肺结核英文介绍
肺结核(pulmonary tuberculosis)
• 1993年 世界卫生组织宣布: 全世界已处于结核病紧 急状态
全球每年新发现病人
1990年
1999年
发病病例 死亡病例
750 万 250 万
1020 万 350 万
• HIV 感染和艾滋病破坏了机体的 免疫系统， 加剧了结核的发病，1/3HIV病人死于结核
3特殊表现＿结核变态反应综合征
结核病的诊断
一结核病诊断方法
（一）、病史症状体征
1. 病史和症状体征 （1）症状体征情况：症状一般没有特异性， 体征对肺结核的诊断有限。 （2）诊断治疗过程：确定是初发病例或是复 发病例，以及治疗史。 （3）肺结核接触史：主要是家庭接触史，邻 居、同事、宿舍等有无肺结核患者。
肺结核（pulmonary tuberculosis）
2020/4/26
概述
– 结核病（Tuberculosis，TB）：由结核杆菌引起的 慢性传染病，可以侵犯全身各器官，以肺结核最为 常见。
– 传染源：Open TB。 – 病理特点：结核结节、干酪样坏死、空洞形成。 – 临床表现：慢性经过，全身结核中毒症状、呼吸道
高死亡
0.72%（每年） 5.5亿曾受感染 活动性TB 367/10万 涂阳（122/10万） 菌阳（160/10万） 总耐药率27.8% 初始耐药 18.6％，MDR 7.6% 继发耐药 46.5％ MDR 17.1% 13万/年，死亡率8.8/10万
我国情况
中青年患病多: 61.6% 地区患病率差异大:西高 东低 实施督导治疗地区患病率低。
再次感染
小儿多见
成人多见
局部反应轻
局部反应剧烈（空洞）
肺结核的250字作文
肺结核的250字作文英文回答：Tuberculosis, also known as TB, is a serious infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB can be spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks.I remember a time when my friend was diagnosed with tuberculosis. She had been feeling tired and had a persistent cough for weeks. At first, she thought it was just a cold that wouldn't go away. But when she started coughing up blood, she knew something was seriously wrong.She went to the doctor and was diagnosed with tuberculosis. She had to undergo a long course of antibiotics to treat the infection. It was a tough time for her, as she had to isolate herself from others to prevent spreading the disease.TB is a serious illness that requires prompt treatment to prevent complications. It can be cured with antibiotics, but it's important to complete the full course of treatment to ensure the infection is completely eradicated.中文回答：肺结核，也称为TB，是一种严重的传染病，主要影响肺部。
肺结核作文300字
肺结核作文300字英文回答：Tuberculosis, also known as TB, is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs, but can also spread to other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, spine, and brain.TB is transmitted through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Close and prolonged contact with an infected individual increases the risk of contracting the disease. It is important to note that TB is not easily spread by casual contact, such as shaking hands or sharing utensils.Symptoms of TB include persistent cough, chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, and fever. However, some individuals may not display any symptoms at all, which is known as latent TB infection. In such cases, thebacteria remain inactive in the body and do not cause illness. However, they can become active at a later stageif the immune system weakens.Diagnosing TB involves various tests, including a physical examination, chest X-ray, and sputum analysis. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics taken over a period of several months. It is important to complete the full course of treatment to ensure complete eradication of the bacteria and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.Preventing the spread of TB involves practicing good respiratory hygiene, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and properly ventilating living spaces. Vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is also recommended in countries with a high prevalence of TB.Despite significant progress in the fight against TB,it remains a global health concern. It is estimated that nearly 10 million people worldwide were infected with TB in2019, with approximately 1.4 million deaths attributed tothe disease. Efforts to improve diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies are crucial in reducing the burden of TB and achieving the goal of its elimination.中文回答：肺结核，也称为TB，是由结核分枝杆菌引起的一种高度传染性传染病。
肺结核英文介绍ppt课件
肺结核英文介绍
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First,a control system
Second, the patients
need to see doctors because of illness
Third,management.Stre
ngthening the management of registration of patients
肺结核英文介绍
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Daily Preventive measures
肺结核英文介绍
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That's all. Thank you.
肺结核英文介绍
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Tubercle bacillus 肺结核菌
肺结核英文介绍
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Transmission way - through the AIR
Cough Sneeze Spit Give off airborne droplets
肺结核英文介绍
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肺结核英文介绍
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Susceptible population
• In addition to genetic factors , still include the life to poverty, living crowded, malnutrition and other social factors
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
肺结核英文介绍
3723
Sunny Lynn Martina Angeline Hermion Sonia
1
It is a chronic infectious disease(慢性传染疾病),
Tuberculosis definition
肺结核
【肺结核】[编辑本段]pulmonary tuberculosis（简称TB）结核病是由结核杆菌(tubercle bacillus) 引起的慢性传染病，可累及全身多个器官，但以肺结核最为常见。
本病病理特点是结核结节和干酪样坏死，易形成空洞。
临床上多呈慢性过程，少数可急起发病。
常有低热、乏力等全身症状和咳嗽、咯血等呼吸系统表现。
结核俗称“痨病”，是结核杆菌侵入体内引起的感染，是青年人容易发生的一种慢性和缓发的传染病。
一年四季都可以发病，15岁到35岁的青少年是结核病的高发峰年龄。
潜伏期4～8周。
其中80％发生在肺部，其他部位(颈淋巴、脑膜、腹膜、肠、皮肤、骨骼)也可继发感染。
主要经呼吸道传播，传染源是接触排菌的肺结核患者。
解放后人们的生活水平不断提高，结核已基本控制，但近年来，随着环境污染和艾滋病的传播，结核病又卷土重来，发病率欲演欲烈。
“面色苍白、身体消瘦、一阵阵撕心裂肺的咳嗽……”在１９世纪的小说和戏剧中不乏这样的描写，而造成这些人如此状况的就是当时被称为“白色瘟疫”的肺结核，也即“痨病”。
[编辑本段]肺结核病的研究历史１９世纪，不知有多少人曾被这种无情的烈性传染病夺去了亲人或朋友，虽然２０世纪多种有效抗生素和预防药物的产生使肺结核病例在世界范围内迅速减少，但因此放松警惕就大错特错了。
世界卫生组织警告说，近年来肺结核在全球有卷土重来之势，对这种传染病的防治不容懈怠。
１８８２年，德国科学家罗伯特·科赫宣布发现了结核杆菌，并将其分为人型、牛型、鸟型和鼠型４型，其中人型菌是人类结核病的主要病原体。
肺结核就是主要由人型结核杆菌侵入肺脏后引起的一种具有强烈传染性的慢性消耗性疾病。
常见临床表现为咳嗽、咯痰、咯血、胸痛、发热、乏力、食欲减退等局部及全身症状。
肺结核９０％以上是通过呼吸道传染的，病人通过咳嗽、打喷嚏、高声喧哗等使带菌液体喷出体外，健康人吸入后就会被感染。
１９４５年，特效药链霉素的问世使肺结核不再是不治之症。
结核病(Tuberculosis)-1
結核病（Tuberculosis）一、疾病概述（Disease description）結核病是一種目前仍普遍存在於全世界，尤其是未開發及開發中國家的慢性傳染病，它是由結核桿菌感染所造成的，在初感染時，大約95％的人會因自身的免疫力而未發病，但會有終身再活化（Reactivation）的潛在危險，只有5％的人在初感染後結核菌會經由血行或淋巴液之散播造成肺內或肺外結核（如：結核性腦膜炎）。
經過初感染而未發病的人，日後也可能因外在再感染（Exogenous reinfection）而發病。
結核病可以發生在人體任何器官或組織，如淋巴結、腦膜、胸膜、腎臟、骨骼、皮膚、消化道、泌尿生殖道等；在臺灣比較常見的肺外結核是淋巴結核及骨結核，其次為結核性腦膜炎，肺外結核的發生率遠比肺結核來得低。
若給予適當的抗結核藥物治療，結核病幾乎可以百分之百痊癒（Cure），但若不予治療，則在3年內，約有一半的病人會死亡。
在臨床上病人常見的症狀有咳嗽、胸痛、體重減輕、倦怠、食慾不振，發燒、咳血等。
唯這些症狀在其他慢性胸腔疾病亦會出現，故只能作為診斷上的參考之用。
（一）皮膚結核菌素試驗（Tuberculin test，簡稱T.T.）結核菌素測驗係以一定量之結核菌素注入動物或人體之皮內，查看有無特異之過敏反應現象；人體第一次受到結核菌侵入後，無論是自然感染或人工感染（卡介苗接種），一般都在4～8週後，結核菌素測驗反應由陰性轉為陽性；結核菌素是萃取自結核菌的蛋白質。
目前廣為各國所使用的結核菌素有PPD-S、及PPD RT23二種；自2001年9月1日起，臺灣採用PPD RT23 2TU。
卡介苗是由牛型的結核菌經繼代培養減毒後所做成的疫苗，沒有接種過卡介苗的人，如果T.T.是陽性，則表示曾受到結核菌的感染，但值得注意的是一些免疫機能不全（如愛滋病）或受損（使用免疫抑制劑者）及受到某些病毒感染（如麻疹病毒）的人，當其罹患肺結核時，T.T.有可能呈現陰性反應或甚至出現無反應之情況。
tuberculosis-结核病。
Tuberculosis in Humans
- Reservoir: Humans
- Transmission: Airborne disease (aerosol transmission)
- Symptoms:
Latent TB infection: Active TB infection:
No symptoms *Cannot spread TB
Growth & Structure
- Only require a very few number of bacteria to establish an infection (1-10 bacteria)
- Slow generation time
M. Tuberculosis in sputum (stained in red)
TB Transmission What is TB?
TB is a disease caused by infection with a bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
How Are TB Germs Spread?
TB Transmission
The amount of time, the environment, and how sick the person is all contribute to whether or not you get infected
In most cases, your body is able to fight off the germs
tuberculosis
Mycobacterial Cellular Envelope
肺结核治疗方案缩写
肺结核治疗方案缩写肺结核（Tuberculosis，简称TB）是一种由结核分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium tuberculosis）感染引起的慢性呼吸系统疾病。
肺结核是一种严重的全球性公共卫生问题，每年有数百万人受到感染，造成数百万人死亡。
为了更好地管理和治疗肺结核，医疗界开发了一系列的治疗方案。
1. 简介肺结核治疗方案缩写（Abbreviated Therapy Regimens for Tuberculosis，简称ATR-TB）是根据疾病的严重程度和患者的特定情况，制定的一套有效的肺结核治疗方案。
ATR-TB的目标是减少治疗时间和提高治愈率，同时减少治疗过程中的不良反应。
2. ATR-TB 方案ATR-TB方案在治疗过程中使用了多种抗结核药物，包括伊索韦胺（Isoniazid）、利福平（Levofloxacin）、吡嗪酰胺（Pyrazinamide）以及乙胺丁醇（Ethambutol）。
根据患者的病情和分组，ATR-TB方案分为以下几个阶段：2.1 初始治疗阶段•初始治疗阶段的主要目标是消除活动的结核菌感染。
这个阶段通常持续6个月。
•初始治疗阶段的药物组合包括伊索韦胺、利福平、吡嗪酰胺和乙胺丁醇。
•每天口服药物，按照医生的指示进行正规用药。
•在此阶段，患者要定期进行药物代谢监测和治疗反应监测。
2.2 缩短治疗阶段•缩短治疗阶段的主要目标是在初始治疗阶段之后进一步清除残留的结核菌。
•此阶段通常持续4个月。
•缩短治疗阶段的药物组合包括伊索韦胺、利福平和吡嗪酰胺。
•在此阶段，患者仍然需要定期进行药物代谢监测和治疗反应监测。
2.3 个体化治疗阶段•个体化治疗阶段是根据患者的具体情况和耐药情况进行的。
•在此阶段，医生会根据患者的病情选择适当的抗结核药物进行治疗。
•个体化治疗阶段的治疗时间和药物组合会因人而异。
3. 注意事项在进行ATR-TB治疗的过程中，患者需要注意以下事项：•患者需要按照医生的建议规律服药，并按时复诊。
肺结核(英文版)PPT
drinking non-sterilised milk from infected cows
Mycobacterium bovis （牛型） Pasteurization(巴氏消毒) has largely eliminated its infection
Primary infection: firm nodule, deep ulcer form and persist , until the animals die.
reinfection: local induration , superfical ulcer, healed quickly.
Caused by the delayed hypersensitivity and immunity in TB disease.
India. is closely linked to the poor public health in these countries.
The incidence of tuberculosis has declined dramatically over past
decades of years.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB for short)
is a rod-shaped(杆状), slow-growing, aerobic（需氧）bacterium, has an unusual, waxy（蜡状的）coating on its cell surface (primarily due to the presence of mycolic acid（分枝菌酸）), which accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics, such as its imperviousness（不通 透性） to Gram staining, so it is classified as an acid-fast bacillus (AFB, 抗酸杆菌).
介绍肺结核英文作文
介绍肺结核英文作文Tuberculosis, also known as TB, is a contagious infection that primarily affects the lungs. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can be spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.TB can cause symptoms such as a persistent cough, chest pain, fatigue, and coughing up blood. If left untreated, it can be fatal. However, it is curable with the right treatment, which typically involves a combination of antibiotics taken for several months.One of the biggest challenges in controlling TB is the rise of drug-resistant strains of the bacteria. This makes treatment more difficult and increases the risk of transmission to others.TB is more common in developing countries, wherefactors such as poverty, malnutrition, and lack of access to healthcare contribute to its spread. However, it canaffect anyone, regardless of their socioeconomic status.Preventive measures for TB include vaccination, good ventilation in living and working spaces, and early detection and treatment of active cases. It is important for individuals to seek medical attention if they experience symptoms of TB, and for healthcare systems to prioritize TB control efforts.。
肺结核 英文作文
肺结核英文作文Lung tuberculosis is a serious infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also spread to other parts of the body. It is a major global health problem, especially in developing countries where poverty, overcrowding, and lack of access to healthcare contributeto its spread.Symptoms of lung tuberculosis can vary from person to person. Some common symptoms include persistent cough,chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, and night sweats. However, it is important to note that not everyone infected with tuberculosis will develop symptoms. This makes it difficult to diagnose and control the disease.The transmission of lung tuberculosis occurs throughthe inhalation of tiny droplets containing the bacteria. These droplets are released into the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Close and prolongedcontact with an infected person increases the risk of transmission. Therefore, crowded places such as prisons, homeless shelters, and refugee camps are particularly vulnerable to the spread of tuberculosis.Diagnosing lung tuberculosis involves a series of tests, including a chest X-ray, sputum smear microscopy, and molecular tests. These tests help to detect the presence of the bacteria and determine the extent of the infection.Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and prevention of further transmission.Treatment for lung tuberculosis usually involves a combination of antibiotics taken for a minimum of six months. It is important to complete the full course of treatment to ensure that all bacteria are killed and to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains. Directly observed therapy (DOT) is often used to monitor and support patients in completing their treatment.Prevention of lung tuberculosis is essential to control its spread. This includes improving living conditions,promoting good hygiene practices, and ensuring access to healthcare services. Vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guéri n (BCG) vaccine is also recommended, although its effectiveness in preventing lung tuberculosis varies.In conclusion, lung tuberculosis is a serious disease that poses a significant global health challenge. Its symptoms can be varied, making diagnosis and control difficult. Preventive measures, early diagnosis, and proper treatment are key to reducing the burden of lung tuberculosis and preventing its spread.。
转院证明英语作文肺结核
转院证明英语作文肺结核英文回答：Medical Certificate of Transfer for Pulmonary Tuberculosis.Patient Information.Name: [Patient's Name]Date of Birth: [Patient's Date of Birth]Gender: [Patient's Gender]Address: [Patient's Address]Contact Number: [Patient's Contact Number]Medical History.Diagnosis: Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB)。
Date of Diagnosis: [Date of Diagnosis]Sputum Smear: [Sputum Smear Result]Chest X-ray: [Chest X-ray Result]Other Relevant Medical Information: [Additional Medical Information]Treatment Plan.Anti-tuberculosis Drugs: [List of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs]Dosage and Frequency: [Dosage and Frequency of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs]Duration of Treatment: [Duration of Anti-tuberculosis Treatment]Other Medications: [List of Other Medications]Reason for Transfer.[Reason for Transfer]Destination Hospital.Name: [Destination Hospital Name]Address: [Destination Hospital Address]Contact Number: [Destination Hospital Contact Number] Attending Physician's Signature.Name: [Attending Physician's Name]Designation: [Attending Physician's Designation]Hospital: [Attending Physician's Hospital]Signature: [Attending Physician's Signature]Date: [Date of Signature]Notes:This medical certificate is valid for [Number] days from the date of issue.The patient should report to the destination hospital within [Number] days of receiving this certificate.The patient should continue to take their anti-tuberculosis drugs as prescribed until the completion of treatment.中文回答：转院证明（肺结核）。
关于肺结核的作文700字左右
关于肺结核的作文700字左右英文回答：Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that affects the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, kidneys, or brain. It is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is typically transmitted through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. TB can be latent, meaning that it is present in the body but does not cause any symptoms. However, in some cases, latent TB can become active, causing a range of symptoms, including persistent coughing, chest pain, weight loss, fatigue, and fever.TB is a major public health concern, particularly in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 10 million people worldwide develop TB each year, and 1.5 million people die from the disease. TB is curable, but treatment can be lengthy and requires taking multiple antibiotics forseveral months.There are two main types of TB tests: the tuberculin skin test and the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). The tuberculin skin test involves injecting a small amount of tuberculin, a purified protein derivative of the TB bacteria, into the skin. If the person has been exposed to TB, they will develop a raised, hardened area at the injection site within 48 to 72 hours. The IGRA measures the body's immune response to TB by testing for the presence of interferon-gamma, a protein released by immune cells when they encounter TB bacteria.Treatment for TB typically involves taking a combination of antibiotics for at least six months. The most commonly used antibiotics for TB are isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. Treatment can be lengthy and may cause side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and liver damage. However, it is important to complete the full course of treatment to ensure that the TB infection is cured.There are a number of things that can be done to prevent the spread of TB, including:Getting vaccinated against TB.Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.Staying away from people who are sick.Getting tested for TB if you have been in contact with someone who has the disease.Taking preventive medication if you have been exposed to TB and are at high risk of developing the disease.中文回答：肺结核（TB）是一种细菌感染，会影响肺部，并可能扩散到身体的其他部位，例如淋巴结、肾脏或大脑。
肺结核的作文100字
肺结核的作文100字英文回答：Tuberculosis, also known as TB, is a highly contagious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis.It primarily affects the lungs, but it can also spread to other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, spine, and brain.I remember when I first learned about TB in school. The teacher told us that it spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. This means that anyone who is in close contact with an infected person can easily contract the disease. It made me realize how important it is to cover our mouths when we cough or sneeze, not only to protect ourselves but also to protect others.One of the most common symptoms of TB is a persistent cough that lasts for more than two weeks. Other symptoms include chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, and night sweats.If left untreated, TB can be life-threatening. However, with early diagnosis and proper treatment, it can be cured.I remember reading a story about a man named John who had TB. He didn't realize he was infected until he started experiencing a persistent cough and loss of appetite. He went to the doctor, who performed a series of tests and confirmed that he had TB. John was prescribed a combination of antibiotics, which he had to take for several months. It was a long and challenging journey for him, but he eventually recovered and became TB-free.中文回答：肺结核，也被称为TB，是由结核分枝杆菌引起的一种高度传染性疾病。
关于肺结核的作文600字左右
关于肺结核的作文600字左右英文回答：Tuberculosis, also known as TB, is a highly infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis.It primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body such as the brain, spine, and kidneys. TB is transmitted through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, releasing tiny droplets containing the bacteria into the air.The symptoms of TB include persistent cough, chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. However, not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick. In fact, the majority of people with latent TB infection do not show any symptoms and are not contagious. Only when their immune system weakens, the bacteria become active and cause the disease.TB can be diagnosed through a series of tests,including a skin test, blood test, and chest X-ray. Treatment for TB involves a combination of antibiotics taken over a period of several months. It is crucial to complete the full course of medication to ensure the bacteria are completely eradicated and to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.Prevention of TB involves several strategies. One of the most effective ways is to ensure early diagnosis and treatment of active TB cases to prevent the spread of the disease. Additionally, vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine can help protect against severe forms of TB, particularly in children. Good ventilation and personal hygiene practices, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, can also reduce the risk of transmission.Despite efforts to control and eliminate TB, it remains a major global health problem, especially in developing countries with limited resources. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that around 10 million people worldwide fell ill with TB in 2019, and 1.4 million diedfrom the disease. It is crucial to continue investing in research, prevention, and treatment to combat this deadly disease.中文回答：肺结核，也被称为TB，是一种由结核分枝杆菌引起的高度传染性疾病。
关于肺结核的心得作文300字
关于肺结核的心得作文300字英文回答：Tuberculosis: A Global Threat.Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs. It is spread through airborne droplets emitted by infected individuals when they cough, sneeze, or speak. TB can cause a wide range of symptoms, including chronic cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue.Globally, TB poses a significant health threat, particularly in lowand middle-income countries. In 2021, it was estimated that 10.6 million people developed TB, and an estimated 1.6 million succumbed to the disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified TB as one of the top ten causes of death worldwide.The diagnosis of TB involves a combination of clinicalassessment, imaging studies (such as chest X-rays), and laboratory tests (such as sputum microscopy and culture). Treatment typically involves a prolonged course of antibiotics, and adherence to the treatment regimen is crucial to prevent the development of drug resistance.Preventive measures, such as early detection and vaccination, are essential in combating TB. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is widely used to protect against TB, particularly in children.To effectively address the TB epidemic, a comprehensive approach is required. This includes strengthening healthcare systems, improving access to diagnosis and treatment, and promoting infection prevention measures. Collaboration between governments, healthcare providers, and communities is crucial to achieve progress towards TB elimination.中文回答：肺结核，全球威胁。