面ABCD，AD=3，PA=AB=4，点E 在侧棱PA 上，且AE=1，===6，∴S△ABD∴三棱锥E﹣ABD 的体积V===2．（2）以A为原点，AB为x轴，AD为y轴，AP为z轴，建立空间直角坐标系，C（4，3，0），E（0，0，1），D（0，3，0），P（0，0，4），F（2，，2），=（﹣4，﹣3，1），=（2，﹣，2），设异面直线CE 与DF 所成角为θ，则cosθ===，∴θ=arccos．∴异面直线CE 与DF 所成角的大小为．【点评】本题考查几何体的体积的求法，考查异面直线所成角的余弦值的求法，考查空间中线线、线面、面面间的位置关系等基础知识，考查运算求解能力，考查函数与方程思想，是基础题．18．（14分）设z+1为关于x 的方程x2+mx+n=0，m，n∈R的虚根，i为虚数单位．（1）当z=﹣1+i 时，求m、n 的值；（2）若n=1，在复平面上，设复数z 所对应的点为P，复数2+4i 所对应的点为Q，试求|PQ|的取值范围．【考点】A5：复数的运算．【专题】34：方程思想；56：三角函数的求值；5N：数系的扩充和复数．【分析】（1）由z=﹣1+i，可得z+1=i，可得方程x2+mx+n=0的两根分别为i，﹣i．利用根与系数的关系可得，解出m，n．（2）设z=a+bi（a，b∈R），可得=a+1﹣bi．由题意可得：（z+1）=（a+1）2+b2=1．令a+1=cosθ，b=sinθ，θ∈[0，2π）．|PQ|=，化简即可得出．【解答】解：（1）∵z=﹣1+i，∴z+1=i，则方程x2+mx+n=0的两根分别为i，﹣i．由根与系数的关系可得，即m=0，n=1；（2）设z=a+bi（a，b∈R），则==a+1﹣bi．由题意可得：（z+1）=（a+1）2+b2=1．令a+1=cosθ，b=sinθ，θ∈[0，2π）．|PQ|==∈[4，6]．【点评】本题考查实系数一元二次方程的根与系数的关系、共轭复数的性质、三角函数求值、复数的几何意义，考查了推理能力与计算能力，属于中档题．19．（14分）某渔业公司最近开发的一种新型淡水养虾技术具有方法简便且经济效益好的特点，研究表明：用该技术进行淡水养虾时，在一定的条件下，每尾虾的平均生长速度为g（x）（单位：千克/年）养殖密度为x，x＞0 （单位：尾/立方分米），当x 不超过4 时，g（x）的值恒为2；当4≤x≤20，g（x）是x 的一次函数，且当x 达到20 时，因养殖空间受限等原因，g （x）的值为0．（1）当0＜x≤20 时，求函数g（x）的表达式；（2）在（1）的条件下，求函数f（x）=x⋅g（x）的最大值．【考点】5C：根据实际问题选择函数类型．【专题】38：对应思想；49：综合法；51：函数的性质及应用．【分析】（1）利用待定系数法求出g（x）在[4，20]上的解析式，从而得出g（x）的解析式；（2）判断f（x）的单调性，根据单调性求出f（x）的最大值．【解答】解：（1）当4≤x≤20时，设g（x）=kx+b，由条件可知，解得：，∴g（x）=．（2）f（x）=，∴f（x）在[0，10）上单调递增，在（10，20]上单调递减，∴f（x）的最大值为f（10）=．【点评】本题考查了分段函数的解析式，分段函数的最值计算，属于中档题．20．（16分）在平面直角坐标系xOy中，椭圆=1的右焦点为双曲线C：（a＞0，b＞0）的右顶点，直线x+2y+1=0与C的一条渐近线平行．（1）求C的方程；（2）如图，F1、F2为C的左右焦点，动点P（x0，y0）（y0≥1）在C的右支上，且∠F1PF2的平分线与x轴、y轴分别交于点M（m，0）（＜m＜）、N，试比较m与的大小，并说明理由；（3）在（2）的条件下，设过点F1、N的直线l与C交于D、E两点，求△F2DE 的面积最大值．【考点】K4：椭圆的性质；KM：直线与双曲线的综合．【专题】35：转化思想；4R：转化法；5D：圆锥曲线的定义、性质与方程．【分析】（1）根据椭圆的方程，即可求得双曲线的顶点坐标，利用直线的斜率及双曲线的性质，即可求得双曲线的方程；（2）根据双曲线的方程，求得焦点坐标，分别求得PF1，PF1方程，根据角平分线的性质，即可求得x0≥2，m=，即可求得m≤；（3）将直线方程代入双曲线方程，根据韦达定理及三角形的面积公式，换元及二次函数的性质，即可求得△F2DE 的面积最大值．【解答】解：（1）∵椭圆的右焦点为（2，0）为双曲线C：（a＞0，b＞0 ）的右顶点，∴a=2，∵直线x+2y+1=0与C的一条渐近线平行，∴﹣=﹣，∴b=1，∴双曲线的方程为为﹣y2=1，（2）m≤，理由如下：F1、F2为C 的左右焦点，F1（﹣，0），F2（，0），直线PF1方程为y=（x+），直线PF2方程为y=（x﹣），即直线PF1方程为y0x﹣（x0+）y+y0=0，直线PF2方程为y0x﹣（x0﹣）y﹣y0=0，由点M（m，0）在∠F1PF2的平分线上，得=，由﹣＜m＜，y0＞1，以及y02=x02﹣1，解得x0≥2，∴y02+（x0+）2=x02+2x0+4=（x0+2）2，∴=，解得m=，结合x0≥2，则0＜≤∴m≤；（3）由（2）可知：直线PM的方程为：y﹣（x﹣），令x=0，得y=﹣=﹣，故点N（0，﹣），k==﹣，由，消去x得（5y02﹣4）y2+10y0y+1=0，△=100y02﹣4（5y02﹣4）=80y02+16＞0，设D（x1，y1），E（x2，y2），则y1+y2=﹣，y1y2=，|y 1﹣y 2|==，由y 0≥1，y 1+y 2=﹣＜0，y 1y 2=＞0，∴y 1＜0，y 2＜0，△F 2DE 的面积S=﹣=|F 1F 2|×|y 1﹣y 2|=×2×，设5y 02﹣4=5，t ≥1，则△F 2DE 的面积S=4×=4×=4×，∴t=1时，即P 为（2，1）时，△F 2DE 的面积最大值为4．【点评】本题考查椭圆的方程，双曲线的标准方程，直线与双曲线的位置关系，考查韦达定理，弦长公式及二次函数的性质，考查计算能力，属于难题．21．（18分）设f （k ，t ）（x ）=（这里的k ，t ，x ∈R 且x ≠0）（1）f （1，2）（1），f （2，2）（x ），f （1，3）（3）成等差数列，求x 的值；（2）已知，n ∈N 是公比为的等比数列，x 1，x 5∈N*是否存在正整数u ，使x 1≥u 4，且x 5≤（u +1）4？若存在，求出u 的值，若不存在，请说明理由；（3）如果存在正常数M ，使得|y n |≤M 对于一切n ∈N*的成立，那么称数列{y n }有界，已知a ＞0，m 为正偶数，数列{x }满足x 1=b ＜0，且x n +1=，n ∈N*，证明：数列{x n }有界的充要条件是ab m ﹣1+2≥0．【考点】6E ：利用导数研究函数的最值．【专题】14：证明题；35：转化思想；49：综合法；53：导数的综合应用．【分析】（1）分别求出f （1，2）（1）=1，，f （1，3）（3）=2，由f （1，2）（1），f （2，2）（x ），f （1，3）（3）成等差数列，能求出x ．（2）设x 1=16k ，k ∈N *，x 5=81k ，，从而，，进而，，由此能求出μ．（3）求出x n +1==a +b ，当b ＜0且m 为偶数时，如果ab m ﹣1+2＜0，则ab m +b ＞﹣b ＞0，推导出数列{x n }中相邻两项的差距越来越大，是无界的．若ab m ﹣1+2≥0，用数学归纳法证明数列{x n }的每一项都落在区间[b ，﹣b ]，从而b=a•0m +b+b ≤﹣b ，由此能证明数列{x n }有界的充要条件是ab m ﹣1+2≥0．【解答】解：（1）∵f （k ，t ）（x ）=（这里的k ，t ，x ∈R 且x ≠0）， ∴f （1，2）（1）=1，，f （1，3）（3）=2， ∵f （1，2）（1），f （2，2）（x ），f （1，3）（3）成等差数列， ∴=，解得x=4．（2）∵，=∈N *，设x 1=16k ，k ∈N *，x 5=81k ，，∴，， ∴，∴，解得k=1，∴μ=2．证明：（3）∵a ＞0，m 为正偶数，数列{x }满足x 1=b ＜0，且x n +1=，n ∈N*， ∴x n +1==a +b ，当b ＜0且m 为偶数时，如果ab m ﹣1+2＜0，则ab m +b ＞﹣b ＞0，∴a（ab m+b）m＞ab m+b＞0，即x3＞x2＞0，利用ax m+b在（0，+∞）上单调递增可知数列{x n}的第一项都比前一项大，并且从第二项起每一项都大于﹣b，考查数列{x n}中的连续三项x n，x n+1，x n+2，n=2，3，…，﹣x n）（m）我们有：（x n+1﹣x n）＞2m（x n+1﹣x n）＞x n+1﹣x n，＞（x n+1这表明数列{x n}中相邻两项的差距越来越大，因此是无界的．若ab m﹣1+2≥0，我们用数学归纳法证明数列{x n}的每一项都落在区间[b，﹣b]，第一项b已经在区间[b，﹣b]中，如果某项x n满足b≤x n≤﹣b，则0，从而b=a•0m+b+b≤﹣b，∴数列{x n}有界的充要条件是ab m﹣1+2≥0．【点评】本题考查实数值的求法，考查数列有界的充要条件的证明，考查导数性质、函数的单调区间、极值、数学归纳法等基础知识，考查推理论证能力、运算求解能力，考查化归与转化思想、函数与方程思想，是难题．。

2018年上海宝山区高三二模英语试卷-学生用卷

2018年上海宝山区高三二模英语试卷-学生用卷一、综合填空（共10小题，每题1分，满分10分）1、【来源】 2018年上海宝山区高三二模第21~30题How Much of the Jetsons' World Has Become a Reality?For most of our readers, the Jetsons may be an unfamiliar name. However, for many American born in or before the 1980s, it is a name we fondly remember. The Jetsons was a popular cartoon that featured a family living in an advanced world1people settle in houses built in the sky, work only three days a week and drive flying cars that resemble flying saucers. While sky-high houses and three-day workweeks don't appear to be on the horizon, other visions of thefuture2（turn）into practical realities.Flying cars have been on the minds of scientists and inventors for decades. They are part of a typical imaging of the future fast-paced and luxurious,3（allow）us to speed through the skies. As4（see）in The Sky's No longer the Limit, this flight of fancy may soon be a reality in Dubai. Aiming5（become） the world's most advanced city. Dubai is currently testing the first-ever flying taxi.6money still exists in its current cash-based form in The Jetsons, people today are looking toward a world where even cash is out-of-date. Bitcoin is a type of digital money that has taken the world by storm. Since its introduction, the money'sprice7（increase）to rates as high as USS 19, 000．This, however, may not predict well for the future of digital currency as experts warn that Bitcoin is a bubbleand8crash soon. It's possible that some dreams of the future may stillbe9our reach.Other more probable technologies already exist, for example, future flying eye hospitals in A Hospital with Wings, unusual-engineered folding paper in Clever Folding and the population of endangered corals （珊瑚）in Lab-Bred Coral to the Rescue, etc. All these show10humans are already capable of. So, what else could the future have in store for us?二、选词填空（共10小题，每题1分，满分10分）2、【来源】 2018年上海宝山区高三二模第31~40题Computer reads brain activity to find out the music each person is listening toIn the experiment, six volunteers heard 40 pieces of classical music, rock, pop, jazz, and others. The Neural （神经的） fingerprint of each song on participants' brain was1by the Magnetic Resonance （MR） machine while a computer was learning to identify the brain patterns drawn out by each musical piece. Musical2such as tone, volume, rhythm and beat were taken in account by the computer.After that, researchers expected that the computer would be able to dothe3way： identify which song participants were listening to, based on their brain activity —a technique known as brain decoding. When faced two options, the computer showed up to 85%4in identifying the correct song, which is a great performance, comparing to previous studies.Researchers then pushed the test even5by providing not two but 10 options （e. g. one correct and nine wrong） to the computer. In this situation, the computer correctly identified the song in 74% of the decisions.In the future, studies on brain decoding and machine learning will create possibilities of communication6any kind of written or spoken language. "Machines will be able to translate our musical thoughts into songs, " says Sebastian Hoefle, researcher from D'Or Institute and PhD student from Federal University of Rio dc Janeiro, Brazil. The study is a result ofa7between Brazilian researchers and colleagues from Germany, Finland and India.According to Hoefle, brain decoding researches provide8to understand neural functioning and interact with it using artificial intelligence. In the future, he expects to find answers for9like "what musical characteristics make some people love a song while others don't? Is our brain10to prefer a specific kind of music? "A. adaptedB. harderC. alternativesD. featuresE. cooperationF. questionsG. accuracyH. capturedI. regardless ofJ. oppositeK. analyzing三、完形填空（共15小题，每题1分，满分15分）3、【来源】 2018年上海宝山区高三二模第41~55题Having a clear picture in mind of what their future will look like can motivate students to keep going despite the challenges of college life. This1seems to be particularly effective for female students from relatively low socioeconomic status (SHS) backgrounds says Mesmin Destin of Northwestern University in the US. College is a time of great opportunity for some, but canbe2for others. It is often the first time that many students are away from the regular and familiar support of their family and friends. Weak students from lower SES backgrounds often encounter greater financial and psychological challenges than others, and this can leadto3and even withdrawal from difficult situations, such as when interacting with their lecturers or taking tests and exams.Destin and his colleagues wanted to understand if students'4to academic challenges improve when they look forward to the future. This idea is built around the theory of identity-based motivation. It holds that people can take positive action during times of unfavorable conditions when they5 a successful future for themselves."The theory of identity-based motivation proposes that stimulating a focus on a successful future identity may be especially6in motivating students who are weak during challenging academic situations to develop a sense of action readiness." explains Destin. This involves feeling ready and able to take appropriate action when7difficulty.In two almost identical laboratory experiments—one involving 93 female students, the other 185 students (including 101 women)—participants were first asked either to write about their past or their future8. After their deep thoughts, the participants were filmed during an limited interview with a so-called lecturer, and then had to9 a difficult academic test. The research team noted whether participants' body language was bold and confident, and measured the amount of effort participants'10the academic test.The results were in agreement with the theory of identity-based motivation. Destin and his team found that having a successful future identity can prevent especially female students from lower SKS backgrounds from11during challenging academic situations. Specially, lower SES women who wrote about their future identities displayed greateraction12compared to those who considered their past. They showed more confident body language. It helped them to make more effort to tackle the test, and had an indirect effect on their13."Simulating imagined successful future identities appears to providea14pathway to enable weak students to effectively navigate everyday stressors, " says Destin. "The findings15suggest that certain students may benefit from strategies that remind them to image their successful futures before any difficult and important task that they might otherwise be likely lo avoid."A. instructionB. strategyC. challengeD. psychologyA. disgracefulB. shamefulC. harmfulD. stressfulA. hesitationB. intentionC. depressionD. decisionA. willingnessB. optionsC. responsesD. applicationsA. destroyB. imagineC. abandonD. substituteA. powerfulB. uprightC. uniqueD. ambitiousA. avoidingB. overcomingC. surrenderingD. encounteringA. experienceB. sufferingC. successD. failureA. designB. completeC. commentD. reviseA. put awayB. put onC. put outD. put intoA. withdrawingB. transformingC. advancingD. engagingA. quantityB. dullnessC. readinessD. inabilityA. fascinationB. ignoranceC. dilemmaD. performanceA. tolerableB. potentialC. straightD. academicA. thereforeB. howeverC. otherwiseD. meanwhile四、阅读理解（共11小题，每题2分，满分22分）4、【来源】 2018年上海宝山区高三二模（A篇）第56~59题I believe in getting lost. Lost in the text of the novel that is particular to your thoughts and feelings that you consider special. The song that reminds you of your childhood summers, where you close your eyes and lose yourself reliving a memory: feeling the warm wind brushing against your arm, the smellof the dusty sand that you stir up as you ride your bicycle, murmuring the tune of that song. Like the unprepared Sunday Drive, with no destination. You're free to wander, take paths that you've never noticed, discover places you haven't been. Then falling off on the path to lead you back home, leaving you to test directions and alertly absorb your surroundings in order to find your way back; that kind of lost.I get lost daily, whether it's in thought or the unplanned drive I just decided to go on. Getting lost is an adventurous learning experience that trains you how to be more aware of your surroundings. A few of my most favorite memories involve physically getting lost. That one late night trip back to Ludington from Grand Rapids I took with a few friends. We finally realized we were going the wrong way when we hit South Haven, almost three hours out of our way. There was also the time where I got lost in the De Vos Place in Grand Rapids after the President's Ball and then the parking garage for a solid two hours. I fell like my life was that one scene of an American television situation comedy, minus the air conditioner. At the time, these are nervous experiences that get your anxiety pumping. You're fearful that you won't be safe, but it always works itself out in the end. Physically losing yourself prepares you for how you manage when you emotionally or mentally lose yourself.You don't always have to be lost in a literal sense to "get lost" and sonic of the time, losing yourself may not be a positive experience. There are times where I lose sight of who I am. While lost, I test our metaphorical paths and sometimes they turn out to be the right direction and other times they were a wrong turn. I make note of these wrong turns, so I can avoid them further on up the road of finding my way back to who I am.In Walden, Henry David Thoreau wrote " Not till we are lost, in other words not till we have lost the world, do we begin to find ourselves, and realize where we are and the infinite extent of our relations. " Getting lost fuels my curiosity and teaches me lessons on finding my way back to the right track. I believe in getting lost through day dreams, a misplacement, adventures, and difficult times where you make discoveries about yourself and the atmosphere around you. In order to truly find yourself, I believe that you should put down the map and get wonderfully lost.(1) In the first paragraph the author mainly expresses that.A. lost in a novel is a special feelingB. songs remind us of past experiencesC. wandering is a wonderful discoveryD. getting lost brings us benefits(2) The author mentions the experiences of physically getting lost （in paragraph 2） in order tosay.A. physically getting lost is most difficult to deal withB. we can enjoy trips while physically getting lostC. people are easy to get physically lost in our daily lifeD. we realize our surroundings while physically getting lost(3) Words from Henry David Thoreau （in the last paragraph） imply that gettinglost.A. enables us to look within and to see outwardB. pulls people back into the previous momentC. enables us to remind ourselves of adventuresD. helps us enjoy ourselves wherever we are(4) Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. I Once Was LostB. Wonderfully LostC. Physically Getting LostD. Mentally Getting Lost5、【来源】 2018年上海宝山区高三二模(B篇)第60~62题Two in three Americans shower once a day or more, according to a YouGov poll. Here's why you might be better off showering less frequently （and here are other ways you might be showering wrong）(1) What's the whole passage mainly about?A. Reasons you can probably get away with showering less.B. Advice you can take on how to shower more and better.C. Harmful effects made on you through showering less.D. Benefits you can get from showering on a daily basis.(2) This passage provides us with the following further detailed information Except.A. the best time of day to showerB. the proper temperature for your showerC. the other ways you shower wrongD. the other ways to cut your water bill(3) Which of the following is Not a reason why you should shower less?A. Showering gets rid of good bacteria.B. You're absolutely as dirty as you think.C. Towel drying causes damage to your skin.D. You only really need to wash your smelly parts.6、【来源】 2018年上海宝山区高三二模(C篇)第63~66题Social norms of right and wrong are vital to a well-functioning society. However, such moral standards are changeable and the psychological mechanisms （机制） driving this change are unknown. Now, researchers at Karolinska Institutet report that our view of selfish and unselfish behaviors changes depending on how common they are.The results are based on a combination of behavioral experiments, mathematical models and computer simulations. In the experiments, the participants first observed other people's behavior in a so-called "public goods game, " in which players receive a sum of money and then choose either to invest it to varying degrees so that it benefits everyone in the group, or to keep it for themselves. After every round, the participants were asked to judge the different choices as morally right or wrong, and whether the choices ought to be punished with a reduction in how much the players gained.Unselfish behavior was considered more morally right than selfish, but both behaviors were judged to be more moral and less deserving of punishment if the majority exhibited them than if they were uncommon. The commonness of the selfish behavior also affected the participants' willingness to themselves pay to punish selfishness."Tolerance of selfish behavior increased when the majority of the players kept the money for themselves, which surprised me, " says principal investigator Andreas Olsson, senior lecturer at Karolinska Institutet's Department of Clinical Neuroscience. "The fact that a behavior is common doesn't automatically mean that it's right this idea is based on faulty logic that confuses facts with moral values."The study shows our view of what is morally right and wrong has strong similarities with social comformity, in that we tend to adapt ourselves to the people around us and how they behave. This means that changes in our social environment can quickly alter our moral compass."This is interesting from several angles, and could explain why moral attitudes change over time, such as those towards public goods or legality, " says Bjorn Lindstrom, postdoc at University of Zurich and Karolinska Institutet's Department of Clinical Neuroscience.(1) According to Andreas Olsson s analysis, if people accept selfish behavior, theyactually.A. get facts and moral values mixed upB. misunderstand social mechanismsC. follow the logic of their ownD. consider it correct and reasonable(2) It can be concluded that the participants in the experiments are punished if.A. they can't play "public goods game"B. invest the money to benefit group membersC. they behave differently from the majorityD. they keep the money for themselves(3) According to the passage, what is morally right or wrong is shaped by the followingExcept.A. the way people around us behaveB. changes in our social environmentC. personal standards of values and attitudesD. how widespread a particular behavior is(4) Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. The psychological mechanisms behind attitude changeB. Behavior is considered more moral the more common it isC. Our view of selfish and unselfish behaviorsD. Moral standards of selfish and unselfish behaviors五、信息匹配（共4小题，每题2分，满分8分）7、【来源】 2018年上海宝山区高三二模第67~70题Seeking feedback not always sufficient for stimulating creativityIt is widely believed that seeking feedback from colleagues, managers, friends and family enhances employees' creativity. But is this always the case? No, a positive effect depends on the work, environment. This is the conclusion of new joint research study led by UvA work and organizational psychologist Roy Sijbom.1For example, managers are encouraged to engage customers in order to confirm whether their business model is workable and scholars attend conferences to obtain feedback on their research results. A definite assumption is that individuals who have obtained feedback will also actually （be able to） use it."The idea is simple: seeking feedback from different sources-also known as feedback source variety- benefits one's creativity since it leads to a greater diversity of viewpoints says Sijbom."And the more diverse the viewpoints, the more it benefits one's creativity because by combing all the different viewpoints new perspectives will emerge that in turn will result in morecreativity.2."The researchers examined how specific characteristics of the immediate work environment influence the relationship between feedback source variety and creativeperformance.3One is the recognized rate of change of performance standards. The other is the extent to which employees feel they have sufficient time to develop creative ideas at work （experienced creative time pressure）. "We discovered a growing relationship between the search for input from a variety of feedback sources and creativity, but only when performance standards within an organization are changing and when a relatively low creative time pressure is experienced", says Sijbom.Sijbom offers several recommendations. "4In a more concrete sense, organizations can, for example, consider using feedback workshops in which employees are encouraged to reflect on diverse feedback and equipped with techniques and strategies on how to absorb feedback ill their daily work. In addition, managers should not only stimulate their employees to actively cultivate relationships with potential feedback sources within and outside the organization, but also provide sufficient time to process the feedback obtained from these relationships. "A. They thus focused on two elements that are typical for contemporary work environments.B. The researchers used online questionnaires to obtain data.C. The notion that obtaining external feedback about one's idea is essential for increasing creativity is deeply rooted in society.D. The most important in that: when an organization stimulates feedback seeking, it needs to ensure that this work environment is excellent enough to use the benefits of feedback.E. The question, however, is whether these beneficial effects always occur.F. The creative achievements were assessed by their direct managers.六、阅读表达（满分5分）8、【来源】 2018年上海宝山区高三二模第71题Directions： Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Screen-addicted teens are unhappyA new study explored the link between adolescent life satisfaction and screen time. Researchers found that teens who spent more time in front of screen devices—playing computer games, using social media, texting and video chatting -were less happy than those who invested more time in non-screen activities like sports, reading newspapers and magazines, and face-to-face social interaction.Total screen avoidance doesn't lead to happiness either. The greater unhappiness among those with no screen exposure could be due to several factors, Twenge, the leading researcher said. "It could be that they are left out of the social scene of high school, that it's very difficult to carry on friendships in high school these days without texting at all or being on social media." It is also possible that those kids are outliers, Twenge said - teens with special needs or in special education, or those whose screens have been taken away from them by parents.The key to digital media use and happiness is limited use. The happiest teens used digital media a little less than an hour per day. But after a daily hour of screen time, unhappiness rises steadily along with increasing screen time, the researchers report in the journal Emotion."Make effort to spend no more than two hours a day on digital media, and try to increase the amount of time you spend seeing friends face-to-face and exercising two activities reliably linked to greater happiness. " Twenge said."By far the largest change in teen's lives between 2012 and 2016 was the increase in the amount of time they spent on digital media, and the following decline in in-person social activities and sleep, " the leading researcher said. "The arrival of the smartphone is the most reasonable explanation for the sudden decrease in teens' psychological well-being."七、翻译句子（共4小题，每题2分，满分8分）9、【来源】 2018年上海宝山区高三二模第72~75题Directions： Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.(1) 我对这场比赛的结果抱乐观态度。

【全国大联考】【上海】上海市宝山区2018届高三下学期教学质量检测(二模)化学试题(解析版)

上海市宝山区2018届高三下学期教学质量检测（二模）化学试题【试卷整体分析】考试范围：高考内容难度：一般【题型考点分析】上海市宝山区2018届高三下学期教学质量检测（二模）化学试题第I卷（选择题）1．下列物质属于纯净物的是A．硬铝B．胆矾C．生铁D．钢【答案】B【解析】A．硬铝是铝和硅、镁等形成的合金，属于混合物，选项A错误；B．胆矾一种物硫酸铜晶体，是一种物质组成的纯净物，选项B正确；C、生铁中主要含有铁和碳杂质等物质，属于混合物，选项C 错误；D、钢中主要含有铁和少量碳杂质等物质，属于混合物，选项D错误。

答案选B。

点睛：本题考查了物质分类、物质组成、物质名称等知识点，注意知识的积累，纯净物为一种物质组成，混合物为多种物质组成，据此分析选项。

2．下列离子在稳定人体血液的pH中起作用的是A．Na+B．Fe2+C．HCO3－D．Cl－【答案】C点睛：本题属于容易题，明确稳定pH是解答本题的关键，并熟悉盐类水解的规律及常见离子的水解及酸式酸根离子的性质来解答。

根据稳定人体血液的pH可知，则选项中的离子既能与酸反应又能与碱反应才符合题意，以此来解答。

3．属于人工固氮的是A．分离液态空气制氮气B．工业合成氨C．闪电时N2转化为NO D．豆科作物根瘤菌将N2转化为NH3【答案】B【解析】A．分离液态空气制氮气，属于物理变化，氮元素化合价不变，不属于固氮，选项A不选；B．工业合成氨是N2与H2在一定条件下反应生成NH3，属于人工固氮，选项B选；C．闪电时N2转化为NO，属于自然固氮，选项C不选；D．豆科作物根瘤菌将N2转化为含氮化合物，属于生物固氮，属于生物固氮，选项D不选。

答案选B。

4．下列不属于煤干馏产物的是A．焦炭B．煤焦油C．焦炉气D．人造石油【答案】D【解析】煤干馏是煤化工的重要过程之一。

指煤在隔绝空气条件下加热、分解，生成焦炭(或半焦)、煤焦油、粗苯、焦炉气等产物的过程。

但不涉及人造石油，答案选D。

上海高三英语2018宝山二模

宝山区2017学年第二学期期末高三年级英语学科教学质量监测试卷注意：1．本试卷包括试题纸和答题纸两部分．2．在试题纸上答题无效，必须在答题纸上的规定位置按照要求答题．3．本试卷满分140分，考试时间120分钟．I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and a question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. It goes with her shoes. B. The color suits her.C. The style doesn’t fit her well.D. It is a little bit expensive.2. A. It was well organized. B. It was clean.C. It was messed up.D. It was tidy.3. A. He has been hiding lately.B. He has been back home.C.He has to work hard for travelling expenses.D. He has been busy preparing his trip.4. A. On the telephone. B. On the Internet.C. In an office.D. At the woman’s home.5. A. He agrees with the woman.B. He hasn’t been to the play recently.C. He doesn’t know much about basketball.D. He doesn’t think the team has been playing well.6. A. One. B. Two. C. Three. D. Four.7. A. Finish his term paper. B. Hand in the paper.C.R ead it to the woman.D. Correct the errors in the paper.8. A. She prefers to exercise in the afternoon.B. The man should continue with his exercise.C. It is important to make warming-up exercise.D. The man should start to exercise one month later.9. A. He regrets having taken up much of the professor’s time.B. He has trouble getting along with the professor.C. He knows the professor has run into trouble.D. He knows the professor has been busy.10. A. The plane is full. B. The flight is cancelled.C. The plane is late.D. The plane has broken down.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 16 years old. B. 11years old. C. 5 years old. D. 6 years old.12. A. The life in London during World War II.B. Figuring out how to cry on cue(暗示).C. Changing his Australian accent.D. Working with the famous actors13. A. The possibilities that acting provides.B. The excitement that playing guitar brings.C. The life of being accompanied by his mother.D. The applause he is getting from the audience.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. A digital image B. A detailed mapC. A developed filmD. A useful Facebook15. A. Public security B. Computer softwareC. Special offersD. Customers’ needs16. A. It will be impossible. B. It will be popular.C. It will be out of date.D. It will raise concerns.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. The man speaker feels guilty. B. The woman speaker feels harmful.C. Both speakers think it funny.D. Many students dislike the post.18. A. Unhappy. B. Calm. C. Content. D. Pleased.19. A. He treated Sam kindly. B. He made fun of Sam.C. He learned to live with it.D. He pushed Sam downstairs.20. A. Bullying is uncommon in the school.B. The man speaker will apologize to Bill about what he posted about Bill.C. The man speaker was fully convinced by the woman speaker.D. The woman speaker thinks bullying does students harm in grades.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.How Much of the Jetsons' World Has Become a Reality?For most of our readers, The Jetsons may be an unfamiliar name. However, for many Americans born in or before the 1980s, it is a name we fondly remember. The Jestsons was a popular cartoon that featured a family living in an advanced world (21)______people settle in houses built in the sky, work only three days a week and drive flying cars that resemble flying saucers. While sky-high houses and three-day workweeks don’t appear to be on the horizon, other visions of the future (22)______(turn) into practical realities.Flying cars have been on the minds of scientists and inventors for decades. They are part of a typical imaging of the future fast-paced and luxurious, (23)______(allow) us to speed through the skies. As (24)______ (see) in The Sky’s No longer the Limit, this flight of fancy may soon be a reality in Dubai. Aiming (25)______ (become) the world’s most advanced city, Dubai is currently testing the first-ever flying taxi.(26)______ money still exists in its current cash-based form in The Jetsons, people today are looking toward a world where even cash is out-of-date. Bitcoin is a type of digital money that has taken the world by storm. Since its introduction, the money’s price (27)______ (increase) to rates as high as US$ 19,000. This, however, may not predict well for the future of digital currency, as experts warn that Bitcoin is a bubble and (28)______ crash soon. It’s possible that some dreams of the future may still be (29)______ ______ our reach.Other more probable technologies already exist, for example, future flying eye hospitals in A Hospital with Wings, unusual-engineered folding paper in Clever Folding and the population of endangered corals(珊瑚) in Lab-Bred Coral tothe Rescue, etc. All these show (30)______humans are already capable of. So, what else could the future have in store for us?Section BDirections:After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.Computer reads brain activity to find out the music each person is listening toIn the experiment, six volunteers heard 40 pieces of classical music, rock, pop, jazz, and others. The neural(神经的) fingerprint of each song on participants' brain was ___31___ by the Magnetic Resonance (MR) machine while a computer was learning to identify the brain patterns drawn out by each musical piece. Musical ___32___ such as tone, volume, rhythm and beat were taken into account by the computer.After that, researchers expected that the computer would be able to do the ___33___ way: identify which song participants were listening to, based on their brain activity -- a technique known as brain decoding. When faced with two options, the computer showed up to 85% ___34___ in identifying the correct song, which is a great performance, comparing to previous studies.Researchers then pushed the test even ___35___ by providing not two but 10 options (e.g. one correct and nine wrong) to the computer. In this situation, the computer correctly identified the song in 74% of the decisions.In the future, studies on brain decoding and machine learning will create possibilities of communication ___36___ any kind of written or spoken language. "Machines will be able to translate our musical thoughts into songs," says Sebastian Hoefle, researcher from D'Or Institute and PhD student from Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study is a result of a ___37___ between Brazilian researchers and colleagues from Germany, Finland and India.According to Hoefle, brain decoding researches provide ___38___ to understand neural functioning and interact with it using artificial intelligence. In the future, he expects to find answers for ___39___ like "what musical characteristics make some people love a song while others don't? Is our brain ___40___ to prefer a specific kind of music?"III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Having a clear picture in mind of what their future will look like can motivate students to keep going despite the challenges of college life. This ___41___ seems to be particularly effective for female students from relatively low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds says Mesmin Destin of Northwestern University in the US. College is a time of great opportunity for some, but can be ___42___ for others. It is often the first time that many students are away from the regular and familiar support of their family and friends. Weak students from lower SES backgrounds often encounter greater financial and psychological challenges than others, and this can lead to ___43___ and even withdrawal from difficult situations, such as when interacting with their lecturers or taking tests and exams.Destin and his colleagues wanted to understand if students' ___44___ to academic challenges improve when they look forward to the future. This idea is built around the theory of identity-based motivation. It holds that people can take positive action during times of unfavorable conditions when they___45___ a successful future for themselves."The theory of identity-based motivation proposes that stimulating a focus on a successful future identity may be especially ___46___ in motivating students who are weak during challenging academic situations to develop a sense ofaction readiness," explains Destin. "This involves feeling ready and able to take appropriate action when ___47___ difficulty.In two almost identical laboratory experiments -- one involving 93 female students, the other 185 students (including 101 women) -- participants were first asked either to write about their past or their future ___48___. After their deep thoughts, the participants were filmed during an imitated interview with a so-called lecturer, and then had to ___49___ a difficult academic test. The research team noted whether participants' body language was bold and confident, and measured the amount of effort participants' ___50___ the academic test.The results were in agreement with the theory of identity-based motivation. Destin and his team found that having a successful future identity can prevent especially female students from lower SES backgrounds from ___51___ during challenging academic situations. Specifically, lower SES women who wrote about their future identities displayed greater action ___52___ compared to those who considered their past. They showed more confident body language. It helped them to make more effort to tackle the test, and had an indirect effect on their ___53___."Stimulating imagined successful future identities appears to provide a ___54___ pathway to enable weak students to effectively navigate everyday stressors," says Destin. "The findings ___55___ suggest that certain students may benefit from strategies that remind them to image their successful futures before any difficult and important task that they might otherwise be likely to avoid."41. A. instruction B. strategy C. challenge D. psychology42. A. disgraceful B. shameful C. harmful D. stressful43. A. hesitation B. intention C. depression D. decision44. A. willingness B. options C. responses D. applications45. A. destroy B. imagine C. abandon D. substitute46. A. powerful B. upright C. unique D. ambitious47. A. avoiding B. overcoming C. surrendering D. encountering48. A. experience B. suffering C. success D. failure49. A. design B. complete C. comment D. revise50. A. put away B. put on C. put out D. put into51. A. withdrawing B. transforming C. advancing D. engaging52. A. quantity B. dullness C. readiness D. inability53. A. fascination B. ignorance C. dilemma D. performance54. A. tolerable B. potential C. straight D. academic55. A. therefore B. however C. otherwise D. meanwhileSection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)I believe in getting lost. Lost in the text of the novel that is particular to your thoughts and feelings that you consider special. The song that reminds you of your childhood summers, where you close your eyes and lose yourself reliving a memory; feeling the warm wind brushing against your arm, the smell of the dusty sand that you stir up as you ride your bicycle, murmuring the tune of that song. Like the unprepared Sunday Drive, with no destination. You’re free to wander, take paths that you’ve never noticed, discover places you haven’t been. Then falling off on the path to lead you back home, leaving you to test directions and alertly absorb your surroundings in order to find your way back; that kind of lost.I get lost daily; whether it’s in thought, or the unplanned drive I just decided to go on. Getting lost is an adventurouslearning experience that trains you how to be more aware of your surroundings. A few of my most favorite memories involve physically getting lost. That one late night trip back to Ludington from Grand Rapids I took with a few friends. We finally realized we were going the wrong way when we hit South Haven, almost three hours out of our way. There was also the time where I got lost in the DeV os Place in Grand Rapids after the President’s Ball and then the parking garage for a solid two hours. I felt like my life was that one scene of an American television situation comedy, minus the air conditioner. At the time, these are nervous experiences that get your anxiety pumping. You’re fearful that you won’t be safe, but it always works itself out in the end. Physically losing yourself prepares you for how you manage when you emotionally or mentally lose yourself.You don’t always have to be lost in a literal sense to “get lost” and some of the time, losing yourself may not be a positive experience. There are times where I lose sight of who I am. While lost, I test out metaphorical paths and sometimes they turn out to be the right direction and other times they were a wrong turn. I make note of these wrong turns, so I can avoid them further on up the road of finding my way back to who I am.In Walden, Henry David Thoreau wrote “Not till we are lost, in other words not till we have lost the world, do we begin to find ourselves, and realize where we are and the infinite extent of our relations.” Getting lost fuels my curiosity and teaches me lessons on finding my way back to the right track. I believe in getting lost through day dreams, a misplacement, adventures, and difficult times where you make discoveries about yourself and the atmosphere around you. In order to truly find yourself, I believe that you should put down the map and get wonderfully lost.56. In the first paragraph, the author mainly expresses that ______.A. lost in a novel is a special feelingB. songs remind us of past experiencesC. wandering is a wonderful discoveryD. getting lost brings us benefits57. The author mentions the experiences of physically getting lost (in paragraph 2) in order to say _____.A. physically getting lost is most difficult to deal withB. we can enjoy trips while physically getting lostC. people are easy to get physically lost in our daily lifeD. we realize our surroundings while physically getting lost58. Words from Henry David Thoreau (in the last paragraph) imply that getting lost________.A. enables us to look within and to see outwardB. pulls people back into the previous momentC. enables us to remind ourselves of adventuresD. helps us enjoy ourselves wherever we are59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. I Once Was LostB. Wonderfully LostC. Physically Getting LostD. Mentally Getting Lost(B)Two in three Americans shower once a day or more, according to a YouGov poll.Here’s why you might be better off showering less frequently (and here are other ways you might be showering wrong①Daily showers are best for people with physically demandingjobs, those who live in hot, damp climates. But if you don’t sweat thatoften, you could probably go two to three days without stepping intothe shower, skin doctor Monika G. Kiripolsky, MD, told Men's Health.Use these quick morning hacks to freshen up without showering.②Drying off with a towel can further make your delicate birthdaysuit become worse. It’s best to air dry, according to, but if that takes too long or you don’t likeleaving wet foot prints all over the house, use a soft towel and gentlypat your skin dry instead of vigorously rubbing it. Check out theseother mistakes everyone makes in the shower.③If the thought of showering every other day or a few times aweek makes your skin crawl, consider a mini cleaning. Rub your chest,armpits, and outer sex organs with a washcloth and a mildcleaner,Men's Health advises.④Right now, your skin is teeming with good bacteria, butshowering launches these microbes into the air. They’ll repopulate, butthere’s no good reason to get rid of them on a daily basis, according tothis blog post on . Find out what the healthiest temperaturefor your shower is.⑤Showers are typically the third largest water consumer in theaverage home (after toilets and clothes washers). The averageAmerican shower uses 17.2 gallons and lasts for 8.2 minutes at averageflow rate of 2.1 gallons per minute, according to Home Water Works,part of the Alliance for Water Efficiency. Cut back to three or fourshowers a week from seven (per person in your home!) and that could make a decent cut in yourwater bill. To make those four showers count, learn what science says is the best time of day toshower.60. What’s the whole passage mainly about?A. Reasons you can probably get away with showering more.B. Advice you can take on how to shower more and better.C. Harmful effects made on you through showering less.D. Benefits you can get from showering on a daily basis.61. This passage provides us with the following further detailed information Except___________.A.the best time of day to showerB. the proper temperature for your showerC. the other ways you shower wrongD. the other ways to cut your water bill62. Which of the following is Not a reason why you should shower less?A. Showering gets rid of good bacteria.B.You're absolutely as dirty as you think.C.Towel drying causes damage to your skin.D. You only really need to wash your smelly parts.(C)Social norms of right and wrong are vital to a well-functioning society. However, such moral standards are changeable and the psychological mechanisms(机制) driving this change are unknown. Now, researchers at Karolinska Institutet report that our view of selfish and unselfish behaviors changes depending on how common they are.The results are based on a combination of behavioral experiments, mathematical models and computer simulations. In the experiments, the participants first observed other people's behavior in a so-called "public goods game," in which players receive a sum of money and then choose either to invest it to varying degrees so that it benefits everyone in the group, or to keep it for themselves. After every round, the participants were asked to judge the different choices as morally right or wrong, and whether the choices ought to be punished with a reduction in how much the players gained.Unselfish behavior was considered more morally right than selfish, but both behaviors were judged to be more moral and less deserving of punishment if the majority exhibited them than if they were uncommon. The commonness of the selfish behavior also affected the participants' willingness to themselves pay to punish selfishness."Tolerance of selfish behavior increased when the majority of the players kept the money for themselves, which surprised me," says principal investigator Andreas Olsson, senior lecturer at Karolinska Institutet's Department of Clinical Neuroscience. "The fact that a behavior is common doesn't automatically mean that it's right -- this idea is based on faulty logic that confuses facts with moral values."The study shows our view of what is morally right and wrong has strong similarities with social conformity, in that we tend to adapt ourselves to the people around us and how they behave. This means that changes in our social environment can quickly alter our moral compass."This is interesting from several angles, and could explain why moral attitudes change over time, such as those towards public goods or legality," says Björn Lindström, postdoc at University of Zürich and Karolinska Institutet's Department of Clinical Neuroscience.63. According to Andreas Olsson’s analysis, if people accept selfish behavior, they actually_____.A. get facts and moral values mixed upB. misunderstand social mechanismsC. follow the logic of their ownD. consider it correct and reasonable64. It can be concluded that the participants in the experiments are punished if _________.A. they can’t play "public goods game"B. invest the money to benefit group membersC. they behave differently from the majorityD. they keep the money for themselves65. According to the passage, what is morally right or wrong is shaped by the following Except__.A. the way people around us behaveB. changes in our social environmentC. personal standards of values and attitudesD. how widespread a particular behavior is66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. The psychological mechanisms behind attitude changeB. Behavior is considered more moral the more common it isC. Our view of selfish and unselfish behaviorsD. Moral standards of selfish and unselfish behaviorsSection CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box. Each sentence can only be used once.Seeking feedback not always sufficient for stimulating creativityIt is widely believed that seeking feedback from colleagues, managers, friends and family enhances employees' creativity. But is this always the case? No, a positive effect depends on the work environment. This is the conclusion of new joint research study led by UvA work and organizational psychologist Roy Sijbom.(67)________For example, managers are encouraged to engage customers in order to confirm whether their business model is workable and scholars attend conferences to obtain feedback on their research results. A definite assumption is that individuals who have obtained feedback will also actually (be able to) use it.“The idea is simple: seeking feedback from different sources - also known as feedback source variety -- benefits one's creativity since it leads to a greater diversity of viewpoints”, says Sijbom. “And the more diverse the viewpoints, the more it benefits one's creativity because by combining all the different viewpoints new perspectives will emerge that in turn will result in more creativity. (68)________ ”The researchers examined how specific characteristics of the immediate work environment influence the relationship between feedback source variety and creative performance. (69)________ One is the recognized rate of change of performance standards. The other is the extent to which employees feel they have sufficient time to develop creative ideas at work (experienced creative time pressure). “We discovered a growing relationship between the search for input from a variety of feedback sources and creativity, but only when performance standards within an organization are changing and when a relatively low creative time pressure is experienced”, says Sijbom.Sijbom offers several recommendations: “(70)________In a more concrete sense, organizations can, for example, consider using feedback workshops in which employees are encouraged to reflect on diverse feedback and equipped with techniques and strategies on how to absorb feedback in their daily work. In addition, managers should not only stimulate their employees to actively cultivate relationships with potential feedback sources within and outside the organization, but also provide sufficient time to process the feedback obtained from these relationships.”IV. Summary Writing71. Directions:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Screen-addicted teens are unhappyA new study explored the link between adolescent life satisfaction and screen time. Researchers found that teens who spent more time in front of screen devices --playing computer games, using social media, texting and video chatting -- were less happy than those who invested more time in non-screen activities like sports, reading newspapers and magazines, and face-to-face social interaction.Total screen avoidance doesn't lead to happiness either. The greater unhappiness among those with no screen exposure could be due to several factors, Twenge, the leading researcher said. “It could be that they are left out of the social scene of high school, that it’s very difficult to carry on friendships in high school these days without texting at all or being on social media.” It is also possible that those kids are outliers, Twenge said — teens with special needs or in special education, or those whose screens have been taken away from them by parents.The key to digital media use and happiness is limited use. The happiest teens used digital media a little less than an hour per day. But after a daily hour of screen time, unhappiness rises steadily along with increasing screen time, the researchers report in the journal Emotion."Make effort to spend no more than two hours a day on digital media, and try to increase the amount of time you spend seeing friends face-to-face and exercising -- two activities reliably linked to greater happiness." Twenge said."By far the largest change in teens' lives between 2012 and 2016 was the increase in the amount of time they spent ondigital media, and the following decline in in-person social activities and sleep," the leading researcher said. "The arrival of the smartphone is the most reasonable explanation for the sudden decrease in teens' psychological well-being."V. TranslationDirections:Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.我对这场比赛的结果抱乐观态度。

上海市宝山区2018年高三物理二模试卷

2017学年第二学期宝山区高三物理质量抽查试卷一、选择题（共40分。

第1-8小题，每小题3分，第9-12小题，每小题4分。

每小题只有一个正确答案。

）1．卢瑟福的α粒子散射实验的结果表明（）（A ）原子还可再分（B ）原子核还可再分（C ）原子具有核式结构（D ）原子核由质子和中子组成2．用激光照射直径小于激光束的不透明圆盘，发现在不透明圆板的阴影中心，有一个亮斑，产生这个亮斑的原因是（）（A ）光的反射（B ）光的衍射（C ）光的折射（D ）光的干涉3．用α粒子(42He ）轰击氮核（147N ），生成氧核（178O ）并放出一个粒子，该粒子是（）（A ）质子（B ）电子（C ）中子（D ）光子4．如图所示，为机械波a 和机械波b 在同一介质中传播时某时刻的波形图，则下列说法中正确的是（）（A ）b 波的速度比a 波的速度大（B ）b 波的波长比a 波的波长大（C ）b 波的频率比a 波的频率大（D ）这两列波可能会发生干涉现象5．如图所示，有一定质量的带电小球用绝缘丝线悬挂于O 点，并处在水平向左广大的匀强电场E 中，小球静止时丝线与竖直方向夹角为θ，若剪断丝线，则带电小球将（）（A ）仍保持静止（B ）水平向左作匀速直线运动（C ）竖直向下作自由落体运动（D ）沿绳斜向下作匀加速直线运动6．质量为m 的石块从半径为R 的半球形的碗口下滑到碗的最低点的过程中，如果摩擦力的作用使得石块的速度大小不变，如图所示，那么（）（A ）因为速率不变，所以石块的加速度为零（B ）石块下滑过程中受的合外力越来越大（C ）石块下滑过程中的摩擦力大小不变（D ）石块下滑过程中的加速度大小不变，方向始终指向球心7．当两分子间距变化时分子势能变大了，则可以判定在此过程（）（A ）分子力一定做了功（B ）分子力一定增大（C ）分子间距一定变大（D ）分子力一定是引力8．如图（a ）所示，置于倾角为θ的导轨上的通电导体棒ab ，恰好保持静止，在图（b ）的四个侧视图中，标出了四种可能的匀强磁场方向，图（b ）中杆ab 与导轨之间的摩擦力可能为零的图是（）Ea b x /m y /cm9．起重机的吊钩下挂着质量为m 的木箱，如果木箱以大小为a 的加速度匀减速下降了高度h ，则起重机对木箱所做的功为（）（A ）m (g ＋a )h （B ）m (g －a )h （C ）－m (g ＋a )h （D ）－m (g －a )h10．如图所示的电路中，电池的电动势为E ，内阻为r ，电路中的电阻R 1、R 2和R 3的阻值都相同，在电键S 处于闭合状态下，若将电键S 1由位置1切换到位置2，则（）（A ）电压表的示数不变（B ）电池的效率变小（C ）电阻R 1两端的电压变小（D ）电池内部消耗的功率变小11．如图所示，一物块在光滑的水平面上受恒力F 的作用向左运动，其正前方固定一个足够长的轻质弹簧，则关于物块与弹簧接触后的运动，下列说法中正确的是（）（A ）物块一直作加速度减小的加速运动（B ）物块一直作加速度增大的减速运动（C ）当物块刚与弹簧接触时加速度最大（D ）当弹簧处于最大压缩量时，物块的加速度最大12．如图所示，两端封闭的U 形管位于竖直平面内，A 、B 管中一定质量的理想气体处于室温状态，开始时A 、B 管中的水银面相平，现使U 形管在竖直平面内顺时针转过一个不大的角度，待管中水银柱稳定后，保持管转动后的姿态不变。

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宝山区2017学年第二学期期中高三年级语文学科质量监测试卷一积累应用10分1.按要求填空。

（5分）（1）君子去仁，？（《论语·里仁》）（2），燕尾绣蝥弧。

”2.按要求选择（5分）（1）小杰将参加表哥的婚礼，以下诗句适合小杰在婚礼上送给表哥的一项是（）。

（2分）A.窈窕淑女，君子好逑。

B.桃之夭夭，灼灼其华。

C.凤皇于飞，翙翙其羽。

D.身无彩凤双飞翼，心有灵犀一点通。

（2）填入下面语段空白处的词句，恰当的一项是（）。

（3分）文字是文明发展的载体，记录了一个国家和民族的历史发展进程与经验教训。

古人说欲灭其国者，必先灭其史。

，，其文明发展的根基也就动摇了。

A.反之，只要一个国家和民族的文字消亡了B.同样，如果一个国家和民族的文字消亡了C.从而，如果一个国家和民族的历史消亡了D.因而，只要一个国家和民族的历史消亡了二阅读70分（一）阅读下文，完成第3－7题。

（16分）面对技术的挑战．．①现代科技已经彻底融入了我们的生活。

它给人类提供的似乎是无限的可能性。

这让我们既充满希望，也充满恐惧。

如何面对科技，也就成为从大众、政策制定者到哲学家都关注的核心问题之一。

②我们首先区分“科学”与“技术”。

在人们心目中、尤其在那些对科技发展充满担忧的人眼里，科学家常常是不修边幅、不食人间烟火、勇于打破各种边界的创造者。

他们这种创造性，一方面让人敬仰，一方面也令人担心。

但是，科学哲学家库恩曾经指出以物理学为代表的现代科学或基础科学与应用科学（工程、技术）以及发明创造的重大差别。

他指出在常规科学时代，而非在很罕见的科学革命时代，对科学的学习是通过以共通的教科书为基础的严格训练实现的。

其目的，是让学生掌握一套共用的科学范式，其所训练的，是这种汇聚的思维模式，而非发散的或是强调创造性的思维模式。

换句话说，常规科学时代的训练强调的恰恰是对边界的尊重，而非打破。

与此相对，应用科学与创造发明，并没有如此之强的“保守性”。

因此，基础科学家与应用科学家与工程师，因为本来的气质与训练和选拔，是两类很不同的人。

③与我们的话题相关，当我们担心“科技”不受限制的发展、当我们担心肆意妄为的科学家可能给人类带来的危害的时候，我们所担心的，可能并不是专注于基础科学的科学家而是应用科学（工程技术）的研究者和发明家。

我们可以说，没有爱因斯坦的E=MC2的公式和量子力学的进展，我们不能造出原子弹。

但是，前者工作的目的，在于理解世界。

他们这些研究本身，如果不是战争和其他社会、政治的压力，不通过工程师与技术人员的工作，是无法变成原子弹和核电站的。

因此，我们至少要承认，基础科学家的研究，与我们欣喜或者担忧的科技之影响，至少是隔了一层的。

直接相关的，是工程与技术等应用科学。

因此，在进入科技对人类的影响这个话题之前，我们首先要澄清，这里的“科技”，主要指的是工程技术。

④因为现当代技术的巨大进展，人类生活的很多威胁与不便得以控制乃至消除。

很多思想家就相信，科学（按我们的说法，应该是技术）的进步，会给我们带来更加美好的明天。

比如，密尔就指出，通过社会安排、教育、个人的努力，人世间正面的邪恶都会被削减得越来越少，直到很窄的限度之内。

哪怕是最难对付的疾病，通过以上手段，特别是通过科学的进步，可以直接被征服，从而消除人类的一大痛苦来源，增进人类的幸福。

⑤但是，并不是所有人对技术进步的后果都如此乐观。

不用说技术突飞猛进的当代，早在古希腊时代，苏格拉底就指出：医药的目的，是通过让城邦中的公民保持健康，让他们得以进行身体和灵魂的教育，提高德性，服务城邦；但是，一些缺乏德性的公民和医生，发展医药，只以身体健康本身为最终目的，他们德性的缺乏让他们专注于医药，而医药的进步无益于他们德性的进步，甚至更加强了他们对医药的依赖。

⑥苏格拉底这里提出了一个一般的问题：是不是所有的疾病、所有的人，都值得被治疗？类似的想法，孔子也表达过。

面对一个叫原壤的人“子曰：‘幼而不孙弟，长而无述焉①，老而不死，是为贼。

’以杖叩其胫”。

也就是说，医药等技术是要服务于更高的目的。

没有这种目的的指导，医药本身的进步，非但无益，甚至有害。

⑦回到前面密尔的观点，苏格拉底和孔子相当于在说，即使医药减轻痛苦，让人更加幸福，但是，过度依赖于医药来减轻痛苦的人，配不配幸福？现代人中，似乎也充满着这种身体越来越健康，生活却越来越不幸福的人。

也就是说，当我们专注于医药，而非德性的培养，人类是否真的能更幸福，也成了疑问。

【注释】①孙弟：逊悌，孝悌。

无述：没有可称道的事；另一说，没有对义的称述。

3.第③段提出“给人类带来危害的科学家可能并不是专注于基础科学的科学家而是应用科学的研究者和发明家”的观点，并用爱因斯坦的有关科学发现加以证明，请具体分析这一例子是如何证明观点的。

（4分）___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________4.下列对“技术”这一概念的理解与文意相符的一项是（）。

（3分）A.技术是对基础科学的应用，主要着力于具体的工程。

B.技术的目的是理解世界认识世界，主要着力于发现。

C.技术属于应用科学，和现代科学或基础科学没有联系。

D.技术的思维模式是发散，总是打破科学和学科的边界。

5.⑤⑥两段引述了苏格拉底和孔子的言论，对作者目的分析正确的一项是（）。

（2分）A.阐明技术发展可以消减人世间正面的邪恶，同时也会让人丧失德性和幸福感。

B.阐明不是所有人都值得治疗，由此推论医疗技术的进步，非但无益而且有害。

C.阐明医药虽能减轻痛苦，但过度依赖医药的人，不配幸福，也越来越不幸福。

D.阐明技术的进步给人类带来的表面好处可能对人类追求德性与幸福造成伤害。

6.从全文看，题目中“挑战”一词在文中指的是。

（2分）7.简要分析本文的论证层次。

（5分）___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ （二）阅读下文，完成第8－11题。

（15分）呼兰河传·第三章（节选）［现代］萧红①呼兰河这小城里边住着我的祖父。

②我生的时候，祖父已经六十多岁了，我长到四五岁，祖父就快七十了。

③我家有一个大花园，这花园里蜂子、蝴蝶、蜻蜓、蚂蚱，样样都有。

蝴蝶有白蝴蝶黄蝴蝶。

这种蝴蝶极小，不太好看。

好看的是大红蝴蝶，满身带着金粉。

④蜻蜓是金的，蚂蚱是绿的，蜂子则嗡嗡地飞着，满身绒毛，落到一朵花上，胖圆圆地就和一个小毛球似的不动了。

⑤花园里边明晃晃的，红的红，绿的绿，新鲜漂亮。

⑥据说这花园，从前是一个果园。

祖母喜欢吃果子就种了果园。

祖母又喜欢养羊，羊就把果树给啃了。

果树于是都死了。

到我有记忆的时候，园子里就只有一棵樱桃树，一棵李子树，为因樱桃和李子都不大结果子，所以觉得他们是并不存在的。

小的时候，只觉得园子里边就有一棵大榆树。

⑦这榆树在园子的西北角上，来了风，这榆树先啸，来了雨，大榆树先就冒烟了。

太阳一出来，大榆树的叶子就发光了，它们闪烁得和沙滩上的蚌壳一样了。

⑧祖父一天都在后园里边，我也跟着祖父在后园里边。

祖父带一个大草帽，我戴一个小草帽，祖父栽花，我就栽花；祖父拔草，我就拔草。

当祖父下种，种小白菜的时候，我就跟在后边，把那下了种的土窝，用脚一个一个地溜平，哪里会溜得准，东一脚的，西一脚的瞎闹。

有的把菜种不单没被土盖上，反而把菜子踢飞了。

⑨小白菜长得非常之快，没有几天就冒了芽了。

一转眼就可以拔下来吃了。

⑩祖父铲地，我也铲地；因为我太小，拿不动那锄头杆，祖父就把锄头杆拔下来，让我单拿着那个锄头的“头”来铲。

其实哪里是铲，也不过爬在地上，用锄头乱勾一阵就是了。

也认不得哪个是苗，哪个是草。

往往把韭菜当做野草一起地割掉，把狗尾草当做谷穗留着⑪等祖父发现我铲的那块满留着狗尾草的一片，他就问我，“这是什么？”⑫我说：“谷子。

”⑬祖父大笑起来，笑得够了，把草摘下来问我：“你每天吃的就是这个吗？”⑭我说：“是的。

”⑤我看着祖父还在笑，我就说：“你不信，我到屋里拿来你看。

”⑯我跑到屋里拿了鸟笼上的一头谷穗，远远地就抛给祖父了。

说：“这不是一样的吗⑰祖父慢慢地把我叫过去，讲给我听，说谷子是有芒针的。

狗尾草则没有，只是毛嘟嘟的真像狗尾巴。

⑱祖父虽然教我，我看了也并不细看，也不过马马虎虎承认下来就是了。

⑲一抬头看见了一个黄瓜长大了，跑过去摘下来，我又去吃黄瓜去了。

⑳黄瓜也许没有吃完，又看见了一个大蜻蜓从旁飞过，于是丢了黄瓜又去追蜻蜓去了蜻蜓飞得多么快，哪里会追得上。

好在一开初也没有存心一定追上，所以站起来，跟了蜻蜓跑了几步就又去做别的去了。

○21采一个倭瓜花心，捉一个大绿豆青蚂蚱，把蚂蚱腿用线绑上，绑了一会，也许把蚂蚱腿就绑掉，线头上只拴了一只腿，而不见蚂蚱了。

○22玩腻了，又跑到祖父那里去乱闹一阵，祖父浇菜，我也抢过来浇，奇怪的就是并不往莱上浇，而是拿着水瓢，拼尽了力气，把水往天空里一扬，大喊着：“下雨了，下雨了。

”○23太阳在园子里是特大的，天空是特别高的，太阳的光芒四射，亮得使人睁不开眼睛亮得蚯蚓不敢钻出地面来，蝙蝠不敢从什么黑暗的地方飞出来。

是凡在太阳下的，都是健康的、漂亮的，拍一拍连大树都会发响的，叫一叫就是站在对面的土墙都会回答似的。

○24花开了，就像花睡醒了似的。

鸟飞了，就像鸟上天了似的。

虫子叫了，就像虫子在说话似的。

一切都活了。

都有无限的本领，要做什么，就做什么。

要怎么样，就怎么样。

都是自由的。

倭瓜愿意爬上架就爬上架，愿意爬上房就爬上房。

黄瓜愿意开一个谎花，就开一个谎花，愿意结一个黄瓜，就结一个黄瓜。

若都不愿意，就是一个黄瓜也不结，一朵花也不开也没有人问它。

玉米愿意长多高就长多高，他若愿意长上天去，也没有人管。

蝴蝶随意的飞，一会从墙头上飞来一对黄蝴蝶，一会又从墙头上飞走了一个白蝴蝶。

它们是从谁家来的，又飞到谁家去？太阳也不知道这个。

○25只是天空蓝悠悠的，又高又远。

○26可是白云一来了的时候，那大团的白云，好像洒了花的白银似的，从祖父的头上经过好像要压到了祖父的草帽那么低。