argument模板
Argument 模板
Argument 模板(There is no denying that .) In the comtemporary world, has a wide application in all aspects of lives.(are playing significant roles in our lives)But meanwhile,public debate has been going on over whether . Views on this issue vary from person to person.Before giving my opinion,I think it is important to compare and contrast the argument on both sides.It is understandable that some individuals believe that .To start with, ;Therefore .In addition .Moreover, .In other words, .On the other side of the debate though,many people argue that .This is due to the fact that .It seems true that .However .Furthermore, .Admittedly,all the opinions above are well-grounded,but they are one-sides.As far as I am concerned, .All in all,it would be sensible to suggest that .Report模板In the comtemporary world, has a wide application in all aspects of lives.(are playing significant roles in our lives.But meanwhile,some negative effects have been brought about,a serious one of which is .This has aroused a heated debate.In this essay,I will explore some possible causes of this phenomenon and the corresponding solutions.It is manifest that the causes of are multiple.One of the primary cause is that .For instance, .What is also worth noticing is that ,st but not least, .On the basis of the above analysis,the solution to this phenomenon shoud also be varied.Firstly, .For example, .Secondly, .this is due to the consideration thatAbove all, .To sum up,the causes of are complicated.Therefore,I am convinced that we should take a wide range of measure, including .to tackle the worrying problem.。
Argument模板
argument终级模板:一般的argument都会包含的错误有:o将现在的情况跟几年前的情况作类比/对比;o不同地区间类比.o一份不详实,不可靠的调查,或研究,或数据.o提供的证据不足以支持观点.举例:the case of… adds great weight to this reasoning/a cogent example is that…如果:unless/provided that…假设:suppose that…比较:similarly, likewise, on the contrary总结:as indicated above, to put it briefly让步:indeed, nevertheless, although, despite of, it is true that…目的:for fear that, in order to因果:for the reason, thus, consequently, thereby两个城市的不同之处:o城市规模size,o通信系统communication systemo水与电力供给线water and power lineso公共基础设施public infrastructure.o人口population, 人口消费能力,消费习惯,o交通traffico运输transportation systemo商业贸易commercial tradeo政策policy m ade by governor/decision-m aker人与人之间的不同:o生活方式life styleo性别差异gender diversityo健康状况healtho职业occupationo年龄ageo个人爱好hobbyo性格character影响健康的因素o饮食dieto卫生sanitationo生活方式lifestyleo年龄ageo运动exerciseo生活环境living environmento体质physical condition影响特定地区经济的因素:o市场local econom ic m arketo政府财政状况government financeo服务及设施service, public infrastructureo环境气候climateo通货膨胀inflationo整体经济趋势general economic tendencyo投资invest m ent影响产品利润的因素:o从产品本身来说:•成本:cost•产品质量:quality•种类:category•销售额:saleo从客户来说:•客户满意度custom er satisfactiono从经营者来说:•广告:advertisement•经营策略business strategyo从整个经济形势来说:•整体经济趋势general economic tendency•通货膨胀inflation•市场local econom ic m arket•当地经济政策local economic policy m ade bygovernor/decision-m aker结论型开头：This argument concludes that ……… To bolster this assertion the argument’s proponent cites a study involving a group of(with respect to)/the fact that …… , along with the fact that …….. However, the argument relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, which render it unconvincing as it stands.建议型开头：In this xxx the author recommends that in order to ……… To support this recommendation the mayor points out that……… As discussed below, the argument suffers from several critical flaws and is therefore unpersuasive.To begin with…Next,Additionally,Finally,地域差异：in asserting that the same phenomenon that caused xxxx in A would cause a similar xxx in B, the author relies on what might amount to an unfair analogy between B and A. Perhaps ………………. Without accounting for such differences, any analogy between the two xxx is meaningless, and any conclusion based on that analogy is unjustified.过去的情况现在不一定成立：the author’s inference that the facts which were effective in the past will also be effective in the future rests on the poor assumption that during the last xxx years all conditions upon which their effectiveness have remained unchanged. Perhaps …………………Unless the author can convince me that these scenarios are unlikely I cannot accept the author’s recommendation that xxxxxx.关于调查数据：the author provides no assurances that the survey on which the argument depends is statistically reliable. Unless the survey’s respondents are representative of the overall population of xxxx, the author cannot rely on it topredict ……. For all we know ………………; for that matter, perhaps the number of respondents was too low to ensure that they are typical of xxxx.If the questions were not leading or if the survey relied on self reports, the results might be unreliable -- people might just respond with the expected answers. Therefore, until these questions are answered, it is impossible to assess the validity and reliability of the survey.其他可能：the article fails to consider any other course of action that might help xxxxx do xxxxxxx. In short, without weighing the proposal against alternatives, the article’s claim that the论者没有为...提供任何信息the argument unfairly assumes that xxxxxx. The author provides no evidence that this is the case. Lacking such evidence it is entirely possible that xxxxxx. In short, without better evidence that xxxxx, the author cannot rely on it to draw any firm conclusions about xxxxxxx.以全概偏：the nationwide study showing that xxxxx would lend support to the author’s claim only if xxxx typify xxxx nationwide. However, the author provides no credible evidence that以偏概全：the author assumes that xxx’s xxx reflects those throughout xxx. However, the author provides no evidence that this is the case.虚假因果：the author fails to account for other possible causes of xxx. Xxxxxxxxx. Without ruling out these and other alternative explanations for xxx, the author cannot reasonably infer based on xxx.虚假比较：it is unfair to infer based solely on the comparison between A and B that A is better than B. The inference relies on the poor assumption that the comparative quality of two xxx, rather than some other phenomenon, was responsible for the comparative condition of the two xxx. Perhaps ……. In short, without showing that all other conditions in the two areas have been essentially the same, the author cannot convince me that ………..结尾：In conclusion, the xxx’s author fails to adequately support the recommendation that ……… To strengthen the argument, the author must provide dear evidence that ………. To better evaluate the argument, I would need information comparing/about …….分段结尾：Since the author has not accounted for these possibilities, the editorial’s recommendation cannot be taken seriously.Without providing further market information, it is difficult to assess the merit of the recommendation.。
Argument模板
开头：In this argument, the author concludes/claims/comes to the conclusion that…To support/justify/strengthen this conclusion/claim/recommendation, the author points out/reasons/cites (the fact that/survey results of)…In addition/Moreover, the author also points out/reasons/provides the evidence that…Close scrutiny of each of these evidence, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the conclusion/A careful examination of these evidence would reveal how groundless the conclusion is/I find this argument logically unconvincing/flawed/problematic in several critical respects/However, the conclusion depends/rests on a series of unsubstantiated/dubious assumptions, which render it wholly unconvincing/and is therefore unconvincing as it stands.当题目中的论据过于复杂冗长时，可分（1）（2）（3）点罗列论据。
另一种开头方式：先罗列论据，后得出结论。
10、Argument模板
分析每一句话的问题，不能漏掉一句话！！！常见讨论点1、X→YX可能是员工表现提高、销售增加等Y可能是increase profit等等E.g. 人口出生率下降→入学率下降2、错误类比A采取某项措施有效（或不好）→B采取这项措施也有效（或不好）N年前采取某项措施有效→现在也有效3、因果倒置（causal relationship）E.g. 员工睡眠时间短→绩效提高。
实际上可能是员工忙所以没时间睡觉4、样本容量小，或不具有普适性5、（A是B的原因）因为发现了B，所以AB的原因中有A，也可能有CDE，A只是一个原因，而且所占比重可能很小。
6、national趋势→某个地区的趋势每个地方都有独特性7、一个地方的政策推广的别的地方（1）有没有证据表明这个地方是成功的？（2）就是这个地方成功，别的地方未必适用。
8、房价显著下降→房价低可能房价超级高，显著下降后还是超级高不管是assumption，question还是evidence，一定要指出：（1）一旦假设不成立会如何如何（2）问题的回答是A将如何如何，回答是B又如何如何（3）这些证据到底会加强还是削弱论断？具体怎么加强削弱的？由此可见，argument的篇幅都是从上面这几点来的。
光指出逻辑错误，举两个反例，ETS绝对会用superficial形容你。
另外，再提醒大家一点，也就是我之前询问过的：题库中有9道alternative explanation题（出生顺序、人造黄油、两栖动物减少等等），不要根据逐个逻辑错误分开解释，要给出一个完整的解释，一次性解释所有现象！evidence类Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.It might seem logical, at the first glance/sight, to agree with the argument in Dr. Kar p’s articlethat children in Tertia actually are raised by their biological parents (and perhaps even,by implication, that an observation-centered approach to anthropological study isnot as valid as an interview-centered one).However, in order to fully evaluate this argument, we need a significant amount of additional evidence. The argument could end up being much weaker than it seems, or it might actually be quite valid.In order to make that determination, we need to know more then analyze what we learn.The first piece of evidence that we would need in order to evaluate Dr. Karp’s claimsis information about whether or not Tertia and the surrounding island group havechanged significantly in the past 20 years. Dr. Field conducted his observational study20 years ago, and it is possible that Tertia has changed significantly since then. Forexample, if we had evidence that in the intervening years Westerners had settled onthe island and they introduced a more typical Western-style family structure, it wouldcertai nly weaken Dr. Karp’s argument. In that case, the original study could have beenaccurate, and Dr. Karp’s study could be correct, as well, though his conclusion that Dr.Field’s method is ineffective would be seriously weakened.Another piece of evidence that might help us evaluate this claim involves the exactlocations where Dr. Karp’s interviews took place. According to this article, Dr. Karp andhis graduate students conducted interviews of “children living in the group of islandsthat includes Tertia.” If w e were to learn that they never interviewed a single Tertianchild, it would significantly weaken the conclusion. It could turn out to be the case, forexample, that children on Tertia are raised communally, whereas children on otherislands nearby are raised by their biological parents.In order to fully evaluate this article, we would also need to learn more about theinterview questions that Dr. Karp’s team used. What exactly did they ask? We don’tknow, nor do we know what the children’s responses actually were. What did they sayabout their biological parents? The mere fact that they speak more frequently abouttheir biological parents than they do about other adults does not mean that they areraised by their biological parents. It would significantly undermi ne Dr. Karp’s argument if it turned out that the children said things like howmuch they missed their parents orhow their parents had left them in a communal environment. Without knowing WHATthe children said, it is hard to accept Dr. Karp’s conclusion.It is slightly more difficult to discuss the evidence we might need in order to evaluate the more interesting claims in Dr. Karp’s article, namely his extension of theresults of his study to a conclusion that interview-centered methods are inherentlymore valid than observational-centered approaches. In order to fully evaluate thisclaim, in fact, we would need to look at many more examples of interview-based andobservation-based anthropological studies and we would also need to look intodifferent study designs. Perhaps Dr. Field did not conduct an effective observationalstudy, but other observational approaches could be effective. In order to make suchgrandiose claims, Dr. Karp really needs a lot of additional evidence (ideally a meta-analysis of hundreds of anthropological studies).Clearly, then, we need to have additional evidence in order to get a more complete understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of Dr. Karp’s article. We need to know about Tertia and the surrounding islands, whether or not they have changed over the past 20 years. We also need to know about study design (Dr. Karp’s and Dr. Field’s). And we really need a lot more information if we want to extend the results of a study about one island culture to all anthropological fieldwork.question类Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.The author argues that all colleges and universities should adopt honor codes because the experience of Groveton shows that it can dramatically lower cheating among students. It might seem logical at first glance, however, there are some questions need to be answered to ensure the conclusion is cogent. The argument could end up being weaker than it seems, or it might be quite valid. In order to make the determination, we need to know more then analyze what we learn.First, the amount of cheating decreases year by year according to the report. But the reliability of this report is questionable. As we can see, in honor code mechanism, student reciprocal monitoring replaces teacher monitoring. It is reasonable to believe that a lot of students wouldnot notify faculties when they suspect cheating happens because there are tight relationships among students and most of them would not like to do anything to harm the relationship. If a student suspect a school mate cheated and reported, he or she cannot help thinking that the school mate would later find out the person who reported it, which would definitely leads to an end of their friendship. In addition, the school mate may notify others that the student is not loyal, which means the student has a great chance to be hard maintaining friendship with others.Second, as the survey shows, most students in Groveton said that they would be less like to cheat with an honor code. We cannot be sure that the students are honest when they answered the questions.What's more, even if honor code mechanism does play an important role in decreasing cheating in Groveton, we cannot lead to a conclusion that all colleges and universities should adopt honor codes merely because it works well in Groveton. Every college or university has its own characteristics, the solution should fit in it. The colleges and universities that are similar to Groveton can adopt honor codes, but those that are quite different from it should consider the suitability before they take actions. Maybe the quality of students of some colleges and universities differs a lot from students of Groveton, and they tend to cheat more under honor codes since the monitoring of teachers decreases.To summarize, to make a conclusion that honor codes works well, we should find out the true reasons that lead to a decrease in cheating, and we should make sure that the colleges and universities suit that mechanism before adopt it.assumption类Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.While it may be true that the Mason City government ought to devote more money toriverside recreational facilities,this author’s argument does not make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use. It is easy to understand why city residentswould want a cleaner river,but this argument is rife with holes and assumptions, and thus, not strong enough to lead to increased funding.Citing surveys of city residents, the author reports city resident’s love of watersports. It is not clear, however, the scope and validity of that survey. For example, thesurvey could have asked residents if they prefer using the river for water sports orwould like to see a hydroelectric dam built, which may have swayed residents towardriver sports. The sample may not have been representative of city residents, askingonly those residents who live upon the river. The survey may have been 10 pages long,with 2 questions dedicated to river sports. We just do not know. Unless the survey isfully representative, valid, and reliable, it cannot be used to effectively back theauthor’s argument.Additionally, the author implies that residents do not use the river for swimming,boating, and fishing, despite their professed interest, because the water is polluted andsmelly. While a polluted, smelly river would likely cut down on river sports, a concreteconnection between the resident’s lack of river use and the river’s current state is noteffectively made. Though there have been complaints, we do not know if there havebeen numerous complaints from a wide range of people, or perhaps from one or twoindividuals who made numerous complaints. To strengthen his/her argument, theauthor would benefit from implementing a normed survey asking a wide range ofresidents why they do not currently use the river.Building upon the implication that residen ts do not use the river due to the qualityof the river’s water and the smell, the author suggests that a river clean up will resultin increased river usage. If the river’s water quality and smell result from problemswhich can be cleaned, this may be true. For example, if the decreased water qualityand aroma is caused by pollution by factories along the river, this conceivably could beremedied. But if the quality and aroma results from the natural mineral deposits in thewater or surrounding rock, this may not be true. There are some bodies of water which emit a strong smell of sulphur due to the geography of the area. This is not something likely to be affected by a clean-up. Consequently, a river clean up may have no impactupon river usage. Regardless of whe ther the river’s quality is able to be improved ornot, the author does not effectively show a connection between water quality and riverusage.A clean, beautiful, safe river often adds to a city’s property values, leads to increasedtourism and revenue from those who come to take advantage of the river, and a betteroverall quality of life for residents. For these reasons, city government may decide toinvest in improving riverside recreational facilities. However, this author’s argument isnot likely signific antly persuade the city government to allocate increased funding.explanation类Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.Alternative explanation并没有要求讨论作者前面的解释是否可靠，相反它要求的是在知道前面一系列的facts（如第一胎的猴子cortisol高）的情况下，如何用其他的、不同于题目给出的理论（即birth effect影响stimulation）来解释这些facts，并论述理由。
Argument写作模板
In this argument, the arguer concludes that . The arguer bases the argument on . The arguer claims despite this that, . This argument is unconvincing because the arguer ignores several possible reasons other than for these discrepancies.First of all, the survey only . It is possible that . For example, perhaps . A survey that covers only is hardly convincing that.原因Secondly, it is entirely possible that . If . Ignoring further weakens the argument. Simply does not necessarily mean that .时间Furthermore, it is possible that . Failing to address this possibility further weakens the argument.地点In summary, this argument is based on a very narrow study of only . To strengthen the argument, the arguer needs to directly before jumping to the conclusion that .must supply clear and direct evidence other than other factors that ------ was responsible for must also provide evidence thatunadvised imprudent indiscreetunconvincing unpersuasive be not convincingunsubstantiated unsound( unwarranted无根据的)ignore fail to overlookbase on rely on(upon) dependent on according toIt is possible(probable) that It is possible for sb to do sththere are some possibilities that there is some possibilities thatIt is likely that sb is likely to do sth be less inclined to dobe bound to be certain to do definitely be sure of for certain must be mean to be equivalent to+n represent the same asA does not necessarily indicate that Btake into account consider think about account for(对…做出解释)moreover what’s more besides, furthermore make sure that(确认)however，whereas（然而，反之）nonetheless(尽管如此；但是)，support strengthen reinforce bolster(支持) prove testify attest(证明)In this argument, sb concludes that 中间结论and, in turn 最后结论.（sb recommends that 中间结论sb also claims that 最后结论. ）To support these assertions, the author cites the fact that 原因和假设. However, the argument relies on a series of unproven assumptions and is therefore unconvincing as it stands.（However, the argument relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, which render it unconvincing as it stands.）To begin with, the argument assumes that 第一个假设得到的结论. Yet, the fact that 假设hardly suffices to infer any 结论. The author provides no evidence that this is the case. For that matter, 结论would be undermined.Secondly, even if 上面的假设和结论成立. perhaps ;or perhaps存在其他可能. In either event, the author could not justifiably rely on the mere fact that 假设to support the claim that 结论. (因素过于单一考虑欠佳)【Even assuming that 上面的假设和结论成立. besides, 其他可能性. Without ruling out these and other reasons why 中间结论，sb cannot convince me that 文中的假设和结论, let alone 最后结论.】Furthermore, in asserting that 最后一个假设, the author overlooks the possibilities that 存在的其他可能性.Without ruling out this possible scenario, the author cannot convince me that 最后一个假设得出的结论.In conclusion, the recommendation for (that 结论) is not well supported. To convince me that 结论the author must provide clear evidence that 假设和结论的直接关系. To better evaluate the recommendation, I would need more information about 其他影响因素. (其他影响因素would be useful to know)The fact that 假设accomplishes nothing toward bolstering the recommendation.产品盈利论证——没有考虑人们喜好和市场竞争Even assuming that residents are strongly interested in the products, the recommendation rests on two additional assumptions: (1)that this interest will continue in the foreseeable future; (2) the residents will prefer sth over other merchants that sell similar products. Until the author substantiates both assumptions Iremain unconvinced that 某产品would be profitable.某一现象趋势的因果论证某件事的变化趋势is not necessarily due to 原因. It is entirely possible that 那样变化, but 调查时间内其他原因. Since the article fails to account for this alternative explanation for 变化趋势，the author cannot make any sound recommendations to 某事或人based on that 变化.错误类比论证与结尾——地区差异Nor can the author justify 一个地区状况on the basis of 另一个地区状况or perhaps 区别or perhaps 区别in short, the author cannot defend the recommended course of action on the basis of what might be a false analogy between two (类比两个地方)In sum(summary), the argument relies on what might amount to two analogies between as well as to strengthen the argument, the author should provide better evidence of and clear evidence that even with this additional evidence, in order to properly evaluate the argument I would need to know why what。
Argument 必备模板
开头第一句：This argument concludes/recommends/argues that…In this argument the author concludes that…第二层：To support this conclusion the writer cites…/points out that…第三层：The argument is logically unconvincing in several respects.However, this evidence provides little credible support for the editorial's conclusion. This argument suffers from several critical flaws and is therefore unconvincing/ unpersuasive as it stands.However, the author's argument relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands.The president's argument relies on several doubtful assumptions and is therefore unpersuasive.BODY：各段开头：To begin with, First and foremost, To begin with, As a threshold matter, One problem with the argument is that,Next, Aside from, The argument also, Moreover, Furthermore, A second problem with the argument is that, Even if …Finally, A Final problem with the argument involves…具体内容：the editorial observes a correlation between… and …, then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter.However, the editorial fails to rule out other possible explanations for…For example,…Any of these factors, or other social, political or economic factors, might lead to…Without ruling out all other such factors it is unfair to conclude that…This evidence would support the editorial's conclusion only if…Moreover, the editorial fails to provide any evidence that…cites the Observer survey in which…However, the editorial fails to provide any information about the survey population; therefore it is impossible to determine whether the survey results apply generally to the Alta population.In addition, we are not informed how many parents were surveyed but did not respond. The greater this number, the less reliable the survey.Thus, as it stands the Observer study is statistically unreliable and lends no credible support to the editorial's conclusion.in citing the survey the editorial assumes that…However, the editorial provides no evidence to link one with the other.the argument assumes unfairly that…It is entirely possible that…The argument also overlooks many other possible explanations for…For example,per haps Or perhaps Or perhaps For that matter, perhaps…/Any of these scenarios, if true, would undermine the conclusion that…/ Without considering and eliminating these and other possible reasons why…the president cannot rely on the fact that…to bolster the recommendation.the letter fails to adequately support the claim that…it is fallacious to conclude that…Having failed to address this distinct possibility, the letter is wholly unconvincing.In further support of the recommendation, the letter cites the f act that…yet…But this fact alone lends no support to the recommendation.The author must eliminate these possibilities in order to rely justifiably on this evidence for his or her recommendation.the author unfairly equates …with…The author ignores the p ossibility that…Thus the author cannot convincingly conclude thatSome ways of concession:1.Even if…the author concludes too hastily that…2.Even assuming…the author falsely assumes that…3.even assuming that…the author fails to provide adequate evidence that…4.Even if … the author unfairly assumes that…5.even if we accept that…the argument ignores the possibility that…Without rulingout this possibility, the argument's proponent cannot justifiably conclude that…Besides, the mere fact that…proves nothing unless the author can show that…The author unfairly assumes that…Lacking evidence that this is the case, the author cannot convince me that…it assumes that…applies equally to…Yet this might not be the case, for…A second problem with the argument is that it unj ustifiably assumes that…We are not informed…Without ruling out such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that…The only evidence the author provides to substantiate this assumption are…If so, then the author cannot justifiably rely on t hese reports to conclude that…it unfairly assumes that…It is entirely possible that…It is also possible that…Without considering such potential academic benefits, the author cannot reasonably conclude that…the president's assumption that… might be unwar ranted.This "either-or" argument is fallacious in that it ignores other possible causes of…(The result) might have been caused by one or more other factors--such as…Without ruling out these and other possible reasons for the decline, the president's argument seems ill-conceived.the results of (some) survey are not necessarily representative of the overall population of …If so, then the president has overlooked the possibility that…If so, then (making such decision) would be ill-advised indeed.the mer e fact that… provides little assurance that…Without ruling out these possibilities, the president cannot justify…on the basis of…the argument depends on the assumption that …--rather than…Yet lacking evidence to the contrary it is entirely possible that…Without ruling out all other reasons why…, the argument that…is dubious at best. Even if …, the argument relies on the further assumption that… Yet the only evidencethe article offers to substantiate this assumption is that… (Perhaps… Or Perhaps…For tha t matter…)In short, without more information about…were established it is impossible to assess whether…(used for false analogy) Without accounting for such differences any analogy between the two cities is premature, and any conclusion based on that analogy is unjustified. the author's inference that incentives which were effective in the past will also be effective in the future rests on the poor assumption that during the last 18 months all conditions upon which their effectiveness depend have remained unchanged.the article fails to consider any other course of action that might help…In short, without weighing the proposal against alternatives, the article's claim that the proposed incentives are the "best" means of …is wholly unconvincing.结尾：结尾的开头：In conclusion, In sum, To sum up. In the final analysis,the recommendation of the author is not well supported.the editorial is (logically) unconvincing as it stands.this is a weak argument.the letter's author fails to adequately support the recommend ation that…the article has not convinced me that…(the proposal)结尾的第二层：To strengthen it/the argument /To bolster the argument, the arguer must provide detailed demographic/statistical evidence showing that…/ the editorial's author must rule out all other possible factors contributing to…/ the argument's proponent must consider and eliminate all other possible explanations for…/ the author must provide clear evidence that…/ the author must first establish a clear causal relationship between…/ the author must demonstrate/show that…/ The author must also show that…The author must also provide evidence--perhaps by way of a reliable survey—that…A proper evaluation of the recommendation requires more information about…In order to better evaluate/ assess/understand the argument, we would need more information about…(the Obs erver survey population, and about the percentage of those surveyed who responded.)I would also need to compare…with…Finally, I would need to consider…。
argument模板
开头：In this argument, the author concludes that______. At first glance, the author’s reasoning seems to be appealing, while clearly examining the author’s reasoning, we may find that it is unconvincing. The argument contains several facets that are questionable.调查：【证据不足】First of all, the author’s evidences are insufficient to support the conclusion. Obviously, author does not provide enough information on the subjects of the survey/poll.But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinionsIf the [respondents] only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole [group], we should not be so sure about the conclusion that [the whole group…]【小众；调查比例】It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer applies its result to all the company’s markets while doesn’t show us whether Sun City is a representative market of the whole markets.The study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation betweenOne specific example cannot generate the general conclusion. Therefore, facing such limited evidence, the conclusion is unwarranted.他因：Secondly, the author makes an oversimplified analogy between___ and___. In most instances, this is an unwarranted assumption for the simple reason that things rarely remain the same over extended periods of time/from place to place. As we know, many factors should be taken into the consideration, such as demographics of the population, geographical and physical terrain of the two different areas. _______.错误因果：In addition, the author commits “after this, and therefore because of this” fallacy. The causal relationship between the cause of _____ and the effect _____ is unwarranted.Even if … has been proved as a result of … , which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that …This is a fallacious reasoning unless the author can provide persuasive evidences to rule out any other possibilities.结尾：To sum up, the conclusion lacks of credibility. Regardless of who the author is, he or she has overlooked or chosen to ignore many aspects of his or her conclusion. To strengthen the conclusion, the author should give more evidences about the above-mentioned possibilities.其他：1"If your premise前提 is established, your conclusions are easily deducible可推论的."2。
Argument作文模板
Argument Introduction Paragraph开头：2~3句话，50~60个单词，2~3分钟完成。
结论+前提|论据+谬误1、引用原文，简写（主干|术语）—保留句子中的SOV2、不要歪曲题目3、自己分析时用一般现在时，引用原文保留时态4、只能说题目是invalid, unfounded, groundless, 不说false, wrong.5、谬误：(教材P192&186)开放式：In this argument, the argument concludes that...... To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that...... In addition, the arguer reasons that...... This argument suffers from several critical fallacies.The arguer/speaker recommends that...... To support this recommendation sb. cites the following facts about...... (1) (2) (3) Close scrutiny of each of these facts, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the recommendation.罗列式：The notion that+结论......seems at first glance to be an obvious conclusion. After all, +核心谬误. However|Moreover, +加余下谬误。
经典Argument中的好开头：1.The argument that...... creates several problems because it assumes that......, it fails to address......, it omits the following importantevidence......2.有调查但是以偏概全。
argument模板
The argument开头段的思路：第一句指出原论证的结构或主张第二句指出原论证的论据第三句指出原论证的重要假设最后指出原论证犯有逻辑错误正文：一段一个方面，注意句型结尾：结论，对如何加强提出建议。
开头段模式：1．In this argument, the arguer recommend (conclude) that…2．This recommendation is based on the result (evidence; fact) of th e survey that…3．In addition, the arguer assumes this…4．A careful examination would review how groundless the argument (conclusion) i s…对于文中涉及数字的黄金句型：1．The survey on which the argument relies lacks credibility and therefore does not lend strong support to what the arguer assumes.2．The statistical evidence on which the argument depends is so vague (unreprese ntative) that it does not validate the auger’s assumption (claim).对于正文有用的句型：1．The argument rests on the unfounded(unconvincing,unreasonable,gratuitous, groundless,unwarranted)assumption that…2．The arguer fails to take Into account other possible factors that might (lend to, result in)…3．The arguer ignores other relevant factors concerning +名词结构4．The arguer fails to convince us that (sb of)…5．The evidence provided in this argument is not sufficient to validate the assumpt ion that…黄金句型1．The arguer fails to provide solid (any, sufficient, concrete) evidence to prove tha t …/to support the assumption that…/to validate the assumption that …/quarantine t he conclusion that…2．Another point worth concerning is that the arguer fails to take into account… 3．The reasoning that …is open to doubt /unreliable/problematic.4．Another assumption in short of legitimacy is the causal of relationship between A&B./…is that /the claim that…5．The fact that …says little (nothing) about…对于正文的分析以及结尾模式：1．采取推测法，推测有可能的例证，反例，推测作者论证可导致的其他结论。
Argument模板句型
Argument常用结构模板：1. 开头：In this argument the author concludes/claims that__. The conclusion is based on (the result of a survey)___. In addition, the arguer asserts that___. However, the statement alone does not constitute a logical argument in favor of its conclusion and fails to provide compelling support making this argument sound.The speaker asserts(claims/concludes/recommends) that_____. To justify the argument, the arguer points out/cites a result of a survey that_____. At the first glance, this opinion seems to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection tells me that I cannot agree with it for the following reasons(After a careful examination, we can find the conclusion drawn in the argument is ungrounded at all).2. 正文：First, it goes without saying that______.The second problem with this claim is that______.The last thing I want to take a glance at this argument is that__________.or:First, the argument questionably assumes that _____Second, the argument never addresses ______Finally, the argument omits/fails to consider_______or:First of all, the arguer commits a fallacy that of_____In addition, the validity of the survey is open to doubtFinally, the argument is based on a gratuitous assumption that_____3. 结尾：In conclusion, this is a weak argument. To strengthen the conclusion that___, this author must provide a thorough cost-benefit analysis of available alternatives and rule out factors other than___ that might be affecting current profits negatively.In sum, this argument is not convincing as it stands. To make it logically acceptable, the author would have to show that___. Additionally, the author must provide evidence of____. Only with more convincing evidence could this argument become more than just an emotional appeal.Thus, the argument is not completely sound. The evidence in support of conclusion should ____. Ultimately, the argument might have been strengthened by _____The conclusion reached in this argument lacks credibility in that the argument is based on an unwarranted assumption that _____. To strengthen this argument the arguer should provide more evidence to illustrate that_____. Then, the argument will bemore credible/convincing.The argument relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, which render it unconvincing as it stands.辩驳时用一般现在时,复述原文时应与原文时态一致。
Argument 模板
Argument 模板句1.开头：Merely based on unfounded assumption and dubious/suspicious evidence ,thestatement draws a conclusion that______. To substantiate/support the conclusion ,the arguer points out the evidence that _______ .In addition , he indicates that ______ .Furthermore ,he cites the result survey in support of this recommendation .At first glance ,the author’s argument appears to be somewhat convincing , but further reflection reveals that it omits some substantial concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument.( In my opinion of view , this argument suffers from_______ logical flaws .)The argument is well-presented ,but not thoroughly well-reasoned . By making a comparison of the region of Forestville , the town with the higher speed limit and therefor automobile accidents, with the region of Elmsford , an area of a lower speed limit and subsequently fewer accidents , the argument for reducing F’s speed limits in order to decrease accidents seems logical. ______开始攻击信件类的开头：In this letter a committee of D homeowners recommend that in order to enhance D property values homeowners should follow certain restrictions concerning their homes’exterior appearance . To support this recommendation the committee points out that in the seven years since B adopted similar restrictions property values there have risen .This argument rests on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions , and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands . While it may be true that the M government ought to devote more money to riversiderecreationalfacilities , this author’s argument does not make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use .It is easy to understand why city residents would want a cleaner river ,but this argument is rife with holes and assumptions , and thus ,not strong enough to lead to increased funding.2.各类逻辑错误的攻击语言(1)调查类错误Unless the surveyors sampled a sufficient number of ______and did so randomly across the entire spectrum ,the survey results are not reliable to gauge____ generally . The number of respondents/samples in itself does not endure representativeness .For example ,if the sample included only _______, then the results would no doubt suggest_____/ Or if _____, would account for only a little percentage ,which would render the result of the survey meaningless. (2)充分必要条件Sufficient evidencea.The argument assumes too hastily that ___will necessarily result in the behavior that theargument predicts .Perhaps ，_____.Moreover ______/b.The fact that A is not sufficient for the prediction that B .Necessary evidenceThe editor’s recommendation depends on the assumption that no factors other than A caused B . However ,common sense informs me that this assumption is a poor one .A myriad of other factors ,including _____or ____,might just as likely be the cause of B .To be specific , ____/Without ruling out these and other possible causes ,the editor cannot justifiably conclude that only by________ can _____-.(3)因果类错误The arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between the fact that____ and the claim that ____ .This argument is unacceptable unless there is compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events .Perhaps ,for example ,______results from ____.The argument observed a correlation between A and B, then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter .However ,the argument fails to rule out other possible explanation for B. For example ,_______ . Any of these factors might lead to B .Without ruling out all other factors it is unfair to conclude that A is responsible for B .(4)范围变化错误个体——整体The argument resets on the assumption that 个体案例代替整体情况.If this is not the case , then it is entirely possible that 在另一个地方，上述个体案例的结果不会发生相同的情况.Thus ,lacking more marketing information about ____nationwide, it is difficult to assess the merit of the memo’s recommendation.整体——个体One problem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide statistics about _____applies equally to 个体成员. Yet this might not be the case ,for a variety of possible reasons .Perhaps ______;or perhaps _____.Without ruling out such possibilities , the author cannot justifiably conclude that ______.(5)外推类错误The author claims that ____,because_____.The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different time .The assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain the same over extended period of time .There are likely all kinds of difference between A and B . For example ,A______;however ,B_____. Any of these scenarios ,if true ,would serve to undermine the claim that _____.(6)FA错误The arguer’s recommendation relies on what might be a poor analogy between A and B . The analogy falsely depends on the assumption that ____in both A and B are similar .However ,it is entirely possible that A与B 存在很大的不同.In short ,without accounting for important possible differences between A and B, the arguer cannot reasonably prove the proposed method will help A_____.(7)非此即彼(either –or)Even assuming A is not the reason for the B , the author falsely assumes that the B must be attributable to C. This “either _ or “argument is fallacious in that it ignores other possible causes of the B . For example ,其他原因.3.结尾段To sum up ,this arguer fails to substantiate its claim that __, because the evidence cited in the analysis do not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains .To make the argument more convincing ,the arguer would have to provide more information with regard to _____.Additionally ,he would have to demonstrate that-____/ Therefore ,if the argument had included the given factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable .In conclusion ,the letter’s author fails to adequately support the recommendation for a school-sponsored mandatory driving course .To strengthen the argument ,the author mustprovide dear evidence that Centerville High School students caused the accidents in question ,and that a mandatory driving course would have prevented them .To better evaluate the argument , I would need more effectiveness of a mandatory school-sponsored course compared to that of the two private courses .。
argument模板
Fails to consider, fails to take into consideration, account for, overlooks the possibility that, provides no evidence that, the _____ can readily be explained by other factors rather than_____.最后建议句子里面可以用这样的虚拟语气：Was the author to provide more information about……，the argument will be more logically acceptable.seem at first glance to be an obvious conclusionmask other (and potentially more significant) causes ofit is at least likely thatit may, in fact, bedata is lacking with reference toIt is true that ……，butthere is no guarantee thatA careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is.the arguer fails to make clear thatin the absence of all this information, it is impossible for us to evaluate the policy thatthe comparison in this argument is incomplete and selectiveTo sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains.the arguer fails to consider several other relevant factors thatthe arguer hints that……，but he fails to analyze the cause.……is not persuasive as it stands.Close scrutiny of each of these facts reveals that none of them lend credible/significant support to the recommendationit is reasonable to cast a considerable doubt on the reliability ofthe argument lacks evidence to confirm this assumptionNevertheless, there is no guarantee that it is necessarily the case and it is quite possible that Although it is entirely possible, the argument lacks evidence to confirm this assumption. because no compelling evidence stated in the argument to support it.without ruling out these possibilities, it is unfounded to reach the conclusionUntil the author provides further evidence to exclude all these concerns, it is unfounded to reach the conclusion involved in the argument.Merely depended on a series of unwarranted assumptions and suspicious evidence, the author concludes thatAt first glance, this argument seems to be convincing, but further reflection reveals these evidence neither constitute a logical statement in support of its conclusion nor providing compelling support making this argument sound and invulnerable.In short, without better evidence ruling out these and other alternative explanations, it is reasonable to cast considerable doubt on this assumption.even if the author can substantiate all of the foregoing assumptions, his assumption that ……isstill unwarranted, because neither any conclusive evidence nor any anecdotal evidence is provided to affirm this assumption.the author fails to point out that how the survey was conducted, when the survey was conducted, who conducted the survey, who responded and if loaded question included in the survey acts in a suggestive role. And lacking information about the number of people surveyed and the number of respondents makes the argument impossible to assess the validity of the results. If the respondents only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole, the conclusion draw from it is highly suspect.To sum up, the conclusion reached by the author lacks credibility since the argument has several flaws that render it logically unpersuasive as it stands.To evaluate the argument better, we need more concrete and clear evidence to show that the survey are informative to draw firm conclusion.However, the author fails to provide sufficient evidence to support the assumption upon which the argument depends.the survey cited by the author to support the conclusion that ……is not clear and persuasive to convince me.too vague to be informativeTo make it more convincing, further investigation and analysis are needed to rule out other possibilities of the best sale of the gardening magazine. To better evaluate the argument, we need more concrete and cleat evidence that people will grow their vegetables and go to the center to buy.Lacking more specific information about …, it is impossible to assess the reliability of the survey’s results or to make an informed recommendation.开头：In this argument, the author concludes thatTo substantiate the conclusion, the author cites the result ofIn addition, the author points out the evidence that/indicates thatFurthermore, the arguer lends support to this conclusion by providing the evidence thatThe argument seems at first glance to be reasonable, but close scrutiny of each of these facts reveals that none of them lend credible/significant support to the conclusion中间：文章的重点，从三个大方向攻击：1、论点的合理性（包括调查类的所有、实验类的实验条件和对照试验问题）2、论证的合理性（包括错误类推，错误类比，无因果关系）3、结论的合理性（包括唯一选择问题、盈利问题）一、三种普适性的段首从句引导句The major problem in this argument is thatAnother flaw that renders the argument vulnerable is thatAside from the problems involved in , it is necessary to point out the flaw related to ……二、针对性较强的几种段首引导句调查，实验：First and foremost, the result of the survey lacks credibility and therefore could not lend strong support to the arguer’s conclusion that …三、怎么攻击：上面只是引出问题，下面进行论证：下面这段可以用来论证：论证合理性的所有问题。
ARGUMENT写作模板
一、经不起推敲的类推The argument relies on what might be a incorrect analogy between (类推的几样事物). In order for ..... the (提建议的那个人) must offer effective evidences that all relevant circumstances including... are essentially the same. However, this assumption is unwarranted. For example, the argument neglects the possibility that (被作者忽略的其它可能性). Perhaps (设想一种未考虑到的可能性) .Or, perhaps....二、将因果关系与单纯的关联关系或者时间关系混淆起来The argument makes the conclusion based on a known correlation between (有关系的两类事物) that the latter/former is attributable, at least partly, to the former/latter. Y et the correlation alone amounts to scant evidence of the asserted cause-and-effect relationship. Perhaps.... can be caused by other factors as well, which are not mentioned in these particular states but present in all others. Moreover, the argument overlooks the fact that (指出被作者忽略的东西). The author has not taken into account the possibility that (提出其它可能性). If this is the case, then the conclusion that (建议) would lack any merit whatsoever.三、认为一个群体的特征适用于该群体的所有成员The argument assumes that ... Yet, the author fails to offer any evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption. Absent such evidence, it is just as likely that (指出未被考虑到的可能性); for the matter, perhaps....., in which event the author`s recommendation woul d amount to especially poor advice.四、认为某条件是某结果的必要/充足条件（常出现于采取某种方法以达到某种目的）The recommendation depends on the assumption that no alternative means of .... are available. Yet, no evidence is offered to substantiate this assumption. Admittedly, the.... is some evidence that no other program/measure is as likely to achieve the desired result. However, it is entirely possible that means other than this or any other .... would also achieve the desired result. Perhaps... Or, perhaps... without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of ...... the author/speaker can out confidently conclude that......（此段攻击要想达到目的，必须采取这种方法的思路）The recommendation depends on the additional unsubstantiated assumption that adopting....... would to the desired extent. Absent evidence that this is the case, it is equally possible that adopting the program would not suffice by itself. （提出其它达到目标所需的条件）:otherwise, the program will not be effective. In short, unless the superintendent can show that the program will be effectively implemented and received, I can not accept the recommendation.五、基于可能不具有代表性的的统计数据One problem with the argument involves the cited statistics about ..... It is unreasonable to draw any conclusions about ...... based on statistics about...... Depending on the.... It is entirely possible that ....are not representative of...... For example, perhaps (提出其它可能性) If so, then the editorial`s recommendation might amount to poor advice for students at other soifeges.六、基于不准确的调查或民意测验结果The survey methodology might be problematic in two respects: First, we are not informed whether the survey required that respondents choose their ..... between alternatives: If it did, then the results might distort the preferences of the respondents, who might very well prefer ......not provided in the survey. Secondly, we are not informed whether survey responses were anonymous, or even confidential. If they were not..... In either event, the survey results would be unreliable for the purpose of drawing any conclusions about ......七、认为一切事物都是永恒不变的The author claims that .....: Absent evidence to support this inference, it is just as likely that the .....or that......: For the matter, perhaps...... Any of these scenarios, if true. would serve to undermine the author`s claim that.......。
英语正反方观点作文模板
英语正反方观点作文模板英文回答：In this essay, I will argue that [insert your position].Firstly, [insert your first argument in favor of your position]. For example, [provide evidence or examples to support your argument].Secondly, [insert your second argument in favor of your position]. For instance, [provide evidence or examples to support your argument].Thirdly, [insert your third argument in favor of your position]. In particular, [provide evidence or examples to support your argument].On the other hand, I acknowledge that there are also valid arguments against my position.For instance, [insert your first counterargument]. However, I believe that my own arguments are more persuasive.Additionally, [insert your second counterargument]. Nevertheless, I contend that the benefits of my position outweigh its drawbacks.In conclusion, I firmly believe that [insert your position] is the more valid stance. The evidence and arguments presented in this essay strongly support my position.中文回答：本篇文章将论证 [插入你的立场]。
GRE argument 可能用到的词组和模板
开头模板：The author conclude/suggest/argue/assert that ~~ , however, there are several fatal flaws/bugs/defects which severely undermine the rationality and persuasion of the author’s claim.最后一段模板：首句Model 1: In sum/all in all, the author fails to provide sufficient evidence to support the recommendation/conclusion that ~~Model 2: In sum/all in all/ to sum up/ to summarize, the conclusion/recommendation is not adequately supported as it stands.Model 3: the conclusion is not persuasive as it stands.Model 4: the survey which the author cites permits little reliable inference about/regarding ~~提建议：To strengthen the argument ~~~ to further strengthen the argument ~~To better access/evaluate the argument ~~ to further strengthen the argument ~成功的广告宣传：successful advertisement campaign/successful ad campaign/more awareness/effective advertisement目标人群：target audience有其他可能性：leave room for other possibilities/entirely open to other possibilities保证充足的样本量：ensure enough sample size代表性：representativeness可比的：comparable 不可比的：incomparable调查对象：subjects加强管理：reinforce/strengthen/energize the management实施：carry out /implement the plan/policy/regulation/guidelines研究类Study/research : 1.sample size 2.representativeness parable 4. are the result consistent/in agreement with other studies and researches 其他，如是否分组有对照，有无入选标准，评价指标是否客观，有无讲结果盲目外推，有无轻易下结论而未参考其他的文献和研究。
argument完美模板andrás
1In this argument, the speaker concludes that…………………………. To support the conclusion, the speaker cites the survey of (如果原题引用了调查，研究，之类的，稍微变动一下). The speaker also point out that(接原题作者引用另外的理由). Although the speaker’s reasoning seem to appealing, we may still find out that this argument rests on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands.如果原题出现了调查，研究之类的，第一段一定要按照如下：2A threshold problem with this argument involves a survey/ study/ research itself. The statistical reliability of the survey/study/research/ is really questionable. Namely, the speaker provide no evidence that the number of the respondents( 这里建议替换成调查研究中的群体。
比如针对谁提问就写谁) is statistically significant or that the respondents were representative of (接所有群体，比如北京市所有的一类群体)in general. That is to say,(你要开始攻击了)this survey merely involves …A.. and B….(A和B就是样本中地区性的调查对象)。
【御用】Argument模板
***开头段Merely based on the unfounded assumption and dubious evidence, the statement draws a conclusion that 结论.In support of the conclusion, the author pointes out that 论据1.To justify this conclusion, the arguer cites that 论据2.Furthermore, he indicates that 论据3.In addition, he cites the result of a (recent) survey in support of his recommendation. At first glance, this argument seems to be somewhat convincing, nonetheless, further reflection reveals that it omits amount of vital concerning that should have been addressed in the statement.As far as I concerned, this argument suffers from at least three logical flaws.***论述段1. First and foremost, the threshold problem with this argument is that 反驳点1.…………Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.2. Another fundamental problem pointed worth considering which serious weakens the logic of this argument is that 反驳点2.…………Lacking evidence that 反驳点2的证明, the arguer’s conclusion that 结论is unjustified.3. Before I come to my final judgment, it is necessary to indicate another flaw involved in the argument, 反驳点3.…………In short, without better evidence that 反驳点3的证明, the author cannot justifiablely draw any conclusion about 结论.***结尾段To sum up, the author fail to substantiate his claim that 结论, because the evidence cited here could not led strong support to what the arguer maintains.To make this argument more appealing, the author should have to offer more information with regard to建议.Therefore, if the argument hand included the given factors discussed about, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.◆无理假设unwarranted assumptionThe author falsely depends on unwarranted assumption that错误的假设.In fact, it is not a necessary case. The mere fact hardly suffices to prove由错误的假设引出的结果. For example, it is highly possible that造成该结果的其它可能原因.Even if the author can substantiate all of the foregoing assumption, his assertion that 由错误的假设引出的结果is still unreasonable, because he unfairly equates目前未知的情况with 目前已知的情况.◆概念差异The author simply equates A with B.Even assuming B是对的, it is nevertheless impossible to assess the author’s broader contention that A也是对的◆无效调查The argument relies on a survey调查的内容, however, the survey cited here is toovague to be informative.The arguer provides no assurance that the survey on which the argument depends is statistically reliable.#样本数量Unless the surveyor sampled a sufficient number of 样本and did so randomly across the entire样本spectrum, the survey results are not reliable to gauge调查结果. Moreover, the number of samples not ensure represent the overall group. For example, if the samples includes不合适的样本, or if 样本没有代表意义, the number of respondents would account for only a little percentage.#参与者诚实，调查者无倾向We are not informed whether the survey responses are anonymous or even confidential, what is more, there is no assurance that the survey not required people who anticipated choose their preference between alternative.#总数和比例The argument tells us that a great number of 样本, nevertheless, the arguer fails to indicate the percentage of支持其结论的样本.The argument tells us that more than ** percent支持其结论. Nevertheless, it fails to provide information regarding the absolute number of 样本.◆错误类比 false analogyThe arguer’s recommendation relies on a poor analogy between 一个情况and 另一个情况.This analogy falsely depends on the assumption that情况in both 一个and 另一个are similar.However, it is entirely possible that 其它造成已知情况的可能原因1.In addition, 其它造成已知情况的可能原因2, without accounting far some essential difference between一个情况and 另一个情况.The author can not prove that the method will also help 另一个情况.To strength this argument, instead of relying on a dubious analogy, the argument should provide evidence, perhaps by way of a survey or a pilot program at另一个的目前实际情况, so that this method will lead to the success of 论者期望达到的目标.◆急于概括 hasty generalizationThe auger commits a fallacy of hasty generalization.Even if 作者所讲的假设是成立的, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that作者所期待的结果.It is highly possible that other factors may have contribution to 结果, that作者认为正确的未必是唯一的.Besides, the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning 论据中的疑点. Unless其它可能的原因which is unknown from this argument, there is no guarantee that结论.Without ruling out this and other possible factors that given rise to 目前的情况, the author cannot confidently conclude that结论◆因果关系简单化 causal oversimplizationThe author’s recommendation depends on the assumption that on factors other than作者认为正确的原因caused 结果.However, commonsense informs me that these factors, including 其它可能的原因1 or 其它可能的原因2, might just as likely be the cause of 结果.Without ruling out these and other possible factors, the author cannot justifiablely conclude that only by doing 作者认为正确的方法◆两难处境 false dilemmaBy concluding that sb should do 一项措施or should do另一项与之矛盾的措施, the author commits a fallacy of false dilemma.The author assumes that 一种解决方案and 另一种解决方案are only available solution to the problem.However, it is possible that other proposal might also contribute to this problem.For example, 其他可能的解决方案.If so, just doing 一种解决方案or另一种解决方案would not solve the problem.◆Profit 类_____ (company)will not possibly earn a substantial profit by 作者认为正确的措施. The author provides no information about the cost involved in作者认为正确的措施.If so, then the costs of 作者认为正确的措施might prevent _____ (company) from earning a profit.In short, without more information about supply、demand、and production costs, without weighting revenue against expenses the author’s notion is premature at best.◆外推类The author claims that 结果, because 作者认为正确的原因.The argument assumes without justified that the background conditions have remained (will remain) the same at different time.The assumption is unwarranted because thing rarely remain the same over the extended periods of the time.There are likely all kinds of differences between 一种情况and 另一种情况.For example,可能影响结果的因素.Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the author’s claim that结论.。
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1开头
In this argument, the arguer recommends/concludes that…To justify this claim, the arguer points out that…In addition, the arguer cites/reasoned that…However, a close scrutiny of this argument reveals/demonstrates that it suffers from several critical fallacies 谬论, as discussed below.
2结尾：必须提出解决之道
As it stands, the argument lacks credibility/validity because the evidence (cited in the analysis) does not (lend strong support to) what the arguer maintains. （To make it logically acceptable）, the arguer must present more fact that…To better evaluate the argument, we would need more
information concerning…(to rule out other possible cause of…)
3中间
转承
To begin with,
In further support of the recommendation,
In addition…/Even if the arguer can substantiate the foregoing assumptions, Finally,
一段批一处
阶段总结1：不是找出错来就行，还要往深处批，更直接的指出错误真正所在，不是简单几句没有足够信息就可以！高分啊
阶段总结2：重读范文，发现果然行云流水；模版当然更方便的批错，但是确实太乏新意了。
例如范文直接阐述论证的真正问题，讨论深层问题，而不是把这些都当“可能差异”来批。
提高阶段努力做到融会
贯通。