On the Relationship between Model-Based Debugging and Program Slicing
py2neo的merge用法
Py2neo是一个Python的Neo4j图形数据库驱动程序，它允许我们在Python应用程序中便捷地操作和管理Neo4j数据库。
在Py2neo 中，merge是一个非常重要的方法，它可以用来将节点和关系合并到数据库中。
在本文中，我将深入探讨Py2neo的merge用法，并结合具体示例来详细说明其深度和广度。
一、merge方法的基本概念在Py2neo中，merge方法被用来执行节点和关系的合并操作。
它的基本语法如下所示：```graph.merge(entity, label, primary_key)```其中，- entity表示要合并的实体，可以是节点或关系。
- label表示实体的标签，用来指定要合并的实体类型。
- primary_key表示实体的主键，用来指定实体的唯一标识符。
二、节点的合并在Py2neo中，通过merge方法可以将节点合并到数据库中。
假设我们有一个Person节点，其属性包括name和age，我们可以使用merge方法将此节点合并到数据库中，并指定name属性作为主键，示例如下：```from py2neo import Graph, Nodegraph = Graph()node = Node("Person", name="Alice", age=30)graph.merge(node, "Person", "name")```在这个示例中，我们创建了一个Person节点，并将其合并到数据库中。
如果数据库中已经存在名为Alice的Person节点，merge方法会根据name属性进行匹配，如果不存在，则会创建该节点并添加到数据库中。
三、关系的合并除了节点，merge方法还可以用来合并关系。
假设我们有两个节点分别表示Person和Company，并且它们之间存在投资关系，我们可以使用merge方法将投资关系合并到数据库中，示例如下：```from py2neo import Relationshipperson = graph.nodes.match("Person", name="Alice").first() company = graph.nodes.match("Company", name="ABC").first() relation = Relationship(person, "INVEST",pany,amount=1000000)graph.merge(relation, "Person", "name")```在这个示例中，我们首先获取了两个节点分别表示Person和Company，然后创建了一个投资关系，并使用merge方法将其合并到数据库中。
道德与法律的关系（Therelationshipbetweenmoralityandlaw）
道德与法律的关系（The relationship between morality and law）The relationship between morality and lawTo analyze the relationship between law and morality, we must first understand the meaning of morality. Generally, the mention of morality, there is no doubt that people will associate it with kindness, beauty, justice, glory together, and law, but also as a way to adjust social relations, through social customs, people's beliefs to implement. Therefore, it is understood that morality is the sum of the norms of behavior that regulate the relationship between man and society. Morality is a complete concept, rooted in the customs and habits, in the primitive society, people living in a kinship based clan society, customs adjustment depends mainly on the clan members, concluded from the food distribution to the marriage, reflects the positive role of customs. However, with the complexity of social life, social relations become more complex, simply by the customs and habits have not completely adjusted, so the moral is generated, and so the moral is not abstract from people's heart, but not from religious theology, but on the basis of a certain material. On the moral philosophy as the superstructure, is to maintain the economic base class, with the development of productive forces, the customs and ethics to adjust all social relations has been impossible, the society need more powerful, more standards and norms to adjust, the law will be generated. The emergence of the law does not mean that the adjustment of social relations no longer depends on morality, and the law has its limitations in the way of adjustment and the scope of adjustment, and morality is still an important means of adjusting social relations. Both law and morality play an important role in the adjustment of socialrelations. Morality, as a way of adjusting social relations, is inseparable from its content and characteristics. In terms of its content, morality is valuable. Value, that is, goodness, beauty, justice, glory, justice, etc., is the highest level of morality, and also the highest standard of judging people's wishes and behaviors. [1]. School of natural law in the western jurisprudence, the value analysis method to study the law, explore the law, they will be more visible in connection with morality, moral evaluation of legal also has an important role, this is an important difference between moral and habits, to see whether the two value evaluation function. In addition to its value, morality has the following characteristics. First, morality has class nature. Different classes have different moral, for example, the American Declaration of independence expressed by the North American bourgeois moral criticism of British rule, the Communist Manifesto expressed by the working class of bourgeois moral criticism, deeply reflects the different class moral opposition. Second, the morality is material restriction, the aforementioned produce and material basis of morality is inseparable, it is decided by the material basis of society, change and development of material basis, the nature and content of moral development and change accordingly. Third, common morality is mainly reflected in the content, because of moral justice, goodness, beauty and other content accords with people's values, can be generally accepted by people, for example, respect for human dignity and equality, mutual respect, protect the environment, but not ignorant, help each other, as people in economic, political, cultural and other exchanges in various fields increasingly close, common morality will be more concentrated. Confucianism is the mainstream consciousness Chinese in traditional culture, theprocess of Chinese legal history is actually the process of Confucianism, therefore, the relationship between law and morality is embodied in Confucianism, the Confucian thought of "supplementing" concept is also reflected in the later Chinese law. For example, Confucius believes that good law embodies a spirit of benevolence, in addition, it must play a role in maintenance of filial piety, he said "the implicit father for the child, the father" is against the then implicate Kin inhumane legal principles, emphasizing the value of kinship and filial piety. Chinese law?? the provisions of "concealment", namely "father son for hidden moral law". Xunzi said: it is not indecent, too. (Xunzi? Slim?). Courtesy is the moral, meaning that does not conform to the ritual law is not a real law, that is to say the true law must reflect a moral spirit, the moral spirit is the "ceremony", so Chinese feudal legal system is a kind of etiquette. In the west, it is different from china. Chinese is a large agricultural country, self-sufficient, but western manynationalities, adjacent to each other, mainly rely on commercial relations with other countries, the western commodity economy is developed, so the adjustment of commercial economy in the field of private law is developed. People prefer to live freely in a free, equal and equitable environment. Therefore, morality, which is free, equal and fair, promotes the evolution of the law in this direction. For example, Bodenheimer, an American jurist, said: "in unfair competition.",Some reform in recent years, the courts and the legislature of, must be attributed to enhance and improve the moral sense, and thus the prevailing notion that commercial society must rely on more than moral condemnation means to effectively protectagainst some kinds of reprehensible without ethical business conduct. In addition, there have been some new developments in the area of fraudulent advertising, [2]. He believes that some business ethics should be given legal force. One of the basic principles of civil law or commercial law principle, a moral obligation into legal obligations, therefore, from the relationship between western law and morality, the law of evolution of the west is successful, so far as many Eastern countries for reference. In the front, we are talking about the development model of the relationship between law and morality in China and the West. Then what is the relationship between law and morality? The first performance in the consistency of law and morality, that is the same purpose, law and morality at the same time as the superstructure, is restricted by the economic basis, but also has a certain historical independence, they are to safeguard the interests of the ruling class, an important means of adjusting social relations. Secondly, law and morality complement each other in function, and law and morality belong to the category of social spiritual civilization. They are ways to adjust social relations, and they function differently in different environments. In our example, in times of peace, the rulers generally pay much attention to the role of morality, in effect ruled, however in the riots in the rulers will tend to use legal means to suppress opposition, we can see that the moral is the basis of law, the law is the moral barrier, the legal system is not perfect, social disorder that leads to moral decay, conversely, if the law justly, equality, can also promote the role of moral education, at the same time, the implementation of the law of morality also play a supporting role, through the public opinion and personal moral beliefs to ensure legal compliance,but also can promote the judicial and law enforcement justice. Morality is a means of crime prevention, punishment is afterwards punishment, and moral education publicity can also reduce crime rate. Generally speaking, some people who are guilty of crimes, although they have a weak sense of law, are more morally bankrupt, such as homicide, robbery, arson and other crimes, and most of them have no human rights concept. Most of the crimes of theft are intended for nothing, while corruption, dereliction of duty and so on are no social responsibility or professional ethics. The relationship between law and morality is also manifested in the convergence of content. The front has mentioned the earliest law by morality evolved, now, law and morality are mutually independent, but the law is still on the basis of ethic, legal moral norms into legal norms, the provisions of the positive values for the law should follow the guidelines. For example, the principle of good faith in civil law, and unfair competition principle, discuss business to hair in front of the principle of fairness, respect principle, so that the original is reflected in the moral obligation is realized through legislation. At the same time, the law will also be some negative moral obligations in the form of legislation prohibited, such as the prohibition of fraud, perjury, corruption and bribery, in violation of the moral, is a violation of the law. Therefore, ordinary people can know what crime is and what is not criminal behavior only by virtue of common sense. They can not always explain the cause of crime blindly, and most of them are morally bankrupt. On the other hand, some legal norms are, in turn, a new kind of moral norm. Such as "no red light running", "forbidden building", "adjacent relations" is also a social morality. The law prohibits black market trade, prohibits unfair competition,and prohibits the sale of fake and shoddy goods. It is also a business ethic to comply with these regulations. Although the law and morality are closely linked, is common even in some aspects, but two of them belong to different superstructure, can not be completely equal to the moral law, of course, can not replace the moral law, if the conversion of all moral principles for legal principles, then the code became a moral code, which is not conducive to the progress of mankind, so the law and morality are essentially different. First, the history and the way of law and morality which is different from the historical process, the view, law is the product of a certain historical stage of human society, primitive society without law, each historical period and social morality exists in human society, any society or moral behavior standard, in addition, with national, racial, religious, the custom is different, and the law in a country or a region, is unified, they produce from the way the law is through the national legislative amendment and repeal, only grasp the state power of the class, this class will be transformed into a national compulsory, universal binding law. And morality is transformed by people's long-term habits and customs, and the laws are enforced by national coercive power,And morality relies more on public opinion and the people's inner faith and conscience to comply with [3]. Second, the scope of law and morality, the law is divided into crime and non crime, legal and moral standards of the law, is the main distinction of good and evil, these two lines can overlap each other in a certain range, can be independent of each other, there are many kinds of situations: (1) the negative moral law is also prohibited. Such as homicide, arson, poisoning, and a seriesof criminal acts. (2) some moral standards do not deny, and the laws prohibit them. Negligent crime. (3) the moral standards are affirmed, and the laws are forbidden, such as the Hamlet character in the feudal society or the evil law against the ruling class. (4) morality does not promote, but the law permits, such as: divorce, but if a person has long been persecuted by domestic violence and divorce, modern law and morality are supported. To sum up, the legal and moral adjustment and scope, have overlapping part, there are conflicting, single and moral laws, this part is the "minimum moral", abide by the law, is at least a moral obligation, but the law does not intervene or not moral intervention intervention. In terms of personal integrity, quality, or interpersonal relationships, in this sense, morality is more applicable than law. Laws that have nothing to do with morality, which can be adjusted by morality, can only be adjusted by law. As the rise of economic law, administrative law, environmental law, some just procedural provisions, and less moral relationship, or Never mind, not only by these laws that criminal law moral can be judged, therefore, from this perspective, the scope of law than moral guangzhou. Of course, in regulating the laws of man and nature, such as environmental protection law, it is not entirely irrelevant to morality. As a result of environmental pollution and destruction of ecological balance, people's attitude towards nature is regarded as a new moral problem. Such as deforestation, air pollution and other acts must be punished by law, also condemned by the moral opinion. In a word, both the law and morality develop with the development of human life, and the scope of adjustment is expanding day by day. Finally, the consequences are different, but the illegal moral cause two consequences, one is the legal punishment, not only in theprimitive society, moral customs, primitive society, people naturally will form some tribal taboos, they regarded as the crime of violation of taboos, violators often to all kinds of punishment, such as confession, expulsion. Two, the condemnation of conscience and the pressure of public opinion, each person's ability to bear the conscience is not the same, if individuals do not exist such a conscience, and even ignore public opinion, then the moral norm is invalid. For example, in the face of a drowning man, a person has the ability to save without the rescue, and if he thinks his actions are not wrong, then morality is lost to him. Sometimes an individual's conscience fails to recognize that his actions are immoral, and in another period, and at another time, it is immoral to realize that his actions are immoral. But the law is different, it is backed up by the force of the country, when the implementation of the illegal behavior, does not need to consider the illegal subject capacity, only according to the standards applicable law, make the evaluation, in violation of the law should bear the legal consequences, subject to legal sanctions. The difference between morality and law is not entirely in the presence of coercion or morality, but it can compel the people to fulfill their moral obligations with the help of social invisible pressure. The difference between law and morality shows that law is not omnipotent, and the coercive means to ensure the enforcement of law are not omnipotent. The limitations and weaknesses of its inherent law, required by the moral support and supplement, we should make full use of the legal and moral two mechanisms to be adjusted to form and maintain an orderly and efficient justice of freedom and fraternity social life style [4]. People often think that the consistency of law and morality, individual in violation of thelaw is in violation of the moral, but the relationship between law and morality is not so simple, although they have many similarities, but after all, two different nature, affected by factors such as history, value conflict is the two most intense. From the China history, conflict of law and morality is particularly intense, and the solution of this conflict is often the legal and moral subject, recorded such a case in "Houhanshu", served as Prime Minister of Qi Yuan bridge, a dutiful son for father revenge and kill people, and prison prisoner in bridge yuan for that matter, touched by their filial piety, to be released, but not for the matter, the magistrate in charge of the case, according to the law of the murder of his Chicago road killed. Under the bridge in the county magistrate kill element, the reason is the official county magistrate cool storm, the case is really intriguing, in accordance with the law of the magistrate become criminals sentenced to death, and the murderer has become to forgive the dutiful son, received sympathy. On the scales of morality and law,The people obviously add emotional weight to the moral side. There is also a case, in the period of the Republic of China, Shi Jianqiao's father in a straight from the war, Sun Chuanfang was unfortunately captured by Sun Chuanfang, brutally murdered him. When he was twenty years old, the frail woman Shi Jianqiao determined to revenge, careful planning, and finally on 1935 in Tianjin Sun Chuanfang will be killed, and then calmly surrender. At that time the public sympathy for her actions, some celebrities such as Feng Yuxiang, Li Liejun, Yu have signed a letter asking the court to pardon her crime. It seems that the tradition of morality above law has been ingrained in china.Today, the "loyalty" case also reflects the moral conflict. In ancient times, this conflict does not exist today, the law does not allow the public, even so, the public is often judge sentencing discretionary lighter plot. In the west, however, sometimes the opposite is true. The people pursue the legitimacy of law more than morality and go to extremes. Such as the famous Simpson case, evidence and motive all can prove that Simpson did, because the police forensics illegal, illegal and criminal procedure law, gloves and Simpson found on the spot. The hand model is not the same, the court found guilty of "legal" although Xin, but for the society not moral. The conflict between law and morality is inevitable, and it is affected by many aspects. At the same time, the development of society, morality, Yi Suizhi, but the law is relatively backward, prone to conflict. Furthermore, his legal transplantation of a country, which is now in conflict with the original method, but after all I think of social morality, the legal and moral conflict, because the two are completely different social forms, they are consistent, but their value is not one-to-one, if is one-to-one correspondence so, there will be no difference between law and morality, as mentioned before, the code will become a moral code, no social force constraints into chaos. The conflict of value between law and morality is inevitable. Although this conflict can not be completely eliminated, it should be minimized. First of all, the construction of morality should be carried out simultaneously with the construction of the law. In the legislative reform, moral factors should be taken into consideration, so that the law will not deviate from the moral mainstream. Secondly, in the process of transplanting the law, attention should be paid to the national conditions of this country. Third, we should strengthen legal publicityso that people's thinking will rise from the moral level to the legal level. Therefore, how is the legal moralization, the moral legalization is most important. The morality embodied by law is accepted by the broad masses of the people, and morality has the nature of law and is complied with by the people. It is the most perfect interpretation of the relationship between law and morality.。
英语语言学概论（自考）
1. What are the difference between general linguistics and descriptive linguistics and what sis the relationship between them? (P.1)A: Differences between general and descriptive linguistics:(1) They have different goals:General linguistics deals with language; descriptive linguistics study one particular language;(2) They have different aims:General linguistics aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of human language in general;Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish a model that describes the rules of this particular language.Relationships between general and descriptive linguistics:General and descriptive linguistics depend on each other:(1) General linguistics provides descriptive linguistics with a general framework in which a particular language can be analyzed and described; (2) The resulting descriptions of particular languages supply empirical evidence which may confirm or refute the models put forward by general linguists.2. What is the nature of language? (P7)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols, which is creative, double-structured and changeable.3. What is the difference between langue and parole? (P2/P24)a. Langue is the system of language. Parole is the speakers’ speech.b. Langue refers to the abstract system of a language, while parole refers to the concrete act of speaking in a definite time, place and situation.c. Langue underlies parole and parole, in turn, is a manifestation of langue.4. What is the difference between competence and performance? (P2)a. Competence is the speaker-hearer’s knowledge of his language.b. Performance is the actual use of language in concrete situations.c. Competence is abstract, while performance is concrete.5. Why do linguists maintain that language is primarily speech? (P4) Linguists maintain that language is primarily speech, and not the written form. This view may be justified by the following reasons.a. Biologically speaking, children begin to learn to speak much earlier than to learn to read and write.b. Functionally speaking, the spoken form is used more frequently than the written form in our daily life.c. Historically speaking, all human languages were spoken before they were written and there are still many languages in the world today which have not been written down.The emphasis on the spoken form indicates that linguistic study is primarily based on the data collected from living speech.6. What does it mean by saying that language is arbitrary, creative and double-structured? (P4-5)A. The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.B. Language is creative.a. Every language contains an infinite number of sentences, which, however, are generated by a small set of rules and a finite set of words.b. The length of a sentence has no limit in theory.c. The rules with recursive properly can account for the creative aspect of language.C. Language is double-structured. There are two levels: grammatically-meaningful and sound-meaningless.7. What features of language can differentiate human languages from animal communicative systems? (P7)Human language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols, which is creative, double-structured and changeable. Those unique features like creativity, duality of structure and changeability can differentiate human languages from animal communicative systems and enable human languages to be the most efficient, flexible and versatile means of communication in the world.8. How many stages does the scientific method have? What are they? (P9) There are four stages of scientific method:a. collecting data,b. forming a hypothesisc. testing the hypothesisd. drawing conclusions9. What are the three linguistic biases? (P9-10, P7)a. One common linguistic bias is that some languages are primitive and some languages are advanced.b. Another deep-rooted bias is that only the standard variety is the pure form of a language.c. Change is not natural for all living languages and such a language is a sign of corruption and decay.10. How is a rule constructed? (P15)a. To construct a rule, the linguist starts with collecting data.b. Based on the data collected, he may construct a very simple rule as a tentative version.c. Then he examines the tentative rule against further data. If the additional data do not agree with it, he has to modify it.d. He keeps on testing the rule and, accordingly, revising the rule until the rule can account for all the relevant data collected.Thus, the rule formed is open to further modifications.11. Give examples to illustrate the two features of an adequate model of competence: explicitness and generativeness. (P15-16/P6)a. By saying a linguistic model is explicit, we mean that the rules the model contains are clearly and precisely defined. Even a computer can produce all and only the grammatical sentences if the rules are fed to the machine.b. By saying the model is generative, we mean that the model contains only a small set of rules which, however, can generate an indefinitely large number ofc. For example, “so…that” is explicit, but they can generate infinite sentences. eg. He is so fat that he could not ran fast.He was so lazy that he never washed his clothes.…12. What are the four types of linguistic knowledge? (P18-19)The four types of linguistic knowledge are phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic.a. Phonological knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the sounds and sound patterns of his language.b. Morphological knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about how a word is formed.c. Syntactic knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about whether a sentence is grammatical or not.c. Semantic knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the meaning of language.13. Why is Saussre regarded as the former of modern linguistics? (P21-22)a. The obvious reason is that the book under his name “A Course in General Linguistics” is the first real essay on linguistic theory.b. In this book, quite a few theoretical distinctions introduced have become foundations of linguistic study and exerted great influence on the later development linguistics.c. Chief among them are the distinctions between synchronic and diachronic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic, langue and parole.14. Give examples to illustrate the difference between synchronic and diachronic. (P22)a. If we study the changes in the Chinese language that took place between the 1940’s and the 1960’s, it would be a diachronic study.b. But if we study the Chinese language in the 1940’s, then it would be a synchronic study.concerned with the historical development of a language and the latter is concerned with the “state” of a language at a particular point of time.15. Give examples to illustrate the difference between syntagmatic and paradigmatic. (P116-118/P22-23)a. A syntagmatic relation refers to the sequential characteristic of speech.b. A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic element in an utterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance.c. We can go tomorrow syntagmatic relationShe may come soonI will ask nextY ou could sleep now………paradigmatic relation16. What is a consonant and what is a vowel? (P30)a. A consonant is a speech sound where the airstream from the longs is either completely blocked, partially blocked or where the opening is so narrow that the air escapes with audible friction.b. A vowel is a speech sound in which the airstream from the lungs is not blocked in any way in the mouth or throat, and which is usually pronounced with vibrations of the vocal cords.17. Is the spelling of words a reliable means of describing English sounds? Why or Why not? (P30-31)No, it isn’t.a. Sometimes a single letter may represent different sounds.b. Sometimes, different letters or combinations of letters may r4epresent a single sound.c. The advantage of this system is that within the system, one symbol represents one sound and every symbol has a consistent value.18. What is the difference between plosives and affricates? (P37)b. Affricates are brought together to form a complete closure but not followed by a sudden release, rather by a low release with audile friction.19. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology? (P20, P53)a. English phonetics is concerned with all speech sounds that occur in the English language. It studies how those sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived, and how they re described and classified.b. Different from English phonetics, English phonology does not deal with the actual production of English sounds, but with the abstract aspects: the function of sounds and their patterns of combination.20. What are the three conditions of a minimal pair? (P54)a. They are different in meaningb. They differ only in one sound segment.c. The different sounds occur in the same position in strings.21. Give examples to illustrate the differences between phonemes, phones and allophones. (P90)a. Phonemes are said to be minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.b. Phones are the realizations of phonemes.c. Allophones are the realizations of a particular phoneme.d. For example,22. Give examples to illustrate the differences between contrastive distribution, complementary distribution and free variation. (P59-60)a. If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another brings about a change in meaning, they are in contrastive distribution.b. If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment, they are said toc. If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another does not cause a change in meaning, they are said to be in free variation.d. The sounds either in contrastive distribution or in free variation can occur in the same environment. The difference between them lies in the fact that in the former case, the substitution of one sound for another results in a change in meaning, but this does not happen in the latter case. Complementary distribution is clearly different from the previous two types of distribution. The sounds in complementary distribution never occur in the same environment.23 What are the 3 principles of identifying phonemes? (P61)a. The sounds that are in contrastive distribution are different phonemesb. The sounds that are always in free variation are allophones of the same phoneme.c. The sounds that are in complementary distribution and also phonetically similar are allophones of the same phoneme.24. What is the difference between segmental features and suprasegmental features? What are the suprasegmental features? (P69)a. The distinctive features, which can only have an effect on one sound segment, are called segmental features.b. The distinctive features, which can affect more than one sound segment and can also contrast meaning, are called suprasegmental features.25. What’s the difference between phonemes and morphemes? (P54, P83)a. Phoneme is defined as a minimal distinctive unit in the sound system of a language.b. A morpheme is defined as a minimal meaningful unit in the grammatical system of a language.26. What are interrelations between semantic and structural classifications of morphemes? (P84, P86)a. Semantically, morphemes are grouped into general categories: root morphemes (roots) and affixational morphemes (affixes).b. Structurally, they fall into two classes: free morphemes and bound morphemes.c. All free morphemes are roots, but not all roots are free morphemes. All affixes are bound morphemes, but not all bound morphemes are affixes..27. Please explain the difference between inflectional and derivational28. How do we judge whether two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are one morph or different morphs? (P92-93)a. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are identical in both form and meaning, then they are regarded as one morph.b. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are the same in form but different in meaning, then there are as many morphs as there are meanings.c. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are the same in meaning but different in form, then there are as many morphs as there are forms.d. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are different both in form and meaning, there are as many morphs as there different forms and meanings.If two or more morphs are semantically identical and also in complementary distributing, they are then said to allomorphs of the same morpheme; otherwise, they belong to different morphemes.30. What is IC analysis? (P99/P126)a. IC analysis simply means that we divide the morphemes of a word into the two groups and then divide each group into subgroups and so on, until we reach single morphemes.b. Labeled IC simply means that we divide the morphemes of a word or the words of a sentence into the two groups and then divide each group into subgroups and so on, until we reach single morphemes of a word on a signal word of a sentence..31. What is the difference between an empty morph and a zero morph? (P97-98)a. Empty morph is defined as a morph that has form but no meaning.b. Zero morph is defined as a morph that has no form but has meaning.32. What are two ways of studying sentences? Explain them. (P116)a. We make structural descriptions of sentences to illustrate the parts of a sentence and the relationships among them, this is called static study.b. We examine the process by which sentences are generated by syntactic rules this is called dynamic study.33. What are the three syntactic relations? (P116-118)a. Sequential or syntagmatic relations are refers to the linear ordering of the words and the phrases within a sentence.b. Substitutional (paradigmatic) relation is a kind of relation between linguistic forms in a sentence and linguistic forms outside the sentence.c. Hierarchical relation shows us the inner layering of sentences.34. What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure?a. A surface structure corresponds to the linear arrangement of words; a deep structure corresponds to the meaningful grouping of words.b. A surface structure is relatively concrete, and a deep structure is abstract.c. A surfaces structure gives the form of a sentence; while the deep structure gives the meaning of a sentence.d. A surface structure is pronounceable, but a deep structure is not pronounceable.35. What are the three kinds of operations performed by T-rules? (P180)a. rearranging the sentence elements;b. adding a new element to the phrase marker;c. deleting an element from the phrase marker.36. What are the differences between PS rules and T-rules? (P139)a. TG grammar has assumed that to generate sentences, we start with deep structures and then transform them into surface structures.b. Deep structures are generated by phrase structure rules (PS rules), and surface structures are derived from their deep structures by transformational rules (T-rules).英语语言学概论11Phonetics has three sub-branches:(1) articulatory phonetics that is concerned with how a sound is produced by the vocal organs;(2) acoustic phonetics that deals with how a sound is transmitted from the speaker ’s mouth to the listener ’s ears;(3) auditory phonetics that investigates how a sound is perceived by the listener.2. Speech organs1-nasal cavity; 2-lips; 3-teeth; 4-aveolar ridge; 5-hard palate 6-velum (soft palate); 7-uvula; 8-apex (tip) of tongue; 9-blade (front) of tongue;10-dorsum (back) of tongue; 11-oral cavity;12-pharynx; 13-epiglottis;14-larynx; 15-vocal cords; 16-trachea; 17-esophagus;。
whatisemotionalintelligence
What is emotional intelligenceAnd the ability to deal with the relationship between oneself and others. Emotional intelligence reflects the ability of individuals to grasp and handle emotional problems. Emotions often go before reason. It is irrational, and its material base is primarily related to the brain stem system. The frontal lobe has a controlling effect on emotion.Second, the basis for intelligence and emotional intelligence is different. Emotional intelligence and intelligence are linked to genetics and environmental factors, but they differ from genetics and environmental factors. The relationship between IQ and genetics is much greater than social environmental factors. According to the concise British encyclopedia · intelligence quotient "ent ry load:" according to the survey, about 70-80% of intelligence differences is the result of genetic inheritance, 20-30% of the intelligence difference is due to affected by different environments." The formation and development of emotional intelligence, the innate factors also exist. For example, "the basic expression of human beings is seen in all human beings and is consistent across cultures." (" emotional intelligence ", Pan Yunming editor, China city press, page 22) American psychologist ekman's research shows that people can never contact with the outside world in the New Guinea correctly judge other people in the photo look. But there is a big cultural difference. The study of folklore shows that there are significant differences in emotional expression of different nationalities. Child psychology research shows that the emotional ability of children born blind children is relatively weak due to the social impact of social communication barriers. Anthropological research shows that the emotions of primitivehuman beings are greatly different from those of civilized people. They are irritable, moody and have poor self-control. Some anthropological researchers in the United States believe that the emotional control of human childhood is so weak that it looks like a collective mental illness in today's eyes. In recent history, we can also see that people's emotions are easily influenced by the social environment, and people always have a deep-rooted conformity mentality. The social sentiments of Germany during world war ii exemplifies this.Third, intelligence and emotional intelligence play a different role. The function of intelligence is to understand things better. People with high IQ, thinking quality, strong learning ability, understanding depth is deep, easily made outstanding achievements in the field of a professional, become expert in a particular field. Surveys show that many highly intelligent people become experts, academics, professors, judges, lawyers, journalists, and others in their fields. Emotional intelligence is primarily related to irrational factors, which influence the motivation of knowledge and practice. It enhances or weakens the drive to recognize things by affecting people's interests, will, and willpower. People with low IQ and high eq, while not as efficient as those with high IQ, can sometimes learn better and achieve more than those with high iqs. Because of the perseverance of the spirit makes the diligence redeems stupidity. In addition, emotional intelligence is the ability of self and other people to grasp and adjust their emotions, so it is important to deal with the relationship. Its effects are closely related to social life, relationships, health and marital status. People with low emotional intelligence have strong interpersonal relationships, marriages break down and leadership levels arelow. People with higher eq usually have healthier emotions, have a fuller marriage and family, and have good relationships. Eight ways to improve your eqIt is good for everyone to learn to draw the right psychological boundaries.You may think unclear boundaries with others is a good thing, so that we can follow one's inclinationsly, and also need not strongly bargaining with each other. This may sound reasonable, but the downside is that people often hurt your feelings and you don't know it.Actually observe around you is not hard to find, line capacity difference is prone to develop phobic people and they don't against predators, and more willing to talk to a third party. If we are the person who violates the other person's psychological boundaries and finds out the truth, we will feel like a cold-blooded idiot. At the same time we feel hurt because we blame ourselves for our mistakes.。
专业英语
6. In a database system, whose responsibility is it to provide data consistency? • (a) the database administrator's • (b) the DBMS's • (c) the user's • (d) the application prd to • (a) insert/update/delete data in the database. • (b) manipulate the structure of database applications. • (c) add and delete tables. • (d) specify the structure of a database. • 11. DDL is used to • (a) access the contents of tables. • (b) specify the structure of a database. • (c) add contents to tables. • (d) define the structure of database applications.
7. All virus scanners can kill most known viruses. (
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• 1. Which of the following SQL statements can be used to add a row to a table? • (a) CREATE (b) INSERT • (c) APPEND (d) ADD • 2. Which of the following SQL statements can be used to remove a row from a table? • (a) DELETE (b) ERASE • (c) DESTROY (d) REMOVE
江西省抚州市金溪县第一中学2024-2025学年高三上学期11月联考英语试卷(含答案)
江西省2025届高三11月阶段检测考高三英语试卷试卷共8页，67小题，满分150分。
考试用时120分钟。
注意事项：1．考查范围：高中全部内容。
2．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号等填写在答题卡指定位置上。
3．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。
写在本试卷上无效。
4．考生必须保持答题卡的整洁。
考试结束后，请将答题卡交回。
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30 分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上，录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirtA．19.15. B．9.18. C．9.15.答案是C。
1．What kind of beefsteak would the man likeA．Medium rare one. B．Medium one. C．Well done one. 2．What is the man doing nowA．Making a call. B．Making a bid. C．Applying a bid. 3．What’s the woman’s last nameA．Nangong qing. B．Qing. C．Nangong.4．What does the man want to doA．Make a reservation. B．Buy a restaurant. C．Change a room. 5．What will the man probably wearA．Blue pants. B．White coat. C．Shorts.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白，每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
数据库系统概念(database system concepts)英文第六版 第一章
Databa se Sy stem Concept s - 6th Edition
1 .3
©Silber schatz , Korth and S u dar
n Relational model (Chapter 2) n Example of tabular data in the relational model Columns
_____ Rows
Databa se Sy stem Concept s - 6th Edition
1 .10
©Silber schatz , Korth and S u dar
n Physical Data Independence – the ability to modify the physical schema without changing the logical schema l Applications depend on the logical schema l In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components should be well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously influence others.
1 .5
©Silber schatz , Korth and S u dar
n Phys ical level : describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored. n Logical level : describes data stored in database, and the relationships among the data. type instructor = record ID : string;
英语专业本科论文《茶花女》
英语专业本科论文《茶花女》英语专业本科论文《茶花女》` An Analysis on Male-centered Consciousness in The Lady of the Camellias Acknowledgement In writing this thesis, I have benefited from the presence of my teachers and my classmates. They generously helped me collect materials I needed and made many invaluable suggestions. I hereby extend my grateful thanks to them for their kind help, without which the paper would notChen Ke, who guided me throughout my writing of this thesis. She carefully read the whole draft and offered painstaking and precious criticism. Her standards of academic excellence have made my revision an exciting and gratifying experience.without the help of those individuals and organizations hereafter mentioned with gratitude: the Foreign Language Department, the University Library and its staff. An Analysis on Male-centered Consciousness in The Lady of the Camellias Abstract The Lady of the Camellias was a masterpiece of world literature and even was presented on the stage for many times. And as we all know, The Lady of the Camellias was the first foreign novel that entered our country. It played an importantrole in modern Chinese literature. It was a tragic love story between Marguerite Gautier, a prostitute and a young bourgeois, Armand Duval. Marguerite was not only a prostitute but also a beautiful girl with pure heart. She sacrificed everything she had for love, even her own life. This essay analyzed the tragic story of The Lady of the Camellias from the prospective of male-centered consciousness. The paper is divided into four parts: the first part introduces the author, the writing background, story itself, and other basic information; the second part introduces the gender theory and male-centered consciousness which belongs to it; the third part analyzes the domination of Alexandre Dumas Fils’s male-centered consciousness on the Novel from different aspects, such as heroine’s identity, character, life experience, indication, women’s thoughts, the uneven relationship between woman and man, the author’s narrative technique; the fourth part sums up the paper and puts forward its practical significance. The tragic ending of the heroine was due to a multitude of reasons. But the main reason should be the domination of male-centered consciousness on the society and people’s thought. We should realize that the male-centered consciousness impacted not only literature works but also every aspects of people’s life. Key Words: Gendertheory; Male-centered Consciousness; The Lady of the Camellias 摘要《茶花女》是法国亚历山大·小仲马的代表作，是一部世界文学经典，曾被多次搬上舞台银幕。
英语四级试卷模拟考试
英语四级试卷模拟考试一、写作（15%）题目： The Importance of Reading Classics。
要求：1. 阐述阅读经典著作的重要性；2. 给出你对阅读经典著作的建议；3. 字数不少于120字，不多于180字。
二、听力理解（35%）Section A.Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.Short Conversations (1 - 8)1. A) At a bookstore.B) At a library.C) At a supermarket.D) At a post office.Question: Where does the conversation most probably take place?2. A) He is a teacher.B) He is a doctor.C) He is a lawyer.D) He is a businessman.Question: What does the man do?3. A) She likes the movie very much.B) She doesn't like the movie at all.C) She thinks the movie is just so - so.D) She hasn't seen the movie yet.Question: What does the woman think of the movie?4. A) Go to the park.B) Go to the cinema.C) Stay at home.D) Do some shopping.Question: What are they going to do?5. A) 8:00.B) 8:15.C) 8:30.D) 8:45.Question: What time is it now?6. A) By car.B) By bus.C) By train.D) By plane.Question: How will they go to Beijing?7. A) Red.B) Blue.C) Green.D) Yellow.Question: What color does the woman like best?8. A) Husband and wife.B) Father and daughter.C) Teacher and student.D) Boss and employee.Question: What's the relationship between the two speakers?Long Conversations (9 - 15)Conversation 1.Questions 9 - 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. A) She wants to find a part - time job.B) She wants to travel around the world.C) She wants to study abroad.D) She wants to start her own business.Question: What does the woman want to do?10. A) Her parents.B) Her friends.C) Her teachers.D) Her classmates.Question: Who can give her some advice?11. A) This weekend.B) Next week.C) Next month.D) Next year.Question: When will she make a decision?Conversation 2.Questions 12 - 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A) It's too expensive.B) It's too big.C) It's too small.D) It's too far from her office.Question: What's the problem with the apartment?13. A) 1000 yuan.B) 1200 yuan.C) 1500 yuan.D) 1800 yuan.Question: How much is the rent?14. A) One.B) Two.C) Three.D) Four.Question: How many rooms are there in the apartment?15. A) She will rent it.B) She will think about it.C) She will look for another apartment.D) She will buy an apartment.Question: What will the woman do?Section B.Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.Passage 1.Questions 16 - 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) In 1990.B) In 1995.C) In 2000.D) In 2005.Question: When was the company founded?17. A) Computers.B) Mobile phones.C) Cars.D) Clothes.Question: What does the company produce?18. A) In Asia.B) In Europe.C) In America.D) In Africa.Question: Where is the company's main market?Passage 2.Questions 19 - 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A) Reading.B) Writing.C) Speaking.D) Listening.Question: Which skill is the most important in language learning?20. A) By reading a lot of books.B) By watching English movies.C) By listening to English songs.D) By talking with native speakers.Question: How can one improve their speaking skills?21. A) Once a week.B) Twice a week.C) Three times a week.D) Every day.Question: How often should one practice speaking?Passage 3.Questions 22 - 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. A) To make friends.B) To get information.C) To kill time.D) To do business.Question: Why do people use the Internet?23. A) Chatting.B) Shopping.C) Studying.D) Working.Question: Which is the most popular activity on the Internet?24. A) It's convenient.B) It's cheap.C) It's interesting.D) It's safe.Question: What's the advantage of online shopping?25. A) They are worried about the security.B) They don't like shopping online.C) They don't know how to use the Internet.D) They prefer to go to the real stores.Question: Why do some people not like online shopping?Section C.Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard.When the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.Passage.The Internet has become an important part of our daily lives. We can use it to do many things, such as getting information, _(26)_, chatting with friends, and so on. However, the Internet also has some _(27)_. For example, some people may use it to spread false information or _(28)_. So we should use the Internet _(29)_ and be careful not to be _(30)_ by the false information.三、阅读理解（35%）Section A.Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the word bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2. You may not use any of the words in the word bank more than once.Questions 31 - 40 are based on the following passage.The development of modern technology has brought great _(31)_ to our lives. For example, we can use mobile phones to communicate with others_(32)_ no matter where they are. We can also use the Internet to get a large amount of information in a very short time. However, modern technology also has some _(33)_. For example, some people are so _(34)_ on mobile phones that they ignore the people around them. And the over - use of the Internet may also cause some _(35)_ problems, such as information overload and Internet addiction.So, we should make good use of modern technology and at the same time _(36)_ its negative effects. We should not let modern technology _(37)_ our lives, but use it to improve our quality of life. For example, we can set _(38)_ for using mobile phones and the Internet, and use them in a _(39)_ way. In addition, we should also encourage people to communicate face - to - face more often and _(40)_ the real world.Word Bank.A) benefits.B) addicted.C) easily.D) negative.E) control.F) limits.G) enjoy.H) psychological.I) replace.J) properly.Section B.Directions: In this section, you will read several passages. Each passage is followed by several questions based on its content. You are to answer these questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.Passage 1.Questions 41 - 45 are based on the following passage.The idea of having a single career has been an old - fashioned concept for quite some time now. People are increasingly choosing to have multiple careers throughout their lives. There are several reasons for this trend.First, the job market is constantly changing. New industries are emerging, and old ones are disappearing. This means that people may need to retrain and change their careers in order to stay employed. For example,with the rise of the digital age, many people who used to work intraditional print media have had to learn new skills in order to work in online media.Second, people are living longer and healthier lives. This gives them more time to pursue different interests and careers. They may want to try something new after spending many years in one field. For example, a person who has worked as a doctor for 20 years may decide to study art and become an artist in their later years.Finally, having multiple careers can be more fulfilling. It allows people to explore different aspects of their personalities and talents.They can gain different experiences and skills from each career, which can make them more well - rounded individuals.41. What is the old - fashioned concept mentioned in the passage?42. Why do people need to change their careers according to the passage?43. What is an example of the job market change given in the passage?44. How does living longer affect people's career choices?45. What are the benefits of having multiple careers?Passage 2.Questions 46 - 50 are based on the following passage.In recent years, the sharing economy has become a popular trend. The sharing economy refers to the economic model in which people share resources, such as cars, houses, and tools, through online platforms. There are several advantages of the sharing economy.First, it can save resources. For example, if people share cars, fewer cars will be needed, which can reduce the consumption of energy and raw materials. Second, it can be more cost - effective. For example, people can rent a house or a car at a lower price through sharing platforms than they would if they were to buy or rent them in the traditional way. Third, itcan also promote social interaction. When people share resources, they have the opportunity to meet and interact with other people.However, the sharing economy also has some challenges. One of the main challenges is the lack of regulation. Since the sharing economy is a relatively new concept, there are not enough laws and regulations to govern it. This can lead to problems such as safety concerns and unfair competition. Another challenge is the issue of trust. People need to trust the people they are sharing resources with and the platforms they are using.46. What is the sharing economy?47. What are the advantages of the sharing economy?48. What is the main challenge related to the lack of regulation in the sharing economy?49. Why is trust an issue in the sharing economy?50. Do you think the sharing economy will continue to grow in the future? Why or why not?Section C.Directions: There is one passage in this section. You are required to answer the questions below the passage according to what is stated or implied in the passage.Passage.The concept of "green living" has been around for a while, but it has become more important in recent years. Green living refers to a lifestyle that is environmentally friendly and sustainable. There are many ways to practice green living.One way is to reduce waste. We can do this by recycling, reusing, and reducing our consumption. For example, we can recycle paper, plastic, and glass products. We can also reuse items such as shopping bags and water bottles. And we can reduce our consumption of non - renewable resources such as oil and coal.Another way is to use renewable energy sources. We can install solar panels on our roofs to generate electricity. We can also use wind turbines in areas with strong winds. These renewable energy sources are clean and sustainable, and they can help reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.In addition, we can also choose environmentally friendly products. For example, we can choose products made from recycled materials or products that are biodegradable. We can also choose products that are produced in an environmentally friendly way, such as products that are made without using harmful chemicals.51. What is "green living"?52. How can we reduce waste?53. What are some renewable energy sources mentioned in the passage?54. What are the characteristics of renewable energy sources?55. How can we choose environmentally friendly products?四、翻译（15%）Part A.Directions: Translate the following sentences into English.1. 他是一个勤奋的学生，总是第一个到教室。
8 大原则
二：领导作用 在组织中领导起着关键的作用。 在组织中领导起着关键的作用。领导应 当确定本组织的方针，目标， 当确定本组织的方针，目标，创造一个 实施方针和目标的环境， 实施方针和目标的环境，例如建立适宜 高效的管理体系以确保方针， 高效的管理体系以确保方针，目标和相 应管理体系的协调和统一。 应管理体系的协调和统一。为达成方针 和目标， 和目标，领导者应当营造员工充分参与 的气氛。 的气氛。
四：过程方法
应用“过程方法” 应用“过程方法”的原则组织将会依次实施下 列主要活动: 列主要活动: 为了取得预期的结果， 1 为了取得预期的结果，使用以建立的方法并确 定关键的活动 例如： ISO9001：2000标准7.4条款 采购” 标准7.4条款“ 例如：在ISO9001：2000标准7.4条款“采购” 为了确保采购的产品符合要求， 中，为了确保采购的产品符合要求，则可以将 采购视为一个过程。 采购视为一个过程。按照过程方法确定采购中 的关键活动有：采购信息的确定， 的关键活动有：采购信息的确定，对供方的评 价和选择，采购产品的验证等。 价和选择，采购产品的验证等。
一：以顾客为关注焦点
市场经济 增值(顾客满意 增值 顾客满意) 顾客满意 货币 商品 不Байду номын сангаас值（顾客不满意） 不增值（顾客不满意） 货币
组织依存于顾客。因此，组织应当理解顾客当前和 组织依存于顾客。因此， 未来的需求，满足顾客要求并争取超越顾客期望。 未来的需求，满足顾客要求并争取超越顾客期望。 明确 1）组织与客户的关系 组织活动输入的核心-----客户当前与未来的需求 2）组织活动输入的核心---客户当前与未来的需求 组织过程活动的核心-----满足及超越客户的要求 组织过程活动的核心---满足及超越客户的要求 及期望. 及期望.
分子生物学名词解释 英文
1.DNA Denaturation(变性) When duplex DNA molecules are subjected to conditions of pH ,temperature,or ionic strength that disrupt base-paring interactions, the DNA molecule has lost its’native conformation, and double helix DNA is separated to single strand DNA as individual randome coils.That is, the DNA is denatured.2.Renaturation（复性）Removing the denaturation factors slowly or in proper conditions, the denaturedDNA (ssDNA) restore native structure (dsDNA) and functions. This process is dependent on both DNA concentration and time.3.Hybridization （核酸分子杂交）when heterogeneous DNA or RNA are put together, they will become toheteroduplex via the base-pairing rules during renaturation if they are complementary in parts (not completely). This is called molecular hybridization.4.Hyperchromic effect （增色效应）The absorbance at 260 nm of a DNA solution increases when thedouble helix is separated into single strands because of the bases unstack.5.Ribozyme （核酶）are the RNA molecules with catalytic activity. The activity of these ribozymes ofteninvolves the cleavage of a nucleic acid.6.De novo synthesis (从头合成)De novo synthesis of nucleotides begins with their metabolic precursors:amino acids, ribose-5-phosphate, one carbon units, CO2. mostly in liver.7.Salvage pathways （补救合成）Salvage pathways recycle the free bases and nucleosides released fromnucleic acid breakdown. Mostly in brain and marrow.8.Semi-conservative replication (半保留复制）DNA is synthesized by separation of the strands of aparental duplex, each then acting as a template for synthesis of a complementary strand based on the base-paring rule. Each daughter molecule has one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.9.Telomere（端粒）：Specialized structure at the end of a linear eukaryotic chromosome, which consists ofproteins and DNA, tandem repeats of a short G-rich sequence on the 3 ' ending strand and its complementary sequence on the 5' ending strand, allows replication of the extreme 5' ends of the DNAwithout loss of genetic information and maintains the stability of eukaryote chromosome.10.Telomerase（端粒酶）An RNA-containing reverse transcriptase that using the RNA as a template, addsnucleotides to the 3 ' ending strand and thus prevents progressive shortening of eukaryotic linear DNA molecules during replication.11.Reverse transcription (逆转录）Synthesis of a double-strand DNA from an RNA template.12.Reverse transcriptase (逆转录酶）A DNA polymerase that uses RNA as its template.activity: RNA-dependent DNA polymerase; RNAse H;DNA-dependent DNA polymerase13.The central dogma (中心法则）It described that the flow of genetic information is from DNA to RNA andthen to protein. According to the central dogma, DNA directs the synthesis of RNA, and RNA then directs the synthesis of proteins.14.asymmetric transcription（不对称转录）1..Transcription generally involves only short segments of aDNA molecule, and within those segments only one of the two DNA strands serves as a template.2.The template strand of different genes is not always on the same strand of DNA. That is, in anychromosome, different genes may use different strands as template.15.template strand （模板链）The DNA strand that serves as a template for transcription. (The relationshipbetween template and transcript is base paring and anti-parallel)16.non-template strand (or coding strand)（编码连）The DNA strand that opposites to the templatestrand.(Note that it has the same sequence as the synthesized RNA, except for the replacement of U with T )17.promoter i s the DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription. It is alwayslocated on the upstream of a gene.18.Split genes (断裂基因)Split genes are those in which regions that are represented in mature mRNAs orstructural RNAs (exons) are separated by regions that are transcribed along with exons in the primary RNA products of genes, but are removed from within the primary RNA molecule during RNA processingsteps (introns).19.Exon(外显子) can be expressed in primary transcript and are the sequences that are represented inmature RNA molecules, it encompasses not only protein-coding genes but also the genes for various RNA (such as tRNAs or rRNAs)20.Intron（内含子）can be expressed and be the intervening nucleotide sequences that are removed fromthe primary transcript when it is processed into a mature RNA.21.Spliceosome（剪切体）A multicomponent complex contains proteins and snRNAs that are involved inmRNA splicing.22.Translation（翻译）The process of protein synthesis in which the genetic information present in anmRNA molecule (transcribed from DNA) determines the sequence of amino acids by the genetic codons.Translation occurs on ribosomes.23.genetic codon（密码子）The genetic code is a triplet code read continuously from a fixed starting pointin each mRNA, also called triplet. Genetic code defines the relationship between the base sequence of mRNA and the amino acid sequence of polypeptide.24.Degeneracy of code（密码子简并性）One codon encodes only one amino acid;More than 2 codons can encode the same amino acid;Most codons that encode the same amino acid have the difference in the third base of the codon.25.ORF（开放阅读框架）The nucleotideacids sequences in mRNA molecule from 5’AUG to 3’stop codon(UAA UAG UGA). It consists of a group of contiguous nonoverlapping genetic codons encoding a whole protein. Usually, it includes more than 500 genetic codons.26.Shine-Dalgarno sequence（SD）is a sequence upstream the start codon in prokaryotic mRNA that canbase pairs to a •UCCU•sequence at or very near the 3' end of 16S rRNA, thereby binding the mRNA and small ribosomal subunit by each other.27.Polyribosome（多聚核糖体）Ribosomes(10~100) are tandemly arranged on one mRNA and move in thedirection of 5’to 3’.Such a complex of one mRNA and a number ofribosomes is called polyribosome.28.signal peptide（信号肽）It is a short conservative amino terminal sequence (13~36AA) that exists ona newly synthesized secretory protein. It can direct this protein to a specific locationwithin the cell. It is subsequently cleaved away by signal peptidase; also called signal sequence and targeting sequence.29.Operon（操纵子）: Bacteria have a simple general mechanism for coordinating the regulation of geneswhose products are involved in related processes: the genes are clustered on the chromosome and transcribed together. Most prokaryotic mRNAs are polycistronic. The single promoter required to initiate transcription of the cluster is the point where expression of all of the genes is regulated. The gene cluster, the promoter, and additional sequences that function in regulation are together called an operon. Operons that include 2 to 6 genes transcribed as a unit are common; some operons contain 20 or more genes.30.Housekeeping gene（管家基因）Genes that are expressed at a fairly consistent level throughout the cellcycle and from tissue to tissue. Usually involved in routine cellular metabolism. Often used for comparison when studying expression of other genes of interest.31.Trans-acting factors（反式作用因子）：Usually considered to be proteins, that bind to the cis-actingsequences to control gene expression. The properties of different trans-acting factors:subunits of RNA polymerasebind to RNA Polymerase to stabilize the initiation complexbind to all promoters at specific sequences but not to RNA Polymerase (TFIID factor which binds to the TATA box)bind to a few promoters and are required for transcription initiation32.Cis-acting elements（顺式作用元件）：DNA sequences in the vicinity of the structural portion of a genethat are required for gene expression. The properties of different cis-acting elements:contain short consensus sequencesmodules are related but not identicalnot fixed in location but usually within 200 bp upstream of the transcription start sitea single element is usually sufficient to confer a regulatory responsecan be located in a promoter or an enhancerassumed that a specific protein binds to the element and the presence of that protein is developmentally regulated33.Southern blotting：Genomic DNA (from tissues or cells) are cut by RE, separated by gelelectrophoresis and denatured in solution, then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane for detecting specific DNA sequence by hybridization to a labeled probe. It can be used to quantitative and qualitative analyze genomic DNA, or analyze the recombinant plasmid and bacteriophage (screening DNA library).34.Northern blotting: RNA samples (from tissues or cells) are separated by gel electrophoresis anddenatured in solution, then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane for detecting specific sequence by hybridization to a labeled probe. It can be used to detect the level of specific mRNA in some tissues (cells) and to compare the level of same gene expression in different tissues (cells) or at different development period.35.Western blotting：rotein samples are separated by PAGE electrophoresis, then electro-transferred to NCmembrane. The proteins on NC membrane hybridize with a specific antibody (1st antibody ), then the target protein binding with antibody is detected with a labeled secondary antibody (2nd antibody).Also called immunoblotting. It can be used to detect the specific protein, semi-quantify specific protein, etc.36.PBlotting technique（印迹）:Transfer (blot) biological macromolecules separated in the gel and fix themto nitrocellulose/nylon membrane by diffusion, electro-transferring or vacuum absorption, then detectit.37.Nucleic acid probe（探针）:DNA or RNA fragment labeled with radioisotope, biotin orfluorescent, is used to detect specific nucleic acid sequences by hybridization38.PCR: PCR is a technique for amplifying a specific DNA segment in vitro. The reaction system includeDNA template, T aq DNA pol, dNTP，short oligonucleotide primers, buffer containing Mg2+. The process including 3 steps: denature, annealing, extension39.DNA coloning（克隆）:T o clone a piece of DNA, DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes. Thefragments are pasted into vectors that have been cut by the same restriction enzyme to form recombinant DNA. The recombinant DNA are needed to transfer and maintain DNA in a host cell. This serial process and related technique are called DNA coloning or genetic engineering.40.Genomic DNA library(基因组DNA文库) A genomic library is a set of clones that together representsthe entire genome of a given organism. The number of clones that constitute a genomic library depends on (1) the size of the genome in question and (2) the insert size tolerated by the particular cloning vector system. For most practical purposes, the tissue source of the genomic DNA is unimportant because each cell of the body contains virtually identical DNA (with some exceptions).41.cDNA library（cDNA文库）:A cDNA library represents a sample of the mRNA purified from a particularsource (either a collection of cells, a particular tissue, or an entire organism), which has been converted back to a DNA template by the use of the enzyme reverse transcriptase. It thus represents the genes that were being actively transcribed in that particular source under the physiological, developmental, or environmental conditions that existed when the mRNA was purified.42.α-complementation（α互补）:Some plasmid vectors such as pUC19 carry the alpha fragment of the lacZ gene. The alpha fragment is the amino-terminus of the beta-galactosidase. Typically, the mutant E. coli host strain only carry the omega fragment, which is the carboxy-terminus of the protein. Either omegaor alpha fragment alone is nonfunctional. When the vector containing lac Z introduced into mutant E.coli, both the alpha and omega fragments are present there is an interaction and a functionally intact beta-galactosidase protein can be produced. This interaction is called alpha complementation.43.Secondary messenger(第二信使) are some small signal molecules that are generated in the cell inresponse to extracellular signals. They can activate many other downstream components. The most important second messengers are: Ca2+, cAMP, cGMP, DAG, IP3, Cer, AA and its derivatives, etc.44.Adaptor protein（衔接蛋白）A specialized protein that links protein components of the signalingpathway, These proteins tend to lack any intrinsic enzymatic activity themselves but instead mediate specific protein-protein interaction that drive the formation of protein complexes.45.Scaffolding protein（支架蛋白）A protein that assembles interacting signaling proteins intomultimolecular, it recruits downstream effectors in a pathway and enhances specificity of the signal. 46.Oncogene（癌基因）A gene whose product is involved either in transforming cells in culture or ininducing cancer in animals including virus oncogene（v-onc）and cellular-oncogene（c-onc ）。
DataManagement资料管理
#* depno * name * mgrno 。location
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E-R名詞定義
Entity
the things of significance about which information needs to be known or held.
Relationship
–公司分成幾個部門，每位員工屬於一個部門， 需要知道員工所屬的部門及其主管與部門所 在的位置。
–有些員工是主管，想查每位主管的部屬。
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E-R Model
E-R model is to develop an entity-relationship model that represents the information of the business.
What could be an Entity?
❖An object of interest ❖a class or category of thing ❖a named thing
The Characteristics of Entity:
❖Each entity must have multiple instances. ❖Each instance must be uniquely identifiable
資料庫系統 = 資料庫引擎 + 資料的模式 + 資料(含系統資料 及企業資料) + 應用系統(人機介面)
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Data Modeling--- 範例
背景：某大公司欲建立人事管理系統。
系統需求
–需要 keep and track 每一位員工的資料，包 括：姓名、職務、到職日、薪資。
swiss-model
Swiss-ModelSwiss-Model is a protein structure homology-modeling tool that helps in predicting protein structures using a template-based approach. It aims to create accurate three-dimensional models of protein structures by comparing target sequences to a library of experimentally solved structures.Introduction to Swiss-ModelSwiss-Model is a well-known platform that offers automated protein structure homology modeling. It is widely used in the scientific community for studying protein structures and their functions. Homology modeling is an effective technique for predicting the three-dimensional structure of a protein based on its sequence similarity to proteins with experimentally determined structures.The Swiss-Model platform integrates several software tools and algorithms to accurately generate protein models. It utilizes the UniProt database, which contains a vast collection of protein sequences and their annotations, as well as the Swiss-Prot database, which provides high-quality and manually curated protein sequences.Workflow of Swiss-ModelSwiss-Model follows a well-defined workflow to predict protein structures:1.Target identification: The first step is to identify the target proteinfor which the structure is to be predicted. The user provides the sequence ofthe target protein to Swiss-Model.2.Template selection: Swiss-Model searches its extensive library ofexperimentally determined protein structures to identify potential templates that share sequence similarity with the target protein.3.Alignment: The target protein sequence is aligned with the selectedtemplate sequence to establish the correspondence between equivalentresidues.4.Model building: Using the alignment information, Swiss-Model buildsa three-dimensional model of the target protein by borrowing information fromthe selected template. The model-building step involves optimizing thegeometry and stereochemistry of the model.5.Model quality assessment: Swiss-Model assesses the quality of thegenerated structure and provides a variety of statistical measures to evaluate its accuracy and reliability. This helps researchers to assess the suitability ofthe model for further analysis.6.Model visualization and analysis: The final step involves thevisualization and analysis of the generated protein model. Swiss-Modelprovides various tools and features to explore the structural details and thepotential functional sites of the protein.Features of Swiss-ModelSwiss-Model offers several features and advantages:•Ease of use: Swiss-Model has a user-friendly interface that simplifies the process of protein structure homology modeling.•Template library: It has an extensive database of experimentally determined protein structures that serve as templates for modeling. Thisincreases the accuracy of the predicted structures.•Automated workflow: Swiss-Model follows an automated workflow, reducing the manual effort required for modeling and saving time.•Model quality assessment: The platform provides an assessment of the generated structures, allowing users to evaluate their reliability andaccuracy.•Integration of databases: Swiss-Model is integrated with the UniProt and Swiss-Prot databases, enabling easy access to protein sequences andannotations.Applications of Swiss-ModelSwiss-Model has numerous applications in the field of bioinformatics and protein structure prediction:1.Structure-function relationship: Swiss-Model helps inunderstanding the relationship between protein sequence, structure, andfunction. By predicting the structure of a protein, researchers can gain insights into its potential functions.2.Drug discovery: Accurate protein structure prediction is crucial fordrug discovery. Swiss-Model aids in the identification of potential drug targets and the design of drugs that can target specific protein structures.3.Structural biology: Swiss-Model plays a significant role in structuralbiology, allowing researchers to study the three-dimensional arrangement of proteins and their interactions with other molecules.4.Protein engineering: Protein engineering involves modifying ordesigning proteins with desired properties. Swiss-Model assists in the rational design of protein variants by providing accurate protein structures as a starting point.ConclusionSwiss-Model is a powerful tool for protein structure homology modeling. Its automated workflow, extensive template library, and model quality assessment features make it a popular choice among researchers in the field of bioinformaticsand structural biology. By predicting protein structures, Swiss-Model aids in understanding protein function, drug discovery, and protein engineering.。
《语言学》术语及英文解释
《语言学》术语及英文解释Define the following terms:1.design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.2. function: the use of language to communicate,to think ,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which o riginates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenui th or intuition alone.5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.6. diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,ying down rules for language use.9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.11. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.12. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication.13. phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language.14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.15. macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et16. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge abou t the system of rules.17. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).20．Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.21． Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.22． V oicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords. 23．Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription. 24．Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.25．Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language. 26． Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.<th>is an allophone of /t/in English.When /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated<t>.Both<th>and <t>are allophones of the phoneme/t/. 27． V owl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.28．Manner of articulation; in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.29． Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.30．Distinctive features: a term of phonology,i.e.a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another.31．Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.32．IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.33．Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal supra-segmental features aresyllable,stress,tone,,and intonation. 34．Suprasegmental:aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.35. morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.36. compoundoly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.37. inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.38. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).39. derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.40. root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.41. allomorph:; any of the different form of a morpheme.For example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in classes.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.42. Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.43. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.44. free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.45. lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.”dog in the manger”)46. lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.47. grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.48. lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.49. open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.50. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.术语251. loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.52. loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.53. leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.54. acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.55. loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.56. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.57. assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.58. dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike,or different.59. folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous60. category:parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech,the identification of terms of parts of speech,the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate,etc.61. concord: also known as agreement,is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.62. syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence,or between elements which are all present.63. paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure,or between one element present and he others absent.64. immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in trun analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.65. endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constituents,which serves as the centre,or head, of the whole.Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.66. exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.67. deep structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction,i.e.the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents ,such sa the relation between,the underlying subject and its verb,or a verb and its object.68. surfacte structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction,which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.69. c-command: one of the similarities,or of the more general features, in these two government relations,is technically called constituent command,c-command for short.70. government and binding theory: it is the fourth perio d of development Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which consists of X-bar theme: the basis,or the starting point,of the utterance.71. communicative dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.72. ideational function: the speaker’s experience of the real world,including the inner world of his ownconsciousness.73.interpersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain social relations: for the expression of social roles,which include the communication roles created by language itself;and also for getting things done,by means of the interaction between one person and another..74. textual function: the use of language the provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.75. conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical,cognitive,or denotative content.76. denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrade that relates it to phenomena in the real world.77. connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.78. reference: the use of language to express a propostion,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.79. reference: the use of anguage to express a proposition,i.e. to talk about things in context.80. sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression,independent of situational context.81. synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.82. complentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely,such as male,female,absent.83. gradable antongymy: members of this kind are gradable,such as long:short,big;small,fat;thin,etc.84. converse antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that memembers of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition,such as buy;sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc.85. relational opposites:converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles,kinship relations,temporal and spatial relations.There are always two entities involved.One presupposes the other. The shorter,better;worse.etc are instances of relational opposites.86. hyponymy: a relation between tow words,in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)87. superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy,i.e.the class name.A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.Under animal,for example,there are cats,dogs,pigs,etc,88. semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values,e.g<+human>89. compositionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.90. selection restriction:semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a particular lexical item can take,e.g.regret requires a human subject.91. prepositional logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus,is the study of the truth conditions for propositions:how the truth of a composite propositions and the connection between them.92. proposition;what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech act which has to do with reference.93. predicate logic: also predicate calculus,which studies the internal structure of simple.94. assimilation theory: language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.95. cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the mid-1980s.It saaumes a “recognition lexicon”in which each word is represented by a full and independent”recognistion element”.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it are fully acticated,and,as more of the signal is received,the system tries to match it independently with each of them,Wherever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains active.96. context effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding words provide an appropriate context for it.97. frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in language.98. inference in context: any conclusion drawn from a set of proposition,from something someone hassaid,and so on.It includes things that,while not following logically,are implied,in an ordinary sense,e.g.ina specific context.99. immediate assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses required to understand each word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word in encountered.nguage perception:language awareness of things through the physical senses,esp,sight.术语3101. language comprehension: one of the three strand of psycholinguistic research,which studies the understanding of language.102. language production: a goal-directed activety,in the sense that people speak and write in orde to make friends,influence people,convey information and so on.103. language production: a goal-directed activity,in the sense that people speak and write in order to make friends,influence people,concey information and so on.104. lexical ambiguity:ambiguity explained by reference to lexical meanings:e.g.that of I saw a bat,where a bat might refer to an animal or,among others,stable tennis bat.105. macroproposition:general propositions used to form an overall macrostructure of the story.106. modular:which a assumes that the mind is structuied into separate modules or components,each governed by its own principles and operating independently of others.107. parsing:the task of assigning words to parts of speech with their appropriate accidents,traditionally e.g.to pupils learning lat in grammar.108. propositions:whatever is seen as expressed by a sentence which makes a statement.It is a property of propositions that they have truth values.109. psycholinguistics: is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structure.Psycholinguistics can be divided into cognitive psycholing uistics(being concerned above all with making inferences about the content of human mind,and experimental psycholinguistics(being concerned somehow whth empirical matters,such as speed of response to a particular word).110. psycholinguistic reality: the reality of grammar,etc.as a purported account of structures represented in the mind of a speaker.Often opposed,in discussion of the merits of alternative grammars,to criteria of simplicity,elegance,and internal consistency.111. schemata in text: packets of stored knowledge in language processing.112. story structure: the way in which various parts of story are arranged or organized.113. writing process: a series of actions or events that are part of a writing or continuing developmeng. 114. communicative competence: a speaker’s know ledge of the total set of rules,conventions,erning the skilled use of language in a society.Distinguished by D.Hymes in the late 1960s from Chomsley’s concept of competence,in the restricted sense of know ledge of a grammar. 115. gender difference: a difference in a speech between men and women is”genden difference”116. linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,nguage determines thought.117. linguistic relativity: one of the two points in Spir-Whorf hypotheis,i.e.there’s no limit to the structural diversity of languages.118.linguistic sexism:many differences between me and women in language use are brought about by nothing less than women’s place in society.119.sociolinguistics of language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we want to look at structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context.120.sociolinguistics of society;one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we try to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.121. variationist linguistics: a branch of linguistics,which studies the relationship between speakers’social starts and phonological variations.122. performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something,as apposed to a constative,by which makes a statement which may be true or false.123. constative: an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false.124. locutionary act: the act of saying s omething;it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon,and ly.,the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference. 125. illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something;its force is identical with the speaker’s intention.126. perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something,it’s the consequence of,or the change brought about by the utterance.127. conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances,underatandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.128.entailment:relation between propositions one of which necessarily f ollows from the other:e.g.”Mary is running”entails,among other things,”Mary is not standing still”.129.ostensive communication: a complete characterization of communication is that it is ostensive-infer-ential.130. communicative principle of relevance:every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.131. relevance: a property that any utterance,or a proposition that it communicates,must,in the nature of communication,necessarily have.132.Q-principle: one of the two principles in Horn’s scale,i.e.Make your contribution necessary (G.Relation,Quantity2,Manner);Say no more than you must(given Q).133. division of pragmatic labour: the use of a marked crelatively complex and/or expression when a corresponding unma rkeda(simpler,less”effortful”)alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message(one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed).134.constraints on Horn scales:the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to..135.third-person narrator: of the narrator is not a character in the fictional world,he or she is usually called a third –person narrator.136.I-narrator: the person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story,relating the story after the event.137.direct speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.138.indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.139.indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation which is an amalgam of direct speech.140.narrator’s repreaentation of speech acts: a minimalist kind of presentation in which a part of p assage can be seen as a summery of a longer piece of discourse,and therefore even more backgruonded than indirect speech representation would be.141.narrator”srepresentation of thought acts: a kind of categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their of characters are exactly as that used to present speech acts.For example,,she considered his unpunctuality.142.indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example,she thought that he woule be late.143.fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.144.narrator’s representation of thought acts:a kind of the c ategories used by novelists to present the thoughts of therir characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.145.indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example,she thought that he would be late.146.fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.147.narrator”s repr esentation of thought: the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of theircharacters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.148.free indirect thought: the categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech,e.g.He was bound to be late.149.direct thought: categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech..150. computer system: the machine itself together with a keyboard,printer,screen,disk drives,programs,etc.术语4puter literacy: those people who have sufficient knowledge and skill in the use of computers and computer software.puter linguistics: a branch of applied liguistics,dealing with computer processing of human language.153.Call: computer-assisted language learning(call),refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.154.programnded instruction: the use of computers to monitor student progress,to direct students into appropriate lessons,material,etc.155.local area network: are computers linked together by cables in a classroom,lab,or building.They offer teachers a novel approach for creating new activities for students that provide more time and experience with target language.156.CD-ROM: computer disk-read only memory allows huge amount of information to be stored on one disk with quich access to the information.Students and teachers can access information quickly and efficiently for use in and out of the classroom.157.machine translation: refers to the use of machine(usually computer)to translate texts from one language to another.158.concordance: the use of computer to search for a particular word,sequence of words.or perhaps even a part of speech in a text.The computer can also receive all examples of a particular word,usually in a context,which is a further aid to the linguist.It can also calculate the number of occurrences of the word so that information on the frequency of the word may be gathered.159.annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated-it appears in its existing raw state of plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information,160.annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated—it appears in its existing raw state of plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information.rmational retrieval: the term conventionally though somewhat inaccurately,applied to the type of actrvity discussed in this volume.An information retrieval system does not infor(i.e.change the knowledge of)the user on the subject of his inquiry.it merely informs on the existence(or non-existence)and whereabouts of documents relating to his request.162.document representative: information structure is concerned with exploiting relationships,between documents to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of retrieval strategies.It covers specifically a logical organization of information,such as document representatives,for the purpose of information retrieval.163.precision: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.164.recall: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.165.applied linguistics: applications of linguistics to study of second and foreign language learning and teaching,and other areas such as translation,the compiling of dictionaries,etcmunicative competence: as defined by Hymes,the knowledge and ability involved in putting language to communicative use.167.syllabus:the planning of course of instruction.It is a description of the cousr content,teaching procedures and learning experiences.168.interlanguage:the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language,i.e.the language system between the target language and the learner’s。
关系规范化（Relationnormalization）
关系规范化（Relation normalization）The fourth part of the relational data theoryA single choice1. the relationship between the standardization of the delete operation refers to abnormal, abnormal refers to the insert operation.A. is not the deleted data is deletedB. not the inserted data is insertedC. should be deleted data are not deletedD. should be inserted data is not insertedAnswer: A D.The relationship between mode 2. design performance better known as standardization, standardization of the main theoretical basis is.The relationship between the theory of the relationship between B. A. standard operation theoryThe relationship between C. algebra theory of mathematical logic D.Answer: A3. standardization theory is the theoretical basis of logical design of relational database. According to this theory,relational database must satisfy each of its attributes are.A. unrelatedB. indecomposableC. variable lengthD. are associated with each otherAnswer: B4. relational database normalization is introduced to solve the problem in relational database.A. insert and delete redundant data and improve the query speed ofB.C. reduces the complexity ofD. data operation to ensure the safety and integrity of the dataAnswer: A5. standardization process mainly to overcome the insertion abnormality in the logical structure of the database, delete the defects and abnormal.The inconsistency of B. A. data structure is not reasonableC. redundancyD. data lossAnswer: C6. when the relationship mode of R (A, B) belongs to 3NF, the following statements is correct.A. it must eliminate the insertion and deletion of abnormalB. still exist in the insertion and deletion anomaliesC. and C are belong to BCNFD.AAnswer: BThe relationship model in the relational model is at least 7.A.1NFB.2NFC.3NFD.BCNFAnswer: AIn 8. DB, the highest of any two yuan paradigm mode must be.A.1NFB.2NFC.3NFD.BCNFAnswer: D9. in relation to the mode R, if the function depends on all candidate keys are determinants of the R paradigm is the highest.A.2NFB.3NFC.4NFD.BCNFAnswer: C10. when B belongs to the function depends on the A property,A property andB links.A.1 ofB. for 1C. toD. none of the aboveAnswer: B11. in this model, if the attribute A and B there are 1 to 1 of the contact, said.A.A, BB.B, AC.A orD. are not B vs.Answer: CAttribute 12. candidate key is called.A. B. the main non primary attribute attribute C. composite attribute D. key attributesAnswer: BThe relationship between the levels of relational model for mode 13.A.3NF 2NF 1NFB..3nfì1nfì2nfC.1nfì2nfì3nf d.2nfìlnfì3nf答案:14.关系模式中, 满足2nf的模式,.A.可能是1nf b.必定是1nfC.必定是3nf d.必定是bcnf答案: B15.关系模式r中的属性全部是主属性, 则r的最高范式必定是.A.2nf b.3nf C bcnf d.4nf答案: B16.消除了部分函数依赖的1nf的关系模式, 必定是.A.1nf b.2nf c.3nf d.4nf答案: B17.关系模式的候选关键字可以有①, 主关键字有②.A.0个 b.1个 c.1个或多个 d.多个答案: ①c ②b18.候选关键字中的属性可以有.A.0个 b.1个 c.1个或多个 d.多个答案: C19.关系模式的分解.A.惟一 b.不惟一答案: B20.根据关系数据库规范化理论, 关系数据库中的关系要满足第一范式.下面 "部门" 关系中, 因哪个属性而使它不满足第一范式? .部门 (部门号, 部门名, 部门成员, 部门总经理)A.部门总经理 b.部门成员C.部门名 d.部门号答案: B21.图4.5中给定关系r.A.不是3nf b.是3nf但不是2nfC.是3nf但不是bcnf d.是bcnf答案: D22.设有如图4.6所示的关系r, 它是.A.1nf b.2nf c.3nf d.4nf 答案: B23.设有关系w (工号, 姓名, 工种, 定额), 将其规范化到第三范式正确的答案是.A.w1 (工号, 姓名), W2 (工种, 定额)B.w1 (工号, 工种, 定额) W2 (工号, 姓名)C.w1 (工号, 姓名, 工种) W2 (工号, 定额)D.以上都不对答案: C24.设有关系模式w (C, P, S, G, T, r), 其中各属性的含义是: c 为课程, p为教师, s为学生, g为成绩, t为时间, r为教室, 根据定义有如下函数依赖集:F＝{c→g, (S, c) →g, →c (T, r), (T, p) →r, (T, S) →r}关系模式w的一个关键字是①, w的规范化程度最高达到②.若将关系模式w分解为3个关系模式w1 (C, p), (S, C, G, W2, W3) (S, T, r, c), 则w1的规范化程度最高达到③, w2的规范化程度最高达到④, w3的规范化程度最高达到⑤.①a. (S, c) B (T, r) V (T, D (T, p).s (t), e, s, p)②③④⑤ a.1nf b.2nf c.3nf d.bcnf e.4nf答案: ①e ②b ③e ④e ⑤b二、填空题1.关系规范化的目的是.答案: 控制冗余, 避免插入和删除异常, 从而增强数据库结构的稳定性和灵活性2.在关系a (s, sn, (d), (d 和b, cn, nm中, a的主键是s, b的主键是d, 则d在s中称为.答案: 外部键3.对于非规范化的模式, 经过① 转变为1nf, 将1nf经过② 转变为2nf, 将2nf经过③ 转变为3nf.答案: ①使属性域变为简单域②消除非主属性对主关键字的部分依赖③消除非主属性对主关键字的传递依赖4.在一个关系r中, 若每个数据项都是不可再分割的, 那么r一定属于.答案: 1nf5.1nf, 2nf, 3nf之间, 相互是一种关系.答案: 3nfì2nfì1nf6.若关系为1nf, 且它的每一非主属性都候选关键字, 则该关系为2nf.答案: 不部分函数依赖于7.在关系数据库的规范化理论中, 在执行 "分解" 时, 必须遵守规范化原则: 保持原有的依赖关系和.答案: 无损连接性8.设有如图4.7所示的关系r, r的候选关键字为①; r中的函数依赖有②; r属于③ 范式.答案: ①a和de ②a→de, de→a ③bcnf三.应用题1.分析关系模式: student (学号, 姓名, 出生日期, 系名, 班号, 宿舍区), 指出其候选关键字, 最小依赖集和存在的传递函数依赖.解: 经分析有:候选关键字: 学号 (每个学生只有惟一的学号)最小依赖集学号→姓名学号→出生日期学号→班号: {,,}, 系名→宿舍区, 班号→系名存在传递函数依赖:学号→系名→宿舍区, ∴有学号 - - - - →宿舍区;班号→系名→宿舍区, ∴有班号 - - - - →宿舍区;学号→班号→系名, ∴有学号 - - - - →系名;2.指出下列关系模式是第几范式? 并说明理由.(1).r (x, y, z)f＝xy→z} {(2).r (x, y, z)f＝y→z xz→y {,}.(3).r (x, y, z)f＝y→z y→x x→yz {,,}.(4).r (x, y, z)f＝x→y x→z {,}.(5).r (x, y, z)f＝xy→z} {(6).r (w, x, y, z)f＝x→z wx→y {,}.解:(1).r是bcnf.r候选关键字为xy, f中只有一个函数依赖,The function depends on the left contains a R candidate key XY.(2).R 3NF.R candidate keywords for XY and XZ, all R attributes are the main attributes, there is no transfer of the candidate key non primary attribute dependence.(3).R BCNF.R candidate keywords for X and Y, X, YZ * X dreams, to Y, X, Z, Y, Z with F, Y, X, and Z is a direct function on the X, rather than transfer depends on the X. And every dreams function F depends on the left contains any candidate key, star R is BCNF.(4).R BCNF.Keywords R candidate for X, and each function depends on the F in the left part contains the candidate key X.(5).R BCNF.Keywords R candidate is XY, and the F functional dependencies in left contains a candidate key XY.(6).R 1NF.Keywords R candidate for WX, Y, Z for non main attributes, and because the X, Z, and F existed in non primary attribute partfunction of the candidate key dependent.3. with R (U F model), which:U = {A, B, C, D, E, P}, F = {A, B, C, P, E, A, CE, D}Find all candidate keys R.Solution: according to the definition of candidate key: if the function depends on the X to U was established in R, and there are not any "X X, X U, which was also established, then X is called a candidate key R. The candidate key can only by A, C, E, E, but A, attributes may be so composed of candidate key CE.Calculation shows that: (CE) +=ABCDEP, CE, UAnd C+=CP, E+ = ABE * R only one candidate key CE.4. with R (C, T model, S, N, G), the function of its dependency set:F={C, T, CS, G, S, N}Find all candidate keys R.Solution: according to the definition of candidate key attributes, the left candidate key R could only by F in each function depends on the composition, namely C, S, so composition candidate keys may be CS.Calculation shows that: (CS) +=CGNST, CS, UAnd: C+=CT, S+=NSHence only one candidate key CS R.5. with R (A, B model, C, D, E), the function of its dependency set:F = {A, BC, CD, E, B, D, E, A}(1) B+ are calculated.(2). To find out all candidate keys R.Solution:(1). X = {B}, X = B (0), X (1) =BD, X (2) = BD, B+ = BD so.(2). According to the candidate key definition, attribute left candidate key word of R may only be possible by F in various functional dependencies, namely A, B, C, D, E, A, BC (A due to B, A, C), B, D, E, A and so:can remove A, B, C, D, attribute candidate keys may be composed of star E.The calculation result shows that E ten = ABCDEE, E, U, R E is a candidate key.can remove A, B, E, attribute candidate keys may be composed of star CD.Calculation shows that: (CD) +=ABCDE, CD, U, C+=C, D+ = D, R CD is a candidate key.can remove B, C, D, E, attribute candidate keys may be composed of star A.The calculation result shows that A+ = ABCDE,A, U, R A is a candidate key.can remove A, D, E, attribute candidate keys may be composed of star BC.Calculation shows that: (BC) +=ABCDE, CD, U, B+ = BD, C+ = C, R BC is a candidate key.All the candidate key of R is A, BC, CD, E.6. with R (U F model), which:U = {A, B, C, D, E}, F = {A, D, E, D, D, B, BC, D, DC, A}(1). Calculate the candidate key R.(2) judgment. P = {AB, AE, CE, BCD, AC} is a lossless join decomposition?Solution:(1). (CE) +=ABCDE, CE, U, and C+ = C, E+ = DE = BDE, accordingto the candidate key definition, CE is a candidate key R.(2). Nondestructive connectivity judgment table as shown in the following table P, the judge does not have lossless connectivity.Ri A B C D EAB A1 A2AE A1 A5CE A3 A5BCD A2 A3 A4AC A1 A37. with R (A, B framework, C, D, E) and its correlation function on the set F = {A, C, B, D, C, D, DE, C, CE, A}, P = {R1 is decomposition (A, D), R2 (A, B), R3 (B, E, R4) (C, D, E), R5 (A, E)} whether lossless join decomposition of R?Solution: Nondestructive connectivity judgment result table as shown in the table below P, the judgment is nondestructive connectivity.Ri A B C D EAD A1 A4AB A1 A2BE A2 A5CDE A3 A4 A5AE A1 A58. a functional dependency set F = {AB, CE, A, C, GP, B, EP, A, CDE, P, HB, P, D, HG, ABC, PG}, D+ closure of attribute set D on F calculation.Solution: X={D}, X (0) =D.Find the left is a function of a subset of the D dependence in F, the result is: D, HG, X * (1) = X (0) HG=DGH,Obviously, X (1) and X (0).In the F to find the left is a function of a subset of the DGH dependence is not found, then X (2) = DGH. Since X (2) = X (1),: D+=DOHAll attributes of the 9. known relationship between the mode of R in U={A, B, C, D, E, G} and functional dependencies:F = {AB, C, C, A, BC, D, ACD, B, D, EG, BE, C, CG, BD, CE, AG}For the closure of a set of attributes (BD +).Solution: let X = {BD}, X = BD (0), X (1) = BDEG, X = BCDEG (2), X (3) = ABCDEG (BD = ABCDEG) + so.10. a set of functional dependencies F={D, G, C, A, CD, E, A,B), D+ C+, A+ calculation of closure, and (CD) + (AD) + (AC) + (ACD +).Solution:Let X = {D}, X = D (0), X (1) = DG, X (2) = DG, D+ = DG so.Let X = {C}, X = C (0), X (1) = AC, X = ABC (2), X (3) = ABC, C+ = ABC so.Let X = {A}, X = A (0), X (1) = AB, X (2) = AB, A+ = AB so.Let X = {CD}, X = CD (0), X (1) = CDG, X = ACDG (2), X (3) = ACDEG, X = ABCDEG (4),The (CD) +=ABCDEG.Let X = {AD}, X = AD (0), X (1) = ABD, X = ABDG (2), X (3) = ABDG (AD = ABDG) + so.Let X = {AC}, X = AC (0), X (1) = ABC,X (2) =ABC, the +=ABC (AC).Let X = {ACD}, X (0) =ACD, X (1) =ABCD, X (2) = ABCDG, X = ABCDEG (3), the (ACD) + = ABCDEG.11. a functional dependency set F = {AB, CE, A, C, GP, B, EP, A, CDE, P, HB, P, D, H, ABC, PG, and F is equivalent to the minimum function dependence set.Solution: (1). The F in the right part of the single attribute dependence:AB, C HB, PAB, E D, HF1= A, C D, GGP, B ABC, PEP, A ABC, GCDE, P(2) for AB to C, with A to C, is superfluous:AB, E HB, PA, C D, HF2= GP, B D, GEP, A ABC, PCDE, P ABC, G(3). Through the analysis there is no dependence, then: AB, E HB, PA, C D, HF3= GP, B D, GEP, A ABC, PCDE, P ABC, G12. with R (U F model), which:U = {E, F, G, H}, F = {E, G, G, E, F, EG, H, EG, FH, E}A minimum of F dependent set.Solution:(1). The F in the right part of the single attribute dependence: F1 = {E, G, G, E, F, E, F, G, H, E, H, G, FH, E}(2) for FH to E, with F - E, is redundant, it is:F2 = {E, G, G, E, F, E, F, G, H, E, H, G}(3). The E, G, F2, F in E and F, G, H, E and H, one of G is redundant, then:F3 = {E, G, G, E, F, G, H, G}Or F3 = {E, G, G, E, F, G, H, E}Or F3 = {E, G, G, E, F, E, H, E}Or F3 = {E, G, G, E, F, E, H, G}13. with R (U F model), which:U = {A, B, C, D}, F = {A, B, B, C, D, B}, R into BCNF mode set:(1). If you put the R into {ACD, BD}, F test projection in the two mode on.(2).ACD and BD BCNF? If not, please further decomposition. Solution:(1). - ACD (F) = {A, C, D, C}PI BD (F) = {D, B}(2).BD is BCNF.ACD is not BCNF. ACD AD is a candidate key mode. Consider the A, C, A is not a candidate key mode of ACD, so this function depends on the BCNF condition is not satisfied. ACD is divided into AC and AD, while AC and AD were BCNF.14. with R (A, B model, C, D), the function of its dependencyset:F = {A, C, C, A, B, AC, D, AC}(1) (AD) + calculation.(2). The minimum equivalent F dependency set Fm.(3) for the R keyword.(4). The R decomposition to BCNF and nondestructive connectivity.(5). The decomposition of a R into 3NF and meet with lossless connectivity and keep dependence.Solution:(1). X = {AD}, X = AD (0), X (1) =ACD, X (2) =ACD, the (AD) + = ACD.(2). The F function in the right part of the single attribute dependence:A, C C, AF1= B, A B, CD, A D, CIn Fl to remove redundant function dependency:B, A, A dreams, C B, C star is redundant.D, A A and dreams, C, D, R C is redundant.A, C C, AF2=B, A D, AThe minimal set of functional dependency set is not unique, this can also have other answers.All the single attribute dependence is left in F2 dreams, there is no dependence on the left with perylene redundant attributesA, C C, A LF=B, A D, A(3). BD dreams in F all functional dependencies were not right* candidate key must contain BD, and (BD) + = ABCD, therefore, BD is the only candidate key R.(4) A, C is considered.AC BCNF (not dreams AC does not contain the candidate key BD)ABCD into AC, and ABD.AC is BCNF, further decomposition of ABD, B to A ABD to choose, the decomposition of AB and BD.When AB and AD were BCNF* P = {AC, AB, BD}.(5). (2) can be obtained to meet the 3NF with preserve dependency is decomposed into P ={AC, BD, DA}.The lossless connectivity as shown in the following table, thus P has no lossless connectivity.Ri A B C DAC A1 A3BA A1 A2 A3DA A1 A3 A4The P = P, {BD}, BD is a candidate key RR P = {AC, BA, DA, BD}.The 15. known relationship model (CITY, ST, R, ZIP) and functional dependencies:{F = (CITY, ST), ZIP, ZIP, CITY}Try to find the candidate key R two.Solution: let U = (CITY, ST, ZIP), F functional dependencies in the left is CITY, ST, ZIP:Because the ZIP? - CITY, remove the CITY (ST, ZIP), so it may be a candidate key.(ST, ZIP) + = {ST, ZIP, CITY}, (ST, ZIP) - R U.ST+=ST, ZIP+={ZIP, CITY} (ST, ZIP), so it is a candidate key.Because? (CITY, ST) - ZIP, remove the ZIP (CITY, ST), so it may be a candidate key.(CITY, ST) +={CITY, ST, ZIP}, (CITY, ST) - R U.CITY+ = CITY, ST+=ST (CITY, ST), so it is a candidate key.Therefore, the two candidate key is R (ST, ZIP) and (CITY, ST).16. with R (A, B model, C, D, E), R functional dependencies:F = {A, D, E, D, D, B, BC, D, CD, A}(1) candidate key for R.(2) R into 3NF.Solution:(1). Let U = (A, B, C, D, E), the +=ABCDE, C+=C (CE),E+=BDER CE is a candidate key of acupuncture.(2). The minimum dependency set F '= {A, D, E, D, D, B, BC, D, CD, A}The R decomposition of the 3NF: P = {AD, DE, BD, BCD, ACD}.17. with R (U, V model, W, X, Y, Z), the set of functional dependencies:F = {U, V, W, Z, Y, U, WY, X}, existing the following decomposition:(1). P L = {WZ, VY, WXY, UV}(2). P 2 = {UVY, WXYZ}The judge is lossless join decomposition.Solution:(1). P lossless connectivity judgment table are shown as follows: 1, judging from p 1 does not have lossless connectivity.Ri U V W X Y ZWZ A3 A6VY A2 A5WXY A3 A4 A5 A6UV A1 A2(2). P lossless connectivity judgment table as shown below 2, thus determine the p 2 has lossless connectivity.Ri U V W X Y ZUVY A1 A2 A5WXYZ A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A618. known R (Al, A2, A3, A4, A5) for the relational model, function dependence set:F = {Al, A3, A3, A4, A2, A3, A4A5, A3, A3A5, A1}P ={Rl (Al, A4), R2 (A1, A2), R3 (A2, A3), R4 (A3, A4, A5), R5 (Al, A5)}P is lossless connectivity judgment.Solution: lossless connectivity judgment table below P, thus determine P has no lossless connectivity.Ri A1 A2 A3 A4 5A1A4 A1 A3 A4A1A2 A1 A2 A3 A4A2A3 A2 A3 A4A3A4A5 A1 A3 A4 A5A1A5 A1 A3 A4 A519. with R (B, O model, I, S, Q, D}, the set of functional dependencies:F = {S, D, I, B, IS, Q, B, O}If you use SD, IB, ISQ, BO instead of R, this is a lossless join decomposition?Solution: P ={Rl (S, D), R2 (I, B), R3 (I, S, Q), R4 (B, O)}As shown in the following table to determine lossless connectivity P, thus determine P with lossless connectivity.Ri B O I S Q DSD A4 A6IB A1 A3 A5ISQ A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6BO A1 A220. with R (F, G model, H, I, J), R functional dependencies:F = {F, I, J, I, I, G, GH, I, IH, F}(1). To find out all candidate keys R.(2) judgment. P = {FG, FJ, JH, IGH, FH} is a lossless join decomposition?(3). R is divided into 3NF, and with the lossless connectivity and preserve dependency.Solution:(1). See from the F, a candidate key contains at least J andH (because they do not rely on anyone, computing):Let X = {JH}, X = JH (0), X (1) =IJH, X (2) = GIJH, X = FGIJH (3)* candidate keyword only JH.(2). As shown in the following table to determine lossless connectivity P, thus determine P has no lossless connectivity.Ri F G H I JFG A1 A2FJ A1 A3 A4 A5JH A3 A5IGH A2 A3 A4FH A1 A3(3). The minimum dependency set F '={F, I, J, I, I, Gl, GH, I, IH, F}L meet 3NF and has preserves dependencies into:P = {FI, JI, IG, GHI, IHE}The judge P nondestructive connectivity as shown below, thus determine P has no lossless connectivity.Ri F G H I JFI A1 A2 A4JI A2 A4 A5IG A2 A4 A5GHI A1 A2 A3 A4IHE A1 A2 A3 A4The P = P, {JH}, JH is a candidate key R.* P = {FI, JI, IG, GHI, IHF, JH} with the lossless connectivity and preserve dependency21. with R (A, B model, C, D, E), the function of its dependency set:F = {A, C, C, D, B, C, DE, C, CE, A}(1) all candidate keys for R.(2) judgment. P = {AD, AB, BC, CDE, AE} is a lossless join decomposition?(3). R is divided into BCNF, and nondestructive connectivity.Solution:(1). From the F, a candidate key contains at least BE (because they do not rely on anyone), and (BE) +=ABCDE* BE is the only candidate key R.(2). The judge P lossless connectivity as shown below, which determine P has no lossless connectivity.Ri A B C D EAD A1 A3 A4AB A1 A2 A3 A4BC A2 A3 A4CDE A1 A3 A4 A5AE A1 A3 A4 A5(3) A, C is considered.AC BCNF (not dreams AC does not contain the candidate key BE)ABCDE is divided into AC and ABDE, AC is BCNF.Further decomposition of ABDE, B, D, BD and ABDE is divided into ABE, BD and ABE were BCNF at this time.* P = {AC, BD, ABE}The 22. is provided with a teaching management database, the attribute: student number (S#), course number (C#), score (G), teachers (TN), teachers Department (D). These data have the following meaning:number and course number respectively with representatives of the students and the corresponding curriculum;Each course? A students have a result;each course is only one teacher, but teachers can have morecourses;No? The same teachers, each teacher only belongs to a department.(1). According to the determined semantic function dependence set.(2). If a relation schema with all attributes, then the relationship between the model and illustrate why? In the abnormal phenomenon by adding the operation.(3). The decomposition is dependent on maintaining and lossless join 3NF.Solution:(1).F = {(S#, C#), G, C#, TN, TN, D}(2). The relationship model for 1NF.The relationship between the candidate key of imprisonment mode for (S#, C#)Non main attributes are G, TN and G.And F C#, TN dreamsThere is an attribute of the TN star candidate key (S#, C#) part of the dependenceNamely: (S#, C#) - - to TN?.Abnormal phenomenon:If a new course? And yet no students, due to the lack of key words and the value of S# cannot insert operation.if a teacher from school to delete the relevant information, will not delete the course will delete information (C#).(3) dreams. F=F '= {(S#, C#), G, C#, TN, TN, D}* P = {R1, R2, R3}Where: R1= (S#, C#, G)R2 = (C#, TN)R3 = (TN, D)23. that in a relational database, two yuan of any relationship model must be BCNF.Proof: let R be a two yuan R (x1, x2), there may be several dependencies between attributes X1 and x2:(1).X1, X2, X2, but X1 is R X1 as the candidate keys of relation, function dependence left candidate key contains x1, R BCNF *.(2).X1, X2, X2, x1, R, candidate keys of relation for X1 and X2, these two functions contain any dependent left candidatekey R, R BCNF *.(3) ".Xl! X2, X2!" x1, then candidate keys of relation for R (x1, x2) R, no functional dependency, R BCNF *.Bi syndrome.R 24. is given below the paradigm? Whether there is abnormal operation? If there is, it is decomposed into a high level paradigm. Whether there before in relation to avoid decomposition of abnormal operation can be completed in the advanced form of decomposition?The number of engineering materials, the start date of completion date priceP1 42000.5 I1 2001.5250P1 62000.5 I2 2001.5300P1 152000.5 I3 2001.5180P2 62000.11 I1 2001.12250P2 182000.11 I4 2001.12350Solution:It is 1NF. Because the relationship between the candidate key (project number, material number), rather than the main attribute "commencement date" and "completion date" part of thefunction depends on the candidate key subset of "Engineering", i.e.:P(project number, material number) - to start dateP(project number, material number, date of completion):Hence it is not 2NF.It exists abnormal operation, if the project is determined, if not yet used materials, the engineering data for the missing part keyword (material number) and can not enter into the database, into the abnormal. If a project is dismounted by deleting the operation of the project may also lose material information.Some of these functions depend on the decomposition as an independent relationship, is shown in the following two 2NF sub pattern:R1Project material number quantity priceP1 I1 4250P1 I2 6300P1 I3 15180P2 I1 6250P2 I4 18350R2Project start date of completion date2000.5 P1 2001.52000.11 P2 2001.12After the decomposition, the new project is determined, although it is not used in the engineering materials, data can be inserted in R2. Some engineering data is deleted, only on the relationship between R2 operation, will not lose material information.25. try to prove that a BCNF paradigm will be 3NF.Proof by contradiction.Let R be a BCNF, but not 3NF.There must be an attribute of A and X and Y candidate key attribute set, "Y, Y" X the A, the A X, A Y, Y X, F+ Y, that is not possible to include keywords in R, but Y A is set up.According to the BCNF definition, R is not BCNF, a contradiction and problem, so a BCNF paradigm is 3NF.。
小学上册第十二次英语第5单元测验卷
小学上册英语第5单元测验卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1. A __________ is a tool used to measure mass.2.The _______ (小犀牛) has thick skin and is very strong.3.The teacher gives us ______ for being good. (stickers)4.The ________ (goal) is to inspire change.5.The __________ (历史的契机) can lead to breakthroughs.6.What do we breathe?A. WaterB. AirC. FoodD. FireB7.What do you call the planet we live on?A. MarsB. VenusC. EarthD. JupiterC8.I enjoy playing ________ (团队运动) after school.9.My brother loves __________ (参与团队活动).10.The rainbow has ___ (seven) colors.11.Chemical bonds are formed when ______ interact.12.What is the name of the famous bear who lives in the Hundred Acre Wood?A. Paddington BearB. Winnie the PoohC. Yogi BearD. BalooB13.My sister is a __________ student. (优秀)14.What do we call the study of the universe beyond Earth?A. BiologyB. AstronomyC. GeologyD. Meteorology15.The _____ (细胞) in leaves help with photosynthesis.16.The fish swims in a _________. (鱼缸)17. A force acting on an object can change its ______.18.I like to play with my ________ in the sand.19.What do you call a drawing made using a pencil?A. PaintingB. SketchC. SculptureD. IllustrationB20. A cave is formed by the erosion of ______ rock over time.21.What do you call a baby cat?A. PupB. KittenC. CalfD. ChickB22.What is the name of the famous bear in the Hundred Acre Wood?A. PaddingtonB. Winnie-the-PoohC. Yogi BearD. BalooB23.What is the name of the famous bridge in San Francisco?A. Golden Gate BridgeB. Brooklyn BridgeC. London BridgeD. Tower BridgeA24. A liquid's resistance to flow is called ______.25. A _______ can help to visualize the relationship between force and motion in practice.26.The best thing about fall is the ______ (丰收).27.What is 7 x 6?A. 42B. 36C. 48D. 56A28.My favorite toy is a ________ that rolls on the floor.29.Which animal is known as the "king of the jungle"?A. TigerB. LionC. ElephantD. BearB30. A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction is called a ______.31.What is the name of the first month of the year?A. FebruaryB. MarchC. JanuaryD. AprilC32.What do you call a place where you can borrow books?A. ParkB. LibraryC. SchoolD. Museum33.What is the primary color of a pumpkin?A. GreenB. OrangeC. YellowD. BrownB Orange34.The ancient Egyptians believed in the power of ________ (魔法).35. A solar wind consists of charged particles ejected from the ______.36.I have a friend who is really good at ______ (画画). Her art is very ______ (美丽).37. A base that is soluble in water is called an _____.38.She is a photographer, ______ (她是一位摄影师), capturing special moments.39.My uncle is very _______ (形容词) about his work. 他总是 _______ (动词).40.What do you call the fear of heights?A. ClaustrophobiaB. AgoraphobiaC. AcrophobiaD. NyctophobiaC41.Liquid nitrogen is used as a _____ (cryogenic fluid) in laboratories.42.My favorite snack during movies is _______ (爆米花).43.I enjoy making up stories with my __________ (玩具名).44.I enjoy drinking __________ on a cold day. (热茶)45.The girl enjoys ________.46.The _____ (moon/sun) is bright.47.An asteroid is a small rocky body that orbits the ______.48. A parakeet can be green, blue, or ______ (黄色).49.I play _____ (视频游戏) after homework.50.The _____ (纸飞机) can fly far.51.The cake is ________ with icing.52.The teacher is very ________.53.What is the term for the process of water vapor turning into liquid water?A. EvaporationB. CondensationC. PrecipitationD. SublimationB54.What is the name of the famous race car driver known for his speed?A. Dale EarnhardtB. Michael SchumacherC. Jeff GordonD. Lewis Hamilton55.What do you call a small, soft fruit?A. GrapeB. CherryC. RaspberryD. All of the above56.The __________ (历史的共同体) fosters belonging.57.I enjoy exploring new ideas with my toy ________ (玩具名称).58. A _____ (小狐狸) is very cunning.59.The chemical symbol for thallium is __________.60. f Exploration saw many __________ (探险家) travel the world. The Age61.What is the largest mammal in the world?A. ElephantB. Blue WhaleC. GiraffeD. Hippopotamus62.The flowers are ________ (盛开的).63.What color is the sky on a clear day?A. GreenB. BlueC. YellowD. GrayB64.Which sport uses a bat and ball?A. SoccerB. TennisC. BaseballD. GolfC65.I learned a lot from my last _______ (经历). It taught me many important _______ (教训).66.The __________ is a layer of soil that is rich in nutrients.67.The _____ (花草茶) is made from dried plants.68.The tortoise carries its home on its ______ (背上).69.What is the primary color of a blueberry?A. YellowB. BlueC. GreenD. RedB Blue70.The capital of Northern Ireland is __________.71.My teacher, ______ (我的老师), gives us homework every week.72.We are _____ (going/come) to the party.73.Which of these is a type of fish?A. SalmonB. ChickenC. PorkD. BeefA74.What color are school buses?A. BlueB. GreenC. YellowD. Red75.What do you call a group of stars?A. GalaxyB. Solar SystemC. ConstellationD. Nebula76.Which of these is a natural disaster?A. EarthquakeB. FestivalC. BirthdayD. Concert77.The country famous for sushi is ________ (日本).78.The _____ (种植合作社) supports local farmers.79.The _____ (繁殖) of plants can happen in many ways.80.What do we call a person who studies the human mind?A. PsychologistB. SociologistC. PsychiatristD. NeurologistA81.What do we call the shape that has no corners?A. SquareB. CircleC. TriangleD. RectangleB82.The chemical formula for lead(II) oxide is _____.83.The ________ is a cheerful little animal.84. A _______ is a process that uses heat to change a substance.85.She is _______ (sharing) her snacks with friends.86.The kitten is ___ in the box. (sleeping)87.What do we call the time of the day when it gets dark?A. NightB. EveningC. Late afternoonD. Midnight88.What do we call the study of human societies?A. SociologyB. AnthropologyC. PsychologyD. Political ScienceA89.What is the capital of Japan?A. KyotoB. TokyoC. OsakaD. Hiroshima90.What do we call the middle of a story?A. BeginningB. EndC. ConflictD. ClimaxC91. A bumblebee's wings move very ________________ (快).92. A battery stores _______.93.Which instrument has strings and is played with a bow?A. FluteB. GuitarC. ViolinD. Drum94.The Himalayas are famous for their _______.95.The chemical symbol for potassium is ______.96. A _____ (种植) is when we put seeds in the ground.97.The atomic model describes the structure of an _____.98.What do you call a baby seal?A. PupB. CalfC. KitD. FryA99.The main product of photosynthesis is _____.100. A solution can be clear or ______.。
什么叫三元关系作文
什么叫三元关系作文A ternary relationship, also known as a three-way relationship, is a concept in database management that represents the relationship between three entities. The concept is commonly used in entity-relationship modeling and is a fundamental aspect of designing relational databases.三元关系，又称三方关系，是数据库管理中的一个概念，代表着三个实体之间的关系。
这个概念通常用于实体关系建模，并且是设计关系型数据库的一个基本方面。
In a ternary relationship, each instance of the relationship connects one entity to two other entities, creating a connection between all three. This differs from a binary relationship, which connects two entities, and a unary relationship, which connects an entity to itself.在三元关系中，关系的每个实例连接一个实体到另外两个实体，从而在三者之间建立联系。
这与二元关系（连接两个实体）和一元关系（连接一个实体到自身）有所不同。
One example of a ternary relationship can be seen in a university database, where the entities Student, Course, and Professor are connected. Each instance of the relationship represents a specific student enrolling in a specific course taught by a specific professor.在大学数据库中可以看到三元关系的一个例子，即学生、课程和教授的实体之间的关系。
五力分析模型
宏观环境是企业赖以生产的基础，对宏观环境的正确把握不仅会影响到企业发展的一般性问题，更是影响着企业发展方向的战略问题。
一、政治环境分析香港有关政策表明支持节能环保型小排量的汽车生产和销售，对于生产小型车的企业来说，可以充分利用政府五力分析模型是迈克尔·波特(Michael Porter)于80年代初提出，对企业战略制定产生全球性的深远影响。
用于竞争战略的分析，可以有效的分析客户的竞争环境。
波特五力分析属于外部环境中的微观环境分析，主要用来分析本行业的企业竞争格局以及本行业与其他行业之间的关系。
in the 80 s , Michael Porter put forward five forces model, which have profound impact on the global enterprise strategy. It used for the analysis of the competition strategy, and can effectivly analyse customer competition environment. Potter five forces analysis belongs to the micro environmental analysis of the external environment, it mainly used to analyse the enterprise competition pattern in the industry and the relationship between the industry and other industries.一个行业中的竞争，不止是在原有竞争对手中进行，而是存在五种基本的竞争力量：供应商的讨价还价能力、购买者的讨价还价能力、潜在竞争者进入的能力、替代品的替代能力、行业内竞争者现在的竞争能力。
磁共振模式无线电能传输系统优化与控制问题研究
A Thesis Submitted to Chongqing University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Doctor’s Degree of Engineering
By Zhai Yuan
Supervised by Prof. Sun Yue Specialty: Control Theory and Control Engineering
III
重庆大学博士学位论文
capacitance has been proposed to replace the distributed capacitance to reduce the difficulty of system design and to improve the system stability.The magnetic resonance system has multiple coils ,compensation capacitors and inductances, there are restrictions and interactions between them. The design of the system is a multi-parameter, multi-variable optimization problem. Previous parameter optimization is generally a single-parameter optimization and the optimization result only to the mutual inductance, is not optimized to the specific number of turns. In this paper, based on the relationship between the number of turns and the self-inductance and mutual inductance, SSSS topology as the optimization object, the non-linear mathematical programming model has been given. Using improved genetic optimization algorithm, the system parameter design method has been given too. Finally, the correctness of the theoretical analysis and design methods have been verified by the experimental studys. 3 Based on the stroboscopic mapping method and fixed points theory, the model and relative analsis of the PSSS magnetic resonance system have been studied, the frequency and power model have been given. The existence of multiple resonant operating points has been studied by the frequency model. Base on the frequency model the resonant operating points have been analized by the simulation. Finally reaches the conclusion that the magnetic resonance mode is not suitable for floating frequency control. By utlizing the power model to analyze the relationship between the primary resonant current, output voltage and the load, we find that PSSS structure has a natural of constant current and voltage characteristics, then the load boundary condition has been given by the AC impedance method. Finally, both simulation and experimental results have verified the proposed control method. 4 The magnetic resonance system is prone to have multiple resonant operating points because of the high-level characteristics. The frequency robustness is also reduced as the high Q value of the system. Therefore, the magnetic resonance system requires constant frequency driven. The working frequency of the magnetic resonance mode is higher than the conventional inductive mode, in order to reduce the losses, the inverter should also work in the soft-switching states. A new type of constant frequency soft switching inverter topology has been presented in this paper, a detailed analysis of the working principle and the operational Modal has been given, the boundary condition to ensure the system working in ZVS mode has been given too. The effectiveness of the soft-switching inverter topology has been verified by the simulation and experimental results.
英语范文保护环境
英语范文保护环境篇1Oh dear world, have you ever thought about the significance of protecting our environment? It's not just a matter of course but a vital issue that affects our very existence!Look at the forests. They are being cut down excessively! This leads to soil erosion and species extinction. How tragic is that? Isn't it a disaster for our planet? And what about the rivers? They are polluted, causing the death of countless fish. This not only disrupts the ecological balance but also poses a threat to our water safety. How can we ignore such a serious problem?We should clearly understand that if we don't take immediate and effective measures to protect the environment, our future will be full of darkness and uncertainties. Can you imagine a world without clean air, pure water, and beautiful nature? We must act now to protect our environment. Let's stop the wanton destruction and pollution. Let's work together to create a sustainable and beautiful world for ourselves and future generations. After all, the earth is our only home!篇2Oh, dear friends! Let's think deeply about our responsibility in protecting the environment. We all know that our planet is facing seriousenvironmental problems. So, what can we do?For starters, we should reduce the use of disposable plastic products in our daily lives. Just imagine, those plastic bags and cups that we use once and throw away, they end up polluting our land and seas! Isn't it terrifying?And when it comes to transportation, we should choose public transport more often. By doing so, we can greatly reduce carbon emissions. Why do we insist on driving alone when buses and subways can take us to our destinations?We have the power to make a difference! Every small action counts. Don't we want to leave a clean and beautiful world for our future generations? We surely do! So, let's take action now and fulfill our responsibility to protect the environment. Let's do it for the sake of our home, our planet!篇3In today's rapidly changing world, the relationship between environmental protection and economic development is a topic that deserves our deep reflection! How can we strike a balance between these two crucial aspects?Take some regions for example. They have successfully achieved a win-win situation by developing green industries. They have not only protected the environment but also witnessed significant economic growth.Isn't this a wonderful model to follow? On the contrary, there are some enterprises that have completely ignored environmental protection. As a result, they have faced the risk of going bankrupt. How tragic and thought-provoking this is!We must realize that environmental protection is not a burden for economic development but a driving force for sustainable growth. If we continue to pursue economic development at the expense of the environment, how can our future generations enjoy a beautiful and healthy world?It is high time for us to take effective measures to promote both environmental protection and economic development. Only in this way can we create a better future for ourselves and the generations to come. Don't you agree?篇4Oh dear world, how we have mistreated you! The environment, our precious home, is crying out for our protection. We must take bold and innovative steps to safeguard it.Imagine a world where new materials are developed that can magically reduce pollution! These materials could replace the harmful ones we use now, and what a difference that would make! Isn't it astonishing how such a simple change could have a huge impact?And think about the power of renewable energy! Solar, wind, andhydroelectric power could replace traditional energy sources. Why are we still so slow to embrace these clean and sustainable options? Don't we want a future where our children can breathe fresh air and enjoy a beautiful planet?We should also encourage industries to adopt eco-friendly practices. Shouldn't they be held accountable for their environmental footprint? We, as consumers, have the power to demand change. Let's make our voices heard!The time to act is now. Let's not wait until it's too late. Can we afford to ignore the signs of environmental distress? The answer is a resounding NO! Let's come together and protect our world for generations to come.篇5Oh, dear friends! Let's think about our beautiful planet and the urgent need to protect our environment! Our Earth is facing numerous challenges, and it's high time we all took action.Just imagine this: V olunteers gathering at the beach, working hard to clean up the garbage that has accumulated over time. They are sweating, but their hearts are filled with determination and hope. Isn't this a wonderful scene?Or consider the community organizing environmental protection lectures. People come together to learn, to understand the importance of reducing waste, conserving energy, and protecting our natural resources.How amazing it is that we can all gain knowledge and make positive changes in our daily lives!But the question is, are we doing enough? Are we really committed to making a difference? We should all ask ourselves these questions.Let's not just talk about it; let's act! Every small step counts. We can start by reducing our use of plastic, conserving water, and planting trees. We can encourage our friends and families to do the same.Come on, dear friends! Let's join hands and work together to protect our environment. For our future, for our children, for the beauty of our planet!。
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On the Relationship between Model-based Debugging and Program MutationFranz WotawaTechnische Universit¨a t WienInstitut f¨u r InformationssystemeDatabase and Artificial Intelligence GroupFavoritenstraße9–11,A-1040Wien,AustriaEmail:wotawa@dbai.tuwien.ac.atAbstractIn this paper we discuss the relationship betweenprogram mutation and model-based diagnosis ap-plied to locate andfix bugs in programs.We showthat the time required to search for single faultsis smaller in model-based diagnosis than in gen-eral program mutation.We use this result to speedup program mutation for debugging and develop aprocedure that combines both approaches.More-over,we show that a suitable model can deliver re-sults that are as expressive as the results obtainedby program mutation.This is done by introducinga fault mode for components associatedwith statements and expressions.1IntroductionIn the last decades several techniques have been proposedfor supporting or even automating the software debuggingprocess including[Sha83;Wei82;Wei84;Kor88;Kup89;Mur88]or more recent[Jac95;FN94;Nil98;OL94;BH93;BH95].Some of the techniques use syntactical characteris-tics,some make use of the program’s semantics,and someconsider probability measures.Beside the differences in us-ing available knowledge about a program,the techniques varyin being applicable in a given situation,e.g.,debugging ofsmall versus large programs,or helping novices versus pro-gramming experts infinding bugs.See[Duc93]for a com-parison of different approaches to automated software debug-ging.Although,the proposed techniques have their merits,no general theory comprising all techniques is available,andthere is space for optimizations,including the reduction ofrequired knowledge in order to distinguish different bug can-didates.To avoid this problems[CFD93]adapts model-baseddiagnosis(MBD)[Rei87;dKW87]for debugging and com-pares it with[Sha83].The authors claim that using MBDresults in a reduction of the number of required interactionswith an oracle to identify a bug.The oracle,e.g.,the userof a debugging tool,or a(formal)specification,is assumedto know the correct behavior of the program and is assumedto correctly answer all questions which are provided by theprogram::=statement*statement::=assignment conditional whileassignment::=Id=conditional::=if(statement*statement*expr)expr::=Id Const((op::=+*===or-...Figure1:Syntax of the language J Remark:Variables are emphasized.Keywords of the language are bold typed.All termi-nal symbols are underlined.The meta-characters have the following meaning:A’*’stands for zero or more iterations,a’+’means more than zero iterations,the braces’’,’’indicate a block,and brackets ’[’,’]’an optional block.sidered kinds of bugs are also used in other more traditional debugging techniques.2The debugging problemFormally,the debugging problem is characterized by a given program and a set of test cases.The program must be written according to the syntax which is depicted in Fig-ure1.We define the syntax of J as simple as possible to avoid overhead in the definitions.Therefore,without restricting generality user-defined functions,and general functions are not considered.The semantics of(as for other sequential languages)can be formally described using a function, that maps programs(statements)and variable environments to other variable environments.A variable environmentis itself a function that maps variables to their values.The evaluation function for J is defined as follows: StatementsAssignmentsX=E withif XE otherwiseConditionalswith else branch:if E TSt EStififwithout else branch:if E TStifotherwiseWhile statementswhile E Stwhile E St ififExpressionsVariables V VConstants COther expressions(E1op E2)E1E2(op E)EAfter having defined the syntax and semantics of J we for-mally define test cases.A test case for a program must specify the correct behavior.In this sense a test case is a small part of the specification that maps an input state to the expected output state.In our case states correspond to variable envi-ronments.So,a test case is a tuple where is the envi-ronment before executing a program and is the expected environment to be delivered when executing the program.We say that a program pass a test iff.Otherwise, we say that a program is buggy.In a real-world setting not only one test case is used to check a program.Therefore,we assume a function mapping programs to a set of test cases.We illustrate the definitions using a small example pro-gram demo comprising three assignments:1.x=(a*b);2.min=(x*lb);3.max=(x*ub);We use this program as running example of this paper.Pro-gram demo takes4variables a,b,lb,and ub as input and computes values for the variables min and max.The variable x is used as intermediate variable to avoid recomputation of a*b.The program demo is for computing a minimum and maximum value for a*b using a lower bound lb and an up-per bound ub value.In order to test the program we have to specify test cases,e.g.,Using this test case and executing the program according to its semantics leads to the conclusion that demo is correct with respect to the given test cases.Now consider the case where line3of demo is modified to:3.max=(x/ub);We refer the wrong version of demo as -ing the same test cases as before,i.e.,leads to the conclusion that the program demo2 must contain a bug.Because the execution of demo2leads to which obviously contradicts the expected value.In this case the programmer(user)would be interested in locating the source of this ing a traditional debugger,that guides the user in a sequential manner through the source code,finding the bug in line3requires3steps.Each of which consists of asking the programmer implicitly or explicitly about variable values. Implicitly means that the variables are presented to the user but where user interaction,e.g.,answering a question about correctness or not,is not required.An explicit question must be answered in order to go to the next line in the code.Tra-ditional debuggers are quite effective if the bug is located at the beginning of a program fragment to be debugged.How-ever,in cases where the bug is located at the end,debuggers are ineffective.In practice this effect is tried to be reduced by using break-points in programs.The debugger evaluates the program up to a break-point and starts interacting with the user afterwards.This technique is good for minimizing user interaction.But in order to place the break-point at the right position a good understanding of the structure and behavior of at least parts the program is required.Another way of avoiding too many steps using a debugger is program slicing[Wei82;Wei84]or similar techniques us-ing dependencies between variables,e.g.,[FSW99].Such de-pendency oriented methods collect those statements that may have an influence on a given variable.In the example demo2 only the statements in line1and3have an influence on vari-able max whereas this is not the case for the statement in line 2.An intelligent debugger can make use of this knowledge and focus the user’s attention to the two relevant statements. As a result the number of required steps is reduced.How-ever,such a reduction cannot always be provided by program slicing.In order to further reduce the number of bug candi-dates,i.e.,statements or expressions,the full programming language semantics must be used.For example consider that line1of program demo2is faulty and the other statements are not.From and we can de-rive that must be.Taking this result together with we derive that again contradict our expected value.Hence,statement1cannot be the single source of the ing similar arguments,we get line3as the only single bug location.If we prefer minimal solutions,only line3of demo would be presented to the user.3Program mutation and debuggingMutation testing,e.g.,[BDLS80;OL94],was originally de-veloped for constructing a set of tests which distinguish be-tween a given program and any nonequivalent program and for measuring the quality of test cases.The nonequivalent program is generated using the given one and applying the mutation transformation.The ideas of mutation testing can be used for debugging.In[Duc93]the author classifies pro-gram mutation as sort offiltering technique for debugging1. The changed parts of a program are bug candidates,if the modified version of the program,i.e.,the mutant,passes allWe define the size of an expression as follows:if is a variableor constantifAn orthogonal concept of ordering diagnoses wrt.the differences between the mutant and the original program is to order(and limit)diagnosis candidates wrt.min-imality.A mutation diagnosis is a minimal diag-nosis iff there exists no other mutation diagnosis that is a subset of.Similar to the hardware do-main we are interested infinding minimal bugs.For example,the mutation diagnosis x/ub x*ubis a minimal diagnosis for program demo2,whereasx/ub x*ub x*lb x*ub x*ub x*lb is not.denotes the expression used in statement.In the following section we describe the algorithm MUTA-TION for computing all possible mutations of a program up to a given maximum difference.3.1Computing mutantsThe MUTATION algorithm computes all possible mutations for a given program in an iterative way.The algorithm uses a set of mutations generated one iteration cycle before. In thefirst cycle only the original program is considered.For each of the previously generated programs(or the original program)MUTATION selects a statement and applies the ba-sic mutation functions resulting in a new mutant considered in the next iteration.The selection process isfinished when all statements have been taken into account.If we use the algorithm MUTATION we obtain a sequence of all possible mutants of up to the size.The sequence is ordered by the number of changes,i.e.,the size of the mutants.Algorithm MUTATION1.Let be0,and be a set containing the unmutatedoriginal program.2.Let be the empty set.3.For all elements in do the following:(a)For all statements in call the algorithm BA-SICMUTATIONS returns a set of mutants for.Add all elements of to.4.If is not greater than,increase by1and goto2.Otherwise,return the sequence as result.MUTATION calls the algorithm BASICMUTATIONS requires3arguments:the pro-gram,a statement,and a mutant that was generated in a previous step.Algorithm BASICMUT with,,and as arguments and add the re-sulting mutants to.3.If is a conditional statement then compute the muta-tions for the conditional expression using EXPRMUTATIONS and add all of them to.4.If is a loop statement,compute the mutations for theconditional expression using EXPRMUTATIONS.Add the resulting mutants to.5.Return the set of mutants.The EXPRMUT allows for adding an additional operator to an existing one. EXPRMUT,and a mutant. Algorithm EXPRfor computing all candidates that are checked against the test cases.The remaining mutants are bug candidates.The fol-lowing algorithm MUTATIONDIAG1.Let be an empty set and let be1.pute candidates Compute all mutants of size bycalling MUTATION.Store the mutants in.3.Check candidates For all check whetherpasses the test cases or not.If does not pass,then remove from.4.If is empty,increase by one and goto2.Otherwisereturn as result.It is obvious that in general MUTATIONDIAG.The time complexity depends on the number of test cases,the maximum runtime for checking one mutant against one test case,the number of mu-tants and the time required for creating one mutant,i.e.,.The time required for creating one mutant must linearly depend on the size of the program ,i.e.,,where denotes the number of state-ments and the number of expressions of.The number of created mutants depends also on the size of the program and the maximum difference.In each iteration the number of mutants is equal to the number of mutants in the previous iteration multiplied by a constant factor.In thefirst iteration the number of mutants is equal to the program’s size multi-plied by the factor.Hence,we have.In summary we get the following result for the time complexity. Theorem3.1(Time complexity of mutation diagnosis) The time complexity for computing all mu-tation diagnoses up to a given size is.The space complexity of mutation diagnosis can be com-puted in a similar way.For each mutant there must be a re-served space of size.In addition we require space for executing the mutant.In summary the space require-ments depend on the required space and a space for storing all mutants.Theorem3.2(Space requirements of mutation diagnosis) The space complexity for computing all mu-tation diagnoses up to a given size is.The time and space complexity of mutation diagnosis is not a problem in practice if we restrict the size to be small.In most cases the search for mutation diagnoses is restricted to and at most to2or3.In the following sections we show how mutation diagnosis can be enhanced by using model-based reasoning.Figure2:Graphical representation of the demo2model4Model-based debuggingIn various papers the authors’have shown that model-based diagnosis can be used for debugging,e.g.,[CFD93;FSW99; SW99;MSW00;Wot00].Since this paper aims not in pre-senting a new model for a sequential programming language, we use the value-based model of[MSW00]which was de-veloped for a subset of Java.To be self contained we briefly summarize the model.For more details we refer to[MSW00]. The logical model represents the semantics of the statements of our language:assignments,conditionals,and loops.Each statement and expression is associated with an diagnosis com-ponent.The behavior of the components captures the seman-tics of the underlying statement or expression.The variables are represented by connections.In addition we have connec-tions between expression and its subexpressions and when-ever required,e.g.,if a statement has an expression.For as-signments,expressions,and conditionals we have2modes: and with the usual meaning.Loops have the same modes plus1additional mode,the mode restricting the execution of the block statements to afixed number.This number is assumed to depend on the test case.For example the logical model of our demo2pro-gram is given by the following sentences:Component behavior:Structure:Declaring the component’s typeand the connectionsThe graphical representation of the demo2model is de-picted in Figure2.We see for example that the assignment statement of line1is mapped to component,the multipli-cation function is mapped to,the variable accesses a,b are mapped to and respectively.In the next step we use together with the test case for computing bug candidates.We convert the test case to a set of observations and compute4single diagnoseswhich can be mapped back to the statements and expres-sions in the source code of demo2.All single diagnoses indi-cate that the bug can only be in line3.4.1Enhancing mutation diagnosisIn this section we show how model-based diagnosis can be used to speed up mutation diagnosis.The idea behind is to use the results obtained from model-based diagnosis to avoid the computation of unnecessary mutants.Only those expres-sions lying in at least one diagnosis are subject to be mu-tated.Moreover,taking a diagnosis and the test cases we can (at least partially)compute the expected behavior of compo-nents,i.e.,statements and expressions.Table1shows the ex-pected values for the single diagnoses computed for demo2. Using this information we further can reduce the number of mutations to be considered in order tofind a solution. For example,replacing the mutant x/ub x-ub cannot ex-plain the expected values.Since all of the required tests for eliminating muta-tions from the list of possible mutants use local information only,they are not so time consuming as executing the whole program after mutating it.In order to show that model-based diagnosis can really be used to speed up mutation diagnosis,we have to show that computing diagnoses is less time consuming than computing all mutants.Wefirst discuss the time complexity of model-based diagnosis for computing single diagnosis.In the worst case all diagnosis components must be checked for be-ing faulty.Every check lasts,where is the maximum runtime of the program for the test cases.Since we have different test cases the time complexity is given as follows: Theorem4.1(Time complexity-single diagnoses)The time complexity for locating single bugs in a program using model-based diagnosis is.In general the time complexity depends on the number of subsets to check.Hence,we have when as-suming that every component has about2modes,e.g.,or .Although this is not the case for our model in general, it is a good approximation.Because only loop statements have a(very)limited number of additional modes,and usu-ally there is only a vanishing number of loops in a program (if compared to the number of expressions).For mutation de-bugging providing a mutant for all statements and expressions requires a to be.Hence,the time complexity in this case is which is obviously larger than.Space complexity for computing all single diagnoses is of order,if we assume that every component has only2modes.The space complexity is also smaller than the space complexity of mu-tation debugging.In summary the enhancement of mutation debugging in-clude3steps:First,compute diagnoses using model-based diagnosis and a value-based model.Second,compute mu-tants only for components that are element of at least one di-agnosis.Third,use the locally available expected values for eliminating mutants instead of executing the whole program.4.2Expressing mutation diagnosisIn this section we discuss how mutation diagnosis can be ex-pressed in terms of model-based diagnosis.The straight for-ward way is do use a predicate having2arguments (instead of1)for each diagnosis component.Thefirst argu-ment is for the component identifier and the second argument represents the desired behavior of the component.For exam-ple,we can declare the replacement fault modeto an and function:Other replacement modes can be easily declared in the same manner.For variable access or assignment components such a replacement mode is not so easy to define.This is due to the fact that replacing a variable by another variable has an impact on the structure of the associated diagnosis system. We can define a replacement mode for a variable access com-ponents.The respective diagnosis component must have an input for each variable used in the program.Depending on the replacement mode the corresponding input value is prop-agated to the output and the output value is propagated to the corresponding input.Such a diagnosis component can be seen as a select function.A similar technique can be used for assignment statements,where the output connection must vary according to its mode that corresponds to differ-ent target variables.The advantage of the mode is that it provides a possible repair action,i.e.,replacing the corresponding ex-pression with the specified expression.Although,we can in-troduce arbitrary replacement modes,they require additional connections between diagnosis components and cause the overall diagnosis time to increase significantly.Moreover,a more sophisticated change of the program,e.g.,replacing x +y by x+y-(z*w),can be hardly expressed by our model.In this case the diagnosis component correspond-ing to the plus operator must have knowledge about the other variables z and w.Hence,we have to introduce new inputs not only for the variable access components but also for all other components.Because of these problems we suggest to use replacement modes whenever we know a small fraction of the components and expressions to be part of a highly proba-ble diagnosis candidate.in(c3x)out(c3x)in(c3ub)out(c3ub)out(c31)out(c3) 222214 282244Table1:Expected values for demo25ConclusionThis paper dealt with establishing the relationships between model-based diagnosis and program mutation to be used insoftware debugging.In thefirst part of this paper,we dis-cussed the concept of program mutation for debugging,andwe presented definitions and algorithms for computing mu-tants of a given size.Moreover,we elaborated the time andspace complexity of mutation diagnosis.In the second part,we briefly discussed how to use model-based diagnosis for debugging and tried to investigate the relationships betweenthe two approaches.The main results of this paper are: Mutation testing can be significantly enhanced by us-ing model-based diagnosis.The resulting diagnoses are seen as focus for mutation diagnosis.Only mutants ofexpressions and components that are element of at leastone diagnosis are created.In principle the advantage of mutation diagnosis,i.e., the computation of possible corrections,can be adopted for the model-based framework.A replacement mode maps different behaviors to diagnosis compo-nents.This mode expresses changes of expressions di-rectly.However,beside the caused increase of diagnosis time,the complexity of the resulting model increases as well.In future debugging systems the combination of model-based diagnosis techniques and program mutation seems to be a good choice.Whereas thefirst supports the discrimi-nation between statements that may cause a misbehavior,the latter provides repair suggestions.References[BDLS80]Timothy Budd,R.DeMillo,R.Lipton,andF.Sayward.Theoretical and empirical studieson using program mutation to test the functionalcorrectness of programs.In Proc.Seventh ACMSymp.on Princ.of ng.(POPL).ACM,January1980.[BH93]Lisa Burnell and Eric Horvitz.A Synthesis of Logical and Probabilistic Reasoning for ProgramUnderstanding and Debugging.In Proceedingsof the International Conference on Uncertainty inArtificial Intelligence,pages285–291,1993. 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