Tracer gas measurement and simulation of turbulent diffusion in mine ventilation airways
基于航炮振动对示迹线瞄准的改进与仿真
收稿日期：2019-12-19修回日期：2020-03-30作者简介：谢磊（1997-），男，江苏常州人，硕士。
研究方向：兵器科学与技术。
摘要：针对航炮发射时炮振给瞄准带来的散布问题，考虑了弹丸的散布精度，进行了弹着散布实验，在直角坐标系内对外弹道进行了仿真，将散布半数必中圆和弹丸外弹道相结合，得到弹丸随距离变化而改变的攻击散布区，并在此基础上对示迹线瞄准作出了改进，提出了示迹线攻击区。
通过仿真表明，改进后的瞄准方法可以形成有效的瞄准区域，提高瞄准射击范围，从而增大瞄准射击机会和命中概率。
关键词：振动，散布半数必中圆，外弹道，示迹线中图分类号：TJ864文献标识码：ADOI ：10.3969/j.issn.1002-0640.2021.03.011引用格式：谢磊，丁达理，齐晓林，等.基于航炮振动对示迹线瞄准的改进与仿真［J ］.火力与指挥控制，2021，46（3）：61-66.基于航炮振动对示迹线瞄准的改进与仿真谢磊，丁达理，齐晓林，魏政磊，朱文强（空军工程大学航空工程学院，西安710038）Improvement and Simulation of Trace Line Aiming Based on Gun VibrationXIE Lei ，DING Da-li ，QI Xiao-lin ，WEI Zheng-lei ，ZHU Wen-qiang（School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Engineering ，Air Force Engineering University ，Xi ’an 710038，China ）Abstract ：Aiming at the dispersion problem caused by the aircraft gun vibration to the aimingwhen the gun is launched ，this paper considers the dispersion accuracy of the projectile ，carries out the experiment of the projectile dispersion ，makes a more real simulation of the exterior ballistic in the rectangular coordinate system ，combines the half circle of the dispersion with the exterior ballistic of the projectile ，obtains the dispersion area of the projectile changing with the distance ，and improves thetrace line aiming.The attack area of trace line is proposed.Simulation results show that the improved aiming method can form an effective aiming area ，improve the shooting range ，and increase the shooting change and probability.Key words ：vibration ，scatter half circle ，exterior ballistic ，trace line Citation format ：XIE L ，DING D L ，QI X L ，et al.Improvement and simulation of trace line aiming based on gun vibration ［J ］.Fire Control &Command Control ，2021，46（3）：61-66.0引言航炮的射击精度是描述航炮战术技术性能的一个重要指标，只有在满足一定精度的条件下，才可以安装在飞机上，成为一个有效的攻击武器。
鼓泡塔反应器气液两相流CFD数值模拟_李光
Abst ract : Numerical simulatio ns o f gas-liquid f low in a cy lindrical bubble column wi th tw o-fluid approach were conducted at superficial gas veloci ties varying f rom 0 . 02 m · s -1 t o 0 . 30 m · s -1. A si ng le scalar t ranspo rt equati on w hich described bubble size chang es characterized by bubble int erfacial areas w as also i ncorporated into t he simulatio ns. In t he model s , the eff ect o f bubble co alescence and break-up w as taken i nt o conside ration. A modif ied kεt urbulence m odel was used t o describe liquid phase turbulence in the simulatio ns , by acco unti ng fo r t he pseudo t urbulence due to bubbles , w hile t he g as phase turbulence viscosit y w as estim ated based on t he T chen' s t heo ry. The simulations only adopted the drag force fo r phase momentum exchange . The time averaged axial liquid velocities , gas hold up and gas phase interfacial areas obtained from the simulations were compared w ith the available ex perimental result s. I t w as demo nst rated f rom the simulatio ns that the modeling in t his w o rk can reaso nably predict t he g as-liquid f low in the bubble column . Key w o rds :bubble column ; gas-liquid f low ; bubble model ; coalescence ; break-up
FLUENT软件专业英语词汇表
kinetics 动力学
Lagrangian approach 拉格朗日法
laminarization 层流化的
Laminar 层流
Laminar Flamelet Concept 层流小火焰概念
large-eddy simulation (LES) 大涡模拟
tortuosity 扭转, 曲折, 弯曲
toxic 有毒的，毒的
trajectory 轨迹,弹道
tracer 追踪者, 描图者, (铁笔等)绘图工具
translatory 平移的
transport coefficients 输运系数
transverse 横向，横线
triatomic 三原子的
viscosity 粘度
visualization 可视化
volatile 易挥发性的
volume fraction 体积分数, 体积分率, 容积率
volume heat 容积热
vortex burner 旋流式燃烧器
vorticity 旋量
wall-function method 壁面函数法
interface 接触面
intermediate 中间的，介质
intermediate species 中间组分
intermittency model of turbulence 湍流间歇模型
intermixing 混合
intersect 横断，相交
interval 间隔
tangentially 切线
tilting 摆动
the heat power of furnace 热负荷
环境工程专业英语词汇互译
二氧化碳Carbon dioxide温室气体Greenhouse gases氧气Oxygen臭氧层 Ozone layer大气过程Atmospheric processes空气一水相互作用Air-water interaction大气环流Atmospheric circulation 大气降水Atmospheric precipitation 碳循环Carbon cycle蒸发作用Evaporation降水增加Precipitation enhancement 降雨Rainfall太阳辐射Solar radiation蒸腾作用Transpiration风Winds空气污染Air pollution 酸雨Acid rain空气污染物Air pollutants氯氟碳Chlorofluorocarbons沉降的颗粒物Deposited particulatematter飞灰Fly ash雾Fog薄烟Haze空内空气污染Indoor air pollution 烟雾Smog气候问题Climatic issues气候Climate气候变化Climatic change气候带Climatic zones干旱Drought全球变暖Global warming温室效应Greenhouse effect湿度Humidity海平面上升Sea level rise岩石圈 lithosphere火山Volcanoes风蚀Wind erosion陆地生态系统terrestrialECOSYSTEMS土壤Soils农用土地Agricultural land碱地Alkali lands污染的土地Contaminated land沙坑Gravel pits荒地Heath lands土地承载能力Land carrying capacity土地污染Land pollution土地开垦Land reclamation半干旱地区生态系统Semi-arid land ecosystems森林生态系统Forest ecosystems 植树造林Afforestation 针叶林Coniferous forests 森林砍伐Deforestation 森林保护Forest conservation 森林火灾Forest fires草地火灾Grass fires绿化带Greenbelts再造林Reafforestation 植被恢复Revegetation 亚热带生态系统Sub-tropica l ecosystems温带森林Temperate forests温带林地Temperate woodlands 树木Trees热带生态系统Tropical ecosystems 热带森林Tropical forests 热带森林生态系统Tropical forest ecosystems 林地生态系统Woodland ecosystems 温带生态系统和寒带生态系统Temperate ecosystems and cold zone ecosystems南极生态系统Antarctic ecosystems 南极地区Antarctic region 北极生态系统Arctic ecosystems 北极地区Arctic region ['ar kuk 寒带生态系统Cold zone ecosystems 草地生态系统Grassland ecosystems 永久冻土生态系统Permafrost土地恢复Land restoration 旱作Dry farming土地使用分类Land use classification 沙丘固定Sand dune fixation 沙石开采Sand extraction 沉积Sedimentation 土壤潜力Soil capabilities 土壤保持Soil conservation 土壤污染Soil contamination 土壤退化Soil degradation 土壤侵蚀Soil erosion 土壤改良Soilimprovement 土壤盐碱化Soilsalination 水蚀Water erosion干旱地区生态系统Arid landecosystems干旱土地Arid lands 沙漠化Desertification 抗旱Droughtcontrolecosystems极地生态系统Polar ecosystems 温带生态系统Temperate ecosystems 山地生态系统Mountain ecosystems 高原生态系统Highland ecosystems 湿地生态系统Wetlands ecosystems 红树沼泽Mangrove swamps 水禽Water fowl水涝地Waterlogged lands 流域管理Watershed management 水边开发Waterside development 生物多样性和保护区Biological diversity and protected areas 适应性强的物种Adaptable species 藻类Algae ,况M列生物多样性Biological diversity 生物栖地Biotopes基因资源保护Conservation of genetic resources濒危动物物种Endangered animal species濒危植物物种Endangered plantspecies动物区系F auna植物区系Flora细菌Bacteria酶Enzymes 'enzaimz真菌Fungi原生生物Protozoa病毒Viruses酵母Yeasts诱变剂Mutagens水的盐化Water salination饮用水处理Drinking watertreatment城市配水系统Municipal waterdistribution systems污水处理厂Sewage treatment plants水泵Water pumps可交易的许可证Tradeable permits 隔热Thermal insulation基础设施Infrastructure工业生产过程Industrial processes制铝工业Aluminium industry 适用技术Appropriate technology 高炉Blastfurnaces化学工业Chemical industry 清洁技术Clean technologies 金属加工Metalfinishing 金属电镀Metal plating 金属冶炼Metal smelting矿产业Mineral industry 采矿Mining天然气开采Natural gas extraction 原油开采Oil extraction 石油提炼Petroleum refining 印刷工业Printing industry 纸浆工业Pulp industry 采石Quarrying 橡胶加工Rubber processing 炼钢工业Steel industry 露天采矿Strip mining 焦油生产Tar production 焦油使用Tar沥青use 工业产品Industrial products 危险品Dangerous goods工业材料Industrial materials 包装Packaging涂料Paints可再用容器Reusable containers合成洗涤剂Synthetic detergents 合成纺织纤维Synthet ic textile['tekstailfbres漆Varnishes飞机噪音Aircraft noise沼气Biogas生物量Biomass生物质能Biomass energy煤Coal原油Crude oil矿物燃料Fossil fuels燃料酒精Fuel alcohol地热能Geothermal energy 碳氢化合物Hydrocarbon compounds水电Hydroelectric power液化气Liquefied gas甲烷Methane天然气Natural gas可再生能源Renewable energy sources不可再生能源Non-renewable energyresources无污染能源Non-polluting energysources核能Nuclear energy油类Oils泥炭、泥煤Peat汽油Petrols从废料中提取的燃料Refuse derivedfuels太阳能Solar energy 海洋热能Thermalsea power潮汐能Tidal energy轴Uranium波浪能Wave energy风能Wind energy 电力Electric power 发电厂Electric power plants 无机物质Inorganic substances 酸Acids氧化铝Alumina氯Chlorine盐酸Hydrochloric acid 硫化氢Hydrogen sulphide 硫酸盐Sulphates 硫酸Sulphuric acid光化学试剂Photochemical agents 光化学效应Photochemical effects 有机物质Organic substances有机硅化合物Organosilicon compounds 酚Phenols植物油Vegetable oils生物化学过程Biochemicalprocesses酸化Acidification需氧过程Aerobic processes厌氧过程Anaerobic processes 生物降解Biodegradation脱氮作用Denitrification 富营氧化Eutrophication 电离辐射Ionizing radiation代谢（作用），新陈代谢（作用）Metabolism固氮Nitrogen fixation 光合作用Photosynthesis物理一化学过程Physico-chemicalprocesses毒性Toxicity气溶胶，气雾剂Aerosols 农业废物Agricultural wastes 石棉Asbestos商业噪音Commercial noise 混合污染Composite pollution 二恶英Dioxins带哦个森死危险物质Hazardous substances 危险废物Hazardous wastes 重金属Heavymetals 医院废物Hospital wastes工业废水Industrial effluents 工业排放物Industrial emissions 工业烟尘Industrial fumes 工业噪声Industrial noise无机污染物Inorganic pollutants 铅污染Lead contamination丢弃物，废气物Litter汞污染Mercury contamination 微污染物Micropollutants采矿废物Mining wastes机动车辆排放物Motor vehicle emissions城市废物Municipal waste 氮氧化物Nitrogen oxides 噪声污染Noise pollution 恶臭公害Odour nuisance 有机物污染Organic pollutants 难降解有机污染物Persistent organic pollutants有机溶剂Organic solvents 有机卤化物Organohalogencompounds 医药废物Pharmaceutical wastes塑料废物Plastic wastes多氯联苯Polychlorinated biphenyls聚合物废物Polymer wastes放射性物质Radioactive substances氡Radon橡胶废物Rubber waste热污染Thermal pollution有毒物质Toxic substances 对流层臭氧Tropospheric ozone 水泥工业Cement industry 海洋倾倒Oceandumping石油泄漏Oil spills废金属Scrap metals燃料脱硫Desulphurization of fuels过滤器Filters污染治理设备Pollution abatementequipment污染控制技术Pollution controltechnology洗涤器Scrubbers分离器Separators 电池处理Batterydisposal 废物的化学处理Chemicaltreatment of waste回收Recycling材料再利用Reuse of materials卫生填埋Sanitary landfills 污水处置Sewage disposal 污水处理系统Sewagetreatment systems 固体废物处置Solidwaste disposal 废物同化处置Wasteassimilationcapacities废物转化技术Waste conversiontechniques废物土地处置Waste disposal in the ground废物回收Waste recovery 废物利用Waste use水的再利用Water reuse镉污染Cadmium contamination 污染物分析Pollutant analysis 污染物分布Pollutant distribution 污染物浓度Pollutant levels 污染物监测Pollutant monitoring 污染物路径Pollutant pathways 污染物来源鉴别Pollutant source identification本底监测Baseline monitoring环境标准Environmental criteria环境评价Environmentalassessment环境统计Environmental statistics 色谱分析Chromatographicanalysis气象色谱法Gas chromatography 放射性示踪技术Radioactive tracertechniques采样技术Sampling techniques模拟Simulation污染者付费原则Polluter-paysprinciple危险废物的出口Export of hazardouswastes贸易避垒Trade barriers越境污染Trans-frontier pollution遥感Remote sensing多谱线扫描器Multispectral scanner地理信息系统Geographicinformation systems纬度Latitude经度Longitude。
石油英语词汇g11
石油英语词汇(G1) g p 表压G unit 重力单位G 表G 盖革计数管G 高斯G 加仑G 接地g 克g 气G 千兆g 重力g 重力加速度G 重心G&C 天然气和凝析油G&O 气和油G&W 气和水g-cal-calorie) 克-卡G-EM 技术管理组G-floating datum G-浮点数据G-M counter 盖革-缪勒计数管G-V process 砷碱法脱二氧化碳过程G-wave 古顿伯格波G.B.A. 总建筑面积G.B.O. 故障货物G.C.D 最大公约数G.C.F. 最大公因子g.c.m 最大公约数G.C.M. 最大公约数G.I.H. 下入井内G.L. 基准线G.L. 计量长度g.m.r. 群信号继电器g.m.v. 克分子体积G.P. 几何级数g.p.m. 加仑英里G.R. 齿轮比G.T.C. 未取消前仍有效g.u. 重力单位GA clause 共同海损条款GA 平均值；共同海损GA 总代理人GA 总图GA 总装配GAAP 通用会计原则gab 凹节gabarit 净距；模子；样板gabbride 辉长岩类gabbrite 淡辉长细晶岩gabbro texture 辉长结构gabbro 辉长岩gabbroid 辉长岩状的gabbrophyre 辉长斑岩gabbroporphyrite 辉长玢岩gabianol 页岩油gabion 筐gable 山墙Gabonisporis 加蓬孢属GAC 加拿大地质协会gad =g.a.d. 总装图gad 錾；尖头杆；测杆gadder 凿孔机gadget 装置；机件gadiometer 磁强梯度计gadolinite 硅铍钇矿gadolinium 钆gae 裂隙gaff 装油软管吊架；攀钩；斜桁gaffer 不熟练工gag type straightener 压直式直管机GAG 地球物理分析组gag 塞口物；阀的闭塞；整轨锤；塞住；关闭gagat 软煤GAGC 公共自动增益控制gage line paste 量油尺软膏gage 表gaging 量测gahnite 锌尖晶石gain amplifier 增益放大器gain and loss analysis 盈亏分析gain bandwidth 增益带宽gain characteristic 增益特性gain circuitry 增益电路gain compensation 增益补偿gain constant 增益常数gain control 增益控制gain error 增益误差gain factor 增益因子gain function 增益函数gain ground 获得进展gain in yield 产量增加gain margin 增益范围gain matrix 增益矩阵gain measurement 增益测量gain memory 增益存储器gain on investments 投资收益gain per stage 级增益gain recording 增益记录gain recovery 增益恢复gain speed 加速gain time 节省时间gain trace 增益曲线gain 获得gainey coal 煤层gaining stream 盈水河gaize 生物蛋白岩；云母海绿砂岩；燧石钙屑岩gal per min 加仑分gal 加仑gal 伽galactan 半乳聚糖galactic coordinate 银河坐标galactite 针钠沸石galactomannan 半乳甘露聚糖galactose 半乳糖galactoside 半乳糖甙galapectite 蒙脱石galapektite 蒙脱石galaxite 锰尖晶石Galaxy 银河gale 强风Galeaspis 盔甲鱼属Galeatisporites 盔环孢属galena 方铅矿galenite 方铅矿Galeograptus 盔笔石属galera 猪背岭Galerkin method 伽勒金法Galileo 伽利略gall nut NFDAE子gall pigment 胆汁色素gall 擦伤Gall's chain 格氏链gallamic acid NFDAE氨酸gallatin 重油galled thread 磨坏的螺纹gallery 沿油层延展面钻的斜井；坑道galley range 船内厨房炉灶galley service 伙食供应服务galley 船内厨房gallic acid NFDAE酸Galliformes 鸡形目galling 磨损gallium arsenide 砷化镓gallium porphyrin 镓卟啉gallium 镓gallon 加仑gallon-octane 加仑-辛烷值gallonage 加仑数galloping 飞奔；飞车gallotannin NFDAE单宁Gallowaiinella 加罗威NFDA3属gallows 吊架gallstone 胆石galmei 硅锌矿；异极矿Galois field 有限域galshr 加仑小时galv. 电流的galv. 电流计galv. 镀锌的galv. 由原电池产生的电；直流电galvanic action 电蚀作用galvanic anode 牺牲阳极galvanic cell 原电池galvanic contact 电流接触galvanic corrosion 电化学腐蚀galvanic couple 电偶galvanic current 原电池电流galvanic electrode 电流电极galvanic series 电动势序galvanic 电的galvanism 电流galvanization 通电流；电镀galvanized carbon steel 电镀碳钢galvanized conduit 镀锌管galvanized steel jacket 镀锌钢套galvanized 电镀的galvanizer 电镀器；电镀工galvanizing 电镀galvano- 电galvano-voltameter 伏安计galvanochemistry 电化学galvanograph 电流记录图；电制版galvanography 电铸制版术galvanoluminescence 电解发光galvanomagnetic amplifier 电磁放大器galvanomagnetic effect 电磁效应galvanomagnetism 电磁galvanometer drift 检流计零点漂移galvanometer 检流计galvanometric camera 照相示波仪galvanometric seismograph 电流计地震仪galvanometry 动电电流测定法galvanoplastics 电铸；电镀galvanoplasty 电镀galvanoscope 验电流器galvanostatic technique 恒电流技术galvo 电流计GAM 重力异常图gambler's ruin 赌徒的破产gambling 赌博game theory 对策论game value 对策值game 对策gaming model 对策模型gaming simulation 对策模拟gamma absorber 伽马射线吸收体gamma activation analysis 伽马射线活化分析gamma API unit 自然伽马API单位gamma background 伽马本底gamma calibration 伽马射线校准gamma carbon 伽马碳原子gamma cellulose 伽马纤维素gamma correction 图象灰度校正gamma decay 伽马衰变gamma density gauge 伽马密度测量仪gamma discrimination 伽马射线甄别gamma distribution 伽马分布gamma emitter 伽马辐射源gamma energy 伽马射线能量gamma eye 伽马射线测井仪gamma flux 伽马射线通量gamma function 伽马函数gamma irradiation 伽马辐照gamma noise 伽马噪声gamma pile-up 伽马积累gamma quantum 伽马量子gamma radiating level 伽马辐射能级gamma radiation detector 伽马辐射探测器gamma radiation 伽马辐射gamma radiator 伽马辐射体gamma ray absorption technique 伽马射线吸收法gamma ray correction 自然伽马测井曲线校正gamma ray curve 自然伽马曲线gamma ray inspection 伽马射线检验gamma ray intensity 伽马射线强度gamma ray log 自然伽马测井gamma ray neutron calibration mode 自然伽马-中子刻度方式gamma ray neutron tool 自然伽马-中子测井仪gamma ray sensor 伽马射线传感器gamma ray shale index 自然伽马泥质指数gamma ray shale line 自然伽马泥岩基线gamma ray simulator 伽马射线模拟器gamma ray source 伽马源gamma ray unit 伽马射线单位gamma ray 伽马射线gamma shield 伽马射线防护屏gamma shielding 伽马屏蔽gamma spectrometer 伽马能谱仪gamma spectrometry log 伽马能谱测井gamma spectrometry tool 伽马能谱测井仪gamma spectrometry 伽马能谱测量gamma spectroscopy tool 伽马能谱测井仪gamma spectroscopy 伽马能谱学gamma substitution 伽马位取代gamma transition 伽马跃迁gamma 希腊字母Γgamma-acid 伽马酸gamma-activation 伽马射线活化gamma-discriminating counter 伽马甄别计数器gamma-gamma coincidence counting 伽马-伽马符合计数gamma-gamma log 伽马-伽马测井图gamma-neutron log 伽马-中子测井图gamma-neutron reaction 伽马-中子反应gamma-radiation-induced polymerization γ-辐射引发聚合gamma-radiography 伽马射线探伤Gamma-ray absorption fluid density meter 伽马射线吸收型流体密度计gamma-ray absorption 伽马射线吸收gamma-ray detection system 伽马射线探测系统gamma-ray detector 伽马射线探测器gamma-ray dose rate 伽马射线剂量率gamma-ray emission 伽马射线发射gamma-ray emitter 伽马射线发射体gamma-ray index 自然伽马指数gamma-ray liquid level controller 伽马射线液面控制器gamma-ray logging 自然伽马测井gamma-ray photoelectric effect 伽马射线光电效应gamma-ray photon 伽马光子gamma-ray positioning tool 伽马定位器gamma-ray probe 伽马探头gamma-ray spectrometer 伽马能谱仪gamma-ray test pit 自然伽马刻度井gamma-ray tool 伽马测井仪gamma-ray well logging 自然伽马测井gamma-ray-emitting tracer 发射伽马射线的示踪剂gammacerane 伽马蜡烷gammagraph 伽马射线照相gammagraphic 伽马射线摄影的gammagraphy 伽马射线照相术gammaphoton 伽马光子Gammexane γ-六六六；γ-六氯化苯gamut 音阶；色域；全范围gang control 同轴控制gang cut slots 组合割缝gang cutter 组合铣刀gang plank 跳板gang pumping unit 联动抽油装置gang pumping 多井抽油gang punch 复穿孔gang pusher 队长gang slotting 组合割缝gang truck 中型修理车gang 组Gangadharites 恒河菊石属gangboard 跳板ganged gain control 公共增益控制ganging 聚束；机械连接；安在同根轴上；同调ganglia displacement 残余油滴驱替ganglia ganglion的复数ganglion 神经节；中心；残余油滴gangue 脉石；矿石杂质；矿尾gangway bridge 步桥gangway door 舷门gangway ladder 舷梯gangway port 舷门gangway 通道ganister 致密硅岩gannister =ganistergantlet 长手套gantry crane 龙门吊gantry frame 门式起重机架gantry 台架Gantt bar chart 甘特线图gap coding 间隙编码gap deconvolution 预测反褶积gap density 隙密度gap fault 张开断层gap filling cement 填缝胶泥gap filling 间隙填充gap in geological record 地层剖面缺失gap in succession 地层间断gap mill 凹口碾磨机gap shears 凹口剪切机gap test 空隙检验gap tester 塞规gap weld 特殊点焊gap width 缝隙宽度gap zone 间断带gap 隙gap-graded 间隔分级的gape 张口GAPI API单位的自然伽马gaping fault 张开断层gaping fissure 张开裂缝gaping hole 不渗透层的孔gaping joint-fissure 张开裂缝gaping place 孔gaping 张口的gapped cuts 脱空馏分gapped deconvolution 间隙反褶积gapped 豁裂的gapped-bead-on-plate 特殊点焊法gapping element 不连续元件gapping place 间隙gapping 裂缝gappy 裂缝多的GAPSS 系统模拟图解分析程序garage 汽车库garantee bill 担保票据garantee 担保garbage collector 无用单元收集程序garbage in 无用输入garbage out 无用输出garbage 垃圾；废料；无用信息或数据；碎片；失去控制的人造卫星garbet rod 游动阀底短杆garboard strake 龙骨翼板garboard 龙骨翼板Garbutt attachment 固定阀打捞杆Garbutt rod =garbet rodgarden 花园Gardner's method 加德纳法Gardner's relation 加德纳关系式Gardner's rule 加德纳规则garewaite 透辉橄煌岩garganite 闪辉煌岩gargoyle 滴水嘴；一种滑翔导弹garland 流水环沟；金属制花环garment 外衣；外观；饰面garner 谷仓；储备物；贮藏garnet zone 石榴石带garnet 石榴石；石榴红garnet-rock 石榴石岩garnetite 石榴石；石榴石岩garnetization 石榴石化garnierite 硅镁镍矿garnish 装饰品；修饰；装饰；刷新Garrison motordrill 加里森动力钻具Gartnerago 加氏颗石GAS =gas. 汽油gas absorbent carbon 吸收气体用活性炭gas absorption 气体吸收gas accumulation 气藏；天然气聚集gas admittance valve 进气阀gas adsorption method 气体吸附法gas alarm 瓦斯报警器gas amplification 气体膨胀gas analysis 气体分析gas analyzer 气体分析器gas anchor packer 气锚封隔器gas anchor 气锚gas and oil cut mud 气侵和油侵泥浆gas and oil separator 油气分离器gas and sand anchor 气砂锚gas anomaly 气体异常gas at rest 静态气体gas attack 气体腐蚀gas backstreaming 气体回流gas bag 气栓gas balance 气体天平gas ballasting 气体镇流gas balloon 气瓶gas barren 贫气区gas barrier property 阻气性gas barrier 气障gas battery 空气电池gas bearing basin 含气盆地gas bearing block 含气断块gas bearing formation 气层gas bearing interval 含气层段gas bearing reservoir 储气层gas bearing shale 含气页岩gas bearing 气体轴承gas bell 气柜钟罩gas black 天然气炭黑gas blanket 气体覆盖层gas blanketing 盖一层气gas bleed valve 泄气阀gas blocking agent 阻气剂gas blow off 放气gas blow out 气喷gas blowing engine 气体发动机gas booster compressor 压缩设备gas booster station 气体增压站gas boosting 气体加压gas bottle 气瓶gas breakthrough 气体突破gas bubble 气泡gas buoy 瓦斯灯浮标gas burette 气体量管gas burner 煤气喷灯gas buster 泥浆-气体分离器gas by-passing 天然气窜流gas by-products 天然气副产品gas cap behavior 气顶动态gas cap cycling 气顶回注gas cap drive reservoir 气顶驱油藏gas cap drive 气顶驱动gas cap enlargement 气顶膨胀gas cap gas 气顶气gas cap injection 气顶注气gas cap repressuring 气顶注气gas cap shrinkage 气顶收缩gas cap voidage 气顶亏空gas cap 气顶gas carbon 碳黑gas carburizing 气体渗碳gas cavity 气孔gas cell 离子光电池gas chamber 气室gas channel 气道gas channeling 气体窜槽gas characteristic 气体特性gas chromatogram 气体色谱gas chromatograph 气相色谱gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer 气相色谱-质谱联用仪gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer 气相色谱仪-质谱仪-计算机联用系统gas chromatographic method 气相色谱法gas chromatographic technique 气相色谱技术gas chromatography 气相色谱gas chromatography-infrared technique 气相色谱-红外技术gas chromatography-mass spectrography 气相色谱-质谱法gas chromatography-mass spectrometer 气相色谱-质谱仪gas circuit 气路gas clause 天然气条款gas cleaner 气体净化器gas cleaning unit 气体净化装置gas cleaning 气体净化gas coal 气煤gas collecting main 集气干线gas collection 集气gas collector 气体收集器gas column 气柱gas compartment 气体室；气体空间gas composition 气体组分gas compressibility factor 气体压缩系数gas compressibility 气体压缩性gas compressive coefficient 气体压缩系数gas compressor 压气机gas concentration 气含量gas concrete 加气混凝土gas condensate field 凝析气田gas condensate ratio 气体凝析率gas condensate reserve 凝析油储量gas condensate reservoir 凝析气藏gas condensate surface 凝析油形成深度gas condensate 凝析油gas condenser 气体冷凝器gas conditioning 天然气处理gas coning test well 气锥测试井gas coning 气锥进gas conservation module 天然气处理模块gas conservation 气体合理利用gas constant 气体常数gas consumption 气体耗量gas content 气体含量gas controlled field 气驱油田gas conversion process 天然气转化处理gas cooler 气体冷却器gas cooling 气冷却gas coulometer 气体电量计gas cure 气体硫化gas current 气流gas cushion 气垫gas cut fluid 气侵液体gas cut mud 气侵泥浆gas cut 气侵gas cutting trouble 气侵事故gas cutting 气割gas cycling volume 回注气量gas cycling 气体回注gas de-asphalting 天然气脱沥青gas degeneration 气体退化gas dehydration 气体脱水gas deliverability 气体输送能力；产气能力gas delivery pressure 交气压力gas delivery 气体输送gas densitometer 气体密度计gas density 气体密度gas deposit 气藏gas detection 气体检测gas detector 气体检定器gas deviation factor 天然气压缩因数gas dew point 天然气露点gas dewatering 气体脱水gas diffusion 气体扩散gas diode 充气二极管gas discharge 天然气流出；天然气流量gas dispersoid 气溶胶gas displacement efficiency 气驱效率gas displacement front 气驱前缘gas displacement prover 气体置换标准罐gas distillate 凝析油gas distributing system 配气系统gas distributor 气体分配器gas down-take 排气管gas drilled hole 天然气钻井gas drilling 气体钻井gas drive front 气驱前缘gas drive potential 气驱采油可能产量gas drive 气驱gas driven generator 气动发电机gas electric rig 天然气发电机钻机gas embolus 气塞gas enclosure 气包体gas engine 燃气发动机gas entrainment 气体运移gas entry profiling 吸气剖面gas equalizing line 气体平衡管gas equation 气体方程式gas equilibrium 气体平衡gas equipotential surface 气等势面gas eruption 气体喷发gas escape tube 排气管gas escape 气体逸出；漏气gas evolution curve 气体挥发曲线gas evolution 天然气逸出gas exchange 气体交换gas exhaust duct 排气管道gas exhauster 排气机gas expansion drive 气体膨胀驱动；溶解气驱gas expansion porosimeter 气体膨胀孔隙度仪gas expansion 气体膨胀gas exploder 气爆震源gas extraction 气体抽取gas extractor 集气装置gas factor 气-油比gas family 石油气族gas field development 气田开发gas field 气田gas filled capacitor 充气电容器gas filling station 加油站gas filling valve 充气阀gas film 气膜gas filter 气体过滤器gas fittings 煤气设备gas flow dryer 气体干燥器gas flow equation 气体流动方程gas flow velocity 气流速度gas flow 气流gas flowmeter 气体流量计gas flushing 气冲洗gas formation bacterial respiration 气层细菌呼吸作用gas formation volume factor 天然气地层体积系数gas fractionation plant 气体分馏装置gas fracturing 气体压裂gas freed tank 无油品蒸气的储罐gas freeing 脱气gas front advance 气前缘推进gas fuel 天然气燃料gas furnace 煤气炉gas gauge 气体压力表gas generated press sidewall coring tool 产气压入式井壁取心器gas generating amount 生成气量gas generating capacity 气体发生能力gas generating yield 生气率gas generation threshold 生气门限gas generator 气体发生器gas genetimodel 天然气成因模式gas geochemistry 天然气地球化学gas gradient 气柱压力梯度gas gravitometer 气体比重计gas gravity differentiation 天然气重力分异gas gravity 天然气比重gas grid 供气网gas gun 燃气气枪gas halo 气晕gas head 气体压头gas heater 气体加热器gas heating 气体加热gas heave structure 气鼓构造gas heave 气鼓gas holder bell 气柜钟罩gas holder 气柜gas holdup 气体停滞gas horizon 气层gas hose 天然气软管gas hydrate 天然气水合物gas ignition 气体着火gas impermeability test 不透气性试验gas impermeable barrier 不透气的隔挡层gas impurities 气体杂质gas in mud 泥浆中天然气含量gas in place 天然气地质储量gas in solution 溶解气gas inclusion 气体包裹体gas index 天然气指数gas indicator 气体指示物gas industry 天然气工业gas influx detector 气体侵入检测器gas information system 天然气信息系统gas initially in place 天然气原始地质储量gas injection cycle 注气周期gas injection plant 注气站gas injection pressure maintenance 注气压力保持gas injection profile 注气剖面gas injection well 注气井gas injection 注气gas injector 注气井gas inlet 进气gas input factor 注入气油比gas input well 注气井gas inrush 瓦斯喷出；喷气gas instrument 气测仪gas intake 进气gas interference 气体干扰gas invaded zone 气侵带gas ion 气体离子gas ionization counter 气体电离计数器gas ionization 气体电离gas isopotential surface 气等势面gas jet laser cutting 气体喷射激光切割gas jet 气体喷嘴；气体喷流gas kinetics 气体动力学gas kitchen 气灶gas law constant 气体常数gas law 气体定律gas leakage manifestation 气体漏泄显示gas leakage test 漏气试验gas lease 天然气租约gas leg 气腿gas liberation 气体逸出gas lift column 气举柱gas lift cycle 气举周期gas lift ditching method 气举开沟法gas lift efficiency 气举效率gas lift flowing gradient 气举采油压力梯度gas lift mandrel 气举阀工作筒gas lift valve 气举阀gas lift 气举gas line network 输气管网gas line 输气管道gas liquid chromatography 气液色层分离法gas liquid exchanger 气-液换热器gas liquid inclusion 气液包裹体gas liquid ratio 气液比gas liquids 液化石油气gas location 找气gas locking 气锁gas logging 气测井gas loss 气体漏失；汽油蒸气损失gas manometer 气压表gas mantle 气罩gas mask charcoal 防毒面具用活性炭gas mask 防毒面具gas mass spectrometer 气体质谱计gas maturity level 天然气成熟度gas measurement kit 天然气计量器gas membrane 气体薄膜gas metal arc welding 气体保护金属极弧焊gas meter 气体流量计gas migration 天然气运移；气侵gas mixture 气体混合物gas naphtha 气体石脑油gas nipple 气嘴gas odorant 气体增味剂gas odorization 气体添味gas odorizer 气体加味装置gas off-take target 采气目的层gas oil cracking 粗柴油裂解gas oil 瓦斯油gas orifice 喷气孔gas originally in place 天然气原始地质储量gas outburst 气喷gas outlet 排气管gas overriding 气突进gas packer 气封隔器gas partition chromatography 气相分配色谱法gas penetration potential 透气性gas percolation 气体渗泄作用gas permeability test 透气性试验gas permeability 气渗透率；透气性gas permeable layer 可渗气地层gas permeameter 气体渗透率仪gas phase saturation 气相饱和度gas phase 气相gas phototube 充气光电管gas PI 采气指数gas pipe line 输气管道gas piping 输气管gas pit 逸气坑gas plant products 天然气处理装置产品gas plant 天然气处理装置gas plug 气柱gas pocket 小气藏gas pool 气藏gas potentiometric surface 气测势面gas precipitation 气体析出gas pressure gauge 气压计gas pressure welding 气压焊gas probing 天然气探测gas processing 气体处理Gas Processors Association 天然气加工者协会gas producing well 产气井gas production rate 产气量gas productive reservoir 产气层gas productivity index 采气指数gas proofness 防气性gas proportional scintillation counter 气体正比闪烁计数器gas prospect evaluation 含气远景评价gas prospecting 天然气勘探gas province 产气区gas pulsation 气体脉动作用gas pump 气泵gas purification catalyst 气体净化催化剂gas purification 气体净化gas purifier 气体净化器gas radiation counter 气体辐射计数管gas range 含气范围gas ratio 气体比gas ratios method 气比值法gas receiver 储气罐gas recirculation 干气回注gas recovery 气体回收gas recycling 天然气回注gas regulator 天然气调节器gas reinjection 天然气回注gas relative permeability 气体相对渗透率gas release 气体泄出gas relief line 放气管线gas relief valve 气体保险阀gas repressuring 注气保持压力gas reservoir 天然气储层gas retention age 天然气保存年龄gas return 天然气回注gas rig 天然气发动机钻机gas ring 气环gas rock 含气岩gas royalty 天然气开采特许费gas rush 气喷gas sales line 商品天然气管道gas sample scrubber 气样洗涤器gas sample tube 气体采样管gas sample 气样gas sampler 气体采样器gas sampling valve 气体进样阀gas sand 含气砂岩gas saturation 气饱和度gas schist 含天然气片岩gas scrubber 气体洗涤器gas scrubbing station 气体洗涤站gas seal 气封gas seam 瓦斯层gas seepage 天然气渗漏gas segregation 气体偏析gas separator 气体分离器gas shaft 排气烟囱gas shale 含气油页岩gas shield 气体防护gas shielded arc welding machine 气体保护弧焊机gas show 气显示gas showings 气显示gas skin 火山气包层gas slip 气体滑脱gas slippage 气体滑脱gas solubility 气体溶解度gas source rock 气源岩gas source seismic profiler 气动震源地震剖面仪gas source 气体震源；气源gas space 气体空间gas sphere 气界gas spray 气雾gas spring 气泉gas spurts 有机物地表层gas state 气态gas station 加油站gas storage holder 气罐gas storage tank 储气罐gas storage well 储气井gas stove 煤气炉gas streak 含气夹层gas stream 气流gas stringer 低产气井gas stripping column 气提塔gas stripping 气提gas supply 供气gas survey 气测gas sweetening 天然气脱硫gas syringe 气体注射器gas take 滤气阀gas tank truck 气罐车gas tank 储气罐gas tapping machine 管螺纹攻丝机gas tar 煤气焦油gas tension 气体张力gas tester 气体分析器gas thermodynamic 气体热力的gas thermometer 气体温度计gas thermometry 气体温度测量gas thread 管螺纹gas tight test 气密试验gas tight 不透气的gas tongue 气锥gas tracer 气体示踪剂gas transfer differentiation 气体运移分异作用gas transfer separation 气体运移分离gas transmission rate 气体传递速率；气体扩散速率gas transmission 输气gas trap 气体分离器；气体收集器gas treating process 气体净化法gas tungsten arc welding 气体保护钨极弧焊gas turbine driven 燃气轮机驱动的gas turbine engine lubricant 燃气轮机润滑剂gas turbine exhaust 燃气轮机废气gas turbine integration 燃气轮机组合gas turbine meter 气体涡轮流量计gas turbine power plant 燃气轮机发电厂gas turbine powered 燃气轮机驱动的gas turbine 燃气轮机gas utilization project 天然气利用工程gas utilization 天然气利用gas velocity 气流速度gas vent 气孔gas volume 气体体积gas volumeter 气体体积计gas volumeteric chromatography 气体体积色谱gas washer 气体洗涤器gas water separation 气-水分离gas water 气田水gas well dewatering 气井脱水gas well drip 气井分水分油器gas well gas 气井气gas well 气井gas works 天然气厂gas yield 天然气产率gas zone 气层gas 气体；天然气gas-activated rodless subsurface pump 气动井下无杆泵gas-air flame 天然气-空气焰gas-bearing bed 含气层gas-bearing coal seams 煤系气gas-bearing fracture 含气裂缝gas-bearing horizon 含气层gas-bearing net pay 气层有效厚度gas-bearing porosity 含气孔隙度gas-blocked cable 气封电缆gas-bound 气封gas-cap expansion 气顶膨胀gas-cap formation volume factor 气顶地层体积系数gas-cap management 气顶管理gas-cap pool 气顶油藏gas-cap reservoir 气顶油藏gas-charged pressure chamber 充气压力室gas-charged water 充气水gas-chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer 气相色谱-核磁共振波谱仪gas-condensate well 凝析气井gas-development agent 发泡剂gas-discharge counter 气体放电计数管gas-dispersion 气体弥散gas-distillate producer 富气气井gas-dominated geothermal field 天然气为主的地热田gas-drive liquid propane method 气驱丙烷段塞采油法gas-drive reservoir 气驱油藏gas-drive zone 气驱带gas-engine-driven 燃气发动机驱动的gas-expansion factor 天然气膨胀系数gas-field water 气田水gas-filled counter tube 充气计数管gas-filled porosity 天然气充满的孔隙度gas-filled thermometer 充气温度计gas-filled tube 充气管gas-filled 充气的gas-film mass transfer coefficient 气膜传质系数gas-fired once-through steam generator 燃气直流式蒸汽发生器gas-fired 烧气的gas-flushed zone 气驱带gas-free crude oil 脱气原油gas-free oil 脱气原油gas-free 不含气的gas-fuel heater 瓦斯点火器；燃气加热器gas-fueled 燃气的gas-gas correlation 气-气对比gas-gathering line 集气管线gas-generating cement 产气水泥gas-generating maceral 造气显微组分gas-holder bell 气罐罩顶gas-holder 储气罐gas-invaded volume 气侵体积gas-kinetic theory 气体分子运动论gas-lift intermitter 间歇气举控制器gas-lift unit 气举装置gas-lift well 气举井gas-liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer 气液色谱-质谱仪gas-liquid chromatography 气液色层分离法gas-liquid distribution 气-液分布gas-liquid equilibrium 气-液平衡gas-liquid interface 气-液界面gas-liquid isosaturation surface 气-液等饱和度面gas-liquid mass ratio 气液质量比gas-liquid pair 气-液对gas-liquid partition chromatography 气液分配色谱gas-liquid partition coefficient 气液分配系数gas-liquid-solid chromatography 气液固色谱gas-locked pump 气锁深井泵gas-marking period 气化周期gas-oil contact 油气接触面gas-oil fluid viscosity 含溶解气石油的粘度gas-oil front 油气前缘gas-oil interface 油气界面gas-oil level 油气界面gas-oil mixture 油气混合物gas-oil permeability 气-油渗透率gas-oil ratio behavior 气油比动态gas-oil ratio limit 气油比界限gas-oil ratio 气油比gas-oil segregation rate 油气分离速率gas-oil separation 油气分离gas-oil separator 油气分离器gas-oil surface 油气界面gas-oil table 油气界面gas-oil transition zone 油-气过渡带gas-oil viscosity ratio 气油粘度比gas-operated corer 气动式取心器gas-operated 气动的gas-per-mile gauge 每英里气体消耗计量器gas-phase polymerization 气相聚合gas-phase titration 气相滴定gas-powered 气驱动的gas-processing plant 天然气处理厂gas-producer 产气井gas-producing area 产气区gas-producing zone 产气层gas-proof 不透气的gas-sample bottle 气样瓶gas-saturated oil 天然气饱和的原油gas-solid adsorption equilibrium 气-固吸附平衡gas-solid adsorption 气-固吸附gas-solid chromatography 气-固色谱法gas-solid equilibrium 气固平衡gas-solid film 气固膜gas-solid phase oxidation catalyst 气固相氧化催化剂gas-solution interface 气液界面gas-steam ratio 气-汽比gas-steam-water fluid 气-汽-水混合流体gas-swept zone 气体波及带gas-to-oil mobility ratio 气油流度比gas-to-oil ratio 地层气油比gas-trap efficiency 气体分离率gas-turbine generator set 燃气轮机发电机组gas-type mass spectrometer 气体型质谱计gas-vacuole 气泡gas-volume ratio 气-液体积比gas-water contact 气水接触面gas-water interface 气-水界面gas-water mobility ratio 气-水流度比gas-water ratio 气-水比gas-water surface 气-水界面gas-water table 气-水界面gas-water transition zone 气-水过渡带gas-welding 气焊；乙炔气焊gas-well back-pressure curve 气井回压曲线gas-well deliverability 气井供气能力gas-yielding polymer 释气聚合物gasbomb 毒气弹gasdynamics 气体动力学gaseity 气态gaseous column 气柱gaseous combustion 气体燃烧gaseous conductance 气体传导gaseous diffusion 气体扩散gaseous exchange 气体对流gaseous film 气态膜gaseous fluid 气态流体gaseous fluidization 气体流化作用gaseous fuel calorific value 气体燃料的热值gaseous fuel 气体燃料gaseous halo 气体晕gaseous hydrocarbon 气态烃gaseous impurities 气体杂质gaseous ion 气体离子gaseous liquid column 含气液柱gaseous mixture 气体混合物gaseous oxygen 气态氧gaseous paraffin 气态石蜡gaseous phase 气相gaseous polymerization 气相聚合gaseous product 气体产物gaseous propellant 气体推进剂gaseous scintillation counter 气体闪烁计数器gaseous solution 气溶体gaseous state 气态gaseous tension 气体压力gaseous tracer 气体示踪剂gaseous transfer differentiation 气体分异作用gaseous well 气井gaseous 气态的gaseousness 气态gaser 伽马射线激射气gash breccia 崩塌角砾岩gash fracture 张口破裂gash joint 张节理；逐渐尖灭的张裂隙gash vein 裂缝脉gash 裂纹gasifiable 可气化的gasification of oil in place 地下原油气化gasification zone 气化带gasification 气化gasifier 气化器；燃气发生器gasiform 气态gasify 气化gasing 充气gasket ring 垫环gasket seal 垫片密封gasket 垫密片；衬垫gasketing 填实；填料gaskick 气涌gasless 无气的gaslight 煤气灯gaslock 气栓Gasman equation 加斯曼方程gaso 汽油gasoclastic sediment 气成碎屑沉积gasogene 煤气发生器；汽水制造机gasohol 乙醇的汽油溶液gasoil horizon 气油界面gasoil separation plant 油气分离站gasol 气体油gasolene 汽油gasoline can 汽油桶gasoline content 汽油含量gasoline cutback asphalt 汽油稀释沥青gasoline engine oil 汽油机油gasoline engine 汽油机gasoline filling station 加油站gasoline fraction 汽油馏分gasoline futures 汽油期货gasoline indicator paste 汽油指示膏gasoline mileage 汽油行驶里程gasoline pick-up fraction 汽油加速馏分gasoline plant 汽油厂gasoline pool 汽油总合gasoline startability 汽油起动性gasoline starting fraction 汽油起动馏分gasoline trap 汽油分离器gasoline 汽油gasoline-base napalm gel fracturing fluid 铅皂型胶状汽油基压裂液gasoline-oil consumption ratio 汽油-润滑油消耗比gasoloid 气溶胶gasometer 气量计gasometry 气测gasoscope 气体检验器gassed out zone 脱气带gassed-out well 气窜井。
气体示踪剂大全 - 十年的学习和经验
SPE-183413-MSA to Z of Gas Tracers - A Decade of Learning and ExperienceM.N. Khan, H. Iwama, A. AL-Neaimi, and O. AL-Shehhi, Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Company; M. Chatterjee, TracercoCopyright 2016, Society of Petroleum EngineersThis paper was prepared for presentation at the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference held in Abu Dhabi, UAE, 7-10 November 2016.This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.AbstractIn interwell tracer studies, reservoir complexities often make tracer breakthrough time difficult to assess. Although reservoir simulation studies serve as an effective tool in predicting a breakthrough, the tracer behavior in the real porous media sometimes present fascinating surprises. The proposed paper discusses a crestal gas injection project that was carried out in a super-giant heterogeneous carbonate oil field operated by ADMA-OPCO.The field has been on production since 1960s with peripheral water and crestal gas injection as the current means of maintaining the reservoir energy. In 2006 a crestal gas injection project was initiated to support the production from the wells lying away from periphery. Alongside, a tracer study was initiated to track the injected gas movement and hence to find out the effective distribution pattern of the injected gas. The tracer deployment was intentionally delayed by two years to equalize the crestal pressure distribution and to observe the natural injection gas diffusion pattern. The simulation results predicted a prolonged breakthrough period for the injected tracers, and therefore, the sampling scheme was designed accordingly. Extensive faulting across the field and the changes in the reservoir conditions between tracer injection and analysis period made the project even more challenging. After 10 years of tracers' injection, an extensive study was carried out to review the initial design assumptions and to fine tune the prediction models. As a result an optimized/focused tracer surveillance strategy was developed and implemented.The proposed paper tracks an interesting and thought provoking journey of the tracers inside the reservoir that has not only helped reservoir management team to better understand the reservoir characteristics, but it has also identified the gaps in the tracer project design and execution strategies. The indispensable experience gained during the past 10 years, starting from the tracers design, the project execution and the integration of the results, has tremendously improved the learning curve of the ADMA-OPCO and all future tracer surveillance project strategies are designed based on the actual learning from this project.For a giant heterogeneous field like the one discussed in this paper, the investment return time for a tracer surveillance project can be nerve wracking, which requires patience, careful continuous assessment and adherence to the project plan. Besides sharing the lesson learnt, this paper also explores the added benefits of the tracer studies.IntroductionAt the stage where secondary recovery methods are being applied to a field, arresting the pressure decline with external energy source becomes the single most important concern of the reservoir management team. The success of this process mainly depends on the understanding of reservoir connectivity and uniformity in terms of fluid transmissibility along with the areal and volumetric displacement of reservoir fluid by the injection fluid. Information deduced from seismic, geological deposition studies and reservoir simulation provide valuable information about the feasibility of field development schemes (Shook et al. 2009). Among others, reservoir heterogeneity is the single most important factor that contributes mainly towards the success of the secondary recovery scheme. Well logs, formation permeability and conductivity data serve as good sources for deducing heterogeneities, however, their scale of investigation remains limited to near wellbore areas. Interwell tracer studies have been used in the oil and gas industry for over the past five decades (Asadi et al, 2010) that use tracers as real physical entity that travel through the reservoir between the injector and the producer wells to fully describe the nature of communication in the field.Though the tracer studies were initially designed to identify communication and reservoir continuity between the injection and production wells, the reservoir tracer data can be used to generate substantial amount of quantitative data. The tracer elution curve can be used to calculate the following:▪Mean Residence Time of the tracer inside the reservoir▪Reservoir Heterogeneity Indices: Lorentz Coefficient and Dykstra Parsons Index▪Layer wise contributions▪V olumetric Sweep▪Tracer Interstitial Velocity▪Path TortuosityA tracer survey study can provide a variety of information about the heterogeneity of a formation. While transient tests can provide information about reservoir continuity, thief zones are difficult, if not impossible, to detect. This is due to the fact that pressure transient tests provide an arithmetic average for reservoir total transmissibility over the tested formation thickness (Cheung et al. 1999) while a tracer survey provides a direct evaluation of the flow field between the injection and production wells.Apart from heterogeneity tracer studies also serves as an extremely informative tool to yield fluid flow-paths inside the reservoir popularly known as reservoir streamlines. Fluid flow paths are defined as the paths that the reservoir fluid takes to move from one point (injection well) to another point in the reservoir. Geologically, these paths could be homogeneous in nature or highly heterogeneous by the existence of natural fractures, faults, high-permeable thief zones, or flow-barriers. Among other streamlines, a tracer survey not only can precisely identify these preferential paths that are detrimental to the sweep of the reservoir in the enhanced oil recovery stage but also can provide information on the time which fluid takes to move from one point (injection well) to another point in the reservoir, which helps identify flow anisotropy, an important parameter in reservoir characterization. This time is termed as the mean residence time. For example, if tracer breakthrough time is shorter than expected, it might indicate towards the existence of a high permeability channel. By contrast, if tracer breakthrough does not occur for a long period of time and if the tracer response curve is a bell-shaped, it implies that the formation is reasonably homogeneous. In addition, any flow barrier and/or directional thief zones such as faults can be identified by delayed tracer recovery. The mass balance technique can be used to calculate the amount of tracer recovered to distinguish between the existence of a fault, a flow barrier, or a low permeability zone. Moment analysis and residence time distribution analysis (Shook et al. 2009) can provide quantitative measures of the reservoir and flood behavior. For example, the total pore volume contacted by injection fluid, sweep efficiency, and flow geometry can all be obtained by these methods. In addition, sweep improvement techniques such asconformance and cement squeezes can be evaluated with the help of tracer data evaluation (Asadi et al. 2010).Tracer Project DesignInterwell tracer testing consists of injecting chemical tracer(s) into an injection well(s) at the beginning of a flood project or after the reservoir has reached its fill-up condition, depending on the objective of the project, and subsequent sampling of production well(s) for a prescribed period of time, which also depends on the objective of the project. Samples are analyzed for tracer content, which will delineate communication between the injection and production wells. The time during which samples are collected and analyzed depends greatly on the objective of the project. For example, if the objective is to identify direct communication between an injection well and a production well, once tracer is detected in a collected produced water sample, the project may be terminated. On the other hand, if the objective is to identify thief zones, deduce mean residence time, heterogeneity indices, swept volume etc. leading to full field reservoir characterization that could be directly fed into the simulation model, sample collection and analysis must continue for a long time after tracer is first detected in order to establish a more defined elution curve. The severity of a thief zone, the transmissibilities of the fault systems, and effectiveness of a gas or water flood can all be evaluated from the tracer response curve and its peak concentration (Asadi et al. 2010).Gas Tracer Application in ADMA-OPCO❖ Field BackgroundThe subject field is an offshore oil field located in the Arabian Gulf, operated by ADMA-OPCO. The field has been on production in the 1960s. Post initial natural depletion phase, during 1970s crestal dumpflood water injection was carried out to maintain the reservoir pressure. Later during 1980s the peripheral water injection was introduced to serve as the principle source of energy to arrest reservoir pressure decline. In 2006, a crestal gas injection project was initiated to support the production from the wells lying away from periphery.Geologically, the field belongs to lower cretaceous age and is divided into six distinct anticline layers; for keeping reservoir performance on track each layer is further divided into six sectors as shown in Figure 1. The division of sectors arose out of operational convenience and was not defined by any special characteristics of the layers in the reservoir.Figure 1—Reservoir Map with sectors distribution❖ Project Objective/MotivationAs part of the crestal gas injection project, six gas injectors were drilled in the crest of the reservoirs; hence each layer was completed with one dedicated gas injector. As part of the reservoir management conformance reporting, for the sake of simplicity, sector voidage replacement ratio (VRR) calculations assumed the equal gas injection split among all six sectors corresponding to each reservoir layer. However, the imprecision of this assumption was well understood. Accordingly, a tracer study was initiated to track the injected gas movement and hence to find out the effective distribution pattern of the injected gas in different sectors within each reservoir layer.❖ Tracer Job DesignAn ideal interwell water tracer is one that lacks slip velocity and therefore can travel at the same velocity as the carrier fluid (Shook et al. 2009). However, things get complex with gas tracers. Typical tracers utilized for gas phase tracer programs have properties that mimic methane, ethane and propane and will partition between the gas and liquid phases in a similar manner to these gases. Chemical tracers have been tested against a number of reservoir formation rocks and found not to adsorb or retard. Hence, achieving the ideal situation, however, is impractical due to adsorption and desorption effects which cause the tracer to lag behind the front. Also, diffusion dispersion effects can cause the tracer front to travel faster than the fluid front. Therefore, a qualified gas tracer is one that approximately follows the fluid front with minimal slip velocity and whose chemical composition is compatible with the formation salts.Building on the project objectives, six different tracers were selected for injection through the crestal gas injectors. The target area of investigation was estimated a couple of hunderds square kilometers based on the shallowest oil producers' locations and the fluid movement predictions as shown in Figure – 2.Figure 2—Field Map with tracers' specifications and area of investigationIn order to calculate the required tracer quantities, simulation sensitivity results were integrated to analyze the fluid front movement. Based on the outcome, volumetric calculation was carried out whilst considering an appropriate tracer dilution factor; the estimated tracer quantities are shown in Figure – 2.❖ Sampling Program and Candidate SelectionSimulation study on gas saturation was conducted to track the gas movement over the period of time, where H2S was introduced into the compositional model as a tracing marker to monitor the gas movement in each reservoir. Time-lapse simulation results were analyzed as shown in Figure – 3 & Figure – 4.Figure 3—Gas Saturation in 2007 (left side) and in 2010 (right side)Figure 4—Gas Saturation in 2015 (left side) and in 2020 (right side)The time-lapse analysis shows that gas moves along the preferential path in the Southwest direction i.e. towards pressure sink area as shown in Figure – 5.Figure 5—Isobaric map prior the tracer injectionOverall 54 sampling candidates were selected in six reservoir layers to cover the entire area of investigation. With the review of the simulation results together with field production history and well spacing, conservatively, it was anticipated to have tracer breakthrough into the targeted producers after three years; accordingly the sampling campaign started in 2010.❖ Project Execution and Data CollectionBeing a brown offshore field, no facilities were available to collect online gas samples; therefore it was decided to utilize the mobile production testing marine vessel to collect gas samples whilst carrying out the periodic production test. As a guideline each well was planned to be sampled at least after every sixth month. To extract the maximum value of the tracer data, each collected sample was analyzed for all six tracers, the additional analyses were just to ensure injection well integrity and negating the possibility of any inter layer communication.During the course of the project, revised reservoir management guidelines were introduced where the oil producers having gas breakthrough had to be shut for conserving energy and transmitting the pressure support to the needy areas of the field. With the implementation of revised strategy several wells with crestal gas injection breakthrough were forced to be shut even before the probable gas tracer arrival, which probably impact the potential deliverables of the tracer study; this matter shall be discussed with greater details in the subsequent sections.Until 2015 several samples were collected and analyzed as per the set plan; out of 54 wells tracer breakthrough was only observed in three wells. Interestingly, all three tracer breakthrough wells belonged to the deepest reservoir i.e. layer 6. The data interpretation and possible reason of tracer breakthrough behavior shall be discussed in the following section.❖ Tracer Data Analysis & ResultsTracer detection in a given sample is an indication of direct communication between the injection well and the corresponding monitoring well(s). However, the extent of communication depends on the breakthrough times and tracer concentration values.Figure 5a illustrates the tracer breakthrough path ways along with the oil and gas production trends for these wells.Figure 5a—Analytical analysis of tracer movement in layer 6❖ Data IntegrationWhile the crestal drive gas injection had commenced in 2004, gas tracers were introduced in the six crestal gas injectors across six different layers in August 2006 after a steady front was established. Till 2016, only three wells in the deepest layer had experienced breakthroughs lying on the northern part of the field. The simulation study did predict the gas movement towards the pressure sink. However, no other shallower layers had experienced breakthroughs. There could be several possible reasons to it:▪Presence of impermeable barrier across all the layers in the direction of non-propagation of tracers ▪Partitioning of the gas tracers▪Reservoir Complexity▪Closure of wells as part of the Revised Reservoir Management GuidelinesPressure communication across the wells was scrutinized while exploring the possibility of the presence of the sealing faults. From the historical pressure production data the faults appeared to be partially sealing but communicating. This ruled out the possibility of sealing faults being a barrier to stop the propagation. As discussed before, gas tracers behave a bit differently as compared to the water tracers in the fact that they tend to partition between different hydrocarbon phases. While layers 3 and 6 had no gas caps, the movement of the tracers was expected to be fastest in these layers as no possible partitioning due to presence of the dual phase was anticipated. This was indeed observed in case of layer 6.Reservoir complexity could be another reason that would have led to the delayed breakthrough. From the logs (Figure 6) it could clearly be seen that top layers 1, 2 and 3 have higher degree of homogeneity as compared to the bottom three layers i.e. layers 4, 5 and 6. Accordingly, layers 4, 5 and 6 were expected to see a faster breakthrough as compared to the top layers. While we see this in the case of the deepest layer i.e. layer 6 (the only layer that saw a breakthrough), layers 4 and 5 did not see any breakthrough at all.Figure 6—Openhole log comparison layers 1, 2, 3 and layers 4, 5, 6The fact that layers 4 and 5 did not see the breakthrough in spite of being comparatively more heterogeneous, let us to explore additional areas that could explain the tracer arrival time. It was found the closure of the high GOR wells in layers 4 and 5 on account of the revised reservoir management guidelines led to an apparent disruption of the pressure streamlines within the reservoir. The delta pressure paths that the tracers were initially following got modified on account of the closure of few wells and this led the chemical entities reroute their path towards a new pressure sink within the closed system. Hence, greater thechange in the operational aspects, higher transient time for that tracer was expected leading to an extended breakthrough time.❖ Added ValueThe observations from the years of tracer studies as summarized above had to be utilized to fine tune the existing model of the field. Before the inception of the project the shallowest layer i.e. Layer 1 was simulated and accordingly the breakthrough time was tentatively predicted to be around three years (Figure 3 & 4). After the tracer study was carried out and a much higher tracer arrival time was observed. As part of periodic simulation model review, the simulation model for Layer 1 was revalidated whilst incorporating the freshly interpreted reservoir characteristics and updated production trends; information about the additional faults, transmissibilities updates of the existing faulting system and the changes in production trends from closure of wells over the years were incorporated into the model to capture the real scenario. This indeed resulted in an improved match of the probable tracer movement inside the reservoir as seen in Figure 7.Figure-7—Fine-tuned model of Layer-1 (Shallowest) showing model component arrival timeThe deepest layer i.e. the layer 6 was the only layer to have seen a tracer breakthrough. While all the factors like higher heterogeneity, absence of dual phase hydrocarbon and continuous production aided the early arrival of the tracer in this layer, the original simulation match had predicted a comparatively late breakthrough. The comparison is shown in Figure 8.Figure 8—Comparison of Simulation model results, tracer movement predictionAs it can be seen from the comparative simulation plots and the GOR comparison plot (Figure 9), the old model had predicted a much delayed breakthrough for layer 6 initially. With the additional fine tuning with the aid of tracer response, a comparatively better match could be achieved.Figure 9—GOR history Match comparison old vs new modelThe fine-tuned reservoir model of layer 6 was used to estimate the gas injection split; contrary to the initial assumption of equal distribution of injection across all sectors, the model shows approximately 60% of the gas goes to sector 3 and 4 (Figure 10), which strongly correlates to the total oil offtake from these sectors.Figure 10—Gas injection split comparison initial assumption and revised model resultsLesson Learned and ConclusionThough the principle objective of the tracer study i.e. the injection split could only be met for one layer of the six layered reservoir, this crestal gas tracer study that was carried out between 2006 to 2016 generated substantial amount of information regarding the technical, strategic and reservoir management aspects of a tracer study:The main findings are summarized below:▪The tracer studies for this reservoir in the subject case study had to be terminated (owing to long incubation time of tracers) before substantial amount of tracer could be seen. If the tracer elution could be completed with a finite amount of data, considerable information about the reservoir both qualitatively and quantitatively could be generated.▪Tracer studies require special attention with regards to operational and strategic planning of the reservoir for its most useful outcome. Once the tracers are introduced inside the reservoir, any random change can bring about a disturbance in the natural pressure pulse of the reservoir system.▪It is well understood that tracer studies take a considerable amount of time and a constant production behavior is almost impossible to achieve for most practical purpose. Strategic planning of wells serves as a key solution in such cases. Representative well in each sector/layer (in the discussed case) should be chosen and these should serve as key wells in monitoring the tracer response and should be targeted for non-closure to the maximum extent possible for the duration of the tracer study.▪Simulation serves as a key to the modeling of a tracer study. However, as is the case seen here, the concept of ‘dynamic simulation’ should be made use of in monitoring a tracer project. Any change that is taking place in the field should be periodically updated in the model to gauge the actual tracer movement in the reservoir. It is always to be remembered that tracers are real entities that travel through the reservoir to yield real results. The outcome and response from the tracers should be utilized in fine tuning our computer model and not vice versa.▪Tracer pulses are real, have their own pace and are true representative of your reservoir conditions.If you want your tracers to help you, you have to help your tracers too.AcknowledgementThe authors would like to express their gratitude to ADNOC, ADMA-OPCO and its ISHs for granting the permission to present this paper at ADIPEC 2016. Also our special thanks to Tracerco technical team for their commendable support during the course of the project.References1.Greenkorn, R. A.: "Experimental Studies of Waterflood Tracers," J. Pet. Tech., January 1962,87–92, Trans. AIME, 225.2.Wagner, O. R., Baker, L. E., and Gordon, R. S.: "The Design and Implementation of MultipleTracer Program for Multifluid, Multiwell Injection Projects," paper SPE 5125 presented at the49th Annual Fall Meeting of Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, Oct. 6–9, 1974, Houston, TX.3.Wagner, O. R.: "The Use of Tracers in Diagnosing Interwell Reservoir Heterogeneities-FieldResults," J. Pet. Tech, November 1997, 1410–1416.4.Hagoort, J.: "The Response of Interwell Tracer in Watered-Out Reservoir," paper SPE 11131presented at the 57th Annual Fall Meeting of Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, Sept. 26–29, 1982, New Orleans, LA.5.Beier, R. A., and Sheely, C. Q.: "Tracer Surveys to Identify Channels for Remedial Work Priorto CO2 Injection at MCA Unit, New Mexico," paper SPE 17371 presented at the SPE/DOEEnhanced Oil Recovery Symposium, April 17–20, Tulsa OK.6.Vilela, M. A., and Zerpa, L. B.: "Water and Gas Tracers at El Furrial Field," paper SPE 53737presented at the Latin American and Carabiant Petroleum Engineering Conference, April 21–23, 1999, Caracas, Venezuela.7.Mercado, M., Perez, C. E., Asadi, M., and Casas, D. R.: "Gas Flood-Flow Pattern Evaluation: ASuccessful Interwell Field Study", SPE 81005 presented at the Latin American and CaribbeanPetroleum Engineering Conference, April 27–30, 2003, Port of Spain, Trinidad.8.Zemel, B; "Tracers in the Oil Field", Elsevier Science, 1995.9.Deans, H. A., "Using Chemical Tracers to Measure Fractional Flow and Saturation In-Situ,"paper SPE 7076 presented at the 5th Symposium of Improved Methods of Oil Recovery, Tulsa,OK, April 16–19, 197810.Shook, G. M., Ansley, S. L., and Wilie, A.: "Tracer Testing Methods: Test design andImplementation, Tracer Seleciton and Interpretation Methods," INEEL report January, 2004.SPE-183413-MS11 11.Shook, G. M., Pope G. A., and Asakawa, K.: "Determining Reservoir properties and FloodPerformance From Tracer Test Analysis," paper SPE 124614 presented at the SPE Annualtechnical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, LA., 200912.Cheung, S., Edwards, A., and Howard, J: "A Novel Approach to Interwell Tracer Design andField Case History," paper SPE 56610 presented at the Annual Technical Conference andExhibition, Oct. 3–6, 1999, Houston, TX.13.Lichtenberger, G. J.: "Field Application of Interwell Tracers for Reservoir Characterization ofEnhanced Oil Recovery Pilot Area," paper SPE 21652 presented at the Production OperationsSymposium, April 7–9, 1991, Oklahoma City, OK.14.Craig, F. F.: The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Waterflooding: Monograph V olume 3, Societyof Petroleum Engineers, New York City, New York, 1993.。
计算机网络实验 第1章 Packet Tracer 6.2使用指南
第1章 Packet Tracer6.2 使用指南
2. 使用Packet Tracer 搭建网络拓扑
2.1 添加网络设备
单击鼠标选择要添 加的设备类型，如 路由器
此时，设备型号区 列出该类型设备的 所有可选型号
2.1 添加网络设备
单击鼠标选中要添 此加时的，设选备中型设号备，如如 图2所81示1
新路由器第一次启动时，系统会自动进入SETUP模式，并询问是否采用该方式进行配置。 26
3.3 PC机的配置
1.选择PC机配置 窗口中的 Desktop选项卡
2.单击IP Configuration图 标，打开IP地址 配置窗口
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3.3 PC机的配置
在此处输入PC机 的IP地址等相关 信息，关闭该窗 口即保存配置
32
4.3 添加PDU
➢ Packet Tracer提供两种添加PDU的工 具：Add Simple PDU（添加简单PDU） 和Add Complex PDU（添加复杂 PDU），位于拓扑工作区工具条上。
➢ Add Simple PDU提供测试网络连通性 功能。选中Add Simple PDU图标，将 鼠标移动到拓扑工作区，单击源节点， 然后移动鼠标至目标节点并单击，即 完成了简单PDU的添加。
3.在此处输面入，接如口图的所I示P地址
和子网掩码，
修改接口配置时，
产生的对应配置
命令
24
3.2 命令行接口CLI
也可以使用CLI可以输入IOS操作命令对路由器进行配置和管理
25
3.2 命令行接口CLI
对路由器进行不同的操作需要在不同模式下进行。主要的路由器模式包括
（1）用户模式：Router> 刚登录路由器时，首先进入用户模式，在该模式下，用户进行有限的操作，但不能查看和更
油藏数值模拟的基本数学模型教材
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z
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三
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1、有几个生产层组成的大型油藏模拟；2、岩石和流体参数垂向变化 3、厚层油层出油剖面；4、层状系统和共用含水域或局部连通。
运动方程
动量守恒定律，牛顿第二定律对流体系统的作用，即是控制体元中运动流体 的动量变化率等于所有有效的作用外力总和。 根据流体力学理论 ，Navier-Stokes方程就可以解决任意形状中不可压缩粘 性流体运动的所有问题，而多孔介质中流体的流动也不例外。但是NavierStokes方程是非线性的，以多孔介质孔道的复杂性和不规则性，NavierStokes方程不可能直接适用于解决渗流力学问题，因此如果要想在多孔介质 中应用流体力学基本方程组，必须根据流体渗流的特点对之加以改造。 Darcy方程是一种线性方程，从介质角度来说，它假定介质与流体之间没有 耦合作用，而只表明流量与介质长度成正比；从流动角度来说，它只适用于 一定的Reynolds数范围。 根据实验条件由实验数据拟合确定，目前常用达西定律应用在油田开发中。
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低渗致密气藏压裂返排数值模拟研究
y〇1.37No.6 June. 2018石油化工应用PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY APPLICATION第37 6期2018 6 月油气工程低渗致密气藏压裂返排数值模拟研究王新杰$中国石化华北油气分公司勘探开发研究院，河南郑州450000)摘要:气井压裂返排情况直接影响着低渗致密气藏气井压后的产能和稳产时间。
考虑侵入区渗透率的损失、不同区域 相渗曲线的差异，同时考虑返排初期含水饱和度和地层压力的不均匀分布，应用局部网格加密、示踪剂追踪、饱和度分区等方法建立了压裂返排的气水两相黑油模型。
以示踪剂产量递减率定义了压裂返排结束的标志，研究了低渗致密气 藏压裂液的滞留机理，分析了裂缝导流能力和侵入区渗透率损失对气井稳产时间和初期阶段返排率的影响。
研究表明：平面上气体沿井眼处指进突破、侵入区高毛管力形成的渗吸效应、裂缝内部纵向上气椎的形成是造成低渗致密气藏压 裂液滞留的主要原因；裂缝导流能力在40 D.cm左右、侵入区渗透率损失系数在小于0.3时，既有利于压裂液的返排，同时又不会降低气井的稳产时间。
为制定压裂施工设计和指导压后产能评价工作提供了理论依据。
关键词：压裂返排;数值模拟；示踪剂；滞留机理中图分类号:TE377 文献标识码:A文章编号：1673-5285(2018)06-0003-06D01:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5285.2018.06.002Numerical simulation research on fracturing fluid flowbackin tight gas reservoirWANG Xinjie(Exploration and Development Research Institute of SINOPEC North China Oil andGas Company ,Zhengzhou Henan 450000, China)Abstract：Fracturing fluid flowback directly affects gas well production and stable production period. Considering permeability loss of invaded zone, the differences of relative permeability curve in different regions, uneven distribution of initial water saturation and formation pressure, the author establishes two phase black oil model about fracturing fluid flowback by using the technologies of local grid refinement, tracer tracking and saturation partition. Based on the criteria of tracer production decline rate, the author defines the mark of end of fracturing fluid flowback, studies the retention mechanism of fracturing fluid in tight gas reser-*收稿日期=2018-05-24基金项目：国家科技重大专项“低丰度致密低渗油气藏开发关键技术”，项目编号:2016ZX05048。
石油英语词汇(G)
石油英语词汇(G1)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------g p 表压G unit 重力单位G 表G 盖革计数管G 高斯G 加仑G 接地g 克g 气G 千兆g 重力g 重力加速度G 重心G&C 天然气和凝析油G&O 气和油G&W 气和水g-cal-calorie) 克-卡G-EM 技术管理组G-floating datum G-浮点数据G-M counter 盖革-缪勒计数管G-V process 砷碱法脱二氧化碳过程G-wave 古顿伯格波G.B.A. 总建筑面积G.B.O. 故障货物G.C.D 最大公约数G.C.F. 最大公因子g.c.m 最大公约数G.C.M. 最大公约数G.I.H. 下入井内G.L. 基准线G.L. 计量长度g.m.r. 群信号继电器g.m.v. 克分子体积G.P. 几何级数g.p.m. 加仑英里G.R. 齿轮比G.T.C. 未取消前仍有效g.u. 重力单位GA clause 共同海损条款GA 平均值；共同海损GA 总代理人GA 总图GA 总装配GAAP 通用会计原则gab 凹节gabarit 净距；模子；样板gabbride 辉长岩类gabbrite 淡辉长细晶岩gabbro texture 辉长结构gabbro 辉长岩gabbroid 辉长岩状的gabbrophyre 辉长斑岩gabbroporphyrite 辉长玢岩gabianol 页岩油gabion 筐gable 山墙Gabonisporis 加蓬孢属GAC 加拿大地质协会gad =g.a.d. 总装图gad 錾；尖头杆；测杆gadder 凿孔机gadget 装置；机件gadiometer 磁强梯度计gadolinite 硅铍钇矿gadolinium 钆gae 裂隙gaff 装油软管吊架；攀钩；斜桁gaffer 不熟练工gag type straightener 压直式直管机GAG 地球物理分析组gag 塞口物；阀的闭塞；整轨锤；塞住；关闭gagat 软煤GAGC 公共自动增益控制gage line paste 量油尺软膏gage 表gaging 量测gahnite 锌尖晶石gain amplifier 增益放大器gain and loss analysis 盈亏分析gain bandwidth 增益带宽gain characteristic 增益特性gain circuitry 增益电路gain compensation 增益补偿gain constant 增益常数gain control 增益控制gain error 增益误差gain factor 增益因子gain function 增益函数gain ground 获得进展gain in yield 产量增加gain margin 增益范围gain matrix 增益矩阵gain measurement 增益测量gain memory 增益存储器gain on investments 投资收益gain per stage 级增益gain recording 增益记录gain recovery 增益恢复gain speed 加速gain time 节省时间gain trace 增益曲线gain 获得gainey coal 煤层gaining stream 盈水河gaize 生物蛋白岩；云母海绿砂岩；燧石钙屑岩gal per min 加仑分gal 加仑gal 伽galactan 半乳聚糖galactic coordinate 银河坐标galactite 针钠沸石galactomannan 半乳甘露聚糖galactose 半乳糖galactoside 半乳糖甙galapectite 蒙脱石galapektite 蒙脱石galaxite 锰尖晶石Galaxy 银河gale 强风Galeaspis 盔甲鱼属Galeatisporites 盔环孢属galena 方铅矿galenite 方铅矿Galeograptus 盔笔石属galera 猪背岭Galerkin method 伽勒金法Galileo 伽利略gall nut NFDAE子gall pigment 胆汁色素gall 擦伤Gall's chain 格氏链gallamic acid NFDAE氨酸gallatin 重油galled thread 磨坏的螺纹gallery 沿油层延展面钻的斜井；坑道galley range 船内厨房炉灶galley service 伙食供应服务galley 船内厨房gallic acid NFDAE酸Galliformes 鸡形目galling 磨损gallium arsenide 砷化镓gallium porphyrin 镓卟啉gallium 镓gallon 加仑gallon-octane 加仑-辛烷值gallonage 加仑数galloping 飞奔；飞车gallotannin NFDAE单宁Gallowaiinella 加罗威NFDA3属gallows 吊架gallstone 胆石galmei 硅锌矿；异极矿Galois field 有限域galshr 加仑小时galv. 电流的galv. 电流计galv. 镀锌的galv. 由原电池产生的电；直流电galvanic action 电蚀作用galvanic anode 牺牲阳极galvanic cell 原电池galvanic contact 电流接触galvanic corrosion 电化学腐蚀galvanic couple 电偶galvanic current 原电池电流galvanic electrode 电流电极galvanic series 电动势序galvanic 电的galvanism 电流galvanization 通电流；电镀galvanized carbon steel 电镀碳钢galvanized conduit 镀锌管galvanized steel jacket 镀锌钢套galvanized 电镀的galvanizer 电镀器；电镀工galvanizing 电镀galvano- 电galvano-voltameter 伏安计galvanochemistry 电化学galvanograph 电流记录图；电制版galvanography 电铸制版术galvanoluminescence 电解发光galvanomagnetic amplifier 电磁放大器galvanomagnetic effect 电磁效应galvanomagnetism 电磁galvanometer drift 检流计零点漂移galvanometer 检流计galvanometric camera 照相示波仪galvanometric seismograph 电流计地震仪galvanometry 动电电流测定法galvanoplastics 电铸；电镀galvanoplasty 电镀galvanoscope 验电流器galvanostatic technique 恒电流技术galvo 电流计GAM 重力异常图gambler's ruin 赌徒的破产gambling 赌博game theory 对策论game value 对策值game 对策gaming model 对策模型gaming simulation 对策模拟gamma absorber 伽马射线吸收体gamma activation analysis 伽马射线活化分析gamma API unit 自然伽马API单位gamma background 伽马本底gamma calibration 伽马射线校准gamma carbon 伽马碳原子gamma cellulose 伽马纤维素gamma correction 图象灰度校正gamma decay 伽马衰变gamma density gauge 伽马密度测量仪gamma discrimination 伽马射线甄别gamma distribution 伽马分布gamma emitter 伽马辐射源gamma energy 伽马射线能量gamma eye 伽马射线测井仪gamma flux 伽马射线通量gamma function 伽马函数gamma irradiation 伽马辐照gamma noise 伽马噪声gamma pile-up 伽马积累gamma quantum 伽马量子gamma radiating level 伽马辐射能级gamma radiation detector 伽马辐射探测器gamma radiation 伽马辐射gamma radiator 伽马辐射体gamma ray absorption technique 伽马射线吸收法gamma ray correction 自然伽马测井曲线校正gamma ray curve 自然伽马曲线gamma ray inspection 伽马射线检验gamma ray intensity 伽马射线强度gamma ray log 自然伽马测井gamma ray neutron calibration mode 自然伽马-中子刻度方式gamma ray neutron tool 自然伽马-中子测井仪gamma ray sensor 伽马射线传感器gamma ray shale index 自然伽马泥质指数gamma ray shale line 自然伽马泥岩基线gamma ray simulator 伽马射线模拟器gamma ray source 伽马源gamma ray unit 伽马射线单位gamma ray 伽马射线gamma shield 伽马射线防护屏gamma shielding 伽马屏蔽gamma spectrometer 伽马能谱仪gamma spectrometry log 伽马能谱测井gamma spectrometry tool 伽马能谱测井仪gamma spectrometry 伽马能谱测量gamma spectroscopy tool 伽马能谱测井仪gamma spectroscopy 伽马能谱学gamma substitution 伽马位取代gamma transition 伽马跃迁gamma 希腊字母Γgamma-acid 伽马酸gamma-activation 伽马射线活化gamma-discriminating counter 伽马甄别计数器gamma-gamma coincidence counting 伽马-伽马符合计数gamma-gamma log 伽马-伽马测井图gamma-neutron log 伽马-中子测井图gamma-neutron reaction 伽马-中子反应gamma-radiation-induced polymerization γ-辐射引发聚合gamma-radiography 伽马射线探伤Gamma-ray absorption fluid density meter 伽马射线吸收型流体密度计gamma-ray absorption 伽马射线吸收gamma-ray detection system 伽马射线探测系统gamma-ray detector 伽马射线探测器gamma-ray dose rate 伽马射线剂量率gamma-ray emission 伽马射线发射gamma-ray emitter 伽马射线发射体gamma-ray index 自然伽马指数gamma-ray liquid level controller 伽马射线液面控制器gamma-ray logging 自然伽马测井gamma-ray photoelectric effect 伽马射线光电效应gamma-ray photon 伽马光子gamma-ray positioning tool 伽马定位器gamma-ray probe 伽马探头gamma-ray spectrometer 伽马能谱仪gamma-ray test pit 自然伽马刻度井gamma-ray tool 伽马测井仪gamma-ray well logging 自然伽马测井gamma-ray-emitting tracer 发射伽马射线的示踪剂gammacerane 伽马蜡烷gammagraph 伽马射线照相gammagraphic 伽马射线摄影的gammagraphy 伽马射线照相术gammaphoton 伽马光子Gammexane γ-六六六；γ-六氯化苯gamut 音阶；色域；全范围gang control 同轴控制gang cut slots 组合割缝gang cutter 组合铣刀gang plank 跳板gang pumping unit 联动抽油装置gang pumping 多井抽油gang punch 复穿孔gang pusher 队长gang slotting 组合割缝gang truck 中型修理车gang 组Gangadharites 恒河菊石属gangboard 跳板ganged gain control 公共增益控制ganging 聚束；机械连接；安在同根轴上；同调ganglia displacement 残余油滴驱替ganglia ganglion的复数ganglion 神经节；中心；残余油滴gangue 脉石；矿石杂质；矿尾gangway bridge 步桥gangway door 舷门gangway ladder 舷梯gangway port 舷门gangway 通道ganister 致密硅岩gannister =ganistergantlet 长手套gantry crane 龙门吊gantry frame 门式起重机架gantry 台架Gantt bar chart 甘特线图gap coding 间隙编码gap deconvolution 预测反褶积gap density 隙密度gap fault 张开断层gap filling cement 填缝胶泥gap filling 间隙填充gap in geological record 地层剖面缺失gap in succession 地层间断gap mill 凹口碾磨机gap shears 凹口剪切机gap test 空隙检验gap tester 塞规gap weld 特殊点焊gap width 缝隙宽度gap zone 间断带gap 隙gap-graded 间隔分级的gape 张口GAPI API单位的自然伽马gaping fault 张开断层gaping fissure 张开裂缝gaping hole 不渗透层的孔gaping joint-fissure 张开裂缝gaping place 孔gaping 张口的gapped cuts 脱空馏分gapped deconvolution 间隙反褶积gapped 豁裂的gapped-bead-on-plate 特殊点焊法gapping element 不连续元件gapping place 间隙gapping 裂缝gappy 裂缝多的GAPSS 系统模拟图解分析程序garage 汽车库garantee bill 担保票据garantee 担保garbage collector 无用单元收集程序garbage in 无用输入garbage out 无用输出garbage 垃圾；废料；无用信息或数据；碎片；失去控制的人造卫星garbet rod 游动阀底短杆garboard strake 龙骨翼板garboard 龙骨翼板Garbutt attachment 固定阀打捞杆Garbutt rod =garbet rodgarden 花园Gardner's method 加德纳法Gardner's relation 加德纳关系式Gardner's rule 加德纳规则garewaite 透辉橄煌岩garganite 闪辉煌岩gargoyle 滴水嘴；一种滑翔导弹garland 流水环沟；金属制花环garment 外衣；外观；饰面garner 谷仓；储备物；贮藏garnet zone 石榴石带garnet 石榴石；石榴红garnet-rock 石榴石岩garnetite 石榴石；石榴石岩garnetization 石榴石化garnierite 硅镁镍矿garnish 装饰品；修饰；装饰；刷新Garrison motordrill 加里森动力钻具Gartnerago 加氏颗石GAS =gas. 汽油gas absorbent carbon 吸收气体用活性炭gas absorption 气体吸收gas accumulation 气藏；天然气聚集gas admittance valve 进气阀gas adsorption method 气体吸附法gas alarm 瓦斯报警器gas amplification 气体膨胀gas analysis 气体分析gas analyzer 气体分析器gas anchor packer 气锚封隔器gas anchor 气锚gas and oil cut mud 气侵和油侵泥浆gas and oil separator 油气分离器gas and sand anchor 气砂锚gas anomaly 气体异常gas at rest 静态气体gas attack 气体腐蚀gas backstreaming 气体回流gas bag 气栓gas balance 气体天平gas ballasting 气体镇流gas balloon 气瓶gas barren 贫气区gas barrier property 阻气性gas barrier 气障gas battery 空气电池gas bearing basin 含气盆地gas bearing block 含气断块gas bearing formation 气层gas bearing interval 含气层段gas bearing reservoir 储气层gas bearing shale 含气页岩gas bearing 气体轴承gas bell 气柜钟罩gas black 天然气炭黑gas blanket 气体覆盖层gas blanketing 盖一层气gas bleed valve 泄气阀gas blocking agent 阻气剂gas blow off 放气gas blow out 气喷gas blowing engine 气体发动机gas booster compressor 压缩设备gas booster station 气体增压站gas boosting 气体加压gas bottle 气瓶gas breakthrough 气体突破gas bubble 气泡gas buoy 瓦斯灯浮标gas burette 气体量管gas burner 煤气喷灯gas buster 泥浆-气体分离器gas by-passing 天然气窜流gas by-products 天然气副产品gas cap behavior 气顶动态gas cap cycling 气顶回注gas cap drive reservoir 气顶驱油藏gas cap drive 气顶驱动gas cap enlargement 气顶膨胀gas cap gas 气顶气gas cap injection 气顶注气gas cap repressuring 气顶注气gas cap shrinkage 气顶收缩gas cap voidage 气顶亏空gas cap 气顶gas carbon 碳黑gas carburizing 气体渗碳gas cavity 气孔gas cell 离子光电池gas chamber 气室gas channel 气道gas channeling 气体窜槽gas characteristic 气体特性gas chromatogram 气体色谱gas chromatograph 气相色谱gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer 气相色谱-质谱联用仪gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer 气相色谱仪-质谱仪-计算机联用系统gas chromatographic method 气相色谱法gas chromatographic technique 气相色谱技术gas chromatography 气相色谱gas chromatography-infrared technique 气相色谱-红外技术gas chromatography-mass spectrography 气相色谱-质谱法gas chromatography-mass spectrometer 气相色谱-质谱仪gas circuit 气路gas clause 天然气条款gas cleaner 气体净化器gas cleaning unit 气体净化装置gas cleaning 气体净化gas coal 气煤gas collecting main 集气干线gas collection 集气gas collector 气体收集器gas column 气柱gas compartment 气体室；气体空间gas composition 气体组分gas compressibility factor 气体压缩系数gas compressibility 气体压缩性gas compressive coefficient 气体压缩系数gas compressor 压气机gas concentration 气含量gas concrete 加气混凝土gas condensate field 凝析气田gas condensate ratio 气体凝析率gas condensate reserve 凝析油储量gas condensate reservoir 凝析气藏gas condensate surface 凝析油形成深度gas condensate 凝析油gas condenser 气体冷凝器gas conditioning 天然气处理gas coning test well 气锥测试井gas coning 气锥进gas conservation module 天然气处理模块gas conservation 气体合理利用gas constant 气体常数gas consumption 气体耗量gas content 气体含量gas controlled field 气驱油田gas conversion process 天然气转化处理gas cooler 气体冷却器gas cooling 气冷却gas coulometer 气体电量计gas cure 气体硫化gas current 气流gas cushion 气垫gas cut fluid 气侵液体gas cut mud 气侵泥浆gas cut 气侵gas cutting trouble 气侵事故gas cutting 气割gas cycling volume 回注气量gas cycling 气体回注gas de-asphalting 天然气脱沥青gas degeneration 气体退化gas dehydration 气体脱水gas deliverability 气体输送能力；产气能力gas delivery pressure 交气压力gas delivery 气体输送gas densitometer 气体密度计gas density 气体密度gas deposit 气藏gas detection 气体检测gas detector 气体检定器gas deviation factor 天然气压缩因数gas dew point 天然气露点gas dewatering 气体脱水gas diffusion 气体扩散gas diode 充气二极管gas discharge 天然气流出；天然气流量gas dispersoid 气溶胶gas displacement efficiency 气驱效率gas displacement front 气驱前缘gas displacement prover 气体置换标准罐gas distillate 凝析油gas distributing system 配气系统gas distributor 气体分配器gas down-take 排气管gas drilled hole 天然气钻井gas drilling 气体钻井gas drive front 气驱前缘gas drive potential 气驱采油可能产量gas drive 气驱gas driven generator 气动发电机gas electric rig 天然气发电机钻机gas embolus 气塞gas enclosure 气包体gas engine 燃气发动机gas entrainment 气体运移gas entry profiling 吸气剖面gas equalizing line 气体平衡管gas equation 气体方程式gas equilibrium 气体平衡gas equipotential surface 气等势面gas eruption 气体喷发gas escape tube 排气管gas escape 气体逸出；漏气gas evolution curve 气体挥发曲线gas evolution 天然气逸出gas exchange 气体交换gas exhaust duct 排气管道gas exhauster 排气机gas expansion drive 气体膨胀驱动；溶解气驱gas expansion porosimeter 气体膨胀孔隙度仪gas expansion 气体膨胀gas exploder 气爆震源gas extraction 气体抽取gas extractor 集气装置gas factor 气-油比gas family 石油气族gas field development 气田开发gas field 气田gas filled capacitor 充气电容器gas filling station 加油站gas filling valve 充气阀gas film 气膜gas filter 气体过滤器gas fittings 煤气设备gas flow dryer 气体干燥器gas flow equation 气体流动方程gas flow velocity 气流速度gas flow 气流gas flowmeter 气体流量计gas flushing 气冲洗gas formation bacterial respiration 气层细菌呼吸作用gas formation volume factor 天然气地层体积系数gas fractionation plant 气体分馏装置gas fracturing 气体压裂gas freed tank 无油品蒸气的储罐gas freeing 脱气gas front advance 气前缘推进gas fuel 天然气燃料gas furnace 煤气炉gas gauge 气体压力表gas generated press sidewall coring tool 产气压入式井壁取心器gas generating amount 生成气量gas generating capacity 气体发生能力gas generating yield 生气率gas generation threshold 生气门限gas generator 气体发生器gas genetimodel 天然气成因模式gas geochemistry 天然气地球化学gas gradient 气柱压力梯度gas gravitometer 气体比重计gas gravity differentiation 天然气重力分异gas gravity 天然气比重gas grid 供气网gas gun 燃气气枪gas halo 气晕gas head 气体压头gas heater 气体加热器gas heating 气体加热gas heave structure 气鼓构造gas heave 气鼓gas holder bell 气柜钟罩gas holder 气柜gas holdup 气体停滞gas horizon 气层gas hose 天然气软管gas hydrate 天然气水合物gas ignition 气体着火gas impermeability test 不透气性试验gas impermeable barrier 不透气的隔挡层gas impurities 气体杂质gas in mud 泥浆中天然气含量gas in place 天然气地质储量gas in solution 溶解气gas inclusion 气体包裹体gas index 天然气指数gas indicator 气体指示物gas industry 天然气工业gas influx detector 气体侵入检测器gas information system 天然气信息系统gas initially in place 天然气原始地质储量gas injection cycle 注气周期gas injection plant 注气站gas injection pressure maintenance 注气压力保持gas injection profile 注气剖面gas injection well 注气井gas injection 注气gas injector 注气井gas inlet 进气gas input factor 注入气油比gas input well 注气井gas inrush 瓦斯喷出；喷气gas instrument 气测仪gas intake 进气gas interference 气体干扰gas invaded zone 气侵带gas ion 气体离子gas ionization counter 气体电离计数器gas ionization 气体电离gas isopotential surface 气等势面gas jet laser cutting 气体喷射激光切割gas jet 气体喷嘴；气体喷流gas kinetics 气体动力学gas kitchen 气灶gas law constant 气体常数gas law 气体定律gas leakage manifestation 气体漏泄显示gas leakage test 漏气试验gas lease 天然气租约gas leg 气腿gas liberation 气体逸出gas lift column 气举柱gas lift cycle 气举周期gas lift ditching method 气举开沟法gas lift efficiency 气举效率gas lift flowing gradient 气举采油压力梯度gas lift mandrel 气举阀工作筒gas lift valve 气举阀gas lift 气举gas line network 输气管网gas line 输气管道gas liquid chromatography 气液色层分离法gas liquid exchanger 气-液换热器gas liquid inclusion 气液包裹体gas liquid ratio 气液比gas liquids 液化石油气gas location 找气gas locking 气锁gas logging 气测井gas loss 气体漏失；汽油蒸气损失gas manometer 气压表gas mantle 气罩gas mask charcoal 防毒面具用活性炭gas mask 防毒面具gas mass spectrometer 气体质谱计gas maturity level 天然气成熟度gas measurement kit 天然气计量器gas membrane 气体薄膜gas metal arc welding 气体保护金属极弧焊gas meter 气体流量计gas migration 天然气运移；气侵gas mixture 气体混合物gas naphtha 气体石脑油gas nipple 气嘴gas odorant 气体增味剂gas odorization 气体添味gas odorizer 气体加味装置gas off-take target 采气目的层gas oil cracking 粗柴油裂解gas oil 瓦斯油gas orifice 喷气孔gas originally in place 天然气原始地质储量gas outburst 气喷gas outlet 排气管gas overriding 气突进gas packer 气封隔器gas partition chromatography 气相分配色谱法gas penetration potential 透气性gas percolation 气体渗泄作用gas permeability test 透气性试验gas permeability 气渗透率；透气性gas permeable layer 可渗气地层gas permeameter 气体渗透率仪gas phase saturation 气相饱和度gas phase 气相gas phototube 充气光电管gas PI 采气指数gas pipe line 输气管道gas piping 输气管gas pit 逸气坑gas plant products 天然气处理装置产品gas plant 天然气处理装置gas plug 气柱gas pocket 小气藏gas pool 气藏gas potentiometric surface 气测势面gas precipitation 气体析出gas pressure gauge 气压计gas pressure welding 气压焊gas probing 天然气探测gas processing 气体处理Gas Processors Association 天然气加工者协会gas producing well 产气井gas production rate 产气量gas productive reservoir 产气层gas productivity index 采气指数gas proofness 防气性gas proportional scintillation counter 气体正比闪烁计数器gas prospect evaluation 含气远景评价gas prospecting 天然气勘探gas province 产气区gas pulsation 气体脉动作用gas pump 气泵gas purification catalyst 气体净化催化剂gas purification 气体净化gas purifier 气体净化器gas radiation counter 气体辐射计数管gas range 含气范围gas ratio 气体比gas ratios method 气比值法gas receiver 储气罐gas recirculation 干气回注gas recovery 气体回收gas recycling 天然气回注gas regulator 天然气调节器gas reinjection 天然气回注gas relative permeability 气体相对渗透率gas release 气体泄出gas relief line 放气管线gas relief valve 气体保险阀gas repressuring 注气保持压力gas reservoir 天然气储层gas retention age 天然气保存年龄gas return 天然气回注gas rig 天然气发动机钻机gas ring 气环gas rock 含气岩gas royalty 天然气开采特许费gas rush 气喷gas sales line 商品天然气管道gas sample scrubber 气样洗涤器gas sample tube 气体采样管gas sample 气样gas sampler 气体采样器gas sampling valve 气体进样阀gas sand 含气砂岩gas saturation 气饱和度gas schist 含天然气片岩gas scrubber 气体洗涤器gas scrubbing station 气体洗涤站gas seal 气封gas seam 瓦斯层gas seepage 天然气渗漏gas segregation 气体偏析gas separator 气体分离器gas shaft 排气烟囱gas shale 含气油页岩gas shield 气体防护gas shielded arc welding machine 气体保护弧焊机gas show 气显示gas showings 气显示gas skin 火山气包层gas slip 气体滑脱gas slippage 气体滑脱gas solubility 气体溶解度gas source rock 气源岩gas source seismic profiler 气动震源地震剖面仪gas source 气体震源；气源gas space 气体空间gas sphere 气界gas spray 气雾gas spring 气泉gas spurts 有机物地表层gas state 气态gas station 加油站gas storage holder 气罐gas storage tank 储气罐gas storage well 储气井gas stove 煤气炉gas streak 含气夹层gas stream 气流gas stringer 低产气井gas stripping column 气提塔gas stripping 气提gas supply 供气gas survey 气测gas sweetening 天然气脱硫gas syringe 气体注射器gas take 滤气阀gas tank truck 气罐车gas tank 储气罐gas tapping machine 管螺纹攻丝机gas tar 煤气焦油gas tension 气体张力gas tester 气体分析器gas thermodynamic 气体热力的gas thermometer 气体温度计gas thermometry 气体温度测量gas thread 管螺纹gas tight test 气密试验gas tight 不透气的gas tongue 气锥gas tracer 气体示踪剂gas transfer differentiation 气体运移分异作用gas transfer separation 气体运移分离gas transmission rate 气体传递速率；气体扩散速率gas transmission 输气gas trap 气体分离器；气体收集器gas treating process 气体净化法gas tungsten arc welding 气体保护钨极弧焊gas turbine driven 燃气轮机驱动的gas turbine engine lubricant 燃气轮机润滑剂gas turbine exhaust 燃气轮机废气gas turbine integration 燃气轮机组合gas turbine meter 气体涡轮流量计gas turbine power plant 燃气轮机发电厂gas turbine powered 燃气轮机驱动的gas turbine 燃气轮机gas utilization project 天然气利用工程gas utilization 天然气利用gas velocity 气流速度gas vent 气孔gas volume 气体体积gas volumeter 气体体积计gas volumeteric chromatography 气体体积色谱gas washer 气体洗涤器gas water separation 气-水分离gas water 气田水gas well dewatering 气井脱水gas well drip 气井分水分油器gas well gas 气井气gas well 气井gas works 天然气厂gas yield 天然气产率gas zone 气层gas 气体；天然气gas-activated rodless subsurface pump 气动井下无杆泵gas-air flame 天然气-空气焰gas-bearing bed 含气层gas-bearing coal seams 煤系气gas-bearing fracture 含气裂缝gas-bearing horizon 含气层gas-bearing net pay 气层有效厚度gas-bearing porosity 含气孔隙度gas-blocked cable 气封电缆gas-bound 气封gas-cap expansion 气顶膨胀gas-cap formation volume factor 气顶地层体积系数gas-cap management 气顶管理gas-cap pool 气顶油藏gas-cap reservoir 气顶油藏gas-charged pressure chamber 充气压力室gas-charged water 充气水gas-chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer 气相色谱-核磁共振波谱仪gas-condensate well 凝析气井gas-development agent 发泡剂gas-discharge counter 气体放电计数管gas-dispersion 气体弥散gas-distillate producer 富气气井gas-dominated geothermal field 天然气为主的地热田gas-drive liquid propane method 气驱丙烷段塞采油法gas-drive reservoir 气驱油藏gas-drive zone 气驱带gas-engine-driven 燃气发动机驱动的gas-expansion factor 天然气膨胀系数gas-field water 气田水gas-filled counter tube 充气计数管gas-filled porosity 天然气充满的孔隙度gas-filled thermometer 充气温度计gas-filled tube 充气管gas-filled 充气的gas-film mass transfer coefficient 气膜传质系数gas-fired once-through steam generator 燃气直流式蒸汽发生器gas-fired 烧气的gas-flushed zone 气驱带gas-free crude oil 脱气原油gas-free oil 脱气原油gas-free 不含气的gas-fuel heater 瓦斯点火器；燃气加热器gas-fueled 燃气的gas-gas correlation 气-气对比gas-gathering line 集气管线gas-generating cement 产气水泥gas-generating maceral 造气显微组分gas-holder bell 气罐罩顶gas-holder 储气罐gas-invaded volume 气侵体积gas-kinetic theory 气体分子运动论gas-lift intermitter 间歇气举控制器gas-lift unit 气举装置gas-lift well 气举井gas-liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer 气液色谱-质谱仪gas-liquid chromatography 气液色层分离法gas-liquid distribution 气-液分布gas-liquid equilibrium 气-液平衡gas-liquid interface 气-液界面gas-liquid isosaturation surface 气-液等饱和度面gas-liquid mass ratio 气液质量比gas-liquid pair 气-液对gas-liquid partition chromatography 气液分配色谱gas-liquid partition coefficient 气液分配系数gas-liquid-solid chromatography 气液固色谱gas-locked pump 气锁深井泵gas-marking period 气化周期gas-oil contact 油气接触面gas-oil fluid viscosity 含溶解气石油的粘度gas-oil front 油气前缘gas-oil interface 油气界面gas-oil level 油气界面gas-oil mixture 油气混合物gas-oil permeability 气-油渗透率gas-oil ratio behavior 气油比动态gas-oil ratio limit 气油比界限gas-oil ratio 气油比gas-oil segregation rate 油气分离速率gas-oil separation 油气分离gas-oil separator 油气分离器gas-oil surface 油气界面gas-oil table 油气界面gas-oil transition zone 油-气过渡带gas-oil viscosity ratio 气油粘度比gas-operated corer 气动式取心器gas-operated 气动的gas-per-mile gauge 每英里气体消耗计量器gas-phase polymerization 气相聚合gas-phase titration 气相滴定gas-powered 气驱动的gas-processing plant 天然气处理厂gas-producer 产气井gas-producing area 产气区gas-producing zone 产气层gas-proof 不透气的gas-sample bottle 气样瓶gas-saturated oil 天然气饱和的原油gas-solid adsorption equilibrium 气-固吸附平衡gas-solid adsorption 气-固吸附gas-solid chromatography 气-固色谱法gas-solid equilibrium 气固平衡gas-solid film 气固膜gas-solid phase oxidation catalyst 气固相氧化催化剂gas-solution interface 气液界面gas-steam ratio 气-汽比gas-steam-water fluid 气-汽-水混合流体gas-swept zone 气体波及带gas-to-oil mobility ratio 气油流度比gas-to-oil ratio 地层气油比gas-trap efficiency 气体分离率gas-turbine generator set 燃气轮机发电机组gas-type mass spectrometer 气体型质谱计gas-vacuole 气泡gas-volume ratio 气-液体积比gas-water contact 气水接触面gas-water interface 气-水界面gas-water mobility ratio 气-水流度比gas-water ratio 气-水比gas-water surface 气-水界面gas-water table 气-水界面gas-water transition zone 气-水过渡带gas-welding 气焊；乙炔气焊gas-well back-pressure curve 气井回压曲线gas-well deliverability 气井供气能力gas-yielding polymer 释气聚合物gasbomb 毒气弹gasdynamics 气体动力学gaseity 气态gaseous column 气柱gaseous combustion 气体燃烧gaseous conductance 气体传导gaseous diffusion 气体扩散gaseous exchange 气体对流gaseous film 气态膜gaseous fluid 气态流体gaseous fluidization 气体流化作用gaseous fuel calorific value 气体燃料的热值gaseous fuel 气体燃料gaseous halo 气体晕gaseous hydrocarbon 气态烃gaseous impurities 气体杂质gaseous ion 气体离子gaseous liquid column 含气液柱gaseous mixture 气体混合物gaseous oxygen 气态氧gaseous paraffin 气态石蜡gaseous phase 气相gaseous polymerization 气相聚合gaseous product 气体产物gaseous propellant 气体推进剂gaseous scintillation counter 气体闪烁计数器gaseous solution 气溶体gaseous state 气态gaseous tension 气体压力gaseous tracer 气体示踪剂gaseous transfer differentiation 气体分异作用gaseous well 气井gaseous 气态的gaseousness 气态gaser 伽马射线激射气gash breccia 崩塌角砾岩gash fracture 张口破裂gash joint 张节理；逐渐尖灭的张裂隙gash vein 裂缝脉gash 裂纹gasifiable 可气化的gasification of oil in place 地下原油气化gasification zone 气化带gasification 气化gasifier 气化器；燃气发生器gasiform 气态gasify 气化gasing 充气gasket ring 垫环gasket seal 垫片密封gasket 垫密片；衬垫gasketing 填实；填料gaskick 气涌gasless 无气的gaslight 煤气灯gaslock 气栓Gasman equation 加斯曼方程gaso 汽油gasoclastic sediment 气成碎屑沉积gasogene 煤气发生器；汽水制造机gasohol 乙醇的汽油溶液gasoil horizon 气油界面gasoil separation plant 油气分离站gasol 气体油gasolene 汽油gasoline can 汽油桶gasoline content 汽油含量gasoline cutback asphalt 汽油稀释沥青gasoline engine oil 汽油机油gasoline engine 汽油机gasoline filling station 加油站gasoline fraction 汽油馏分gasoline futures 汽油期货gasoline indicator paste 汽油指示膏gasoline mileage 汽油行驶里程gasoline pick-up fraction 汽油加速馏分gasoline plant 汽油厂gasoline pool 汽油总合gasoline startability 汽油起动性gasoline starting fraction 汽油起动馏分gasoline trap 汽油分离器gasoline 汽油gasoline-base napalm gel fracturing fluid 铅皂型胶状汽油基压裂液gasoline-oil consumption ratio 汽油-润滑油消耗比gasoloid 气溶胶gasometer 气量计gasometry 气测gasoscope 气体检验器gassed out zone 脱气带gassed-out well 气窜井gasser 天然气井gassiness 气态；充满气体gassing factor 充气系数gassing zone 气侵带gassing 充气；放气；吸气；回收气；起气泡；真空管中出现气体GASSP 气动震源地震剖面仪gassy fluid 充气液gassy water 含气水gassy 气体的gastriode 充气三极管gastrolith 胃石gastropod-fusulinid mudstone 软体动物-纺锤NFDA3泥状灰岩Gastropoda 腹足纲gastropodous 腹足类的gastropore 胚孔；腹孔gatch 蜡饼gate amplifier 选通放大器gate bias 栅偏压gate circuit 门电路gate control signal 栅控信号gate current 栅电流gate pier 闸门墩gate pulse 门脉冲gate segment 闸板gate travel 闸板行程gate turn-off switch 门电路切断开关gate valve operator 闸阀操纵器gate valve 闸阀gate 门；闸阀gated amplifier 选通放大器gatehouse 闸门控制器；门房gateman 门卫；道口看守员gateway 入口；手段；途径gather stack 选排叠加gather up 收集gather 聚集；道集；集合；收集；增长；选排gatherer 收集器gathering barrel 收集桶gathering center 集油中心gathering facility 油气集输设施gathering ground 储油面积；汇水面积gathering line 集油管线gathering network 集油管网gathering point 集油站gathering process 选排处理gathering station 集油站gathering tank 集油罐gathering zone 积聚带gathering 聚集；收集gatherscatter instruction 集散指令gatherscatter operation 集散操作gating circuit 选通电路gating pulse 控制脉冲gating time function 选通时间函数gating 开启GATT 关税与贸易总协定gauffer 皱褶；压制波纹gauge block 块规gauge board 仪表盘gauge bob 测深锤gauge cock 压力表旋塞gauge compact 背锥齿gauge cutter 保径齿排gauge diamond 侧刃金刚石gauge edge 刮刀钻头外缘刃gauge factor 仪器常数；仪表灵敏度；应变系数gauge feeler 塞规gauge glass 水位表gauge hand 压力表指针gauge hatch 量油口gauge height 量高gauge hole 量孔gauge joint 限径管gauge land 保径棱gauge length 标距长度gauge line paste 计量尺涂膏gauge line 卷尺；规线；应变电阻丝gauge loss 直径的磨损gauge mark 标志gauge nipple 量油口短管嘴gauge number 规格号gauge of bit 钻头规格直径gauge particle 尺寸合格的颗粒gauge pile 定位桩gauge platform 量油平台gauge plumb bob 量油尺铅锤gauge point 量测点gauge pressure 表压gauge protection 保径gauge reading 仪表读数gauge reamer 保径扩眼器gauge ring 内径规gauge rod 量油尺gauge row 保径齿圈gauge saver 压力表机构的减震器gauge seal 量孔盖gauge side of the cutter 边排齿的保径边刃gauge size 计量尺寸gauge stick 量尺gauge stone 侧面金刚石gauge surface 牙轮背圈保径面gauge table 油罐计量表；规格尺寸表gauge tank 计量罐gauge tap 量油旋塞gauge tape 卷尺gauge teeth 保径齿gauge ticket 计量单gauge tip diameter of the cone 牙轮最大直径gauge wear 径向磨损gauge weight 检尺重锤gauge-pole 量油杆gauged oil 经过沉淀去水和杂物再计量的原油gauged 标准的；校核过的gauger 计量器；计量员gaugger 铁骨；校正轨距者；辊式矫正机；造型工具gauging by innage 油罐剩油量高度的测定gauging by outage 油罐油面上部空间高度的测定gauging by ullage 油罐油面上部空间高度的测定gauging device 计量装置gauging disc 测径板gauging error 检尺误差gauging go-devil 测管径清管器gauging instrument 计量仪器gauging loss 计量损失gauging nipple 测量短节gauging pig 计量清管器gauging pipe 测管gauging reference point 检尺基准点gauging table 计量表gauging tank 计量罐。
气液两相流管道中的瞬态流动及清管操作模型
ＴＡＣＩＴＥ瞬态清管模型模拟清管器的运动。
１ 简化的瞬态模型及清管模型［１］
１．１简化的瞬态模型 对于气体，将应用近似的稳态假设。气体的连
程为掣＋旦掣：ｏ。 续性方程为ｍｇ一融Ｑ。一ｆＤｇＶ。Ａ。；液体的连续性方
◇分层流 在分层流中，具有局部平衡假设的两相流动量
方程为：
分层流的液体动量方程１＿ｄＰ＋Ｃ．１ｙ。Ｉ ｖ，ｌ—
（塞）平均＝～（警＋ｐ。ｇｓｉｎＯ）等一禹川＋
ｒ圭靠Ｐｓ（Ｖｓｒ＋Ｖｌｆ）ｌｙｓｒ＋Ｖ－ｒ Ｉ＋ｐ，ｇｓｉｎ口丁Ｉｆ
此处注意Ｖｔｔ的正方向是上游方向。剪切系数可表 示为Ｃ＝厂Ｓ／２Ａ，段塞流的雷诺数小于２ ０００，摩 擦因子为６４／Ｒｅ。在分层流中，根据Ｃｏｈｅｎ和
＊本文受到国家科技重大专项项目“煤层气田地面集输工艺及监测技术”（编号：２００９ＺＸ０５０３９）的资助。
流的预测便显得十分重要。
２．５ ＴＡＣＩＴＥ清管模型［３１ ＴＡＣＩＴＥ编码中清管模型对清管过程中的质
量守恒充分考虑了管线泄漏影响，并对清管器前部
堆积液体量进行预测；清管过程中的力平衡考虑了
清管器两侧压力损失和使清管速度降低的壁面阻力 的影响。可设定发球位置和接收位置、清管器的长
度和质量，以及壁面摩擦因子。
Ｐｌ ｏｚ
Ｙｔ
Ｃｉ卫Ｌ（Ｖ。一Ｖ１）ｌＶｇ—Ｖｌ Ｉ＋ｇｓｉｎＯ一０
ｐｔｙ
分层流的气体动量方程丢五ｄＰ＋禹Ｅ＋ 兰（Ｖ。一Ｖ１）｝ｙ。一Ｖｌ Ｉ＋ｇｓｉｎＯ亍０
◇环状流 该区域与分层流相似，当气体没有湿润管壁时
（Ｃ。一ｏ），分层流的方程对于环状流同样有效。 ◇泡状流或雾状流 对于这两个区域，假设在气相和液相之间没有
关键词 瞬态流动瞬态模拟清管 段塞流两相流
ＤＯＩ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００２—６４１Ｘ．２０１０．１０．０１３
示踪剂解释方法及应用研究
Ⅱ
英文摘要
Ｓｎｂｊｅｃｔ：ＴｈｅＳｔｕｄｙｏｆＥｘｐｌａｎａｔｉｏｎＭｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄＡｐｐｆｉｃａｆｉｏｎ ｏｆＩｎｔｅｒ－Ｗｅｌｌ
Ｔｒａｃｅｒ Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ
Ｐｅｉ－ｗｅｎ（ｓｉｇｎａｔⅡ旧冱啦， Ｓｐｅｃｉａｌｔｙ：Ｏｉｌ ａｎｄ Ｇａｓ Ｆｉｅｌｄ Ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ
我国绝大多数油田以注水为其开发模式，东部油田经过较长时间的开发，大多数已 进入高含水、特高含水期，为此，国家提出了“稳定东部，发展西部”的发展战略，但 是西部大多数储层属于低渗透、边角油藏，开发难度大，而且西部寻找新区块的难度也 越来越大。在这种情况下，深化对油藏状况的认识，提高最终采收率将是实现我国石油 开发战略的不可或缺的组成部分。针对我国目前油田开发的现状，为了给现场生产提供 更为可靠的油藏信息，为其制定合理的开发或调整方案提供技术支持，本论文从示踪剂 在井间的流动机理出发，建立了解释注入流体分布及波及效率、储层非均质性、压力分 布以及残余油饱和度分布的计算模型，在此基础上研制了井间示踪解释软件。通过井间 示踪解释软件来研究油藏的非均质特性和动用信息，对优化油田调整挖潜措旌、提高油 田的管理水平和提高油田最终采收率有重要的指导意义。
abbaszdehdehgani和brigham于19821983年提出了流度比为1的条件下根据井间示踪剂流动状况确定油藏非均质性的分析程序该程序改进了lyuen和brigham的求解方法加入了优化程序通过内部迭代直接求解出油层的分层孔隙度和厚度的乘积各动用层段所占总地层系数的比例并计算出累积产水量和示踪剂浓度的关系11984年abbaszdehdehgam和brigham成功地运用解析方法分析了井间示踪剂的流动动态且编制了计算机程序其模型被称为abbaszadehbrigham流管模型在本论文中简称ab模型
PDA TR34 隔离罩系统验证
PDA TECHNICAL REPORT NO.34第34号PDA技术报告DESIGN AND VALIDATION OF ISOLATOR SYSTEMS FOR THEMANUFACTURING AND TESTING OF HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS卫生保健产品生产和测试的隔离器系统的设计和验证Table of Contents内容列表1.0INTRODUCTION概述1.1Preface绪言 (1)1.2Scope范围 (1)1.3Key Definitions关键词定义 (1)1.4Purpose目的 (2)2.0TYPES OF ISOLATORS隔离器的类型2.1Closed Isolators封闭式隔离器 (2)2.1.1Closed Isolators Intended for Aseptic Applications无菌应用的封闭式隔离器 (2)2.1.2Closed Isolators Intended for Containment Applications抑制应用的封闭式隔离器 (2)2.1.3Closed Isolators Intended for Asepsis and Containment无菌和抑制应用的封闭式隔离器 (2)2.2Open Isolators开放式隔离器 (3)2.2.1Open Isolators Intended for Aseptic Applications无菌应用的开放式隔离器 (3)2.2.2Open Isolators Intended for Asepsis and Containment无菌和抑制应用的开放式隔离器 (3)3.0ISOLATOR DESIGN AND GENERAL CONSTRUCTION隔离器设计和总体结构3.1Materials of Construction构造材料 (3)3.1.1Polyvinyl Chloride(PVC)聚氯乙烯（PVC） (3)3.1.2Stainless Steel不锈钢 (4)3.1.3Glazing Materials玻璃质材料 (4)3.1.4Other Materials其他材料 (4)3.2Operator Interface操作界面 (4)3.2.1Gloves/Sleeves手套/套筒 (5)3.2.2Suits or Half-Suits全身服或者半身服 (5)3.2.3Air Handling System空气处理系统 (6)4.0FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR ISOLATORS隔离器的功能规格4.1Air Supply Specifications进气规格 (6)4.1.1Air Change Rate换气率 (7)4.1.2Air Velocity气流速度 (7)4.1.3Particulate Air Specification尘埃粒子规格 (7)4.1.4Recirculation Rate再循环率 (8)4.1.5Temperature and Humidity温度和湿度 (8)4.1.6Aeration of the Decontaminating Agent净化剂的曝气 (8)4.2Leak Testing泄露测试 (8)4.2.1Pressure Decay Test降压测试 (9)4.2.2Tracer Gas Detection Test探漏气体检测测试 (9)4.3Ergonomics人体工程学 (10)4.4Rapid Transfer Ports(RTPs)快速传送接口 (10)5.0FACILITY REQUIREMENTS设施要求5.1Classification of the Isolator Room隔离器室的种类 (11)5.2Temperature and Humidity Control温度和湿度控制 (11)5.3Process Utilities公用工程 (11)6.0USER REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS(URS)用户需求规格6.1General User Requirement Specifications一般用户需求规格 (11)6.1.1Sterility Assurance无菌保证 (11)6.1.2Cleaning and Cleaning Validation清洁和清洁验证 (14)6.1.3Containment抑制 (14)6.1.4Environmental Control环境控制 (16)6.1.5Leak Testing泄露测试 (17)6.1.6Monitoring Systems监测系统 (17)6.1.7Microbiological Monitoring of the Environment对环境的微生物监测 (17)6.1.8Process Simulation过程模拟 (18)7.0RE-QUALIFICATION TESTING再确认测试 (18)8.0CONCLUSION结论 (19)APPENDIX A:Glossary附录A词汇表 (20)APPENDIX B:Ljungqvist/Reinmuller(L-R)Method附录B Ljungqvist/Reinmuller(L-R)方法 (20)APPENDIX C:Test Methods,Pressure Drop Test附录C测试方法，降压测试21 APPENDIX D:Isolators and Sterility Assurance附录D隔离器和无菌保证 (22)REFERENCES AND TEXT NOTES引用资料和文字附注231.0INTRODUCTION绪论1.1Preface前言In recent years,isolation technology has rapidly emerged as an alternative to human-scale classified environments for the production and testing of many different types of health care products.The operational characteristics of isolators make them ideally suited for use in the preparation of sterile materials,as well as in the containment of potent materials.Additional applications can be found in the preparation of clinical supplies,sterile bulk drugs/bio-pharmaceuticals,sterile cytotoxic materials,and in sterility testing.近几年来，隔离器快速成为应用于多种不同类型的卫生保健产品的生产和测试的非传统的人造级别环境。
fluent名词翻译
abort 异常中断, 中途失败, 夭折, 流产, 发育不全，中止计划[任务] accidentally 偶然地, 意外地accretion 增长activation energy 活化能active center 活性中心addition 增加adjacent 相邻的aerosol浮质(气体中的悬浮微粒,如烟,雾等), [化]气溶胶, 气雾剂, 烟雾剂ambient 周围的, 周围环境amines 胺amplitude 广阔, 丰富, 振幅, 物理学名词annular 环流的algebraic stress model(ASM) 代数应力模型algorithm 算法align 排列，使结盟, 使成一行alternately 轮流地analogy 模拟，效仿analytical solution 分析解anisotropic 各向异性的anthracite 无烟煤apparent 显然的, 外观上的，近似的approximation 近似arsenic 砷酸盐assembly 装配associate 联合，联系assume 假设assumption 假设atomization 油雾axial 轴向的battlement 城垛式biography 经历bituminous coal 烟煤blow-off water 排污水blowing devices 鼓风(吹风)装置body force 体积力boiler plant 锅炉装置（车间）Boltzmain 玻耳兹曼Brownian rotation 布朗转动bulk 庞大的bulk density 堆积密度burner assembly 燃烧器组件burnout 燃尽capability 性能，（实际）能力，容量，接受力carbon monoxide COcarbonate 碳酸盐carry-over loss 飞灰损失Cartesian 迪卡尔坐标的casing 箱，壳，套catalisis 催化channeled 有沟的，有缝的char 焦炭、炭circulation circuit 循环回路circumferential velocity 圆周速度clinkering 熔渣clipped 截尾的clipped Gaussian distribution 截尾高斯分布closure (模型的)封闭cloud of particles 颗粒云cluster 颗粒团coal off-gas 煤的挥发气体coarse 粗糙的coarse grid 疏网格，粗网格coaxial 同轴的coefficient of restitution 回弹系数；恢复系数coke 碳collision 碰撞competence 能力competing process 同时发生影响的competing-reactions submodel 平行反应子模型component 部分分量composition 成分cone shape 圆锥体形状configuration 布置，构造confined flames 有界燃烧confirmation 证实, 确认, 批准conservation 守恒不灭conservation equation 守恒方程conserved scalars 守恒量considerably 相当地consume 消耗contact angle 接触角contamination 污染contingency 偶然, 可能性, 意外事故, 可能发生的附带事件continuum 连续体converged 收敛的conveyer 输运机convolve 卷cooling wall 水冷壁correlation 关联(式)correlation function 相关函数corrosion 腐蚀，锈coupling 联结, 接合, 耦合crack 裂缝，裂纹creep up （水）渗上来，蠕升critical 临界critically 精密地cross-correlation 互关联cumulative 累积的curtain wall 护墙，幕墙curve 曲线custom 习惯, 风俗, <动词单用>海关, (封建制度下)定期服劳役, 缴纳租税, 自定义, <偶用作>关税v.定制, 承接定做活的cyano 氰（基），深蓝，青色cyclone 旋风子，旋风，旋风筒cyclone separator 旋风分离器[除尘器]cylindrical 柱坐标的cylindrical coordinate 柱坐标dead zones 死区decompose 分解decouple 解藕的defy 使成为不可能demography 统计deposition 沉积derivative with respect to 对…的导数derivation 引出, 来历, 出处, (语言)语源, 词源design cycle 设计流程desposit 积灰，结垢deterministic approach 确定轨道模型deterministic 宿命的deviation 偏差devoid 缺乏devolatilization 析出挥发分，液化作用diffusion 扩散diffusivity 扩散系数digonal 二角(的), 对角的，二维的dilute 稀的diminish 减少direct numerical simulation 直接模拟discharge 释放discrete 离散的discrete phase 分散相, 不连续相discretization [数]离散化deselect 取消选定dispersion 弥散dissector 扩流锥dissociate thermally 热分解dissociation 分裂dissipation 消散, 分散, 挥霍, 浪费, 消遣, 放荡, 狂饮distribution of air 布风divide 除以dot line 虚线drag coefficient 牵引系数，阻力系数drag and drop 拖放drag force 曳力drift velocity 漂移速度driving force 驱[传, 主]动力droplet 液滴drum 锅筒dry-bottom-furnace 固态排渣炉dry-bottom 冷灰斗，固态排渣duct 管dump 渣坑dust-air mixture 一次风EBU---Eddy break up 漩涡破碎模型eddy 涡旋effluent 废气，流出物elastic 弹性的electro-staic precipitators 静电除尘器emanate 散发, 发出, 发源，[罕]发散, 放射embrasure 喷口，枪眼emissivity [物]发射率empirical 经验的endothermic reaction 吸热反应enhance 增，涨enlarge 扩大ensemble 组，群，全体enthalpy 焓entity 实体entrain 携带，夹带entrained-bed 携带床equilibrate 保持平衡equilibrium 化学平衡ESCIMO-----Engulfment（卷吞）Stretching（拉伸）Coherence（粘附）Interdiffusion-interaction（相互扩散和化学反应）Moving-observer（运动观察者）exhaust 用尽, 耗尽, 抽完, 使精疲力尽排气排气装置用不完的, 不会枯竭的exit 出口，排气管exothermic reaction 放热反应expenditure 支出，经费expertise 经验explicitly 明白地, 明确地extinction 熄灭的extract 抽出，提取evaluation 评价，估计，赋值evaporation 蒸发(作用)Eulerian approach 欧拉法facilitate 推动，促进factor 把…分解fast chemistry 快速化学反应fate 天数, 命运, 运气，注定, 送命，最终结果feasible 可行的，可能的feed pump 给水泵feedstock 填料fine grid 密网格，细网格finite difference approximation 有限差分法flamelet 小火焰单元flame stability 火焰稳定性flow pattern 流型fluctuating velocity 脉动速度fluctuation 脉动，波动flue 烟道（气）flue duck 烟道fluoride 氟化物fold 夹层块forced-and-induced draft fan 鼓引风机forestall 防止fouling 沾污fraction 碎片部分，百分比fragmentation 破碎fuel-lean flamefuel-rich regions 富燃料区，浓燃料区fuse 熔化，熔融gas duct 烟道gas-tight 烟气密封gasification 气化(作用)gasifier 气化器generalized model 通用模型Gibbs function Method 吉布斯函数法Gordon 戈登governing equation 控制方程gradient 梯度graphics 图gross efficiency 总效率hazard 危险header 联箱helically 螺旋形地heterogeneous 异相的heat flux 热流(密度)heat regeneration 再热器heat retention coeff 保热系数histogram 柱状图homogeneous 同相的、均相的hopper 漏斗horizontally 卧式的，水平的hydrodynamic drag 流体动力阻力hydrostatic pressure 静压hypothesis 假设humidity 湿气，湿度，水分含量identical 同一的，完全相同的ignition 着火illustrate 图解，插图in common with 和…一样in excess of 超过, 较...为多in recognition of 承认…而，按照in terms of 根据, 按照, 用...的话, 在...方面incandescent 白炽的，光亮的inception 起初induced-draft fan 强制引风机inert 无活动的, 惰性的, 迟钝的inert atmosphere 惰性气氛inertia 惯性, 惯量inflammability 可燃性injection 引入，吸引inleakage 漏风量inlet 入口inlet vent 入烟口instantaneous reaction rate 瞬时反应速率instantaneous velocity 瞬时速度instruction 指示, 用法说明(书), 教育, 指导, 指令intake fan 进气风扇integral time 积分时间integration 积分interface 接触面intermediate 中间的，介质intermediate species 中间组分intermittency model of turbulence 湍流间歇模型intermixing 混合intersect 横断，相交interval 间隔intrinsic 内在的inverse proportion 反比irreverse 不可逆的irreversible 不可逆的，单向的isothermal 等温的, 等温线的,等温线isotropic 各向同性的joint 连接justify 认为Kelvin 绝对温度，开氏温度kinematic viscosity 动粘滞率, 动粘度kinetics 动力学Lagrangian approach 拉格朗日法laminarization 层流化的Laminar 层流Laminar Flamelet Concept 层流小火焰概念large-eddy simulation (LES) 大涡模拟leak 泄漏length scale 湍流长度尺度liberate 释放lifetime 持续时间，（使用）寿命，使用期literature 文学(作品), 文艺, 著作, 文献lining 炉衬localized 狭小的logarithm [数] 对数Low Reynolds Number Modeling Method 低雷诺数模型macropore 大孔隙(直径大于1000埃的孔隙) manipulation 处理, 操作, 操纵, 被操纵mass action 质量作用mass flowrate 质量流率Mcbride 麦克布利德mean free paths 平均自由行程mean velocity 平均速度meaningful 意味深长的，有意义的medium 均匀介质mercury porosimetery 水银测孔计, 水银孔率计mill 磨碎，碾碎mineral matter 矿物质mixture fraction 混合分数modal 众数的，形式的, 样式的, 形态上的, 情态的, 语气的[计](对话框等)模式的modulus 系数, 模数moisture 水分，潮湿度molar 质量的, [化][物]摩尔的moment 力矩，矩，动差momentum 动量momentum transfer 动量传递monobloc 单元机组monobloc units 单组mortar 泥灰浆mount 安装，衬底Monte Carlo methods 蒙特卡罗法multiflux radiation model 多(4/6)通量模型multivariate [统][数]多变量的,多元的negative 负Newton-Rephson 牛顿—雷夫森nitric oxide NO2node 节点non-linear 非线性的numerical control 数字控制numerical simulation 数值模拟table look-up scheme 查表法tabulate 列表tangential 切向的tangentially 切线tilting 摆动the heat power of furnace 热负荷the state-of-the-art 现状thermal effect 反应热thermodynamic 热力学thermophoresis 热迁移，热泳threshold 开始, 开端, 极限tortuosity 扭转, 曲折, 弯曲toxic 有毒的，毒的trajectory 轨迹,弹道tracer 追踪者, 描图者, (铁笔等)绘图工具translatory 平移的transport coefficients 输运系数transverse 横向，横线triatomic 三原子的turbulence intensity 湍流强度turbulent 湍流turbulent burner 旋流燃烧器turbulization 涡流turnaround 完成two-scroll burner 双涡流燃烧器unimodal [统](频率曲线或分布)单峰的,(现象或性质) 用单峰分布描述的validate 使…证实validation 验证vaporization 汽化Variable 变量variance 方差variant 不同的，变量variation 变更, 变化, 变异, 变种, [音]变奏, 变调vertical 垂直的virtual mass 虚质量viscosity 粘度visualization 可视化volatile 易挥发性的volume fraction 体积分数, 体积分率, 容积率volume heat 容积热vortex burner 旋流式燃烧器vorticity 旋量wall-function method 壁面函数法water equivalent 水当量weighting factor 权重因数unity （数学）一uniform 不均匀unrealistic 不切实际的, 不现实的Zeldovich 氮的氧化成一氧化氮的过程zero mean 零平均值zone method 区域法。
ChemSim软件操作说明(中文)
油藏化学驱和调驱调剖模拟软件系统（ChemSim）操作说明2010年8月目录一．软件概述二、软件安装三、模型建立与三维数值模拟的简捷操作说明附录：ChemSim软件参数1、标题和油藏描述2、油藏性质3、物理性质4、历史拟合数据5、输出选项一、软件概述ChemSim是美国IUT集团联合美国一个化学驱精英团队开发的最新一代三维油田化学驱和调驱调剖软件，在国内外油田大量需求中最近隆重推出。
它是目前国际上功能最强，物理化学机理性计算最完备，实验室数据基础最充分的化学驱及调驱调剖专业性很强的软件系统。
ChemSim是集油藏建模、数值模拟于一体的大型综合油藏数值模拟软件。
油藏注水调驱调剖模拟技术软件数值模拟引擎采用了目前油藏数值模拟研究的最新成果和多重网格高速算法，数值模拟运算速度较快。
ChemSim除了用于数值模拟计算，还可以对模拟结果进行处理，因为它本身具有模型后处理显示功能及曲线可视化。
利用OpenGL 技术开发的功能强大的后处理三维图像显示模块可以三维显示油藏数值模拟器计算的结果以及油藏地质结构体、油藏厚度分布、有效厚度分布、孔隙度分布、渗透率分布、压力场分布、饱和度场分布等。
主要有以下特点：1、三维非等温的油藏化学驱数值模拟器2、含有直角坐标和柱坐标两种网格坐标3、适用于直井、水平井、斜井4、模型中有关交联调剖运算部分的数学描述主要基于质量作用定律5、三阶有限差分网格6、岩石表面存在离子交换7、示踪剂的双重孔隙度模型以及示踪剂的分配，反应，吸附和放射性衰退8、聚合物的粘弹性质模拟9、颗粒胶体运移和膨胀10、模拟中井的类型可以改变11、自动时间步选择及精度、收敛、稳定性控制12、考虑了全张量离散系数和分子弥散、粘土/活性剂阳离子交换二、软件安装1、启动ESSS-ChemSim Setup安装程序2、按要求完成安装步骤后，打开ChemSim主界面，选择Help目录下的License Info，如图1所示。
70t单管RH冶金传输行为的数值模拟
第50卷第6期2019年6月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology)V ol.50No.6Jun e 2019 70t单管RH冶金传输行为的数值模拟窦为学1,2，雷洪3，朱苗勇1(1.东北大学冶金学院，辽宁沈阳，110819；2.敬业钢铁有限公司，河北石家庄，040500；3.东北大学材料电磁过程研究教育部重点实验室，辽宁沈阳，110819)摘要：为了深入了解70t单管RH内的冶金传输过程，分别采用欧拉−欧拉方法、示踪剂输运方程和碳氧质量分数输运偏微分方程组描述RH内钢液流动行为、混匀过程和脱碳过程。
数值模拟结果表明：随着真空度由250Pa降低到50Pa，循环流量和混匀时间保持不变，钢液中碳质量分数由81.8×10−6降低到34.3×10−6；随着底吹氩气量由100L/min增大到500L/min，循环流量由23.1t/min增加到42.2t/min，均混时间由179s下降到100s，钢液中碳质量分数由72.6×10−6下降到47.5×10−6。
预测的脱碳曲线与工业实验数据符合良好；提高单管RH底吹氩气量，有利于提高循环流量，减少均混时间，降低钢液中碳元素质量分数。
关键词：单管RH；真空精炼；均混时间；脱碳；数值模拟中图分类号：TF769.4文献标志码：A文章编号：1672-7207(2019)06−1284−07Numberical simulation for metallurgical transfer in70t singlesnorkel RHDOU Weixue1,2,LEI Hong3,ZHU Miaoyong1(1.School of Metallurgy,Northeastern University,Shenyang110819,China;2.Jingye Iron and Steel Limited Company,Shijiazhuang040500,China;3.Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials,Ministry of Education,Northeastern University,Shenyang110819,China)Abstract:In order to get a deep insight into the metallurgical transfer process in70t single snorkel RH,Euler−Euler approach,tracer transfer model and partial differential equations for carbon and oxygen transfer were respectively applied to describe the fluid flow,mixing process,and decarburization process in RH.Numerical results show that,while the vacuum degree falls from250to50Pa,the circulation flow rate and mixing time almost remain unchanged,and the carbon mass fraction decreases from81.8×10−6to34.3×10−6.While the ladle bottom blowing argon flow rate rises from 100to500L/min,the circulation flow rate rises from23.1to42.2t/min,the mixing time decreases from179to100s, and carbon mass fraction decreases from72.6×10−6to47.5×10−6.The predicted carbon mass fraction is in good agreement with the industrial experimental result.Increasing the flow rate of argon blown into the single snorkel RH is beneficial to increase the flow rate and reduce the mixing time and carbon mass fraction in liquid steel.Key words:single snorkel RH;vacuum refining;mixing time;decarburization;numerical simulationDOI:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2019.06.003收稿日期：2018−12−24；修回日期：2019−02−13基金项目(Foundation item)：国家自然科学基金与宝钢联合资助项目(U1460108)(Project(U1460108)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Shanghai Baosteel)通信作者：雷洪，博士，教授，从事高品质钢的精炼和连铸理论与工艺研究；E-mail:***************第6期窦为学，等：70t单管RH冶金传输行为的数值模拟钢液真空循环脱气法是西德鲁尔钢铁公司(Ruhrstahl)和赫拉欧斯公司(Hereaeus)共同设计开发的一种钢液炉外精炼方法，简称RH法。
U型通风工作面采空区漏风规律研究
煤炭工程第52卷第12期COAL ENGINEERING Vol.52, N o. 112 do i:10.11799/c e202012028u型通风工作面采空区漏风规律研究田垚、杨成昊、孙全吉2,常可可、郭增乐1(1.中国矿业大学（北京）应急管理与安全工程学院，北京100083;2.潞安集团温庄煤业有限公司，山西长治046000)摘要：通过S F6*踪气体法对温庄煤矿15012 U型通风工作面采空区进行漏风测定。
结果显示，15102工作面漏风率为丨6. 31%,采空区内存在多条漏风通道，漏风风速为0.032~0.128m/s。
数值模拟结果显示，U型通风系统采空区内漏风风流流线呈U形分布，由工作面进风侧流入，回风侧流出。
工作面下隅角区域采空区上部，更易发生自燃。
采空区三带呈条状分布，三带范围随高度升高而变化，氧化带随高度增加先增大后减小，散热带随高度增大而缩小，高度大于16.3m时消失。
关键词：示踪气体；U型通风；采空区漏风；数值模拟中图分类号：TD722文献标识码：A文章编号：1671-0959(2020)12-0132-05Air leakage law in goaf of the working face using U-type ventilationTIAN Yao1, YANG Cheng-hao1 , SUN Quan-ji2, CHANG K e-ke1, GUO Zeng-le1(1. School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China；2. L u'an Group Wenzhuang Coal Industry Co. , Ltd. , Changzhi 046000, China)A bstract：SF6tracer gas method is used to test the air leakage in goaf of Wenzhuang coal mine 15012 working face using U-type ventilation. The results show that, there are several air-leaking channels, the air leakage ratio of the goaf is 16. 31% and the air leakage speed is between 0. 032m/s to 0. 128m/s. The results of numerical simulation show that the air leakage channels are U—shaped. The air enters from the intake side of the working face and exits from the return side. Spontaneous combustion is more likely to occur in the upper part of the goaf in the roadway area of the working face. The three zones of goaf distribute in bar shape. The range of the three zones changes as the height increases ：the area of oxidation zone increases first and then decreases the area of heat dissipation zone gradually decreases and disappeared when the height is over 16. 3m.K eyw ords：tracer gas；U—typ>e ventilation；air leakage in goaf；numerical simulation采空区漏风易导致其内部遗煤自燃并引发二次 灾害，严重威胁矿井安全生产。
汽车专业英语词汇（2）_交通运输英语词汇
排气分析试验 exhaust analysis test 突变负荷试验 sudden load change test稳定性试验 stability test单缸熄火试验 one cylinder shut off test例行检查试验 routine inspection test验证试验 verification test鉴定试验 approval test可靠性试验 reliability test耐久性试验 durability test定型试验 type approval test验收试验 acceptance test现场试验 field test出厂试验 delivery test抽查试验 spot check test复查试验 re-check test台架试验 bench test强化试验 hop-up test发动机试验台 engine test bed底盘测功机 chassis dynamometer测功机 dynamometer水力测功机 hydraulic dynamometer电涡流测功机 eddy current dynamometer电力测功机 electric dynamometer扭矩仪 torque meter转速表 tachometer温度测量 thermometry温度测量仪器 thermometric instruments空气流量测量 air flow measurement热线风速仪 hot wire anemometer电子示功仪 electronic indicator燃烧分析仪 combustion analyzer压力传感器 pressure transducer精密声级计 precision sound level meter排放 emission排放物 emission排气污染物 gaseous pollutant蒸发排放物 evaporative emission曲轴箱排放物 crankcase emission漏气 blowby gas氨氧化物 oxids of nitrogen一气化碳 carbon monoxide碳氢化合物 hydrocarbon甲烷 methane无甲烷碳氢化合物 non-methane hydrocarbons光化学活性碳氢化合物photochemically reactive hydrocarbons微粒物 particulated matter黑烟 black smoke蓝烟 blue smoke白烟 white smoke碳烟 soot光化学烟雾 smog臭味 odor丙烷 propane排放浓度 concentration of emission排气烟度 exhaust smoke先期排气 initial exhaust亚临界排气 subcritical exhaust超临界排气 supercritical exhaust强制排气 forced exhaust自由排气 free exhaust排气提前角 exhaust advance angle排气迟后角 exhaust lag angle排气热损失 exhaust heat loss排气净化 exhaust purification排气背压 exhaust back pressure残余废气 residual gas排气有害成分 poisonous exhaust composition柴油机排烟 diesel smoke综合排放浓度 composite concentration of exhaust emission 综合排放质量 composite mass of exhaust emission排放系数 emission factor排放率 emission index质量排放量 mass emission比排放量 brake specific emission排放物控制系统 emission control system排气排放物控制系统 exhaust emission control system二次空气 secondary air二次空气分配歧管 secondary air distribution二次空气控制阀 secondary air control valve二次空气转换阀 secondary air switching valve二次空气转流阀 secondary air diverter valve二次空气喷射装置 secondary air injection system二次空气喷射管 secondary air injection tube二次空气喷射减速压阀 secondary air injection relief valve脉动空气装置 pulsating air system二次空气泵 secondary air pump曲轴箱排放物控制系统 crankcase emission control system曲轴箱双通风系统 crankcase closed system曲轴箱单通风系统 crankcase sealed system曲轴箱强制通风装置 positive crankcase ventilationpcv阀 pcv valve蒸发排放物控制系统 evaporative emission control system 活性碳罐贮存装置 charcoal canister storage system活性碳罐 charcoal canister曲轴箱贮存装置 crankcase storage system空气滤清器贮存装置 air filter storage system燃油箱止回阀 fuel tank check valve油气分离器 fuel and vapor separator清除阀 furge valve催化转化系统 catalytic converting system催化燃烧分析仪 catalytic combustion analyzer催化剂 catalyst转化器 converter催化转化器 catalytic converter轴流式转化器 axial flow type converter径流式转化器 radial flow type converter下流式转化器 down flow type converter上流式转化器 up flow type converter双床式转化器 dual bed converter单床式转化器 single bed converter氧化型催化剂 oxidation catalyst还原型催化剂 reduction catalyst三元催化剂 three-way catalyst贵金属催化剂 noble metal catalyst普通金属催化剂 base metal catalyst稀土催化剂 rare earth catalyst催化剂耗损 catalyst attrition催化剂收缩 catalyst shrinkage催化剂中毒 catalyst poisoning比表面积 specific surface area空速 space velocity载体涂料 washcoat双重催化系统 dual -catalyst system催化箱 catalyst container载体 substrate整体式载体 monolithic substrate颗粒式载体 pelleted substrate转化效率 conversion efficiency熄灯温度 light-off temperature热态反应系统 thermal reacting system热反应器 thermal reactor反应式歧管 reactive manifold过热保护装置 over heating protection system过热警报装置 over heating warning system排气口衬套 exhaust port liner后燃器 after burner排气再循环系 egr system排气再循环 exhaust gas recirculation节气门前egr系统 above throttle valve egr system节气门后egr 系统 below throttle valve egr system空气比例式egr系统 air proportional egr system负荷比例式egr系统 load proportional egr system孔口真空控制式egr 系统ported vacuum controlled egr system喉管真空控制式egr系统venturi vacuum controlled egr system排气压力控制式egr系统exhaust pressure controlled egr system声速控制式egr系统 sonic controlled egr system电子控制式egr系统 electronic controlled egr systemegr冷却器 egr cooleregr 过滤器 ger filteregr 控制阀 egr control valveegr调压阀 egr pressure regulator再循环排气 egr gas再循环排气率 egr rate点火和喷油时刻控制系统 ignition and injection timing control system点火时刻控制系统 ignition timing control system减速点火提前控制装置 deceleration spark advance control推迟喷油时刻控制系统retarded injection timing control system转速控制的推迟喷油时刻 retarded injection timing with speed 负荷控制的推迟喷油时刻 retarded injection timing with load 燃油控制系统 fuel control system反馈控制 feedback control空燃比反馈控制系统 air-fuel ratio feedback control system理论配比 stoichiometric高效带 window氧传感器 oxygen sensor稀混合气 lean mixture浓混合气 rich mixture分层充气 stratified charge温度补偿 temperature compensating海拔补偿 altitude compensating气压补偿 atmospheric pressure compensating电子控制化油器 electronic controlled carburetor电子燃油喷射系统 electronic fuel injection system怠速限制器 idle limiter阻风门开启器 choke opener减速控制装置 deceleration control system补气阀 gulp valve节气门定位器 throttle positioner节气门缓冲器 throttle dash pot节气门开启器 throttle opener强制怠速加浓装置 coasting richer发动机电子集中控制系统electronic concentrated engine control system温度传感器 temperature sensor压力传感器 pressure sensor位置传感器 position sensor转速传感器 speed sensor爆震传感器 knock sensor进气流量传感器 intake flow sensor温度开关 temperature switch节气门位置开关 throttle position switch其他控制装置 other control systems除水系统 water removal system喷水装置 water injection system调温式空气滤清器temperature controlled (modulated )air cleaner微粒物捕集装置 particulate trap system捕集装置氧化器 trap oxidizer一氧化碳容积百分率 carbon monoxide percent by volume一氧化碳分析仪 co analyzer湿度 moisture量距和零点 span and zero补偿 compensation标定气体 calibration gas样气处理系统 sample handling system凝水分离器 condensate trap密封垫 gasket玷污 contaminate防漏 leakproof稀释 dilution算术平均值 arithmetic average精度 accuracy全量程 full scale漂移 drift预热时间 warm-up time抗腐蚀性 corrosion -resistance流量计 flowmeter热交换器 heat exchanger不透气收集袋 gas-tight collection bag分析测定方法和仪器analysis measuring method and instrument不分光红外线分析法 nondispersive infrared不分光紫外线分析法 nondispersive ultraviolet氢火焰离子化检测器 flame ionization ditector总碳氢化合物分析仪 total hydrocarbon analyzer气相色谱仪 gas chromatograph化学发光检测器 chemiluminescent detector臭氧发生器 ozonator底盘测功机 chassis dynamometer惯性模拟系统 inertia simulation system功率吸收装置 device for power absorption转鼓 roller空气阻力 aerodynamic resistance滚动阻力 rolling resistance当量惯量 equivalent inertia滤纸式测试仪 filter-type measuring apparatus转速表 tachometer成套分析设备 analytical train组合气室 stacked cell参比室 reference cell滤光室 filter cell干扰滤光器 interferential filter加热式氢火焰离子化检测器 heated flame ionization detector 氮氧化合物转化器 nox converter(no2-no)反应室 reactive cell (chamber)催化燃烧分析仪 catalytic combustion analyzer碳氢化合物响应度 hydrocarbon response碳数当量 carbon equivalent百万分率碳 parts per million carbon (ppmc)氧干扰 oxygen interference氧校正 oxygen correction湿度较正系数 humidity correction (kh)factor拖尾 tailing五氧化二碘法 iodine penta-oxide method平衡气 balance gas零点气 zero grade gas (air zero gas)校正气 calibrating gas量距气 span gas拉格朗日拟合 lagrangian fit二氧化碳干扰校正 corrected for co2 extraction袋式分析 bag analysis柴油机排烟测定仪器 diesel smoke measuring instrument排气烟度 opacity of exhaust gas烟度计 opacimeter全流式烟度计 full flow opacimeter取样烟度计 sampling opacimeter光线有效通过长度 effective path length of light ray吸光系数 light absorption coefficient峰值储存器 peak hold device烟室 smoke chamber引进气体 incoming gas排出气体 outgoing gas色温 color temperature人眼的感光曲线 photoptic curve of human eye光谱反应曲线 spectral response curve光源 light source光束 light beam直接光线 direct light ray反射光线 reflected light rays散射光 diffused light光通量 light lux中性滤波仪 neutral optical filter烟度计物理反应时间 physical response time of opacimeter 电气响应时间 electrical response time倍频程 octave热时常数 thermal time-constant烟柱 smoke column标定用遮光片 calibrating screen示踪气体 tracer gas扫气 scavenge air冷却装置 cooling device膨涨箱 expansion tank暗度刻度 obscuration scale光学试验台 optical bench热电偶 thermocouple气密性 gas tightness阻尼室 dampling chamber烟度计 smokemeter光学式烟度计 optical smokemeter不透光式烟度计 smoke opacimeter比尔-朗伯定律 beer-lambert law不透光度 opacity (lgiht obscuration )(n)透光度 transmittance(t)光吸收系数 coefficient of light absorption (k)光通道有效长度 effective optical path length(l)滤纸式烟度计 filter type smokemeter有效长度 effective length抽气量 swept volume滤纸有效面积 effective filter area死区容积 dead volume烟度单位 smoke unit(index)滤纸式烟度单位 filter smoke number (fsn)内装式烟度计 built-in (in-line)smokemeter外装式烟度计 mounted(end-of line) smokemeter全流式烟度计 full-flow smokemeter部分流式烟度计 art-flow smokemeter取样探头 probe排气收集系统 exhaust gas collection equipment稀释空气样气收集袋 sample collection bag for dilution air稀释空气取样探头 sample probe for dilution air稀释排气混合气收集袋sample collection bag for dilute exhaust mixture取样方法和设备 sampling method and device全流取样法 full flow sampling部分流取样法 partial flow sampling定容取样法 constant volume sampling (cvs)全量袋式取样法 total bag sampling比例取样法 proportional smapling直接取样法 direct sampling method动态或连续取样法 dynamic or continuous sampling容积式泵 positive displacement pump临界流量文杜里管 critical flow venturi稀释系数 dilution factor稀释用空气 dilution air稀释排气 diluted exhaust稀释风道 dilution ratio取样探管 dilution tunnel取样袋 sampling bag逆向清洗 back flush试验方法和限值 testing method and limits试验循环 test cycle行驶循环 driving cycle工况 mode行驶监视仪 driver aid中间转速 intermediate speed加权系数 weighting coefficient美国烟排放物试验循环 us epa smoke emission test cycle全负荷法 full load method自由加速法 free acceleraton method加载减速法 lug down method稳定单速法 single steady speed method道路试验法 road test method滑行法 coastdown密闭室测定蒸发排放物法（shed）sealed housing ofrevaporative emission determination (shed)运转损失 running losses热浸损失 hot soak losses昼间换气损失 diurnal breathing losses美国la-4c法 useqp a-4ch test procedure美国la-4ch法 us epa 4ch test procedure美国九工况法 us epa 9 -mode test cycle美国十三工况法 us epa 13-mde test cycle美国重型柴油机瞬态法us epa heavy duty diesel engine transient test cycle日本四工况法 japanese 4-mode test cycle日本十工况法 japanese 10/11-mode test cycle日本六工况法 japanese 6-mode test cycle欧洲ece十五工况法 ece 15-mode test cycle排放限值 emission limits怠速排放限值 idle speed emission limits浓度排放限值 emission concentration limits质量排放限值 mass rate of emission limits净化 purifying净化率 purifying rate在用车 in-use vehicle无铅汽油 unleaded gasoline劣化系数（df） deterioration factor(df)车辆类型vehicle type道路车辆 road vehicle商用车辆 commercial vehicle机动车辆 motor vehicle电动车辆 electric vehicle摩托车 motorcycle轻便摩托车 moped轿车 passenger car微型轿车 minicar普通级轿车 subcompact car中级轿车 compact car中高级轿车 intermediate car高级轿车 limousine (pullman saloon)活顶轿车 convertible saloon旅行轿车 station wagon短头轿车 forward control passenger car 小型轿车 coupe敞蓬小轿车 drop head coupe跑车 sports car赛车 racer (racing car)单座小客车 one-seater七座小客车 seven-seater越野车 off-road vehicle轻型越野车 light-off-road vehicle中型越野车 medium off-road vehicle重型越野车 heavy off -road vehicle超重型越野车 extra heavy off- road vehicle 吉普车 jeep硬顶吉普车 hard top jeep客车 bus微型客车 minibus轻型客车 light bus中型客车 medium bus大型客车 large bus客货两用小客车 estate car (estate)多用途客车 multipurpose vehicle厢式小客车 closed car出租小客车 taxicar城市客车 urban bus大客车 coach城间大客车 intercity bus长途大客车 long distance coach旅游客车 sightseeing bus(touring bus) 铰接客车 articulated bus无轨客车 trolley bus双层客车 double-deck bus团体客车 private coach货车 truck(lorry)微型货车 mini-truck轻型货车 light truck中型货车 medium truck重型货车 heavy truck公路货车 highway vehicle小型货车 pick-up平板货车 platform truck(flat bed truck) 通用货车 general -purpose vehicle短轴距货车 short-wheel base truck长轴距货车 long-wheelbase truck集装箱运输货车 container carrier客货两用车 cargo-bus厢式货车 van牵引汽车 towing vehicle全挂牵引汽车 towing vehicle牵杆式牵引车 full-trailer towing vehicle 半挂牵引车 semi-trailer towing vehicle 道路列车 road train客用道路列车 passenger road train铰接式道路列车 articulated road train双挂式道路列车 double road train混合式道路列车 composite road train天然气车辆 natural gas vehicle(ngv)压缩天然气车辆 compressed natural gas vehicle 液化天然气车辆 liquid petroleum gas vehicle液化石油气车辆 liquid petroleum gas vehicle双燃料车辆 duel fuel vehicle单燃料车辆 single fuel vehicle专用车 special vehicle垃圾车 dust car (refuse collector)冷藏车 refrigerated van洒水车 street sprinkler (street flusher)囚车 prison van殡仪车 hearse售货车 mobile store(mobile shop)图书馆车 mobile library宣传车 mobile louderspeaker商业广告车 spiel truck展览汽车 demonstration car博览会专用车 fairground vehicle流动艺术展览车 artmobile邮政车 mobile post office运油车 fuel tanker加油车 refueller飞机牵引车 aircraft tractor救护车 ambulance (medical vehicle)病院汽车 clinic car医疗急救车 rescue ambulancex射线诊断车 mobile-x-ray clinic防疫监测车 mobile epidemic control vehicle计划生育车 mobile family -planning clinic伤残者运送车 handicapped person carrier炊事车 kitchen vehicle餐车 mobile canteen沐浴车 mobile shower bath保温车 insulated van电视转播车 tv relaying vehicle电视录像车 video recording vehicle摄影车 mobile photographic studio电影放映车 film projection vehicle邮件运输车 mail carrier农用车 farm vehicle种子检测车 plant seeds inspection van植物保护车 plant pest control vehicle计量检测车 metrology inspection vehicle环境检测车 mobile environment monitor畜禽防疫车 mobile animal eqidemic control交通监理车 traffic control car刑事勘察车 mobile crime investigation vehicle气卸散装水泥车 bulk-cement pneumatic delivery tanker气卸散装煤粉车 bulk-coal powder pneumatic delivery tanker 气卸散装电石粉车bulk-calcium carbide pneumatic delivery tanker气卸散装化学粉粒车bulk-chemicals pneumatic delivery tanker食用植物油运油汽车 edible oil tanker食用植物油加油车 edible oil pump delivery tanker活鱼运输车 life fish carrier气卸散装面粉车 bulk-flour pneumatic delivery tanker吸尘车 vacuum sweeper高压清洗车 high-pressure sewer flushing vehicle 吸污车 suction -type sewer scavenger真空吸粪车 suction -type tumbrel tanker自装卸垃圾车 refuse collecting truck旋转板自装卸垃圾车 compression refuse collector 航空食品装运车 aircraft caterer's delivery truck 散装粮食运输车 bulk-grain carrier散装饲料运输车 bulk-fodder transport truck牲畜运输车 livestock carrier家禽运输车 poultry carrier养蜂车 mobile bee-keeper原木运输车 logging transporter管材运输车 pole transporter车辆运输车 car transporter锅炉车 mobile boiler除雪车 snow sweeper机场客梯车 mobile aircraft landing stairs消防车 fire-fighting vehicle水罐消防车 fire-extinguishing water tanker泡沫消防车 fire-extinguishing foam tanker救火泵车 fire pumper消防水罐车 fire tanker泡沫灭火车 foam vehicle消防指挥车 fire service commanding car云梯消防车 fire-fighting truntable ladder厢式汽车 van厢式零担运输车 break bulk cargo carrier罐式汽车 tanker酸罐车 acid tanker液化气罐车 liquified gas tanker奶罐车 milk tanker食品液罐车 beverage tanker背罐车 demountable tanker carrier装卸机械 loading (unload)machine叉式装货机 fork-type loading (unlaod)machine 刮板式装货机 scraper type loading machine单斗式装货机 single bucket loading machine带升降塔架车辆 tower crane塔式超重机 tower crane汽车吊车 truck crane移动式起重机 mobile crane固定式起重机 stationary crane起重举升汽车 crane/lift truck特种结构汽车 special construction vehicle随车起重运输车 truck with loading crane后栏板起重运输车 tail-lift truck高空作业车 hydraulic aerial cage（公路事故或故障车辆的）急修车 breakdown truck 修理车 mobile workshop救险车 recovery vehicle技术服务车 service car现场用小车 spot dolly工具车 tool car故障检修车 trouble car勘测工程车 recording bus筑路工程用车 road machine压路机 road roller推土机 ball dozer平路机 motor grader铲运机 wheeled loading shovel轮式装载车 wheeled loader轮式挖掘机 wheeled excavator混凝土搅拌车 concrete mixer truck焊接工程车 mobile welding workshop沥青洒布车 asphalt distribution truck沥青路面养护车 asphalt pavement maintenance truck 沥青运输车 heated bitument tanker建筑大板运输车 prfab building panel transporter电信工程车 telecommunicatin field service truck工程机械运输车 construction machinery transporter 仓栅式汽车 storage/stake truck钻孔立柱车 pole drill and erection truck油田试井车 oil-well testing vehicle井架运输车 derrick transporter修井车 well maintenance vehicle地锚车 mobile ground anchor vehicle灌注车 oil well cracking acid pumping truck照明车 flood lighting vehicle后翻倾式自卸汽车 rear dump truck两侧翻倾式自卸汽车 side dump truck三面翻倾式自卸汽车 three-way dump truck重型自卸汽车 heavy duty dump truck矿用自卸汽车 mining dump truck专用自卸汽车 special dump truck摆臂式自装卸汽车 swept-body dump truck车厢可卸式汽车 roll-off skip loader全挂车 full trailer半挂车 semi-trailer特种挂车 special trailer栏板货厢式挂车 cargo trailer平板式挂车 flat platform trailer低架式挂车 low-loader trailer厢式挂车 trailer van自卸式挂车 dumper trailer旅居挂车 caravan动物集装箱 live-stock container干货集装箱 dry cargo container保温集装箱 isothermal container框架集装箱 flat rack container散货集装箱 bulk container罐式集装箱 tank container冷藏集装箱 refrigerated container质量 mass净底盘干质量 bare chassis dry mass净底盘整备质量 bare chassis kerb mass底盘与驾驶室干质量 chassis and cab dry mass底盘与驾驶室整备质量 chassis and cab kerb mass整车交运质量 complete vehicle shipping mass整车整备质量 complete vehicle kerb mass最大设计总质量 maximum design total mass最大允许总质量 maximum autohrozed total mass最大设计装载质量 maximum design pay mass最大允许装载质量 maximum autohorized pay mass 厂定最大总质量 manufacturer's maxumum total mass 载重量 payload车辆自重 kerb weight总重量 gross weight轴荷 axle load最大设计轴荷 maximum design axle load最小设计轴荷 minimum authorized axle load最大允许轴荷 maximum design axle load轮胎最大设计拖挂质量 maximum design tyre load最大设计拖挂质量 maximum authorized tyre load最大允许拖挂质量 maximum authorized towed mass汽车列车最大设计质量maximum design mass of vehicle combination汽车列车最大允许质量maximum authorized mass of vehicle combination铰接车最大设计质量maximum disgn mass of articulated vehicle铰接车最大允许质量 maximum authorized amss of articulated vehicle半挂牵引车承受的最大静载荷maximum design static laod borne by semi-trailer towing vehicle作用在挂接装置上的最大设计静载荷maximum design static laod on coupling device作用在挂接装置上的最大允许静载荷maximum authorized static load on coupling device比功率 power/mass ratio比扭矩 torque/maximum total mass ratio重量利用系数 factor of weight utilizaton汽车型谱 chart of automotive model后驱动汽车 rear drive automobile前驱动汽车 front drive automobile发动机后置式客车 bus with rear engine四轮驱动车辆 all wheel drive automobile发动机前置式客车 bus with front engine发动机底置式客车 bus with underfloor engine计算机辅助设计 computer aided deisgn(cad)有限寿命设计 design for finite life累积疲劳损伤原理 theory of cumulative damage in fatique优化设计 optimum deisgn汽车尺寸控制图 sketch on layout ofr dimenshion's control of assembly汽车总装配图 automobile assembly drawing汽车总布置草图 sketch for automobile layout汽车设计的技术经济分析technical -economic analysis in automobile design设计任务书 design assignment系列化、通用化、标准化seriation ,universalization and standardization总布置设计 calculation for layout运动校核 correction of motion侧视轮廓 side outline前视轮廓 end outline顶视轮廓 plan outline车长 vehicle length车宽 vehicle width车高 vehicle height轴距 wheel base轮距 track前轮距 track front后轮距 track rear双胎间距 space between twin wheels前悬 front overhang后悬 rear overhang离地间隙 ground clearance纵向通过角 ramp angle接近角 approach angle离出角 departure angle车架高度 height of chassis above ground驾驶室后车架最大可用长度 maximum usable length of chassis behind cab车身长度 body work length车厢内部最大尺寸 maximum internal dimension of body货厢内长 loading space length货厢有效长度 loading length货厢内宽 loading space width货厢有效内宽 loading width货厢内高 loading space height货厢有效内高 loading height货台高度 loading surface height车架自由长度 frame free length栏板内高 inside board hegiht货厢容积 loading surface门高 door height门宽 door width车架有效长度 chassis frame useful length货厢全长 body length牵引杆长 drawbar length牵引装置的位置 position of towing attachment牵引装置的悬伸 overhang of towing atachment牵引装置的高度 heigth of towing attachment牵引装置牵距 distance of towing attachment牵引座前置距 fifth wheel lead长度计算用牵引座前置距fifth wheel lead for calculation of length质量分配用牵引座前置距fith wheel lead for calculation of mass distribution牵引座结合面高度 height of coupling face牵引装置至车辆前端的距离distance between towing device and front end of towing vehicle牵引叉销至车辆前端的距离distance between jaw and front end of towing vehicle半挂车间隙半径 rear tractor clearance radius of semi-trailer 半挂车前回转半径 front fitting radius of semi trailer车轮垂直行程 vertical clearance of wheel车轮提升高度 lift of wheel转弯半径 turning circle静止半径 static radius碰撞 collision (crash,impact)正碰撞 frontal collision (frontal impact)侧碰撞 side collision (side impact)后碰撞 rear collision (rear impact)擦碰撞 sidewipe collision碰撞方向 collision direction碰撞角度 collision angle倾斜的 oblique(tilt)成角度的 angled纵向的 longitudinal垂直的 perpendicular对中 centered偏置 offset重叠 overlap碰撞轴线排列 collision axis alignment纯正撞 pure frontal impact碰撞位置 impact location碰撞角度 impact angle主要力 principal force主要力方向 direction of principal force(pdof)交通事故 traffic accident事故原因 accident cause单原因事故 single event accident多原因事故 multiple event accident单车事故 single vehicle accident多车事故 multi vehicle accident死亡和重伤事故 fatal and seevere accidenet折头 jack-knife翻车 rollover火灾 fire驶离道路 run off the roadway变形 deformation撞车地点 crash site试验场 proving ground试验场地 testing site撞车模拟装置 crash simulation test set-up汽车模拟碰撞滑车试验装置 auto crash simulation test sled 壁障 barrier胶合板 plywood五轮仪法 fifth wheel method第五轮仪 fifth wheel method光电屏障 photoelectric barrier发射器 transmitter接受器 receiver传感器 sensor振荡器 oscillator数字计时器 digital chronometer电磁束栏障 eelctromagnetic beam barrier单轴加速度计 uniaxial accelerometer三轴加速度计 triaxial accelerometer速度测量典型方法 typical methods of velocity measurement 多普勒效应法 doppler effect method运动波 wave in motion视在频率 apparent frequency发射波频率 emitted frequency环境介质 ambient medium电磁波 electromagnetic vaves超短波（厘米波） centimetric waves微波 micrometirc waves激光 laser模拟/数字（a/d）转换器analog/digital converter(a/d converter)模拟磁带记录器 analogue magnetic recorder数字式磁带记录器 digital magnetic recorder纸带记录器 paper tape recorder数据处理 data processing滤波 filtering数字化 digitalisation取样频率 sampling frequencies幅值分辨率 amplitude resolution光学数据通道 optical data channel失真指数 distortion index分析系统 analysis system扫描时基系统 time-base ssytem显象率 imaging rate试验标靶 test target电影摄影法 cinematographic procedure高速电影摄影 high speed cinematorgrphy高速摄影机 high speed camera胶片分析仪 film analysis system胶片颗粒 grain of the film摄影机 camera长焦距镜头 long focal lengh lenses摄像标志 photographic marks车载摄像机 on-board camera假人 dummy混合型假人 hybrid dummy仿真度 biofidelityhyge滑车架 hyge sled fixture滑车 sled座椅 deceleration sled刚性座椅 rigid seat座椅调节器 seat adjuster上部躯体 upper torso骨盆 pelvis臀部 hip带约束系统 belt restraint ssytem斜挎肩带 shoulder belt (diagonal belt) 腰带 lap belt叉状带 harness belt水平胸带 horizontal chest belt三点式安全带 three-point belt座椅安全带 seat belt液力吸能装置 hydraulic energy absorber 前后轴 anterior -posterior axis头部重心加速度 head c.g.acceleration 头部重心运动轨迹 headc.g. trajectory头部旋转 head rotation头部扭曲 headflexion头部扭转 head twist头部伤害指数 head injury criteria (hic)生物力学响应 biomechanical response颈部侧弯试验 lateral neck bending test高g值尸体试验 high g-level cadaver test初始速度 rate of onset包容线 envelop尸体下落试验 cadaver drop test尸体滑车试验 cadaver sled test尸体碰撞试验 cadaver impact test坚硬表面 rigid surface缓冲表面 padded surface冲量 impulsesae100和180滤波通道 sae channel class 100 and 180 filter 摆式碰撞器 pendulum impactor频率级通道 channel frequency classes充气约束系统 inflatable restraint system(irs)辅助充气约束系统 supplemental inflatable restraint(sir)辅助约束系统 supplemental restraint system(srs)空气垫约束系统 air cushion restraint system(acrs)气囊 airbag碰撞传感器 crash sensor电子碰撞传感器 electronic crash sensor主传感器 primary sensor安全传感器 safety sensor二级传感器 secondary sensor临界点 threshold电子器件 eelctronic pieces电容器 capacitor诊断组件 diagnostic module准备就绪指示器 readiness indicator存储器 recorder短路夹 shorting clip警告指示器 warning indicator气体发生器总成 inflator assembly点火系 inflator assembly助燃剂/增强剂 booster /enhancer点火器 igniter引爆剂 ignition material引爆器 initiator电爆管 squib导火索 transfer cord气体发生剂 gas generant冷却剂 coolant药片 pellet(pill,tablet)金属件 metal piece金属盒 canister /catridge增压器 diffuser (inflator)过滤器总成 filter assembly屏蔽室 screen chamber组件总成 module assembly囊 bag囊加强带 bag tethers垫 cushion内罩 inner cover膝气囊 knee bag保护罩/外罩 protective cover/outer cover 胸气囊 torso bag多孔性 porosity排气孔 vent膝垫 knee bolster膝挡板 knee bar膝缓冲器 knee bumper试验方法 test method老化试验 aging test火烧试验 bonfire test爆破试验 burst test坠落试验 drop test电磁干扰试验 electromagnetic interference( 环境模拟试验 environmental simulation test 气体成分试验 gas composition test湿度试验 humidity test微粒成分检验 particulate compostion test 箱内试验 tank test温度负荷试验 temperature load test视野 vision field (visibility)眼椭圆 eyellipse驾驶员视野范围 vision field of driver视线 sight line眼椭圆样板 eyellipse template眼椭圆中心 eyellipse center眼椭圆定位线 eyellipse locating line坐标系 coordination system(axissystem)视觉 vision视平面 sight plane视野 vision field直接视野 direct vesion field间接视野 indirect vision field单眼视野 monocular vision field双眼视野 binocular vision field两单眼视野 ambinocular vision field周边视野 peripheral vision field双眼障碍 binocular obstructiona 立柱 a-pillar座椅基准点 seating reference point (sgrp)有效瞳孔距 effective interpupillary width视野原点 original points of vision field颈部转动中心点（p点） neck pivot point (p point)仪表参考平面 reference plane of instrument panel显示表面 display surface转向盘轮缘盲区 steering wheel rim obstruction转向盘毂及辐条盲区 steering hub and spoke obstruction 派生v点和p点 developing v points and p points汽车视野障碍 vehicle visural obstruction视点（v点） vision point ( v points)眼点（e点） eye point (e point0眼睛投影点 projected eye point上视角 upward angle of visibility下视角 downwards angle of visibility电磁环境 electromagnetic environment电磁环境兼容性 electromagnetic compatibility(emc)电磁敏感度 electromagnetic susceptibility(ems)电磁干扰 electromagnetic interference电磁骚扰（现象） electromagnetic distrubance（电磁）发射 (eelctromagnetic )emission窄带（电磁）发射 narrowband emission宽带（电磁）发射 broadband emission带外发射 out of band emission电磁辐射 electromagnetic radiation横向电磁波模式 transverse electromagnetic (tem)mode干扰源 distrubance source信号源 signal source无用信号 undesired signal干扰信号 interfering signal无线电环境 radio environment射频骚扰 radio environment射频干扰 radio frequency interference(rfi) 系统间干扰 inter-system interference系统内干扰 intra-system interference电磁噪声 electromagnetic environment 射频噪声 radio frequency noise自然噪声 natural noise人为噪声 man-made noise随机噪声 random noise静电放电 electrostatic discharge(esd)脉冲 pulse冲激脉冲 impulse尖峰脉冲 spike群脉冲 burst of pulses脉冲噪声 impulsive noise脉冲骚扰 impulsive distrubance脉动 pulsating基波（分量） fundamental (component) 谐波（分量） harmonic (component)电源骚扰 mains-borne distrubance磁场 field均质磁场 homogenous field磁场强度 field strength敏感度阈值 susceptibility thresholds电流注入 bulk current injection (bci)。
基于瑞利布里渊散射的气体体粘滞系数的测量
题目基于瑞利布里渊散射的气体体粘滞系数的测量作者葛洋学科、专业光学工程指导教师何兴道教授申请学位日期2015年6月学校代码10406分类号TN247密级学号120085202013盲审编号Z08187学校代码：10406分类号：TN247学号：120085202013南昌航空大学硕士学位论文（专业学位研究生）基于瑞利布里渊散射的气体体粘滞系数的测量硕士研究生：葛洋导师：何兴道教授申请学位级别：硕士学科、专业：光学工程所在单位：测试与光电工程学院答辩日期：2015年6月授予学位单位：南昌航空大学One way based on Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering to measure gas viscosityA DissertationSubmitted for the Degree of MasterOptical Engineeringby Yang GeUnder the Supervision ofProf.Xingdao HeCollege of Measuring and Optical EngineeringNanchang Hangkong University,Nanchang,ChinaJune,2015南昌航空大学硕士学位论文中文摘要摘要随着环境的变化，整个地球的气候也在随着变化，大气环境一丝一毫的变化都会给人们的生活环境带来非常大的影响。
随着人们对大气环境的关注度的提高，很多国家的科研机构已经开始投入大量资金，对大气环境监测领域的科学技术进行深入的研究。
激光雷达探测技术就是正在发展的几种主要探测技术之一。
激光雷达探测技术作为一种新兴的大气探测技术，越来越多的被运用到各个领域，国防工业、大气环境监测、航空航天等一些领域都开始越来越多的运用这种新技术，并且显现出非常突出的优势，尤其在对大气环境监测领域。
大气环境监控主要分为大气温度场和大气力场这两方面的监测，而在大气力场中，气体的体粘滞系数又是具有举足轻重的重要地位的，在很多领域中都要求对大气力场进行更加精确的计算，比如：卫星回收、弹道导弹的飞行轨迹、飞行器的外形布局、高层和超高层建筑和大气环境监控等领域。
PyroSiM中文版用户说明书
P y r o S i M中文版用户说明书(总116页)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除第1章安装准备安装PyroSim为了工作，通过本教程，您必须能够运行PyroSim。
您可以从互联网下载PyroSim，将可获得免费试用。
单位除非另有说明，在本教程中所给予的指示，将承担PyroSim的现行SI单位制。
如果PyroSim是使用不同的单位系统，模拟不会产生预期的结果。
为了确保您使用的是SI单位：1、在View菜单上，单击Units。
2、在Units的子菜单，确认SI是选定的。
你可以在任何时候，SI和英制单位之间切换。
数据存储在原有存储系统，所以当你切换单位时，不会损失精度。
操作的三维图像•为了旋转（spin）三维模型：选择然后在模型上单击左键并移动鼠标。
该模型会旋转，就像您选择球体上的一个点。
•放大zoom：选择（或按住ALT键）和垂直拖动鼠标。
选择然后按一下拖动以定义一个缩放框。
•移动move模式：选择（或按住Shift键）并拖动来重新定位模型窗口。
•改变重点：选择对象（S），然后选择定义一个较小的“查看选定对象周围的领域。
选择将重置，包括整个模型。
•在任何时候，选择（或按Ctrl + R），将重置模型。
您还可以使用Smokeview和以人为本的控制。
请参阅用户手册为PyroSim 说明。
FDS的概念和术语材料用于定义材料热性能和热解行为。
表面表面是用来定义在您的FDS模型的固体物体和通风口的属性。
在混合物或层表面可以使用先前定义的材料。
默认情况下，所有的固体物体和通风口都是有惰性的，一个固定的温度，初始温度。
障碍物障碍物的根本在火灾动力学模拟的几何表示（FDS）[FDS- SMV的官方网站]。
障碍物两点定义在三维的矩形固体空间。
表面特性，被分配到每个面对的阻挠。
设备和控制逻辑可以定义创建或删除在模拟过程中的一个障碍。