英语专业词汇学课件6.Conversion
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词汇学中的转类法讲的ppt
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Conversion is the formation of new words
by converting words of one class to another class.
转类法，又称“零位派生”(zero
derivation)，是指通过词类转化构成新词 的方法。即一种词类加上零形式转化为另 一种词类，词的原形不变，但转类后的词 形体系和语法功能都改变了。 E.g. “doctor” “to doctor”
hate mail (攻击性信件）
trouble spot (可能发生麻烦的地点）
名词定语的特点：
（1）名词定语与被修饰词之间的语义关系
（2）名词定语的语法作用
（1）名词定语与被修饰词之间的语义关系：
a.名词定语表示逻辑上的主体，被修饰词表示客体或反之 行为的客体 A decision which the department makes a decision which is made by the department
名词不加任何形式变化转化为动词
转类法的几种突出表现：
1.名词定语（noun attribute） 2.名词和动词相互转类 3.形容词转化为名词
名词定语：
名词直接用作定语修饰另一个名词，既不需要加形 容词，也不需要任何格的变化。
如： danger zone (危险区）
depth charge（深水炸弹）
Accident victims 替代
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Victims of the accident
d.替代分词短语或动词不定式 短语或定语从句
Knife boy(握刀的小孩） 替代 boy holding a knife
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Conversion is the formation of new words
by converting words of one class to another class.
转类法，又称“零位派生”(zero
derivation)，是指通过词类转化构成新词 的方法。即一种词类加上零形式转化为另 一种词类，词的原形不变，但转类后的词 形体系和语法功能都改变了。 E.g. “doctor” “to doctor”
hate mail (攻击性信件）
trouble spot (可能发生麻烦的地点）
名词定语的特点：
（1）名词定语与被修饰词之间的语义关系
（2）名词定语的语法作用
（1）名词定语与被修饰词之间的语义关系：
a.名词定语表示逻辑上的主体，被修饰词表示客体或反之 行为的客体 A decision which the department makes a decision which is made by the department
名词不加任何形式变化转化为动词
转类法的几种突出表现：
1.名词定语（noun attribute） 2.名词和动词相互转类 3.形容词转化为名词
名词定语：
名词直接用作定语修饰另一个名词，既不需要加形 容词，也不需要任何格的变化。
如： danger zone (危险区）
depth charge（深水炸弹）
Accident victims 替代
?
Victims of the accident
d.替代分词短语或动词不定式 短语或定语从句
Knife boy(握刀的小孩） 替代 boy holding a knife
英语词汇学教程ppt课件第6章
Although it is very difficult to tell which form arose first, these two types of conversion do exist.
Sometimes when a word consisting of two or more syllables undergoes conversion, there is a change in the stress pattern.
Some of the most common words include
access, aim, bed, beer, brave, clean, cup, deck, e-mail, fool, impact, pension, ship, train and so on.
The formation of a noun by converting a verb,
He downed his beer and left.
The company has had its share of ups and downs.
Good binoculars a Nhomakorabeae a must for any serious birdwatcher.
Are you out to your parents?
In other words, conversion is a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any change in form.
It is a productive device for the creation of new words since there is no restriction on the form.
Sometimes when a word consisting of two or more syllables undergoes conversion, there is a change in the stress pattern.
Some of the most common words include
access, aim, bed, beer, brave, clean, cup, deck, e-mail, fool, impact, pension, ship, train and so on.
The formation of a noun by converting a verb,
He downed his beer and left.
The company has had its share of ups and downs.
Good binoculars a Nhomakorabeae a must for any serious birdwatcher.
Are you out to your parents?
In other words, conversion is a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any change in form.
It is a productive device for the creation of new words since there is no restriction on the form.
翻译第6讲 Conversion
翻译第6讲ConversionTranslation is a process concerning two languages. Since there are differences in the structures, grammar, and expressions between the two languages, sometimes conversion is necessary. This part is mainly about the conversion of word classes,(词类转换) conversion of sentence members （转换句子成分）, and conversion of perspectives.(转换视角)Conversion of English Nouns 英语名词的转译Nouns or nominal（名词性的）forms, especially action nouns and other abstract nouns, find their wider use in English while verbs or multi-verbal forms are much preferred in Chinese. This is one of the important differences between the two languages. In translation, therefore, the conversion of English nouns into Chinese verbs, and subsequently English adjectives into Chinese adverbs, becomes one of the techniques frequently employed for smooth representation in idiomatic Chinese.English nouns can be converted into Chinese verbs in the following cases.1. 由动词派生的名词2. 具有动作意义的名词3. 以-er结尾表示身份或职业的名词English Nouns→Chinese verbsHe admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job.他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。
Conversion转译法学习课件
Usage
Different expression in English and Chinese For example: verbs He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job. 他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。
examples
Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。 The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。 The President had prepared meticulously for his journey. 总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。
Converted into nouns
Verbs derived from nouns Verb in the sentence of passive voice: can be translated into the structure such as “受（遭）到……+名词”、“予（加）以+名词” examples
Nouns---verbs
Nouns with –er: teacher, thinker Not refer to their professions or careers but have the meaning of action. examples
examples
I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I . 我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。 Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings. 在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年青人过去所干的坏事。 Although he was always the “background” briefer on foreign policy issues, he could never be identified as anything other than “a White House official” or “a high Administration source.” 虽然外交问题的“背景情况”总是由他介绍，但他仍只能称为是“一位白宫官员”或“一位政府高级人士”。
Different expression in English and Chinese For example: verbs He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job. 他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。
examples
Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。 The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。 The President had prepared meticulously for his journey. 总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。
Converted into nouns
Verbs derived from nouns Verb in the sentence of passive voice: can be translated into the structure such as “受（遭）到……+名词”、“予（加）以+名词” examples
Nouns---verbs
Nouns with –er: teacher, thinker Not refer to their professions or careers but have the meaning of action. examples
examples
I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I . 我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。 Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings. 在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年青人过去所干的坏事。 Although he was always the “background” briefer on foreign policy issues, he could never be identified as anything other than “a White House official” or “a high Administration source.” 虽然外交问题的“背景情况”总是由他介绍，但他仍只能称为是“一位白宫官员”或“一位政府高级人士”。
英语专业词汇学课件Conversion
English Lexicology(II)
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I.The definition of conversion
Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生 零位派生). 零位派生
Word-formation III
Conversion
Important Points
I. The Definition of Conversion II. Types of Conversion Verb-Noun Noun-Verb Adjective-Noun Adjective-Verb Noun-Adjective
English Lexicology(II)
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a) to denote state of mind or state of sensation: desire, dismay, doubt, love, smell, taste; b) to denote an event or activity: attempt, fall, hit, laugh, release, search, shut-down, swim; to give a cry, shudder, start, howl, laugh to have a look, swim, ride, try, drink to make a dash, dive, guess to take a peep, turn
conversion转译法实用PPT课件
maintenance and high productivity. 这项设计的目标是自动操作、调节简单、维护简易、生产率高
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四、形容词的转换
1. 形容词→动词 在英语中, 有许多形容词并不是用来修饰主语, 而是与系动词组成谓语部分, 表示
各种意愿, 态度以及知觉,情感和欲望等心理状态, 而且可以直接或通过介词连接宾 语(从句). 在翻译时, 通常应把此类形容词转换成汉语动词 confident, certain, careful, cautious, angr y, sure, ignorant, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry …
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e.g. 1) Party officials worked long hours on meagre food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.
党的干部们吃着粗茶淡饭，住着冰冷的窑洞，点着昏暗的油灯，长时间地工作 2) The government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 民有、民治、民享的政府将永存于世
in distress, the economy will be the president’s sternest trial. 20. Beggars can’t be choosers.
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感谢您的欣赏！
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e.g. 1) The new situation requires the formation of a new strategy. 新形势要求制定新战略
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四、形容词的转换
1. 形容词→动词 在英语中, 有许多形容词并不是用来修饰主语, 而是与系动词组成谓语部分, 表示
各种意愿, 态度以及知觉,情感和欲望等心理状态, 而且可以直接或通过介词连接宾 语(从句). 在翻译时, 通常应把此类形容词转换成汉语动词 confident, certain, careful, cautious, angr y, sure, ignorant, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry …
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e.g. 1) Party officials worked long hours on meagre food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.
党的干部们吃着粗茶淡饭，住着冰冷的窑洞，点着昏暗的油灯，长时间地工作 2) The government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 民有、民治、民享的政府将永存于世
in distress, the economy will be the president’s sternest trial. 20. Beggars can’t be choosers.
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感谢您的欣赏！
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e.g. 1) The new situation requires the formation of a new strategy. 新形势要求制定新战略
Conversion 词类转译ppt课件
词类转译——英译汉的词类转换
一、英译汉的词类转换
1. 名词转译为动词
A. 由动词派生的名词
词
1） We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behavior from human behavior.
类
我们已经把使用和发明工具，从区分动物和人类行为的方法
ppt课件完整
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3. 词类转译——英译汉的词类转换
4. 介词与动词的互相转译
英语中的一些介词和介词短语具有动作意义，在翻译中可以转换成 汉语动词，例如：
1) Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 千百万山区人终于摆脱了贫穷。
A. 名词派生的动词 1) An interest in people’s deepest feelings characterizes all her writings. 对人们最深沉感情的关注，是她所有著作的特征。
2) She personifies beauty and grace. 她是美丽与优雅的化身。
转
中排除出去了。
译
2）Another way of dealing with enemies is either to have a very good protection or to be able to escape
quickly.
还有一种对付敌人的方式是，要么防卫可靠，要么能够迅速
逃逸。
ppt课件完整
ppt课件完整
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3. 词类转译——英译汉的词类转换
3. 形容词与副词的转译
一、英译汉的词类转换
1. 名词转译为动词
A. 由动词派生的名词
词
1） We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behavior from human behavior.
类
我们已经把使用和发明工具，从区分动物和人类行为的方法
ppt课件完整
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3. 词类转译——英译汉的词类转换
4. 介词与动词的互相转译
英语中的一些介词和介词短语具有动作意义，在翻译中可以转换成 汉语动词，例如：
1) Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 千百万山区人终于摆脱了贫穷。
A. 名词派生的动词 1) An interest in people’s deepest feelings characterizes all her writings. 对人们最深沉感情的关注，是她所有著作的特征。
2) She personifies beauty and grace. 她是美丽与优雅的化身。
转
中排除出去了。
译
2）Another way of dealing with enemies is either to have a very good protection or to be able to escape
quickly.
还有一种对付敌人的方式是，要么防卫可靠，要么能够迅速
逃逸。
ppt课件完整
ppt课件完整
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3. 词类转译——英译汉的词类转换
3. 形容词与副词的转译
Conversion
Training as a salesperson would guarantee her some employment once her schooling was through. 参加推销员培训就会确保她在学业完成以后能找 到工作做。
③ Adjectives into verbs
英语中表示知觉、情感、想法等心理状态的形容词， 英语中表示知觉、情感、想法等心理状态的形容词，在系动 知觉 等心理状态的形容词 词后用作表语时 往往可转译成动词。 词后用作表语时，往往可转译成动词。 常用的这类形容词有： 常用的这类形容词有： afraid 害怕、担心 anxious 渴望 certain 确信 doubtful 怀疑 aware 觉察 ashamed 惭愧 careful 当心、注意 delighted 喜欢 glad 高兴 sorry 可惜、遗憾 uncertain 不能确定 familiar 熟悉 ignorant 不知道 thankful 感谢 confident 深信 content 满足
South Africa has refused to heed the legitimate appeal of the United Nations for co-operation. 南非无视联合国要求合作的正当呼吁。 Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps. 党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗茶淡饭，住的 是冰冷的窑洞，点的是黯淡的油灯。
1.Conversion into Verbs 转译成动词 2.Conversion into nouns 转译成名词 3.Conversion into adjectives 转译成形容词 4.Conversion into adverbs 转译成副词
Conversion
• We have admitted the feasibility of your proposal and try to meet the reasonable requirements of your company. 我方承认贵方的提议切实可行，并会尽力 满足贵公司的合理要求。
Adverbs converted into adjectives
Nouns converted into adverbs
• This conversion is adopted to make the version conform to the idiomatic Chinese expression.
e.g. I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted． 我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批 准。
Conversion 词类转换法
Warming-up
• The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. 语言这个东西不是随便就可以学好的，非下 苦功不可。
• The volume of trade has increased tremendously to the advantage of both countries. 贸易的剧增给两国带来了益处。
III. Conversion into adjectives
• Nouns converted into adjectives • Adverbs converted into adjectives
Nouns converted into adjectives
英语词汇学 conversion backformation clipping
Clipping
Clipping may be divide into four main types: A.Back clippings B.Front clippings C.Front and back clippings(not a common type of clipping) D.Phrase clippings
• Denoting peoples of a nation (ending in –sh,-se,ch);the Eglish ,the Chinese ,the Danish,the Scotch
• Denoting a quality in the abstract;a strong dislike for the sentimental,to distinguish the false and the true
Thank you!
L/O/G/O
Conversion, Back-formation,Clipping
L/O/G/O
Conversion词类转换法
The definition of conversion Conversion is a word-formation process whereby
a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.It is also called zero derivation(零位派生）
Noun-verb conversion
•He elbowed his way through the crowd. •Problems snowballed by the hour. •The newspaper headlined his long record of accomplishments. •Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David.
Conversion(转换法)PPT课件
4. a big eater 饭量大的人
5. a great believer in 一个深信……的人
6. an early riser 早起的人
7. a duelist
决斗一方
8. the best hater 积怨很深的人
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Conversion from English Adjectives into Chinese Verbs
• Examples: • Sugar and salt and both soluble in water.
糖和盐二者都溶于水。
The whole village was astir with the news. 消息传来，全村轰动。
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Drills 4
1. She is familiar with English. 她精通英文。
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Conversion from English Adverbs into Chinese Nouns
Drills 8:
1. Sodium is very active chemically. 钠的化学性质十分活泼。
2. It is officially announced that the president would visit China in May. 官方称总统会在五月访华。
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(5) Subjects converted into Objects The poor were burdened with heavy taxes. 沉重的赋税压在贫苦人民的头上。 (6) Adverbials converted into Complements • Nylon is far stronger than rayon. • 尼龙比人造纤维结实得多。 (7) Objects converted into Predicative • The following provides a brief account of how
conversion词汇学定义解释
Conversion词汇学定义解释引言在语言学中，转换（c o nv er si on）作为一种词汇学现象，是指词汇项在词性变化的过程中，保持其形态不变，并直接用于另一词性的情况。
转换是一种特殊的词形变化，它在语义和语法上都遵循一定的规则。
本文将深入解释转换现象，并展示一些常见的例子和应用场景。
一、转换的概述转换是一种词汇项的特殊变化方式，即同一个词汇项在不同的句法和语义环境中运用于不同词性。
转换是一种非常灵活的语言现象，使得词汇的使用变得更加丰富多样。
转换发生在各个层次的语言中，包括名词、动词、形容词和副词等。
二、名词到动词的转换转换中常见的一种类型是名词到动词的转换。
名词到动词的转换通常是通过词汇的语义特征和语法环境的需要实现的。
例如，单词“r un”（跑步）既可以作为名词表示“奔跑”，也可以作为动词表示“跑步”。
这种转换可以通过上下文的使用来区分，例如，“I li ke to ru ni nt he m or ni ng”（我喜欢早上跑步）中的“r u n”是动词，而“Iw en tf or ar uny e st er da y”（昨天我去跑步了）中的“r u n”是名词。
三、形容词到副词的转换另一种常见的转换类型是形容词到副词的转换。
形容词到副词的转换通常是通过在形容词后加上“-l y”的后缀实现的。
例如，“q u ic k”（快速的）可以通过加上“-ly”后缀变为“qu ic kl y”（迅速地）。
这样的转换在英语中非常常见，它使得我们可以更加准确地描述动作或情况的方式。
四、动词到名词的转换除了名词到动词的转换外，动词到名词的转换也是一种常见的现象。
动词到名词的转换通常通过加上特定后缀实现，例如，“a rri v e”（到达）可以通过加上“-a l”后缀变为“a rr i va l”（到达）。
这种转换使得我们可以将动作或状态转化为一个名词，从而更好地描述或引用某种特定情况。
五、应用场景转换概念在日常语言中经常被使用，我们可以在各种语言环境和书面文本中找到转换的例子。
conversion的翻译技巧PPT课件
• 我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。
• Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings.
• 在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年青人过去所干的坏事。
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Prep. ---verbs
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examples
• The Wilde family were religious. • 王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。
• They are considered insincere. • 他们被认为是伪君子。
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Converted into adj.
• Nouns derived from adj. • Nouns + a(n) used as predicatives • adverbs
• 由于经常受到太阳、月亮和地球引力的影响，卫星活 动必须加以密切的观察。
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Adj. ---nouns
• The + adj.: the sick病号, the poor穷人 the old, the infirm, the ill, the very young老、 弱、病、幼者。
• Others • examples
• 我生活的转折点是我决定不做发迹有望的商人 而专攻音乐。
• Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
• 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
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8
Nouns ---verbs
• Nouns with the meaning of action
• Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings.
• 在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年青人过去所干的坏事。
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14
Prep. ---verbs
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30
examples
• The Wilde family were religious. • 王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。
• They are considered insincere. • 他们被认为是伪君子。
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31
Converted into adj.
• Nouns derived from adj. • Nouns + a(n) used as predicatives • adverbs
• 由于经常受到太阳、月亮和地球引力的影响，卫星活 动必须加以密切的观察。
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29
Adj. ---nouns
• The + adj.: the sick病号, the poor穷人 the old, the infirm, the ill, the very young老、 弱、病、幼者。
• Others • examples
• 我生活的转折点是我决定不做发迹有望的商人 而专攻音乐。
• Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
• 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
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8
Nouns ---verbs
• Nouns with the meaning of action
词汇学Conversion
(c)
(e) (d)
Skin, To skin the lamb
Nurse, To nurse the baby Pump, To pump water
De-adjectival
Most of this group can be used as either transitively to mean ”to make sth … ” or intransitively “to become”
Mass And Material Nouns
a silver coin (a coin made of silver) an iron lady
Nouns of Other Kinds
a department decision (a decision made by the department) job opportunity (the opportunity to get a job)
Noun
house /-s/
advice /-s/ mouth /-ө/
Verb
house /-z/
advise /-z/ mouth /-ð/
shelf /-f/
breath /-ө/
shelveห้องสมุดไป่ตู้/-v/
breathe /-ð/
1) Voiceless to Voiced Consonant
清辅音转化成浊辅音
Vivid Economical
Conversion to Verbs
I.Denominal（名词转化成动词） II.De-adjectival（形容词转化成动词） III.Miscellaneous Conversion
（其他词类转化成动词）
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g) mail, telegraph, bicycle, boat, motor, canoe Most of the verbs in this type are transitive verbs, with the exception of a few words in the kinds “d)” and “g)”. 2) De-adjectival: a) calm, dirty, soundproof, lower b) dry, empty, narrow, yellow, grey, blue,
d)
பைடு நூலகம்
as subject of the given verb e.g. bore, cheat, coach e) as instrument of the given verb: e.g. cover, wrap, wrench f) as manner of the given verb: e.g. walk, throw, lie g) as place of the given verb: e.g. divide, rise, turn
C. conversion to adjective
De-nominal: A brick garage Worcester porcelain A very Oxbridge accent
D. Minor categories of conversion:
1) conversion to nouns a) conversion from closed-system words to nouns e.g. ifs and buts, a must, the how and the why b) conversion from affixes to nouns e.g. The age of isms, the pros and cons c) conversion from phrases to nouns e.g. Also-rans
2)
De-adjectival e.g. bitter, final, natural, perennial; daily, annual, bimonthly, biweekly, weekly, monthly
B. conversion to verb
1) Denominal: a) bottle, corner, position, floor; b) coat, commission, mask, plaster; c) core, skin, peel, gut; d) knife, brake, finger, e) father, nurse, pilot; f) cash, group;
Four Categories of Conversion according to Word Classes
1)
A. conversion to noun
Deverbal a) to denote the state of mind or sensation: e.g. desire, dismay, doubt, love, smell, taste b) to denote an event or activity: e.g. attempt, fall, hit, laugh, release, search c) as object of the given verb e.g. answer, bet, catch, find
Conversion
Full conversion: a main type of word-formation
assigning the base to a different word class with no change of form. e.g. to release a prisoner; an order for my release from prison. to release a film; the release of a film Partial conversion: a type of conversion where a word of one word class appears in a function which is characteristic of another word class. e.g. the wealthy, the ignorant, the kind, the wicked
2) conversion (from closed-class words and non-lexical items) to verbs e.g. Down tools, off, uh-uh 3) conversion (from phrases) to adjectives e.g. An up-in-the-air feeling an upper-class manner a face-to-face interview
Conversion related to certain changes of pronunciation, spelling and stress
1) voicing of final consonants 2) shift of stress