2005-01-2169The Effect of the Design of Piston Skirt on Lubricating Oil Consumption

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雾化吸入文献-1

Deposition and dispersion of aerosols in the airways of the human respiratory tract: the effect ofparticle sizeAuthors: G Scheuch, W StahlhofenSmall volumes of aerosols (boluses) were inspired predominantly into the conducting airways of human lungs with a fast operating valve system, injecting preselected aerosol volumes near the end of a clean air inhalation. Particle recovery and bolus dispersion in the exhaled air after various periods of breathholding were investigated by measuring aerosol number concentration directly in front of the mouth with a laser photometer. Inspired and expired flow rates were measured with a pneumotachograph. The effect of particle size on these measurements has been investigated using aerosol particles with aerodynamic diameters (dae) between 0.9 and 5 microns. For aerosol particles smaller than 2 microns, bolus dispersion increases with increasing periods of breathholding (tb). After reaching a maximum, dispersion decreases with even longer tb. An increase in particle size yields a smaller increase in dispersion during the first seconds of breathholding while it is not changed significantly without breathhold. Particle losses during inhalation and exhalation increases with particle size. However, with increasing periods of breathholding, the losses of the smaller particles (less than 1.5 microns) were found to be much higher than expected theoretically, implying particle losses by sedimentation in the same airway structures. The small aerosol particles are deposited in smaller airways than bigger particles. These observations can be explained by cardiogenic mixing during periods of breathholding by pulsatile flow oscillations and confirm measurements with enhanced heart rate as described in an earlier paper. Small particles with restricted settling velocities remained longer in an airborne state in the airways and this leads to a more efficient cardiogenic mixing. Experimental lung research. 18(3):343-58.ISSN: 0190-2148Comparison of three commercial ultrasonic nebulizersAuthors: R K Katial, C Reisner, A Buchmeier, B B Bartelson, H S NelsonBACKGROUND: The clinical acceptance of the initial ultrasonic nebulizers was impeded by their production of significant quantities of droplets larger than the respirable range that could have resulted in poor pulmonary deposition of nebulized medications. Subsequent modifications in the design of ultrasonic nebulizers have occurred. Overall nebulizer performance characteristics of the newer ultrasonic devices have not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: Three commercially available ultrasonic nebulizers (DeVilbiss-Pulmosonic, Omron-Microair, Rh.nePoulenc-Rorer-Fisoneb) were studied to compare the aerosol output characteristics. METHODS: The parameters studied were total volume output (TVO), time to nebulize total output (TTO), percent of droplets with volume diameters in the respirable range (PDVRR, 1 to 5 microm), albuterol concentration during nebulization, and the total drug delivered. All nebulizers were filled with 2.5 mL of saline and 0.5 mL of albuterol nebulizer solution. Three units from each manufacturer, each from a different lot, were evaluated in duplicate. RESULTS: The nebulizer with the largest volume output was the Omron (mean 2.94 mL), which also demonstrated the longest nebulization time (mean 10.3 min). The DeVilbiss and Rh.ne Poulenc-Rorer units delivered smaller volumes (mean 2.5 mL, 2.4 mL, respectively) but nebulized more rapidly (mean 2.21 min, 3.54 min, respectively). The Omron nebulizer generated the highest PDVRR with a mean of 38%. The DeVilbiss had a mean PDVRR of 16% and the Rh.ne Poulenc-Rorer a mean PDVRR of 21%. The majority of droplets from all three machines had a volume diameter smaller than the respirable range, ie, in the 0.5 to 1.0 microm range (Omron-60%, DeVilbiss-83%, Rh.ne Poulenc-Rorer-79%). For all three nebulizers there appeared to be no concentrating or diluting effect during nebulization implying that equal quantities of albuterol and diluent were delivered. The Rh.ne Poulenc-Rorer units demonstrated the greatest unit-to-unit variability with respect to TVO while the Omron units demonstrated the greatest unit to unit variability with respect to TTO. CONCLUSION: We conclude that several improvements in the design of ultrasonic nebulizers have resulted in the reduction of the size of the droplets generated. Our evaluation of the three commercially available ultrasonic nebulizers revealed that the majority of droplets generated were within or below the respirable range. There was no concentrating or diluting effect during nebulization for all three nebulizers. The output characteristics of the three devices differ and this will effect the delivery time as well as amount of drug delivered to the lungs.Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, &Immunology. 01/03/2000; 84(2):255-61.ISSN: 1081-1206The function profile of compressed-air and ultrasonic nebulizers Authors: Hsin-Lin Wu, Yung-Zen Lin, W ei-Fong Wu, Fu-Yuan HuangIn order to study the detailed function of two kinds of nebulizers commonly used in clinical asthma treatment, compressed-air and ultrasonic, this study was conducted. At the beginning, various flow rates were adjusted, paired with different volumes of solutions in the container. The changes of temperature, pH, and osmolality during the course of nebulization were examined. Normal saline, terbutaline, and fenoterol solutions were used as the nebulized solutions. The study was performed in an environment in ambient temperature around 20 degrees C and relative humidity around 70%. The results showed a minimal 6 L/min flow rate was required to nebulize the solution when using the compressed-air nebulizer. The dead volume was about 0.8 ml for compressed-air and 8.5 ml for the ultrasonic nebulizer. When using the compressed-air nebulizer, the temperature, both in the solution and at the mouthpiece site, dropped gradually. On the contrary, the temperatures at both sites increased a little bit when using the ultrasonic nebulizer. The pH values of pure terbutaline and fenoterol nebulized solutions were acidic (3.58 and 3.00 respectively). The osmolality of terbutaline and fenoterol nebulized solutions were isotonic. The osmolality increased gradually during the course of nebulization, to a greater extent in the compressed-air nebulizer. In conclusion, both types of nebulizers have their special features. The ultrasonic nebulizer displays less extent in change of temperature and osmolality during nebulization and is expected to be a better device in treating asthmatic patients in terms of lesser effect on cooling and changing the osmolality of airway mucosa. Acta paediatrica Taiwanica = Taiwan er ke yi xue hui za zhi.44(5):264-8.ISSN: 1608-8115。

高考英语二轮阅读理解三月特训_2

语鹅市安置阳光实验学校高考英语二轮复习三月精品练习阅读理解Seafood buffet(自助餐)Treat your mother to a buffet lunch featuring an array of seafood at Days Hotel & Suites Beijing. There are oysters and sashimi, as well as an on-site grill of various meat and seafood, plus dumplings. Other selections are savory soup and delicate dessert. Your mother will receive a hand-made festival gift. 11:30 am, MAY 13TH. 6773-1234 Ext 3930.Sunday buffetCafe 99 at Regent Beijing offers a sumptuous Sunday buffet with caviar and free flow of champagne and wines on Mother’s Day, May 13.11:30 am-3 pm. 8522-1789.Shaanxi styleChefs from Shaanxi Province treat customers to authentic local noodles at the Regal Palace Chinese Restaurant, Days & Suites Beijing, including Qishan noodles with spicy and sour pork sauce, oil-sprayed noodles, besides based cakes with pork stuffing, and mutton soup with steamed buns. 8778-9888 Ext 262.Da Zhai MenTraditional Chinese architecture, performances and popular Chinese foods. Daily 11 am- 2 pm, 5 pm-11pm. Guoxing Jiayuan, Shouti Nanlu, Xicheng District. 8835-6687. Da Zhai MenTraditional Chinese architecture, performances and popular Chinese foods. Daily 11 am-2pm, 5pm-11pm. Guoxing Jiayuam, Shouti Nanlu,, Xicheng District. 8835-6687.Mughal’s Beijing RestaurantClassic curry dishes and many other famous Pakistani/Xinjiang halal dishes(English menu). Lunch buffet every working day for 38 yuan per person. Live dance performances every day (starting at 7:30 pm). There is a big open-air terrace. Daily 11 am-midnight, Rm 5188, 5th Floor, 3.3 Fashion Plaza, 33 Sanlitun Road, Chaoyang District. 5136-5575.Brunch(早午餐)Pay tribute to Mom with a brunch fest at the Kerry Center Hotel. Complimentary chocolates, flowers and a glass of champagne add to the festive environment, Starting at 11:30 am, Sunday May 13.6561-8833 Ext 40.1． Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A．You can enjoy seafood buffet in Kerry Center Hotel on May 13th. B．Da Zhai Men offers performances and popular Chinese foods 9 hours daily.C．Having lunch buffet in Mughal’s Beijing Restaurant cost 38 yuan person on weekendsD．Cafe 99 at Regent Beijing offers free chocolates and flowers on Mother’s Day.2． This passage is mainly about____.A．restaurants B．performances C．food D．travel3． W hich of the following is NOT prepared for Mothers’ Day? A．Seafood buffet. B．Sunday buffet.C．Brunch. D．Mughal’s Beijing Restaurant. 4． Where can you eat food while enjoying a lot of performances? A．At Days Hotel & Suites Beijing.B．At the Regal Palace Chinese Restaurant.C．In Da Zhai Men.D．At the Kerry Center Hotel.5．To find out how the name Canada came about, we must go back to the 16th century. At that time, the French dreamed of discovering and controlling more land across the world. In 1535 Francois I, King of France, ordered a navigator (航海家) named Jacques Cartier to explore the New world and search for a passage to India.Cartier first arrived at the Gulf of the St. Lawrence, which he wanted to explore. He did not knowwhat to expect but he hoped that this Gulf was just an arm of the ocean between two islands. If it was, he would soon be on his way to the Far East. So he sailed upwards along the St. LawrenceRiver. However, instead of reaching Asia he arrived at Quebec or Stadacona, as the Indians calledit. It was at this point that the term “Canada” entered the country’s history. Clearly the word“Canada” came from an Indian word “Kanata”, which means village. Cartier first used it when hereferred to Stadacona or Quebec. What a huge “village” Canada is!57. What was Cartier ordered to do?A. To build a new countryB. To find the New WorldC. To get in touch with the American IndiansD. To know more about America and find a new way to Asia58. When Cartier reached the Gulf of St. Lawrence he hoped ________.A. he had got to the Far EastB. it was a water way to the New WorldC. it was a water way to the Far EastD. he had sailed into the Pacific59. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. Quebec and Stadacona were tow islands.B. The Indian language for village is Stadacona.C. Quebec and Stadacona were two villages in Canada.D. Stadacona was what the Indians called Quebec.60. Canada was first used to refer to __________.A. AsiaB. the New WorldC. a villageD. Quebec Olivia and Jack are the most popular names in Britain for babies born in 2008, according to a survey made by the website Bounty. Jack has been top for 14 years since it took over from Thomas.Grace — made famous by the Hollywood star Grace Kelly — slipped back into third place behind Ruby, the name of singer Charlotte Church’s daughter.Summer climbed 28 places from 44th to 16th. Ava — the name of singer Myleene Klass’s daughter — also leapt 15 places to 19th.The troubles of the singer Amy Winehouse perhaps had an effect on the popularity of the name. It dropped three places to 23rd. Rebecca is also on the wane(变弱), ranking 48th. So is Courtney, which ranked 88th. Theo, obviously inspired by England’s teenage football hero Theo Walcott, is among the biggest climbers in the boy’s list, rising from 70th to 58th.An employee of Bounty said, “Baby names have witnessed the biggest changes over the last decade as parents are increasingly influenced by celebrities. The Bounty baby name poll also shows parents are continuing to be creative and inspirational about the names they choose for their children. Some parents want a name that’s totally unique, and names such as Zebedee, Selim and Zenon are now emerging and growing in popularity. Others are simply breaking with convention and becoming bolder in their choice of names.”“While politicians’ names may be growing in popularity in America, British politicians don’t influence our choice of names in the UK. Traditional royal names continue to be supreme(最高的) in the boys’ top 100,” The employee said.6．Which of the following girl names ranks the second?A. Grace.B. Ruby.C. Kelly.D. Charlotte.7．Baby names changed a lot mainly because of the influence of ______.A. starsB. parentsC. mediaD. politicians8．What kind of names covers the most in the top 100 boys’ names?A. Unique names.B. Creative names.C. Famous people’s names.D. Traditional royal names.9．It can be inferred from the passage that ______.A. Thomas was the first in boy names in 1994B. Summer ranked 28th in the girls’ list in 2007C. Rebecca might be 50th in the girls’ list in 2007D. Courtney climbed in the boy’s list in 2008 compared with 2007 A dog can’t speak words, but it can “talk”. It has feelings just as you do. At times it may feel angry or afraid. Watch a dog closely. Youcan see what it is trying to tell you. When you are afraid, you may look down shyly. A fearful dog looks away from you. It may run away too. When you are angry with people, you stare at them and press your lips together. An angry dog also stares. Sometimes the hair along its back stands up. Do you feel guilty when you have done something you shouldn’t? Dogs can feel guilty, too. At times when I come home, my dog gives me a guilty look. Then I know he’s done something wrong.Dogs need love and attention. Some dogs are very unhappy when they are left alone for a long time. Some dogs even snap(撕咬) if they don’t get enough attention.You may have a dog or you may know a dog. Treat it well if you want to have fun with it. Play with it. Take it on wa lks. Don’t order it round too much. Try not to punish it one time and not the next for doing the same thing. Always remember, a dog has needs and feelings just as you do. Talk to a dog, it’ll talk to you, too.10．If a dog snaps at things, it is because it may ______.A. feel lonelyB. feel shyC. be fearfulD. be disappointed 11．You can tell that a dog has done something bad when _________. A. its hair stands up B. it runs away from you C. it has a guilty expression D. its lips are pressed together 12．Which of the following things does the writer advise you to do towards your dog?A. Never punish the dogB. Never leave the dog aloneC. Train the dog to take orders from youD. Train it the way you want to be treated.13． Suppose you punish your dog for tearing up a shoe, what should you do the next time it does so?A. Talk to himB. Punish it againC. Pay no attention to itD. Take it out for a walk 14．The word “guilty” in the second paragraph most probably means _______.A. happyB. excitedC. frightenedD. sorryDYou may picture firefighters holding a hose (水管) outside of a burning building, but the Golden Eagles Hotshots don’t fight fires quite that way. When they go into action, you may not even see a fire truck.The Hotshots are firefighters who battle fires in wildness areas. But don’t think you’ll only find them in their home state California. Wherever there is a national wildfire emergency, the Golden Eagles Hotshots could be there.But these firefighters don’t work the same way as firefighters in a big city. They work in areas where there are a large number of trees, bushes,and grass. They climb up and down steep hills to clear brush and burnable debris（残骸）. They sometimes use water, but they often fight fire with fire!They do that by lighting what are called “backfires,”which are small, controlled fires that burn up fuel in the path of large wildfires. That way, when the wildfire gets there, it has nothing to burn and nowhere to go, because all the burnable fuel has already gone up in smoke. The Hotshots also clear away fuel using old-fashioned hard work. For example, they use a saw to cut away trees and heavy brush that could catch fire.Of course there are times when the Golden Eagles Hotshots do have trucks to supply water to the fires. But the water is limited, and these guys have to rely on hard work more than anything. Physical fitness is very important. They have to be in great physical shape to handle steep hills and difficult terrain(地形) while carrying a 60-pound pack.The Golden Eagles Hotshots definitely work hard for their pay. But thanks to their efforts, many lives have been saved, many houses have not burned, and countless trees are still standing.15．67. The firefighters mentioned in the passenger.A. do much of their work in CaliforniaB. avoid climbing steep hills in their workC. do their work equipped with advanced tools.D. carry out their work mostly in forests and mountains.16．68. According to the passage, why do the firefighters light “backfires”?A. To signal for help.B. To remove obstacles.C. To protect trees and bushes.D. To prevent the fire from spreading.17．69. What can we learn about the Golden Eagles Hotshots?A. They are firefighters working in big cities.B. Their work requires physical strength.C. They are voluntary firefighters working for free.D. They usually hold a hose to put out the fires.18．70. What is the author’s attitude towards the Golden Eagles Hotshots?A. AppreciativeB. DoubtfulC. WorriedD. Critical Pregnancy(妊娠) and childbirth kill more than 536,000 women a year. More than half of the cases happened in Africa, according to the World Health Organization. In fact, most of the deaths are preventable with basic medical care.The five leading causes are bleeding, infection, high blood pressure, longtime labor and bad abortions (流产). Mothers' deaths from such causes were largely reduced nearly a century ago in developed countries. Experts say that what kill many women are “the three delays”— the woman's delay in deciding to go to the hospital, the time she losestraveling there and the hospital's delay in starting treatment. Only about 15 percent of births have dangerous complications(并发症)．Women lack education and information about birth control. Husbands and inlaws, may decide where a woman gives birth and insist that she stay at home to save money. However, there is no single solution to a problem with so many factors—shortages of doctors, nurses, drugs, equipment, roads and transportation—though hospital officials are trying many things now.One stopgap measure to solve the problem for the present has been to train assistant medical officers, to perform certain operations. Some African countries are now struggling to train more assistants and midwives (接生婆) , and provide places for pregnant women to stay near hospitals. But there is a long way to go. Only 20 percent of women in the continent give birth at the hospital. More than 50 percent stay at home to give birth, and the rest go to local clinics that cannot handle emergencies. 19．Which is not included in the five leading causes of women's deaths during pregnancy and childbirth?A. Infection.B. High blood pressure.C. Traveling long distances.D. Bleeding.20．The underlined word “stopgap” probably means “________ ”in the passage.A. finalB. temporaryC. effectiveD. instant 21．What can we learn from this passage?A. The governments of African countries have to take more effective measures to save pregnant women.B. Developed countries should help African countries reducemothers'deaths.C. The husbands in poor countries should take responsibility for their wives'deaths.D. Most problems that cause women's deaths during pregnancy and childbirth can be treated or prevented.22．What is the author's attitude towards the future of preventing women's deaths during pregnancy and childbirth?A. Positive.B. Negative.C. Objective.D. Subjective.参考答案1．B2．C3．D4．C【解析】1．由performances and popular Chinese foods. Daily 11 am- 2 pm, 5 pm-11pm.找到。

碧云天生物技术一氧化氮检测试剂盒说明书

碧云天生物技术/Beyotime Biotechnology 订货热线：400-1683301或800-8283301 订货e-mail ：******************技术咨询：*****************网址：碧云天网站微信公众号一氧化氮检测试剂盒产品编号产品名称包装 S0021S 一氧化氮检测试剂盒 500次 S0021M一氧化氮检测试剂盒2500次产品简介：碧云天生产的一氧化氮检测试剂盒采用了经典的Griess Reagent ，并对其测定的溶液体系进行了优化，使检测下限达到1µM ，在1-100µM 范围内有非常完美的线性关系。

检测速度极快，完成一条标准曲线或5-10个样品的测定只需3分钟。

样品范围广，可以检测细胞或组织及其培养液中的一氧化氮的含量，酚红和10%血清均对测定无明显干扰，也可以检测血清、血浆和尿液中一氧化氮的含量。

包装清单：产品编号产品名称包装 S0021S-1 1M NaNO 2 1ml S0021S-2 Griess Reagent I 25ml S0021S-3 Griess Reagent II25ml —说明书1份产品编号产品名称包装 S0021M-1 1M NaNO 2 1ml S0021M-2 Griess Reagent I 125ml S0021M-3Griess Reagent II125ml —说明书1份保存条件：-20ºC 避光保存，一年有效。

4ºC 避光保存，半年有效。

注意事项：本产品对人体有害，操作时请小心，并注意有效防护以避免直接接触人体或吸入体内。

如保存不当导致溶液变色或沉淀，则说明该溶液已经失效，请购买新的试剂盒。

不建议使用RIPA 裂解液对细胞或者组织进行裂解，使用RIPA 裂解液可能在后续反应中产生沉淀，影响测试。

推荐使用碧云天的细胞与组织裂解液(一氧化氮检测用)(S3090)或Western 及IP 细胞裂解液(P0013)。

机器人英语翻译

机器⼈英语翻译外⽂翻译专业⼯业⼯程学⽣姓名钱晓光班级BD机制082学号0820101205指导教师邱亚兰外⽂资料出处：Applied Mathematics and Computation 185 (2007) 1149–1159附件： 1.外⽂资料翻译译⽂2.外⽂原⽂灵活的双臂空间机器⼈捕捉物体的控制动⼒学译者：钱晓光⽂摘：在本⽂中,我们提出有效载荷的影响，来控制⼀个双臂空间机器⼈灵活的获取⼀个物体。

该拉格朗⽇公式动⼒学模型推导出了机器⼈系统原理。

源⾃初始条件的动⼒学模型模拟了整个系统的获取过程。

⼀个PD控制器设计,其⽬的是为了稳定机器⼈来捕捉对象，动态模拟执⾏例⼦：例:1.机器⼈系统不受控制发⽣撞击，仿真结果表明影响效果。

2.空间机器⼈捕获物体的成功是伟⼤的。

仿真结果表明,该机器⼈关节⾓和机械⼿的迅速程度已经达到稳定。

关键词:柔性臂;空间机器⼈;冲击;动⼒学;PD控制⽅案:圆柱型机器⼈;技能训练1.介绍空间机器⼈将成为⼈类未来在太空检验、装配和检索故障等⽇常⼯作的主要元素。

空间机器⼈满⾜宇航员额外的活动，对这些来说是很有价值的。

然⽽,⼈类⽣活配套设施的成本和时间对航员是有限制的，⾼度风险使空间机器⼈成为宇航员助⼿的选择。

增加设备的流动性, ⾃由飞⾏系统中⼀个或多个臂安装在⼀艘装有推进器⾥，然⽽,扩展推进器的使⽤却得到了极⼤的限制。

⼀个⾃由浮动的操作模式能增加系统的可操作性。

有很多的研究成果对刚性臂空间机器⼈做了研究。

考虑到空间机器⼈以下的特点:轻质量、长臂、重载荷、灵活、有效性等，切应考虑到良好的控制精度和性能。

与此同时,也存在着许多研究动态建模和单臂空间机器⼈灵活控制的成果。

作者描述了碰撞动⼒学建模⽅案的空间机器⼈和研究了多⼿臂灵活空间机器⼈。

吴中书使⽤假设模态⽅法描述了弹性变形,建⽴了动态模型,研究了拉格朗⽇公式和仿真的柔性双臂空间机械臂。

由两个特定操作阶段:影响阶段和撞击阶段。

影响阶段确定了初始条件的对象。

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D- Journal of Automobile Engineering

951 Dynamics and control of gearshifts on twin-clutch transmissionsM Goetz*,M C Levesley,and D A CrollaSchool of Mechanical Engineering,University of Leeds,Leeds,UKThe manuscript was received on14May2004and was accepted after revision for publication on30March2005.DOI:10.1243/095440705X34720Abstract:Based on a detailed dynamic model of an automotive powertrain containing a twin-clutchtransmission,an integrated powertrain control for gearshifts is developed.The operation of this con-troller is demonstrated on the basis of simulation results for upshifts,downshifts,and multiple gear-shifts taking place within the same half of the transmission.The control algorithm makes use ofclosed-loop control of clutch slip for a smooth transfer of engine torque with the aim of reproducingthe operation of a one-way clutch.Further elements are a closed-loop control of engine speed througha combination of a manipulation of engine controls and clutch pressure.In addition,it is demonstratedthat the control of transmission output torque during gearshifts can add robustness to the controland provides a means to manipulate directly the gearshift character.Finally,the dynamic eﬀects ofgear preselection through conventional hydraulically actuated cone-type synchronizers on the overallshift quality are discussed.Keywords:twin-clutch transmission,dual-clutch transmission,gearshift control,automatictransmission control,clutch control1INTRODUCTION friction clutch.The two halves of the twin-clutchtransmission consist of simple gear sets and syn-chronizers such as found on conventional manual The design principle of the twin-or dual-clutchgearboxes.This mechanical design oﬀers superior transmission originates in a patent by Ke´gresse[1]mechanical eﬃciency to that of planetary-type auto-back in1939.The idea behind this transmission con-matic transmissions equipped with a hydraulic torque cept is to split a manual gearbox into two halves.Oneconverter and explains why the twin-clutch trans-half of the transmission carries the odd gear ratiosmission is of interest from an economical and driving while the other carries the even gear ratios,as shownperformance point of view.in Fig.1.Each of the two halves(each half consistsHowever,the automatic control of the two friction of an input shaft,gears,synchronizers and a layshaft)clutches during gearshifts has to be performed with of the twin-clutch transmission is connected to thegreat care.In particular,the lack of one-way clutches engine through a separate friction clutch.The torque(i.e.clutching element that engages when running of both transmission halves is gathered at the out-in one direction of rotation and disengages when put of the transmission by a gear stage meshing withrunning in the other direction),which help to smooth output gears located on both layshafts.Gearshiftsthe transfer of engine torque in the torque phase can be accomplished as clutch-to-clutch shifts byof gearshifts on planetary-type automatic trans-changing from one half to the other,thereby retain-missions,seemed for a long time diﬃcult to com-ing full traction at the wheels.This characteristic ofpensate through clutch control.Also,the inability to the twin-clutch design enables powershifts as on askip one gear(i.e.multiple gearshifts such as from conventional planetary-type automatic transmissionfourth to second gear)without disengaging the and thus eradicates the principal disadvantage oftorque-transmitting clutch was considered a major automated manual transmissions utilizing only oneshortcoming.After renewed interest in the1980s *Corresponding author:School of Mechanical Engineering,[2,3],where the twin-clutch design had been applied University of Leeds,Woodhouse Lane,Leeds LS29JT,UK.email:to race cars,only the advent of faster and morecapable electronics at the end of the1990s led to full menmg@952M Goetz,M C Levesley,and D A CrollaFig.1Twin-clutch transmission of two-layshaft typeinterest from all major car and transmission manu-for gearshifts,which produces high shift quality facturers.In2003,the twin-clutch transmission[4]comparable with that of planetary-type automatic wasﬁnally put into production for theﬁrst time.transmissions.Another important aim is to create a The problems of the control of both a singlegearshift control that is robust against changes in gearshift and multiple gearshifts on twin-clutch the clutch friction coeﬃcient and allows the track-transmissions are addressed in this paper.Theing of transmission output torque trajectories,thus requirement for robust operation of the control of providing a basis for integration in torque-based gearshifts under a variety of operating points andpowertrain control schemes.conditions(e.g.changes in clutch friction)necessitatethe employment of closed-loop control techniques.For conventional automatic transmissions,closed-2DYNAMIC POWERTRAIN MODELloop control has been mainly applied to enginesynchronization[5],leaving the control of the engine For the simulation of gearshift performance,adynamic model of a vehicle powertrain was torque transfer to a combination of one-way clutchoperation and open-loop clutch pressure manipu-developed.lation.For twin-clutch transmissions the potentialsThe whole powertrain model is depicted in Fig.2 of various gearshift control concepts applied to up-and features a mean value torque production model shifts was compared in reference[6].The solutionof a spark ignition engine that was given in reference that oﬀered the best gearshift performance was a[8]and that makes use of regression functions for closed-loop strategy,where the transmission outputairﬂow through throttle body and intake manifold torque was controlled throughout the whole gear-and for the torque generated in the combustion shift.The control of multiple gearshifts was addressedprocess.Also included in the engine model are the in reference[7]where a solution for so-called‘double rotational dynamics of the engine and accessory shifts’was proposed.The control described in thatloads.Inputs to the engine model are throttle angle article used the second clutch to provide someﬁll-and spark advance.The block representing the twin in torque for the time that the torque-transmittingclutch transmission in Fig.2consists of two parts: clutch has to be disengaged in order to be able to the rotational dynamics of clutches,synchronizers change the gear in that particular transmission half.and geartrain,and the dynamics of the hydraulic The control strategy presented in that paper,how-system.Inputs to the transmission block are pressure ever,made exclusive use of open-loop techniques.values for clutches and synchronizers,which are The objectives of this paper are to investigate the actually voltage inputs to the solenoid valves con-dynamics of gearshifts on twin-clutch transmissionstrolling the hydraulic actuation of clutches and and to develop an integrated powertrain control synchronizers.Dynamics and control of gearshifts on twin-clutch transmissions953Fig.2Model of a vehicle powertrain including a twin-clutch transmissionThe dynamic models of powertrain and hydraulic components of the transmission,while massless system were created in MATLAB/Simulink A,whichspring–damper elements are employed to model the was also used to generate the simulation results compliances of the shafts in the gearbox.To model presented in this paper.the drag that is created in the twin-clutch trans-mission,the inertias are‘connected’to the groundvia damper elements.2.1Rotational dynamics of the twin-clutchIn order to model the dynamics of a shift from transmissionsynchronizer to synchronizer where both gear ratios Figure3shows the dynamic model of the twin-clutch(i.e.synchronizers)are located within the same half transmission,which is based on the layout presented of the transmission,the dynamic model of the in Fig.1.twin-clutch transmission depicted in Fig.3had to Inputs to this part of the transmission model are be extended by an additional synchronizer model the clamp forces at clutches and synchronizers.Non-(indicated by the dashed rectangle in Fig.3).This compliant discs represent the inertias of the internalprovided the basis for realistic modelling of a changeFig.3Rotational dynamics of the twin-clutch transmission,depicted for the conﬁguration of ﬁrst and second gears.Extension is shown for third gear954M Goetz,M C Levesley,and D A Crollabetween synchronizers without producing discon-additional rules given bytinuities in the simulation results.This extension to IF {v in =v out }AND {x s Áx s,max }THENthe transmission model is used later in sections 3.3and 4.{dog clutch is engaged}(6)Both the synchronizer and the clutch models con-IF {x s <x s,max}THEN {dog clutch is disengaged}sist of a friction model that describes the torque transmitted in the slipping and in the sticking states.(7)It also contains the logic of the transitions between the two states.The synchronizer model incorporates These two equations essentially reﬂect the fact that a third state,which accounts for a mechanical lock-the dog clutch can be engaged once the two halves ing of its two halves via the dog-clutch-like part of of the synchronizer run with the same speed and the synchronizer.The friction behaviour of clutch thus the teeth can slide to their maximum axial dis-and synchronizer is given by the equations placement,thereby mechanically locking the syn-chronizer.If the teeth of the dog clutch are slid back T C =sgn(v in −v out )R m F N m k z (1)into their initial position,the mechanical coupling is neutralized.The information about the displacement with of the dog clutch comes from the actuator model of the synchronizer.m k=f (D v )(2)for the clutch,and 2.2Hydraulic actuation of clutches andsynchronizersTsyn =sgn(v in −v out )Rm sin a F N m kz (3)The hydraulic system of the transmission model gen-erates a clamp force at its output (i.e.input to the rotational dynamics described in the last section)withfrom a voltage input to the solenoid valves.The hydraulic actuation scheme is the most commonly m k=constant (4)used so far,particularly in conjunction with wet friction clutches.Electric actuation in conjunction for the synchronizer.If the clutch–synchronizer slips with dry friction clutches o ﬀers increased simplicity (v in ≠v out),the friction torque is given by equation and e ﬃciency but tends to show more compliance (1)for the clutch and equation (3)for the syn-in the actuation system and hence slower response chronizer.The friction coe ﬃcient of the clutch is times.dependent on the sliding speed across the clutch and First,a detailed dynamic model of the hydraulic was represented by a higher-order polynomial as a actuation system was developed.The hydraulic clutch function of the sliding speed.This allowed modelling actuation consists of a proportional solenoid valve,of various friction materials of both wet and dry which controls oil ﬂow to the hydraulic actuator.friction types.The friction coe ﬃcient at the syn-Increasing the pressure in the hydraulic actuator chronizer has been assumed constant.extends the actuator piston,which acts on the clutch If both halves of the clutch–synchronizer stick pack,thus producing a clamp force.The model of together (v in =v out)the torque at the clutch–synch-the clutch pack essentially contained the equations ronizer is determined by the applied load torques of motion of the piston including the opposing forces and inertial torques and is limited by of the return spring and the clutch pack.This clutch pack model permits a simulation of the dynamic |T C,syn|∏m s R m F Nz(5)behaviour of the hydraulic clutch actuation at the A frictional lock-up of the clutch–synchronizer takes point where the clutch piston has ended its idle place if the di ﬀerential speed across the clutch stroke and makes contact with the clutch pack,lead-vanishes and the criterion of equation (5)is fulﬁlled.ing to a sharp rise in clutch pressure.Based on The frictional contact of the clutch–synchronizer the detailed model,a simpliﬁed phenomenological breaks apart if the torque at the clutch–synchronizer model was generated for the development of the exceeds the limit given by equation (5).gearshift controller,since it was less complex and The additional state coming from a mechanical more ﬂexible.The simpliﬁed model of the hydraulic locking of the synchronizer through engagement actuation is depicted in Fig.4and consists of two linear transfer functions and a feedback loop.of the dog clutch was accounted for by simpleDynamics and control of gearshifts on twin-clutch transmissions955Fig.4Simpliﬁed dynamic model of the hydraulic actuation and clutch pack in the s domain3INTEGRATED POWERTRAIN CONTROL OF of engine torque transfer without creating too much GEARSHIFTSvehicle jerk.If it is possible to mimic the operationof a one-way clutch by careful control of a friction Gearshifts on twin-clutch transmissions can beclutch,then the optimal transfer of engine torque accomplished as so-called clutch-to-clutch shifts could be accomplished even on a twin-clutch trans-by changing from one half of the transmission tomission.Such a control was suggested in references the other.However,before commencing the clutch-[9]and[10]and requires closed-loop control of to-clutch shift,the target gear needs to be engagedclutch slip.(preselected)on the opposite half of the trans-The problem of obtaining the torque signal and mission.Essentially,the gearshift on a twin-clutchthe advantages and disadvantages of each technique transmission consists of two parts:(sensor measurement versus mathematical observer)are not discussed here but are well covered in the (a)the preselection of the target gear on the torque-literature(see,for example,references[6],[11],and free half of the transmission;[12]).(b)the clutch-to-clutch shift.The clutch-to-clutch shift is the subject of this3.1Control of upshiftssection whereas the preselection(in particular,thedynamic eﬀects of the gear change)is discussed in The control algorithm for power-on upshifts is section4.depicted in Fig.5.The control sequence is shown in The clutch-to-clutch shift consists of two distinctive the clutch pressure proﬁles of the simulation result parts:a‘torque phase’where engine torque is trans-(upshift fromﬁrst to second gear)in Fig.6.In step1 ferred from the oﬀgoing clutch to the oncoming of the control algorithm,hydraulic pressure is reduced clutch and an‘inertia phase’where the speed of theat the oﬀgoing clutch.The nearer the pressure is engine is synchronized to that of the target gear.decreased to the value where the clutch starts to The order of the two phases depends on the type ofslip,the smaller are the resulting torque vibrations shift(i.e.upshift or downshift)and the direction coming from the stick–slip transition.However,theactual transition from stick to slip at this clutch of the transmission of drive power(i.e.power-on orpower-oﬀ).is accomplished by the clutch slip control,which is The clutch-to-clutch shift can be controlled inactivated in step3.Prior to activation of the clutch principle in the same manner as on planetary-type slip controller,the oncoming clutch is preﬁlled in transmissions.However,because of diﬀerences instep2.This pressure needs to be selected on the the design(in particular,the absence of one-way basis of a compromise between fastﬁlling on one clutches on twin-clutch transmissions)the transferhand and little eﬀect on driveline torque on the of engine torque in the torque phase becomes more other.The closed-loop control of clutch slip main-tains a small clutch slip reference value(5rad/s)by diﬃcult to control.This is due to the diﬃculty incontrolling the timing of the application and release manipulating the pressure at the oﬀgoing clutch.By of the two clutches.One-way clutches and theirramping up the pressure at the oncoming clutch ability to disengage automatically once the trans-(step4),the slip controller automatically reduces the mitted torque has become negative aid the controlpressure at the oﬀgoing clutch,thus transferring956M Goetz,M C Levesley,and D A CrollaFig.5Algorithm for upshift controlFig.6Simulation result of an upshift fromﬁrst to second gear(BTDC,before top dead centre).The arrows and numbers indicate the steps of the control algorithm depicted in Fig.5engine torque without creating negative torque at In this phase,the engine speed is synchronized to this clutch.At the point where the pressure at thethat of the target gear while tracking a reference oﬀgoing clutch has become zero,the slip controller speed proﬁle.The closed-loop speed controller,whichis activated in step5,achieves this by manipulating is deactivated and the control can proceed to theinertia phase.both engine throttle angle and spark advance(SA),957 Dynamics and control of gearshifts on twin-clutch transmissionsthus uniting the advantages of large engine torque From the output torque proﬁle in Fig.6,it can be variations and fast engine response.In the inertiaseen that the torque does not show any abrupt phase,transmission output torque control can be changes at the point of the transition from the torque activated(step6)in which closed-loop trackingto the inertia phase,thus verifying the smooth of a reference torque proﬁle is achieved through control of the engine torque transfer by the clutch manipulation of pressure at the oncoming clutch byslip controller.the controller.The reference torque proﬁle used heregoverns the transmission output torque to a level3.2Control of downshiftscorresponding to the change in gear ratio over thewhole gearshift.At the end of the inertia phase the The power-on downshift starts with the inertia phase clutch pressure is raised to the line pressure(step7),where the engine is synchronized to the target gear, which is the main pressure in the hydraulic system.followed by the torque phase where engine torque istransferred between the two clutches.The control It was observed that the torque vibrations createdat the end of the gearshift where the clutch locks up algorithm for downshifts is depicted in Fig.7.Again could be reduced by abruptly raising the sparkthe steps of the control algorithm are indicated in the advance to its original value at this point.Further simulation result depicted in Fig.8.At the beginning details of the upshift control including a discussionof the inertia phase(step1in Fig.7),the pressure at of robustness against changes in the clutch friction the oﬀgoing clutch is reduced in a similar way as in material have been given in reference[13].the torque phase of the upshift control.Through-Figure6shows a simulation result for an upshift out the inertia phase of the downshift the engine from theﬁrst to second gear.The graph depicts theneeds to be accelerated in order to reach the syn-time proﬁles of transmission output torque T out,the chronous speed of the target gear.A combination rotational speeds v at both clutches including engineof an increase in throttle angle(step2)and clutch speed(denoted as input speed),the pressure pro-pressure modulation by the speed controller(step3)ﬁles p C at both clutches,the throttle angle and theallows tracking of a reference speed proﬁle without spark advance(denoted Throttle and SA).In general,having to decrease the clutch pressure too much, good tracking of the reference proﬁles for enginethus transmitting as much engine torque as possible. speed(second graph)and transmission output torque Prior to the end of the inertia phase,the oncoming (uppermost graph)can be observed.clutch is preﬁlled in step4(low pressure to suppressFig.7Algorithm for downshift control958M Goetz,M C Levesley,and D A CrollaFig.8Simulation result of a downshift from second toﬁrst gear(BTDC,before top dead centre).The arrows and numbers indicate the steps of the control algorithm depicted in Fig.7torque vibrations)and the throttle angle is decreased a downshift from second toﬁrst gear is depicted again in step5.in Fig.8.Once again,it can be seen that the track-In a similar way as previously explained for the ing performances of speed and torque reference upshift,clutch slip control is employed in the torquetrajectories are good.The output torque proﬁle of phase for a smooth transfer of engine torque(step6).the downshift depicted in Fig.6looks reasonably In parallel with the clutch slip control,the optionalsmooth,owing to the relatively shallow gradient transmission output control can be activated(step7).of the reference torque trajectory selected in the Although the clutch slip controller takes care oftorque phase.the engine torque transfer,the transmission outputtorque proﬁle can take diﬀerent shapes depending3.3Control of multiple gearshiftson the operating point of engine and the gear ratio.To be able to manipulate the proﬁle of the trans-As explained in the introduction,gearshifts thatchange between gears within the same half of the mission output torque,closed-loop torque controlcan be activated in the torque phase.To implement transmission(e.g.from fourth to second gear)cannot the output torque control without losing the functionbe accomplished as simple clutch-to-clutch shifts. of the clutch slip control,the pressure manipulation During the period of time where the original gear is at the oncoming clutch is split into two actions.Thedisengaged and the target gear engaged,the appro-ﬁrst action requires ramping up the pressure,but at priate half of the transmission needs to be torque a lower rate than required in the torque phase of thefree.This means,however,that since both the upshift.This is necessary to force the slip controller original gear and the target gear are located within to transfer engine torque gradually.Then,the secondthe same half of the transmission,the torque-action comes from the closed-loop torque control,transmitting clutch has to be disengaged for the which adds its contributions in the pressure manipu-change in gears.The result would be a gearshift lation to the pressure ramp of theﬁrst control action.similar to a manual or automated manual trans-Further details of the downshift control havemission with interruption in traction,which is not been given in reference[14].A simulation result for acceptable for a powershift transmission.959 Dynamics and control of gearshifts on twin-clutch transmissionsTwo or more consecutive gearshifts would fulﬁl the transferred to the other clutch in steps5and6.The requirement of transmitting power to the wheelsremainder of engine torque is used for continuing during the gearshift,but these would result in un-the acceleration of the engine.The change of clutch acceptably long shift times and would be distinguish-in steps5and6is accomplished through conven-able as two separate gearshift events by the driver.tional open-loop pressure ramps.Owing to the small To solve the problem,it was proposed to use theamount of engine torque transferred,no signiﬁcant second clutch during the gear change in order to improvement in clutch slip control over the open-provide someﬁll-in torque[7].This technique isloop controlled clutch change was noticed.A second adopted here and combined with the techniques reason why the clutch slip control was not aseﬀective here as it was in the normal torque phase of engine control,clutch slip,and torque controldeveloped in the previous sections.Since multiple is that,for its operation,the engine needs to be downshifts are,because of the importance ofdecelerated to the input shaft speed of the inter-response time,more critical than multiple upshifts,mediate gear,which would result in increased vehicle only multiple downshifts are discussed here.Thejerk.control algorithm for multiple downshifts is depicted While the gear is changed in the torque-free halfof the transmission through a change in synchronizer in Fig.9.The steps in the control algorithm that arediﬀerent from the control of single downshifts are in steps8and9,the engine speed controller is active indicated by arrows in the simulation result shownat the torque-carrying clutch(step7).The pressure in Fig.10.value at the engaging synchronizer is mainly deter-Up to step4,the control algorithm in Fig.9is themined by the time available for synchronization and same as for single downshifts.However,instead of the gear ratio.After synchronization of the input transferring the full amount of engine torque in theshaft to the target gear is completed,the syn-subsequent phase,only a part of engine torque is chronizer pressure is raised to line pressure(step10).Fig.9Control algorithm for multiple downshifts960M Goetz,M C Levesley,and D A CrollaFig.10Simulation result of a downshift from fourth to second gear(BTDC,before top dead centre).The arrows and numbers indicate the steps of the control algorithm depictedin Fig.9Subsequent to the preﬁlling of the original clutch In this section,the dynamic eﬀects of preselection (step11)the actual torque phase begins,which ison the overall gearshift quality will be investigated. controlled in the same way as for single downshifts,A simple preselection strategy is employed thatrequires that a gear lower than the presently engaged again employing clutch slip control and transmissionoutput torque control.gear has to be selected on the torque-free half of the Figure10depicts a simulation result for a down-transmission.This has the advantage that the trans-shift from fourth to second gear.The speed trajectory mission is always prepared for a downshift without of the engine in Fig.10clearly indicates that theﬁrst having to change the target gear.engine accelerates constantly throughout the whole The engagement of the target gear ratio on the inertia phase,comparable with a single gearshift.torque-free half of the transmission requires syn-Thus,the driver experiences the multiple–gearshift chronization of the input shafts to the speed level event as a single gearshift event.Traction is inof the target gear.When changing to a target gear general maintained throughout the gearshift.In the lower than the gear currently engaged,the input torque phase the reference torque proﬁle is trackedshaft needs to be accelerated.When changing to a accurately apart from an initial deviation.target gear higher than the gear currently engaged,the input shaft needs to be decelerated.If this syn-chronization process is carried out by use of conven-tional synchronizers,the energy for this speed change 4DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF GEAR PRESELECTIONis transferred from the output of the transmission.ON GEARSHIFT PERFORMANCE Other methods of synchronization include central syn-chronization with an external energy supply(external As mentioned at the beginning of section3,a gear-brake and electric motor)or synchronization via shift on a twin-clutch transmission consists of pre-engine control,both requiring only simple dog selection of the target gear on the torque-free halfclutches.The latter is only reasonably applicable of the transmission and a clutch-to-clutch shift.to automated manual transmissions featuring only。

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preacher_rucker_hayes_2007

MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH,42(1),185–227Copyright©2007,Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Inc.Addressing Moderated MediationHypotheses:Theory,Methods,and PrescriptionsKristopher J.PreacherUniversity of KansasDerek D.RuckerNorthwestern UniversityAndrew F.HayesThe Ohio State UniversityThis article provides researchers with a guide to properly construe and conduct analyses of conditional indirect effects,commonly known as moderated media-tion effects.We disentangle conﬂicting deﬁnitions of moderated mediation and describe approaches for estimating and testing a variety of hypotheses involving conditional indirect effects.We introduce standard errors for hypothesis testing and construction of conﬁdence intervals in large samples but advocate that researchers use bootstrapping whenever possible.We also describe methods for probing sig-niﬁcant conditional indirect effects by employing direct extensions of the simple slopes method and Johnson-Neyman technique for probing signiﬁcant interactions.Finally,we provide an SPSS macro to facilitate the implementation of the recom-mended asymptotic and bootstrapping methods.We illustrate the application of these methods with an example drawn from the Michigan Study of Adolescent Life Transitions,showing that the indirect effect of intrinsic student interest on mathematics performance through teacher perceptions of talent is moderated by student math self-concept.186PREACHER,RUCKER,HAYESMediation,or an indirect effect,is said to occur when the causal effect of an in-dependent variable(X)on a dependent variable(Y)is transmitted by a mediator (M).In other words,X affects Y because X affects M,and M,in turn,affects Y.Mediation effect and indirect effect are often used interchangeably(as they are here),although some authors have drawn distinctions between them(e.g., Holmbeck,1997).Methods to assess mediation became particularly popular in psychology after publications by Judd and Kenny(1981)and Baron and Kenny (1986).Today,examples of this simple type of mediation effect are so numer-ous that one can open an issue of virtually any major social science journal and ﬁnd at least one test of mediation.For example,Fredrickson,Tugade,Waugh, and Larkin(2003)hypothesized that positive emotions mediate the effect of psychological resilience on residual resources(life satisfaction,optimism,and tranquility).Calvete and Cardenoso(2005)demonstrated that the effect of gender on depressive symptoms is mediated by need for acceptance,positive thinking, self-focused negative cognitions,and negative problem orientation.Hundreds of new mediation hypotheses are proposed and tested in the literature every year.In response to high demand for appropriate methods,a large literature now exists that details methods by which mediation may be assessed in models of ever-increasing complexity.It is often of critical interest to determine whether or not a mediation effect remains constant across different contexts,groups of individuals,and values of the independent variable.For example,perhaps M mediates the X!Y rela-tionship for boys but not for girls.More generally,the strength of an indirect effect may depend linearly upon the value of a moderator(W)that is mea-sured on an interval or ratio scale.Of course,testing such additional hypotheses requires the development of appropriate statistical tests.In recognition of this requirement,this article aims to educate and help researchers with regard to how to analyze indirect effects that depend on other variables in the model un-der scrutiny.There are several ways in which hypotheses combining mediation and moderation may be modeled.Various sources refer to some of these effects as mediated moderation or moderated mediation(e.g.,Baron&Kenny,1986), but there is a fair amount of confusion over precisely what pattern of causal relationships constitutes each kind of effect and how to assess the presence, strength,and signiﬁcance of these effects.For simplicity,we gather such effects under the general rubric conditional indirect effects.We deﬁne a conditional indirect effect as the magnitude of an indirect effect at a particular value of a moderator(or at particular values of more than one moderator).Examples of conditional indirect effect hypotheses are common in the litera-ture.For example,the mediation effects found by Calvete and Cardenoso(2005) mentioned previously were further hypothesized to be moderated by age.Al-though studies investigating mediation,moderation,or both are abundant,formal tests of conditional indirect effects are less common.We surmise that conditionalADDRESSING MODERATED MEDIATION HYPOTHESES187 indirect effects may be relevant and interesting in many settings,but generally may go unnoticed and unexamined because clear methods have not yet been articulated in the literature for investigating whether(and,if so,how)an indi-rect effect varies systematically as a function of another variable.In addition to introducing methods that can be used to investigate conditional indirect ef-fects,we illustrate these methods using an example drawn from the Michigan Study of Adolescent Life Transitions(MSALT).Speciﬁcally,we show how the indirect effect of intrinsic student interest in math(the independent variable)on mathematics performance(the dependent variable)through teacher perceptions of talent(a mediator)is moderated by student math self-concept.OVERVIEW OF OBJECTIVESWe have several objectives in this article.First,consistent with recent efforts to disentangle confusion over moderated mediation(e.g.,Muller,Judd,&Yzer-byt,2005),we provide a guide to help resolve the confusion that persists in the literature regarding conﬂicting deﬁnitions of moderated mediation.Second, as called for by Muller et al.(2005),we provide intuitive approaches for test-ing hypotheses of conditional indirect effects.To this end,we introduce stan-dard errors(SE s)for various conditional indirect effects and discuss the utility of bootstrapping and normal-theory methods.Third,we describe methods for probing moderated mediation effects by employing direct extensions of methods familiar to many researchers in the context of probing signiﬁcant interactions. Speciﬁcally,we implement a direct extension of the simple slopes procedure (Aiken&West,1991)to probe moderated mediation effects.We also suggest that the regions of signiﬁcance approach(or the Johnson-Neyman technique) be extended to probing moderated mediation effects,identifying ranges of the moderator for which an indirect effect is statistically signiﬁcant.Finally,we provide an SPSS macro to facilitate the implementation of the recommended asymptotic and bootstrapping methods,illustrating its use with a real-world ex-ample.Our procedures are illustrated within a regression or path-analytic frame-work(with no latent variables),but our strategies can be easily applied in more complex structural equation models(SEMs).This article is aimed primarily at the applied researcher to whom the methods will be most useful,but there is also much that will be of interest to methodologists.The ultimate goal and contribution of this article is to offer researchers and practitioners an intuitive guide to construe and conduct complex mediation analyses involving conditional indirect effects.Before discussing conditional indirect effects,we brieﬂy review simple me-diation and moderation and discuss methods traditionally used to investigate their presence.We then present methods for assessing the presence,strength,188PREACHER,RUCKER,HAYESand signiﬁcance of conditional indirect effects to facilitate the understanding of moderated mediation.SIMPLE MEDIATIONMediation analysis permits examination of process,allowing the researcher to in-vestigate by what means X exerts its effect on Y.Although systems of equations linking X to Y through multiple mediators are possible to specify(MacKinnon, 2000),we focus on models in which only a single mediator(M)is posited.We term this three-variable system simple mediation.Simple mediation is illustrated in the path diagram in Figure1.In theﬁgure,a1refers to the(unstandardized) slope coefﬁcient of M regressed on X,and b1and c0denote the conditional coefﬁcients of Y regressed on M and X,respectively,when both are included as simultaneous predictors of Y.Letting c represent the effect of X on Y in the absence of M,the indirect effect is traditionally quantiﬁed as c c0,which is ordinarily equivalent to a1b1(MacKinnon,Warsi,&Dwyer,1995).The coefﬁcients previously described are commonly obtained using least-squares regression.Speciﬁcally,coefﬁcients a1and b1may be obtained from the regression equations:M D a0C a1X C r(1)Y D b0C c0X C b1M C r(2) where a0and b0are intercept terms and r is a regression residual.The coefﬁ-cients a1and b1are then used to assess the presence,strength,and signiﬁcance of the indirect effect of X on Y via M.All of the models considered hereFIGURE1Simple mediation.ADDRESSING MODERATED MEDIATION HYPOTHESES189 may be assessed using SEM software or standard least-squares or maximum likelihood regression routines.ASSESSING THE PRESENCE,STRENGTH,ANDSIGNIFICANCE OF INDIRECT EFFECTSMacKinnon and colleagues(MacKinnon,Lockwood,Hoffman,West,&Sheets, 2002;MacKinnon,Lockwood,&Williams,2004)review a variety of strategies to gauge the extent and signiﬁcance of indirect effects.The most popular of these strategies are the causal steps strategy,distribution of the product strate-gies,resampling or bootstrapping strategies,and various product of coefﬁcients strategies.We do not dwell on all four approaches here.The causal steps strat-egy suffers from low power and does not directly address the hypothesis of interest(MacKinnon et al.,2002).Most methodologists agree that the product term a1b1,the quantity of interest in the remaining three strategies,is a proper quantiﬁcation of the indirect effect.The distribution of the product strategy is probably the most accurate analytic method available for determining the signif-icance of,and conﬁdence intervals(CIs)for,a1b1in simple mediation models (MacKinnon et al.,2004).However,extending this method to the study of con-ditional indirect effects will involve extensive analytic work and programming because the expressions for conditional indirect effects are more complex than those for simple mediation effects.We therefore limit our attention to the prod-uct of coefﬁcients and bootstrapping strategies.We brieﬂy explore each of these strategies in turn because each has implications for how conditional indirect effects can be appropriately assessed.Product of Coefficients StrategiesAn indirect effect is conceptualized as a population quantity that must be es-timated in the sample.Sample indirect effects are quantiﬁed as products of sample estimates of regression coefﬁcients.In the case of simple mediation,the point estimate of the indirect effect is O a1O b1,where the hat notation denotes a sample estimate of a population quantity.Under the assumptions of maximumlikelihood and ordinary least squares,O a1and O b1are asymptotically independent and normally distributed.When it is further assumed that the product O a1O b1is normally distributed,the exact SE(Aroian,1947;Craig,1936;Goodman,1960) is:rSEO a1O b1D190PREACHER,RUCKER,HAYESThe result in Equation3can be obtained via the delta method using a second-order Taylor series approximation(MacKinnon et al.,1995;Mood,Graybill,& Boes,1974,pp.180,534).Further discussion can be found in the TechnicalAppendix.In most cases,the s2O a1s2O b1term is negligibly small and can be safelyomitted,yielding:SEO a1O b1DrADDRESSING MODERATED MEDIATION HYPOTHESES191 O a1and O b1but computed in the resampled data set rather than the original sam-ple.Repeated a total of k times and then sorting the k bootstrap values of O a C1O b C1 from low to high,the upper and lower bounds of a100.1 ’/%CI for a1b1is deﬁned as the.’=2/k th and.1C.1 ’=2/k/th values in this sorted distribu-tion.Because no symmetry assumption is made about the sampling distribution, the CI can be(and often is)asymmetric in accordance with the skewness of the sampling distribution of O a1O b1.For hypothesis testing,the null hypothesis of no indirect effect is rejected at the’level of signiﬁcance if0lies outside the CI.Such percentile-based CIs can be further improved through bias-correction or bias-correction and acceleration.These bias correction methods work by ad-justing the ordinal positions of the O a C1O b C1values in the sorted distribution of O a C1O b C1that are used as the upper and lower bounds of the conﬁdence interval. MacKinnon et al.(2004)showed that such corrections can improve CIs and in-ferences when used in the context of simple mediation models.For the complex computational details of these corrections to percentile CIs,see Efron(1987), Efron and Tibshirani(1998),Lunneborg(2000),Preacher and Hayes(2006),or Stine(1989).Only minor drawbacks are associated with bootstrapping.First,computation of the conﬁdence limits is more time-consuming than in single-sample meth-ods.But with the increasing speed of computer processors,speed is no longer a serious limitation,and some statistical analysis programs have implemented bootstrapping methodologies.Those that have not often can be programmed to do so(e.g.,Lockwood&MacKinnon,1998;Preacher&Hayes,2004;Shrout& Bolger,2002).Thus,bootstrapping is more feasible now than in the past.Sec-ond,bootstrapping yields slightly different CIs each time the method is applied to the same data.Although it is true that different sets of k bootstrap resamples will yield different estimates,the variation due to random resampling diminishes as k increases.In what follows,we extend the product of coefﬁcients strategy and describe in more detail how bootstrapping can be used to estimate conditional indirect effects.Butﬁrst,we provide an overview of methods used to investigate mod-eration.MODERATIONWhen the strength of the relationship between two variables is dependent on a third variable,moderation is said to be occurring.The third variable,or moder-ator(W),interacts with X in predicting Y if the regression weight of Y on X varies as a function of W.Moderation is typically assessed with the regression equation:Y D a0C a1X C a2W C a3XW C r;(6)192PREACHER,RUCKER,HAYESwhere W is considered the moderator.Equation6may be reexpressed asY D.a0C a2W/C.a1C a3W/X C r;(7) clarifying how the simple slope of Y regressed on X,.a1C a3W/,is a function of the moderator.If O a3is signiﬁcant,the interaction effect may be probed to determine whether the simple slope of Y on X is statistically signiﬁcant for chosen conditional values of W(typically the mean and˙1SD from the mean for continuous W, and coded values for dichotomous W).This approach is described in detail by Aiken and West(1991).The quantity.O a1C O a3W/may be divided by its SE to yield a critical ratio test statistic distributed as t with df D N q in small samples(where q is the number of estimated regression coefﬁcients),or z in large samples.The SE of the simple slope is:SE.O a1C O a3W/D q1There is a distinction between simultaneous and nonsimultaneous conﬁdence bands and regions of signiﬁcance(Pothoff,1964).For nonsimultaneous bands,rejection rates are accurate for any given conditional value of the moderator.Simultaneous bands,on the other hand,describe regions of the moderator for which the simple slope will be signiﬁcant for all values of the moderator100.1 ’/% of the time,in the long run.Only nonsimultaneous conﬁdence bands and regions of signiﬁcance are discussed here,as we consider them more practically relevant.For more information on the distinction between simultaneous and nonsimultaneous bands,consult Pothoff(1964)and Rogosa (1981).ADDRESSING MODERATED MEDIATION HYPOTHESES193MODERATED MEDIATIONIn both the applied literature and in discussions with colleagues,we have ob-served considerable confusion over what effects should be described as mediated moderation vs.moderated mediation and how to properly assess them.Baron and Kenny(1986)described a generally agreed-upon method for assessing me-diated moderation(a term they coined)that involvesﬁrst showing an interaction effect of X and W on Y,then introducing a mediator of that effect.In such models researchers may be interested in probing the interaction effects of X and W on M and on Y separately to clarify the nature of key relationships. However,because mediated moderation does not require the probing of con-ditional indirect effects,we do not further consider mediated moderation,but focus instead on moderated mediation.James and Brett(1984)coined the term moderated mediation,suggesting it for mediation models involving relations that“require the addition of a moderator for either the O m D f.x/or O y D f.m/relations,or both”(p.314).Moderated mediation models attempt to explain both how and when a given effect occurs (Frone,1999).Formally,moderated mediation occurs when the strength of an indirect effect depends on the level of some variable,or in other words,when mediation relations are contingent on the level of a moderator.There are multiple ways in which the magnitude of an indirect effect may be dependent upon a moderator.We enumerate several speciﬁc ways to think about moderated mediation effects,which we refer to as Models1through5.Relying on the symbolic representation of mediation in Figure1,1.The independent variable(X)functions as a moderator of the b1path.2.Some fourth variable(W)affects the a1path.3.W affects the b1path.4.W affects a1whereas yet another variable(Z)affects b1.5.W affects both a1and b1.These possibilities are presented in formal path diagrams in Figure2.This list does not exhaust the possibilities but contains models we have encountered in the literature and helps to illustrate a framework within which to discuss possible ways to address these and similar hypotheses.Several methodologists have deﬁned or discussed moderated mediation,some-times with conﬂicting deﬁnitions.Baron and Kenny(1986)offer an example of moderated mediation that coincides with our Model5,using a causal steps strat-egy to gauge the presence of an indirect effect.Wegener and Fabrigar(2000) share James and Brett’s(1984)deﬁnition:“Moderated mediation could occur when a moderator IV interaction is observed(because of differences in IV to mediator and/or mediator to DV paths)or when no moderator IV inter-action is observed(because different mediators create the same magnitude of194PREACHER,RUCKER,HAYESFIGURE2Models1through5represented as path diagrams.effect or a mediator operates at some levels of the moderator but direct effects occur at other levels)”(p.437),roughly coinciding with our Models1,2,and 3.Morgan-Lopez and MacKinnon(2006)characterize moderated mediation as the case when“the path from the intervention to the mediator(i.e.,X!M) is constant,whereas the effect of the mediator on the outcome(i.e.,M!Y)ADDRESSING MODERATED MEDIATION HYPOTHESES195 depends on the level of Z”(p.78),or our Model3.Muller et al.(2005)asserted that moderated mediation“happens if the mediating process that is responsible for producing the effect of the treatment on the outcome depends on the value of a moderator variable,”encompassing our Models2,3,4,and5.A similar deﬁnition is given by Rose,Holmbeck,Coakley,and Franks(2004).We address conﬂicting deﬁnitions of moderated mediation by including all these as examples of the more general phenomenon of systematic variation in conditional indirect effects.We believe this choice is warranted because all of the effects described above represent mediation effects that vary in strength con-ditional on the value of at least one moderator variable.Because the strength of a simple mediation effect is quantiﬁed by a1b1,any moderation of this quantity by a moderator,by deﬁnition,results in an indirect effect that is conditional on some other variable.In models like Models1to5,the conditional indirect effect may be probed for signiﬁcance using methods directly analogous to those used to probe signiﬁcant interaction effects in regression(Aiken&West,1991;Morgan-Lopez,2003; Muller et al.,2005;Tein,Sandler,MacKinnon,&Wolchik,2004).This method requires that the researcher have in mind a few values of the moderator for which it would be meaningful to examine the magnitude and signiﬁcance of the indirect effect.Muller et al.(2005)and Tein et al.(2004),in a clever extension of a procedure described by Aiken and West(1991),Darlington(1990),and Judd and McClelland(1989),further outline a procedure whereby the researcher may center the moderator at conditional values and use key regression weights to interpret mediation effects as if the model were a simple mediation model.Our extension of the J-N technique to conditional indirect effects has the advantage that it does not require choosing possibly arbitrary conditional values.We now discuss how the conditional indirect effect in each of the numbered models in Figure2may be quantiﬁed in terms of sample point estimates.We follow this discussion with two methods for testing hypotheses using these point estimates: bootstrapping and an extension of the product of coefﬁcients approach. Model1:When the Independent Variable Is Alsothe ModeratorPanel A in Figure2depicts the case in which the effect of M on Y is moderated by the independent variable X.Such models were described by Judd and Kenny (1981)and were presented as one example of moderated mediation by James and Brett(1984).2Often a variable M is investigated to determine whether it196PREACHER,RUCKER,HAYESserves as a mediator,a moderator,or both.For example,Lambert et al.(2003)investigated the role of state anxiety as a mediator and/or moderator of the effectof context(private vs.public)on cognitive control over prejudiced reactionsusing separate mediation and moderation analyses.Such investigations couldtheoretically be conducted on the basis of a single path analysis.The relevantregression equations for this type of conditional indirect effect are:M D a0C a1X C r(9)Y D b0C c0X C.b1C b2X/M C r(10) Equation10clariﬁes how the regression of Y on M can be considered condi-tional on X.The conditional indirect effect of X on Y in Model1can be derived using an approach described by Sobel(1986)and Bollen(1987,1989),which we discussin detail in the Technical Appendix.The point estimate of the conditional indirect effect3of X on Y is in this case f.O™j X/D O a1.O b1C O b2X/.It is easy to see from the expression of f.O™j X/that the conditional indirect effect can depend on the chosen value of X.If the interaction effect between X and M is close tozero,then O b2will be close to zero,X will have little inﬂuence on the indirect effect,and the conditional indirect effect reduces to O a1O b1for all values of the moderator.Model2:When the a Path is Moderated by WFigure2,Panel B depicts the model used to investigate two types of conditional indirect effect.These indirect effects are hypothesized when theory suggests that (1)a moderation effect is mediated by M(an effect sometimes called mediated moderation,as discussed by Muller et al.,2005,among others)or(2)the a1 path of an otherwise simple mediation model is moderated by W(an effect traditionally termed moderated mediation).Paradoxically,the same model may be used to address either hypothesis,but different parameters are emphasized in each.Mediated moderation is addressed by examining the signiﬁcance of the product a3b1.We restrict attention to the case when there exists an indirect effect of X on Y through M(the simplest form of indirect effect),with the pertinent question regarding whether mediation exists for different conditional values of W.For example,Tein et al.(2004)examined whether self-efﬁcacy mediated the effect of cultural norms on cigarette use differently depending on the number of peers who smoked.Hodges and Perry(1999)demonstratedADDRESSING MODERATED MEDIATION HYPOTHESES197 that children’s internalizing and physical weakness inﬂuence physical and verbalvictimization,and that victimization in turn inﬂuences future internalizing andpeer rejection.They showed that theﬁrst of these effects is moderated by peerrejection.Using methods exactly analogous to those used in the previous section(seeTechnical Appendix),this conditional indirect effect of X on Y may be expressed as f.O™j W/D O b1.O a1C O a3W/.Similar to Model1,the conditional indirect effect here depends on W to the extent that the interaction coefﬁcient O a3departs fromzero.Model3:When the b Path Is Moderated by WOften the b1path of an otherwise simple mediation model is theorized to bemoderated by another variable.The result is another process commonly re-ferred to as moderated mediation.For example,Madon,Guyll,Spoth,Cross,and Hilbert(2003)explored the mediating role of mothers’expectations in therelationship between several background variables and children’s future alcohol use.They hypothesized that several variables potentially moderated the effect of maternal expectations on alcohol use.Similarly,Mandel and Johnson(2002) found that the effect of prime(quality vs.money)on product preference was mediated by browsing behavior(in terms of looking time).Furthermore,the effect of browsing behavior on preference was moderated by expertise.Tein, Sandler,and Zautra(2000)investigated the role of psychological distress in mediating the relationship between major and minor stressors and mothers’par-enting,enriching their study by examining the role of coping in moderating the relationship between distress and parenting.Donaldson(2001)described a body of research showing that the effects of an intervention program on mental health and employment are carried by several mediators,but that the effects of these mediators on the outcomes are moderated by pretest mental health.Figure2,Panel C depicts the path model used to investigate such processes.Again using a method analogous to that used in previous sections,the conditional indirect effect of X on Y is expressed as f.O™j W/D O a1.O b1C O b3W/.Model4:When the a Path Is Moderated by W and the bPath Is Moderated by ZA simple extension of Models2and3may be imagined,in which the a1and b1 paths of an otherwise simple mediation model are moderated by different vari-ables.For example,Donaldson(2001)described a complex body of research investigating the effects of intervention programs on adolescent drug use.Direct effects were hypothesized to be mediated by programmatic effects on beliefs198PREACHER,RUCKER,HAYESabout acceptability,prevalence estimates,and refusal skills,with some a pathsmoderated by the type of school(public vs.private)and at least one b pathmoderated by negative intentions to drink.Slater,Hayes,and Ford(2006)reportevidence of an indirect effect of sensation seeking on adolescents’perceptionsof the risk of alcohol use through attention to news content about accidents,injuries,and crime.But the size of the indirect effect depends on prior bad experiences with alcohol and amount of exposure to news content.In this ex-ample of Model4,the path from sensation seeking to attention to news contentwas moderated by prior bad experiences,whereas the effect of attention on riskperceptions was moderated by exposure to general bining Models2and3yields the model in Figure2,Panel D.The indirect effect of X on Y is moderated by both W and Z,with f.O™j W;Z/D.O a1C O a3W/.O b1C O b3Z/. Model5:When the a and b Paths Are Both Moderated by WA special case of the preceding model exists when both the a1and b1paths of anotherwise simple mediation model are moderated by W.For example,Murray,Bellavia,Rose,and Grifﬁn(2003)investigated the moderating effect of perceived regard on(a)the effect of relationship events on feelings of vulnerability andon(b)the effect of feelings of vulnerability on approach/avoidance responsesto romantic partners.Bauer,Preacher,and Gil(2006)examined this kind ofconditional indirect effect in the context of multilevel modeling,operationalizingmoderation of the a and b paths as cross-level interaction effects.The model in Figure2,Panel E is the same as the one Baron and Kenny(1986)described whenthey discussed moderated mediation and is also the model suggested by Mulleret al.(2005)to address both mediated moderation and moderated mediation.This conditional indirect effect is quantiﬁed as f.O™j W/D.O a1C O a3W/.O b1C O b2W/(Muller et al.,2005).As Muller et al.noted,this quantiﬁcation of the indirect effect may be used to probe the indirect effect at conditional levels ofthe moderator,and even suggest that the methods examined by MacKinnon et al.(2002)could be extended to provide a formal hypothesis test.In a later sectionwe do just that.USING BOOTSTRAPPING TO ASSESSMODERATED MEDIATIONThe previous section described how to generate point estimates for conditionalindirect effects forﬁve possible moderated mediation models.We now turn tomethods that can be used to test hypotheses about these conditional indirect effects.One approach is to estimate the sampling distribution of the conditional indirect effect nonparametrically through bootstrapping and then use information。

2005-2010考研英语翻译真题译文

2005年考研英语翻译真题解析Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe。

译文：电视是引发和传播这些感受的方式之一——在连接不同民族和国家之间的关系方面，电视以前也许还从来没有像在欧洲最近发生的事件中那样，起过如此重大的作用。

In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relationship to one another.翻译：在欧洲，就像其它地方一样，各传媒集团越来越成功，整合了电视台，电台，报社，杂志社和出版社，并使之相互合作This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive, in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television network, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.翻译：仅仅这一切就足以证实，电视行业绝非容易生存的地方，统计数据表明，欧洲80个电视网络中，在1989年有不少于50%遭受了亏损。

表面修饰纳米二氧化硅及其与聚合物的作用

万方数据　万方数据第ｌｏ期束华东等表面修饰纳米二氧化硅及其与聚合物的作用条件，如一ＣＯＯＨ、一ＮｃＯ和一ＣＨｃＨ：０等，以保证修饰的稳定性。

Ｔａｎｇ等ｍ１和Ｄｉｎｇ等汹１在各自的工作中都用油酸修饰纳米ＳｉＯ：，修饰剂以稳定的化学键与纳米颗粒连接，同时油酸上带有的Ｃ—Ｃ又为ＳｉＯ：提供了表面功能化的基团。

此外，乙烯基吡啶协１、丙烯基缩水甘油醚ｍ１和对乙烯基苯磺酰肼Ⅲ１等用作纳米ｓｊ０２表面修饰剂的工作都有报道。

在我们以前的工作中，用六甲基二硅氮烷作为修饰剂合成了具有超强疏水性能的可分散型纳米ＳｉＯ：颗粒，涂层与水的接触角可达１７００，同时在有机溶剂中有良好的分散性，分散在ｃｏ，中溶液的透光率可达９７％以上旧Ｊ。

还有用乙二胺和硬脂酸对纳米ＳｉＯ：颗粒表面双重修饰，这是一种以离子键连接表面修饰剂和纳米颗粒的修饰方式，产物的粒径在２０ｎｍ左右ｍｏ。

此外，我们还利用不同的硅烷偶联剂合成了表面带有不同官能团的可反应性纳米ＳｉＯ，颗粒ｂ“。

目前，我们所开发的上述产品已经在本单位的纳米材料工程技术研究中心实现了规模化生产。

图３为生产的ＤＮＳ．２可分散型纳米ＳｉＯ，的透射电镜形貌，从图中可以看出纳米ＳｉＯ，颗粒粒径均匀，平均约２０ｎｍ，分散优良，以链状或网状存在。

图３ＤＮＳ－２可分散型纳米ｓｉ０２的ＴＥＭ形貌Ｆｉｇ．３ＴＥＭｉｍａｇｅｏｆｔｈｅｄｉｓｐｅｒｓｉｂｌｅｎｌｌｌｌＯ—Ｓｉ０２２纳米ＳｉＯ：颗粒与聚合物基体的作用方式及其对材料性能的影响聚合物／ＳｉＯ：纳米复合材料能有效地综合利用纳米ｓｉ０２和聚合物材料的各项优越性能，使材料的功能多样化，性能优越化。

纳米ＳｉＯ，与聚合物基体的复合方法主要包括：机械共混法、熔融共混法、溶胶．凝胶法和原位分散聚合法等。

不同的复合方法各有其优点，适用于不同的材料，对纳米颗粒和基体材料的作用方式也有着不同的影响。

在聚合物／ＳｉＯ：纳米复合材料中，纳米颗粒与聚合物基体间作用力的形式和大小对材料的性能会产生较大的影响，提高二者间的作用力是提升材料性能的主要手段。

船行波对港口的影响

船行波对港口的影响张嵩云;黄黎辉【摘要】The effect of the navigable ship on the bank is not involved in the design of port.With the development of the shipping business and the trend of lager-sized ship,there are more and more effects of the ship on the port.We summarize the navigation conditions of large ships near the port or channel,and use the British standard CIRIA C683 in the calculations of ship wave,analyze the effect of the sailing vessel on the port,and point out the situation of ship traveling wave in the port design.%目前常规的港口设计中未考虑通航船舶对港口设施的影响,随着我国航运业的飞速发展以及船舶大型化的趋势,船舶活动对港口的影响也越来越大.归纳了大型船舶在港区及航道的不同通航条件,采用英国标准CIRIA C683中推荐的船行波计算公式对各种情况下通航船舶的船行波进行初步计算,分析船行波对港口的影响,并指出在港口设计中需要考虑船行波的情形.【期刊名称】《水运工程》【年(卷),期】2018(000)006【总页数】4页(P150-153)【关键词】通航船舶;船行波;港口【作者】张嵩云;黄黎辉【作者单位】中交第三航务工程勘察设计院有限公司,上海200032;中交第三航务工程勘察设计院有限公司,上海200032【正文语种】中文【中图分类】U652.3随着全球航运业的高速发展及船舶大型化的趋势，大型、超大型船舶通航量越来越大，同时由于码头深水岸线的稀缺，越来越多大型码头贴近主航道布置，导致通航船舶兴波对码头的影响也越来越大。

AAO工艺设计

目录摘要 (Ⅳ)引言 (1)1 设计说明书 (1)1.1工程概况 (1)1.1.1设计资料 (1)1.1.2水质水量资料 (1)1.1.3排放标准及设计要求 (1)1.2处理方案的确定 (2)1.1.1城市污水处理综述及原则 (2)1.2.2常用城市污水处理技术 (3)1.2.3处理工艺的选择 (6)1.2.3.1计算依据 (6)1.2.3.2处理程度计算 (6)1.2.3.3综合分析 (7)1.2.3.4工艺流程 (7)1.2.3.5流程说明 (8)1.2.4主要构筑物说明 (8)1.2.4.1格栅 (8)1.2.4.2曝气沉砂池 (9)1.2.4.3厌氧池 (9)1.2.4.4缺氧池 (9)1.2.4.5好氧池 (9)1.2.4.6二沉池 (10)2 设计计算书 (10)2.1格栅的设计 (10)2.1.1设计参数 (10)2.1.2设计计算 (10)2.1.2.1粗格栅 (10)2.1.2.2细格栅 (12)2.2曝气沉砂池的设计 (15)2.2.1设计参数 (15)2.2.2设计计算 (15)2.3主体反应池的设计 (18)2.3.1设计参数 (18)2.3.2设计计算 (18)2.4配水井的设计.................................. 2错误!未定义书签。

2.4.1设计参数................................ 2错误!未定义书签。

2.4.2设计计算................................ 2错误!未定义书签。

2.5幅流式二沉池的设计 (27)2.5.1设计参数 (27)2.5.2设计计算 (27)2.6浓缩池的设计 (29)2.7污泥贮泥池的设计 (30)2.8构筑物计算结果及说明 (30)3 污水厂平面布置 (32)3.1布置原则 (32)3.2平面布置 (33)3.3附属构筑物的布置 (33)4 高程计算............................................ 错误!未定义书签。

环境设计英文参考文献(精选文献)

伴随人类社会不断的进步,人与自然,建筑与环境之间的关系密不可分.从当代人们所生活的环境中,我们可以看出环境艺术也在经历着自身的发展,而人们只有从尊重自然环境,尊重人类自身,才能够真正将环境艺术更好地融入建筑设计中去。

下面是环境设计英文参考文献的分享，供大家参考阅读。

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Shu,Chi-Hong Tseng,Tara Vijayan,Soma Wali,William E. Cunningham,Joseph A. Ladapo. Reducing cardiovascular risk among people living with HIV: Rationale and design of the INcreasing Statin Prescribing in HIV Behavioral Economics REsearch (INSPIRE) randomized controlled trial[J]. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases,2020,63(2). [20]Ray Sarkar Arpita,Sanyal Goutam,Majumder Somajyoti. Participatory design for selection of icons to represent daily activities of living for a vision-based rehabilitation-cum-assistance system for locked-in patients.[J]. Disability and rehabilitation. Assistive technology,2020,15(3). [21]Arpita Ray Sarkar,Goutam Sanyal,Somajyoti Majumder. Participatory design for selection of icons to represent daily activities of living for a vision-based rehabilitation-cum-assistance system for locked-in patients[J]. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology,2020,15(3). [22]Haiyuan Ding,Longpeng Peng,Gangqiang Yuan,Liyi Zhou. 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[106]Zubair Khalid,Usman Khalid,Mohd Adib Sarijari,Hashim Safdar,Rahat Ullah,Mohsin Qureshi,Shafiq Ur Rehman. Sensor virtualization Middleware design for Ambient Assisted Living based on the Priority packet processing[J]. Procedia ComputerScience,2019,151. [107]A.EL ALAMI,Y. GHAZAOUI,S. DAS,S.D. BENNANI,M.EL GHZAOUI. Design and Simulation of RFID Array Antenna 2x1 for Detection System of Objects or Living Things in Motion[J]. Procedia Computer Science,2019,151. [108]Tao Jia,Zhi-Hang Chen,Peng Guo,Junping Yu. An insight into DNA binding properties of newly designed cationicδ,δ′?diazacarbazoles: Spectroscopy, AFM imaging and living cells staining studies[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy,2019,211. 以上就是环境设计英文参考文献的全部内容，希望看后对你有一点点帮助。

水-氢同位素液相催化交换工艺研究

第39卷第4期原子能科学技术Vol.39,No.4　2005年7月Atomic Energy Science and TechnologyJ uly 2005水2氢同位素液相催化交换工艺研究阮　皓,胡石林,张　丽,胡振中,窦勤成(中国原子能科学研究院反应堆工程研究设计所,北京　102413)摘要:以Pt 2SDB 为憎水催化剂研究了水2氢同位素液相催化交换工艺,讨论了反应温度、氢气流量、低浓重水流量等工艺条件对催化交换塔传质单元高度(H TU )的影响和反应温度、气液比对催化交换塔阻力降的影响。

结果表明:当反应温度为60℃、气液比为1∶1时,水2氢同位素液相催化交换工艺是比较适宜的。

关键词:憎水催化剂;水2氢交换;氢同位素;传质单元高度中图分类号:O643114 文献标识码:A 文章编号:100026931(2005)0420318204Study on Liquid C atalytic Isotopic Exchange of H 2O 2H 2RUAN Hao ,HU Shi 2lin ,ZHAN G Li ,HU Zhen 2zhong ,DOU Qin 2cheng(China I nstitute of A tomic Energy ,P.O.B ox 275253,B ei j ing 102413,China )Abstract :　The process conditions are experimentally st udied for H 2O 2H 2liquid catalytic isotopic exchange wit h Pt 2SDB as hydrop hobic catalyst.The result s show t hat t he pres 2sure drop of t he catalytic exchange bed is caused mainly by temperat ure and hydrogen flow rate.The efficiency of catalytic exchange reaction is high wit h a packing ratio of 1∶4of hydrop hobic catalyst and hydrop hilic packing.The height of a mass t ransfer unit (H TU )decreases wit h increasing temperat ure ,but t he t rend is slow down when t he temperat ure is above 60℃.The H TU increases wit h increasing t he mole rate of hydro 2gen flow and t he diluted heavy water flow.K ey w ords :hydrop hobic catalyst ;water and hydrogen exchange ;hydrogen isotopes ;height of a mass transfer unit收稿日期:2004201209;修回日期:2004203217作者简介:阮　皓(1971—),男,安徽桐城人,助理研究员,硕士,核燃料循环与材料专业水2氢同位素液相催化交换工艺在重水生产和重水升级、轻水或重水脱氚,以及热核聚变堆净化回收氚等方面的应用前景十分广阔。

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF HIGH-SPEED BRUSHLESS PERMANENT MAGNET MOTORS

Stator Diametrically
-1.5' 0
I
1
2
3
4
5
6
Anverlapping Concentrated Winding
Fig.3. Comparison of analytically and finite element predicted airgap field distributions.
of switching losses in the power electronic converter, which clearly favours a low pole number. As a result, 2-poles are often appropriate for high speed applications, a diametrically magnetised rotor often being preferred since it results in an essentially sinusoidal airgap flux density distribution. If the stator slot openings are neglected, the radial component of the open-circuit magnetostatic field in the airgap can be derived as:
where B, and p, are the remanence and relative recoil permeability of the magnet, and R,, R,, and R, are the radii of the stator bore, the rotor magnet and the rotor hub, respectively. Fig.1 shows a prototype 2-pole, 3-slot, 20,00Orpm, 200Vdc, 1.3kW, brushless dc motor, for which R, = 18.5mm, R, =9mm, R, = 17mm, B, = 1.2T, pr = 1.05, and the axial length 1, = 26”. Fig.2 shows instantaneous open-circuit flux distributions, whilst Fig.3 compares the analytically calculated airgap field with that predicted by finite element analysis when stator slotting is neglected. The stator winding inductances can have a significant effect on the dynamic performance of high-speed brushless drive systems [2-31. For example, they may cause the torque-speed curve to depart significantly from the ideal linear characteristic, which in turn may necessitate advancing the commutation in order to increase the high-speed torque capability. They also influence the maximum ripple current in PWM controlled systems, which in turn affects the motor losses and torque ripple. For brushless dc operation, the winding inductances can also cause the phase current to depart significantly from the ideal rectangular waveform, which can markedly reduce the torque capability at high speed and limit the maximum achievable speed [2]. However, the winding inductances of the prototype motor are relatively low, the values calculated using the analytical method described in [3] being 0.775mH and -0.32mH and the measured values being 0.872mH and -0.329mH, for the self- and mutual-inductances respectively. As a

内模控制框架下时延系统扩张状态观测器参数整定

内模控制框架下时延系统扩张状态观测器参数整定徐琦;孙明玮;陈增强;张德贤【摘要】作为一种有效的控制设计方法,自抗扰控制研究获得了广泛关注,然而针对自抗扰控制器的参数整定方法则相对较少.本文针对一阶惯性加延迟系统,将线性自抗扰控制转化为内模控制结构,导出了其中控制器、滤波器、乘性不确定性、互补灵敏度函数的对应表达式,随后,利用频域鲁棒稳定性判据,分析了自抗扰控制器核心——扩张状态观测器的参数对闭环系统稳定性的影响.基于该分析,总结出一阶惯性加延迟系统扩张状态观测器的两条参数整定准则.数值仿真结果验证了该整定准则的有效性.【期刊名称】《控制理论与应用》【年(卷),期】2013(030)012【总页数】5页(P1641-1645)【关键词】自抗扰控制;扩张状态观测器;内模控制;时延;稳定性【作者】徐琦;孙明玮;陈增强;张德贤【作者单位】南开大学电子信息与光学工程学院,天津300071;军事交通学院,天津300161;南开大学计算机与控制工程学院,天津300071;南开大学计算机与控制工程学院,天津300071;南开大学电子信息与光学工程学院,天津300071【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP2731 引言(Introduction)自抗扰控制(active disturbance rejection control,ADRC)技术是一种基于干扰观测器的控制策略,它继承和发扬了经典PID控制的思想,近年来,获得了学者们的广泛关注[1-2].自抗扰控制器的核心--扩张状态观测器(extended state observer,ESO)利用系统的输入输出数据,将系统的内外扰动总和估计并进行动态补偿,使原系统简化为近似的串联积分器形式,从而达到理想的控制效果,在实际工业领域,自抗扰控制技术已经获得了一些成功的应用[3-5].自抗扰控制技术是一种基于干扰观测器的控制系统设计方法,最初是由韩京清以一种复杂的非线性形式提出的[2],其参数整定过程和稳定性分析都比较复杂[6].虽然自抗扰控制系统闭环稳定性分析工作已经取得了较大的进展[7-9],然而对于实际工程师有价值的控制参数整定方法仍相对较少[10-11].从促进推广自抗扰控制应用的角度来看,开发出正确有效的参数整定方法是非常重要的.为简化参数调节过程,Gao开发了一种线性自抗扰控制器设计方法[12],这种简洁的自抗扰控制结构含有更少的控制参数并且易于实现[13-14],对于实际中各类典型的工业过程,也便于更加深入的分析和探寻其控制参数调节方法.针对代表了一大类实际工业过程的一阶时延系统,PID控制器的参数整定方法已经比较完善[15-17].作为PID控制继承和发扬者的自抗扰控制技术,在实践中针对一阶时延对象也取得了良好的控制效果,然而其参数整定方法研究却相对较少,此类整定方法的出现将会促进自抗扰控制的进一步广泛应用.作为一种提高常规控制系统设计水平的有力工具,内模控制(internal model control,IMC)[18-20]不仅是一种实用的先进控制算法,而且是研究预测控制等控制策略的重要工具.在内模控制框架内,许多控制器参数整定方法被开发出来[21-22].本文针对自抗扰控制器的核心组件--扩张状态观测器,在内模控制框架内进行稳定性分析,推导出一阶时延对象的控制参数整定准则.最后通过数值仿真验证该整定准则的正确性和有效性.2 ESO的内模控制形式构造(Reformulation of ESO within the framework of IMC)考虑一阶时延系统其中:u表示系统输入,y表示系统输出,k表示系统的稳态增益,T为系统的时间常数,τ为系统的时延.利用Padé近似,得到根据式(2),系统(1)可以转化为其中g(t)为Padé近似所引入的近似误差.将式(3)两边同时进行2次积分得到其中:式(5)中t0和t c分别表示系统的初始时刻和当前时刻.显然时延对象(1)可以被转化为式(4)所表示的不含时延对象.定义x 1=y,x 2=f(t),式(4)可表达为针对式(6)设计线性状态观测器由于状态观测器(7)是在原始对象(1)的基础上扩充出一个新的状态变量而导出的,所以式(7)称为扩张状态观测器.其中z1表示估计的系统状态x1,z2表示估计的系统内外扰动总和,b和ωo为扩张状态观测器的可调参数,分别称为扩张状态观测器的增益和带宽.性能良好的扩张状态观测器可以使z2理想的跟踪系统的扰动总和x 2,这种情况下,控制律可以选取为其中:y r为指令信号,k p和k d分别表示PD控制器的控制参数[12].整理式(7)可以得到根据式(8)-(9),一阶时延对象的自抗扰控制系统结构如图1所示.图1 一阶时延对象自抗扰控制系统结构Fig.1 ADRC structure of first-order-plus-time-delay plant经过等效变换,图1虚线框中的扩张状态观测器部分可转化为图2所示形式.图2 扩张状态观测器的内模控制形式Fig.2 IMC structure of the ESO图2表明,图1虚线框内对象和ESO构成的环路部分可以被转化为典型的内模控制系统[19].该内模控制系统的输入为“外环PD控制器的输出”,该内模控制系统的输出为“对象输出的一阶微分”.这样,一阶时延对象的自抗扰控制系统结构就可以进一步表示成图3所示形式.图3自抗扰控制系统的内模控制结构Fig.3ThetransformationalstructureofADRCsystem图3 表明,在满足尺度分离定理情况下,性能足够好的ESO可以确保对象输出的一阶微分理想跟踪外环PD控制器的输出,此时,被控对象就被ESO转化成为近似的一阶积分器,这个一阶积分器的近似程度是由ESO性能决定的,而该一阶积分器近似程度的好坏也直接影响着自抗扰控制系统性能的优劣.3 ESO参数整定准则(TuningcriteriaforESO)根据图2,内模控制结构相应的对象部分Gp表达式为相应模型部分Gm表达式为相应控制器部分CIMC和滤波器部分FIMC表达式分别为根据式(10)-(11),得到系统的乘性不确定性lm表达式为根据式(11)-(13),系统互补灵敏度函数~η表达式为依据文献[18]中内模控制系统鲁棒稳定性判据,系统稳定时所需满足条件将式(14)-(15)代入到式(16)中,得到系统稳定性条件不失一般性,将对象参数k和T均取为1,稳定性条件表示为ESO参数ωo,b和对象时延τ对系统稳定性的影响可以通过Bode图以图形化的形式表达出来.其中互补灵敏度函数(ω)是一个典型的低通滤波器,ωo为滤波器的转折频率.将参数b固定为1,考察乘性不确定性lm(ω)在时延τ分别取值为0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0时的增益Bode图曲线如图4.将时延τ固定为1,考察乘性不确定性lm(ω)在b分别取值为0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0时的增益Bode图曲线如图5所示.图4 τ取值对|lm(ω)|的影响Fig.4Theeffectofτon|lm(ω)|图 5b取值对|lm(ω)|的影响Fig.5Theeffectofbon|lm(ω)|根据图4-5,利用Bode图曲线叠加原理,得到ESO参数ωo,b和对象时延τ对系统稳定性的影响.随着参数ωo的增大,(ω)的带宽向高频段延伸,sup|(ω)lm(ω)|大于1的可能性增大,系统的稳定性变差;图4表明随着对象时延τ的增大,lm(ω)幅值峰值出现的频率减小,sup|(ω)lm(ω)|大于1的可能性增大,系统的稳定性变差;图5表明随着参数b的增大,l m(ω)幅值峰值减小,sup |(ω)l m(ω)|大于1的可能性降低,系统的稳定性提升. 综合上述分析,针对一阶时延对象的扩张状态观测器参数整定准则总结如下:准则1 根据文献[11]中ESO带宽ωo与闭环期望调节时间t s的关系ωo≈40/t s 选择ωo.准则2 由于系统时延的影响,标称参数b值往往达不到系统的稳定性要求,需要增大ESO参数b值实现良好的控制性能.4 数值仿真(Numerical example)利用数值仿真验证上述参数整定准则的有效性.设被控一阶时延对象数学模型为控制任务为跟踪幅值为4,周期为10的方波信号.进行自抗扰控制器设计,PD控制器部分选取为比例控制器,控制参数为k p=2,设定期望的闭环调节时间t s=5 s,根据准则1,首先选取ESO带宽ωo=40/5=8,为验证准则2的有效性,分别将ESO参数b选取为模型标称值1,4和7,考察ESO带宽ωo取不同值时的系统响应曲线如图6-8所示.图6-8表明,对于时延系统,根据闭环性能指标选定的ωo值,标称b值达不到系统的稳定性要求,增大b值能够提高时延系统稳定性,实现期望的控制性能. 图6 b=1,ωo=8时系统响应曲线Fig.6 Time response when b=1,ωo=8图7 b=4,ωo=8时系统响应曲线Fig.7 Time response when b=4,ωo=8图8 b=7,ωo=8时系统响应曲线Fig.8 Time response when b=7,ωo=85 结论(Conclusions)针对工业过程中广泛存在的一阶时延对象,本文提出了一种将扩张状态观测器转化为内模控制结构进行分析的方法,利用内模控制鲁棒稳定性判据分析了ESO参数b,ωo和对象时延τ对系统稳定性的影响,总结出扩张状态观测器参数整定准则,以实现系统稳定性和动态性能的良好权衡.数值仿真结果表明该整定准则的有效性,具有较强的实践意义.参考文献(References):【相关文献】[1]黄一,薛文超.自抗扰控制:思想、应用及理论分析[J].系统科学与数学,2012,32(10):1287-1307.(HUANG Yi,XUE Wenchao.Active disturbance rejectioncontrol:methodology,applications and theoretical analysis[J].Journal of Systems Science and Mathematical Sciences,2012,32(10):1287-1307.)[2]韩京清.自抗扰控制技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2008.(HAN Jingqing.Active Disturbance Rejection Control Technique[M].Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2008.)[3]DONG L,ZHANGY,GAO Z.A robust decentralized load frequency controller for interconnected power systems[J].ISA Transactions,2012,51(3):410-419.[4]王丽君,童朝南,李擎,等.实用自抗扰控制在大时滞厚度自动监控系统中的应用[J].控制理论与应用,2012,29(3):368-374.(WANG Lijun,TONG Chaonan,LIQing,et al.Practical active disturbance rejection solution for monitoring automatic gauge control system with large time-delay[J].Control Theory&Applications,2012,29(3):368-374.)[5]赖爱芳,郭毓,郑立君.航天器姿态机动及稳定的自抗扰控制[J].控制理论与应用,2012,29(3):401-407.(LAIAifang,GUO Yu,ZHENG Lijun.Active disturbance rejection control for spacecraft attitude maneuver and stability[J].Control Theory&Applications,2012,29(3):401-407.) [6]FREIDOVICH L B,KHALIL H K.Robust feedback linearization using extended high-gain observers[C]//Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.SanDiego:IEEE,2006,8:983-988.[7]GUO B,ZHAO Z.On the convergence of an extended state observer for nonlinear systemswith uncertainty[J].Systems&Control Letters,2011,60(6):420-430.[8]YOO D,YAU S S T,GAO Z.Optimal fast tracking observer bandwidth of the linear extended state observer[J].International Journal of Control,2007,80(1):102-111.[9]GUO B,ZHAO Z.On convergence of the nonlinear active disturbance rejection control for MIMO systems[J].SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization,2013,51(2):1727-1757.[10]李述清,张胜修,刘毅男,等.根据系统时间尺度整定自抗扰控制器参数[J].控制理论与应用,2012,29(1):125-129.(LIShuqing,ZHANG Shengxiu,LIU Yinan,et al.Parameter-tuning in active disturbance rejection controller using time scale[J].ControlTheory&Applications,2012,29(1):125-129.)[11]CHEN X,LID,GAO Z,et al.Tuning method for second-order active disturbance rejection control[C]//Proceedings of the Chinese Control Conference.Yantai:IEEE,2011,7:6322-6327.[12]GAO Z.Scaling and bandwidth-parameterization based controllertuning[C]//Proceedings of the American Control Conference.Denver:IEEE,2003,6:4989-4996.[13]SUNB,GAOZ.A DSP-based active disturbance rejection control design for a 1-kW H-bridge DC-DC power converter[J].IEEE Transactions on IndustrialElectronics,2005,52(5):1271-1277.[14]陈增强,孙明玮,杨瑞光.线性自抗扰控制器的稳定性研究[J].自动化学报,2013,39(5):574-580.(CHEN Zengqiang,SUN Mingwei,YANG Ruiguang.On the stability of linear active disturbance rejection control[J].Acta Automatica Sinica,2013,39(5):574-580.)[15]LEE Y,LEE J,PARK S.PID controller tuning for integrating and unstable processes with time delay[J].Chemical Engineering Science,2000,55(17):3481-3493.[16]PANDA C,YU C C,HUANG H P.PID tuning rules for SOPDT systems:review and some new results[J].ISA Transactions,2004,43(2):283-295.[17]HWANG C,HWANG J H.Stabilization of first-order plus dead-time unstable processes using PID controllers[J].IEE Proceedings on Control Theory andApplications,2004,151(1):89-94.[18]MORARI M,ZAFIRIOU E.Robust Process Control[M].New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1989.[19]GARCIA CE,MORARIM.Internal model control:1:a unifying review and some new results[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Process Design andDevelopment,1982,21(2):308-323.[20]肖强,谢巍.针对时滞系统的一般化内模控制方法[J].自动化学报,2011,37(4):464-470.(XIAO Qiang,XIE Wei.A GIMC architecture for time-delay systems[J].Acta AutomaticaSinica,2011,37(4):464-470.)[21]GRIMBLE M J,DE LA SALLE S,HO D.Relationships between internal model control and LQG controller structures[J].Automatica,1989,25(1):41-53.[22]ALC´A NTARA S,ZHANG W,PEDRET C,et al.IMC-like analytical H∞design with S/SP mixed sensitivity consideration:utility in PID tuning guidance[J].Journal of Process Control,2011,21(6):976-985.。

姓名汪国雄性别男出生年月 1979年6 月

姓名汪国雄性别男出生年月 1979年6月出生地湖北天门婚姻状况已婚政治面貌群众国籍中国从事专业电催化, 燃料电池现工作单位及职位日本北海道大学触媒化学研究中心博士后人事关系所在单位大连市人才交流中心学习及工作经历：（从大学开始填，内容包括时间、单位、学位、所学专业、从事专业、专业技术职务情况，时间段要连续，准确到月份）学习经历1996年9月---2000年7月武汉大学化学与分子科学学院理学学士化学专业2000年9月---2006年5月中科院大连化学物理研究所理学博士物理化学专业工作经历2006年6月---2006年7月中科院大连化学物理研究所直接醇类燃料电池研究组从事直接醇类燃料电池催化剂制备研究临时研究人员2006年8月---2007年8月中科院大连化学物理研究所直接醇类燃料电池研究组从事直接醇类燃料电池催化剂制备研究助理研究员2007年9月---现在日本北海道大学触媒化学研究中心从事质子交换膜燃料电池高效抗CO阳极催化剂制备研究博士后如内容较多，本栏目填不下时，可另纸接续（下同）。

主要学术成就、科技成果及创新点：申请人的研究主要集中在氢氧质子交换膜燃料电池和直接醇类燃料电池催化剂及膜电极制备研究。

主要包括以下几个方面：1．直接甲醇燃料电池膜电极制备及阴极结构研究膜电极(MEA)是直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)的核心部件，其制备工艺直接影响MEA的微观结构和电池性能，以及电池系统的能量密度。

制备MEA需要考虑到活化极化、欧姆极化和传质极化损失，然而降低上述任何一种极化损失必然对其他两种极化产生影响，因此制备高性能MEA一直是DMFC研究开发的难点之一。

在研究组已开发的电极制备工艺基础上，我们建立了一种DMFC电极制备工艺-改进的转压法。

该工艺使用醇水混合溶剂作为催化剂分散液，可在室温下制备催化层，然后通过聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)薄膜转压到Nafion膜上，提高了极限电流密度和电池性能。

在该电极制备工艺基础上，采用双催化层结构和在Pt黑催化层中加入碳粉两种方法调变了阴极催化层的孔结构和亲水/憎水性。

轻型货车驱动桥设计

摘要本说明书阐述的内容是关于轻型客车驱动桥总成设计和计算过程。

驱动桥是汽车行驶系的重要组成部分，其基本功用是增大由传动轴或直接由变速器传来的转矩，将转矩分配给左、右车轮，并使左、右驱动车轮具有汽车行驶运动学所要求的差速功能。

所以其设计质量直接关系到整车性能的好坏。

所以在设计过程中，设计者本着严谨和认真的态度进行设计。

在绪论部分，对驱动桥各总成及其选用形式作了简明扼要的说明。

在方案论证部分，对驱动桥及其总成结构形式的选择作了具体的说明。

本设计选用了单级减速器，采用的是双曲面齿轮啮合传动，尽量的简化结构，缩减尺寸，有效的利用空间，充分减少材料浪费，减轻整体质量。

由于是轻型货车，主要形式在路面较好的条件下，因此没有使用差速锁。

在设计计算与强度校核部分，对主减速器主从动齿轮、差速器齿、轮车轮传动装置和花键等重要部件的参数作了选择。

同时也对以上的几个部件进行了必要的校核计算。

在工艺部分，对本设计的制造和装配等工艺，作了个简单的分析。

结束语是作者对本次毕业设计的一些看法和心得体会，并对悉心帮助和指导过我的指导老师和同学表示衷心的感谢和深深的敬意。

关键词驱动桥轻型客车差速器主减速器ABSTRACTThe main content of this bachelor paper is the process of the design and calculation of the drive axle for mini-bus.As one of main component of vehicle drive line, its basic effect is to enlarge the torques that comes from the drive shafts or directly from the transmission, and distributes the torques to side wheels, and make the side wheels have the differential drive axle has an important effect on vehicle performance, therefore, we should keep a serious and earnest attitude during the course of design.In the exordium part, it has short and sweet introduced the assembly and pattern selection for drive axle.In the part of selection and argumentation ,a concrete description of structure form of drive axle and its assemblies are made. In this design, it has selected the single-grade main-reducer drive axle, it is two hypoid gears, it can simplify the structure, reduce the size, make effect use of the space and materials, reduce the whole quality. As it is for mini-bus and often use on good rods, so it dosen’t use differential block.In the part of designing conclusion and strength check, parameter of the essential units such as the speed reduction,differential,wheel drive mechanism and so on are selected. At the same time, the author makes the strength check to the main speed reduction,differential wheels drive mechanism.In the technology of drive ring gear shaft is analyzed, afterwards its dimensional chain is calculated.In the conclusion, the author makes a brief summary about this Graduation Project. And the author gives his heartily thanks and respects to the guide teachers and classmates, who helped and supervised the author a lot.Key words drive axle mini-busdifferential gear main-reducer毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。

聚酰胺酸合成工艺研究

第14卷　第2期强激光与粒子束V o l.14,N o.2 2002年3月H IGH POW ER LA SER AND PA R T I CL E B EAM S M ar.,2002　文章编号:　100124322(2002)022*******聚酰胺酸合成工艺研究Ξ张占文1,　王朝阳1,　钟发春2,　李　波1,　余　斌1,　魏　胜1,　黄　勇1(1.中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心,四川绵阳621900;　2.中国工程物理研究院化工材料研究所,四川绵阳621900) 摘　要:　采用超声波在线测量溶液粘度的方法,研究了合成聚酰胺酸过程中实验条件的影响,并对实验结果进行分析,由此确定了合成高分子量聚酰胺酸的最佳实验条件。

研究表明:在加料次序为先加二胺后加二酐(二酐与二胺的摩尔比为1.01～1.02:1)、试剂中含水量尽可能少,反应温度0～5℃、反应时间以溶液粘度到达最大值为止的条件下,所合成的聚酰胺酸溶液粘度最大,可满足惯性约束聚变(I CF)充气腔靶端口膜的需要。

关键词:　柱腔充气靶;　聚酰亚胺;　聚酰胺酸中图分类号:　TL639 文献标识码:　A 在惯性约束聚变(I CF)研究中,制备好的实验用靶具有非常重要的意义[1～3]。

柱腔充气靶已被列为美国国家点火装置上的基本靶型[4],它的研制对于开展激光等离子体耦合、X光的产生和内爆物理等方面的研究具有重要意义。

为了满足柱腔充气靶动态充气的需要,在柱腔端口应有阻气薄膜。

该薄膜具有一定的阻气能力,并且应尽量减少激光能量的损失。

聚酰亚胺薄膜抗张强度大,当薄膜转变成等离子体时,对腔内产生的影响较少,因此它是最理想的端口膜。

理论上预计聚酰亚胺薄膜膜厚在0.3Λm时,可以满足制靶的需要。

随着薄膜厚度增加,产生的不利影响也增大,因此,必须制备亚微米厚的超薄聚酰亚胺薄膜。

聚酰亚胺薄膜现已大量生产,制备技术已日趋成熟,但商用薄膜与实验所需相差很大。

商用薄膜通常较厚,一般都在10～100Λm左右。

研究生学术英语答案Unit-7

Introduction to Disaster Films (1)
Unit 7 The Day After Tomorrow
Section A Focused Activities Part 1 Lead-in Part 2 Watching & Listening Part 3 Fun Time
Unit 7 The Day After Tomorrow
Introduction to Disaster Films (1) Section A Focused Activities Section B Extroduction to Disaster Films (1)
Section A Part 1 Lead-in
Task
The Day After Tomorrow shows a disastrous and abrupt climate change. Paleoclimatologist Jack Hall is at a research station in Antarctica when an ice block as big as a state breaks off the continental shelf. Jack senses that wild weather patterns (huge typhoons, large hailstorms in Japan and other temperate zones) might signal a coming ice age tripped off by global warming. Now identify the natural disasters according to the following pictures.

反分裂国家法全文-政治英语

反分裂国家法全文-政治英语反分裂国家法全文Anti-Secession Law adopted by NPC (full text)Order of the President of the People''s Republic of ChinaNo. 34The Anti-Secession Law, adopted at the Third Session of the Tenth National People''s Congress of the People''s Republic of China on March 14, 2005, is hereby promulgated and shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.Hu JintaoPresident of the People''s Republic of ChinaMarch 14, 2005-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Anti-Secession Law(Adopted at the Third Session of the Tenth National People''s Congress on March 14, 2005)Article 1 This Law is formulated, in accordance with the Constitution, for the purpose of opposing and checking Taiwan''s secession from China by secessionists in the name of "Taiwan independence", promoting peaceful national reunification, maintaining peace and stability in the Taiwan Straits, preserving China''s sovereignty and territorial integrity, and safeguarding the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation.Article 2 There is only one China in the world. Both the mainland and Taiwan belong to one China. China''s sovereignty and territorial integrity brook no division. Safeguarding China''s sovereignty and territorial integrity is the common obligation of all Chinese people, the Taiwan compatriots included.Taiwan is part of China. The state shall never allow the "Taiwan independence" secessionist forces to make Taiwan secede from China under any name or by any means. Article 3 The Taiwan question is one that is left over from China''s civil war of the late 1940s.Solving the Taiwan question and achieving national reunification is China''s internal affair, which subjects to no interference by any outside forces.Article 4 Accomplishing the great task of reunifying the motherland is the sacred duty of all Chinese people, the Taiwan compatriots included.Article 5 Upholding the principle of one China is the basis of peaceful reunification of the country.To reunify the country through peaceful means best serves the fundamental interests of the compatriots on both sides of the Taiwan Straits. The state shall do its utmost with maximum sincerity to achieve a peaceful reunification.After the country is reunified peacefully, Taiwan may practice systems different from those on the mainland and enjoy a high degree of autonomy.Article 6 The state shall take the following measures to maintain peace and stability in the Taiwan Straits and promote cross-Straits relations:(1) to encourage and facilitate personnel exchanges across the Straits for greater mutual understanding and mutual trust;(2) to encourage and facilitate economic exchanges and cooperation, realize direct links of trade, mail and air and shipping services, and bring about closer economic ties between the two sides of the Straits to their mutual benefit;(3) to encourage and facilitate cross-Straits exchanges in education, science, technology, culture, health and sports, and work together to carry forward the proud Chinese cultural traditions;(4) to encourage and facilitate cross-Straits cooperation in combating crimes; and(5) to encourage and facilitate other activities that are conducive to peace and stability in the Taiwan Straits and stronger cross-Straits relations.The state protects the rights and interests of the Taiwan compatriots in accordance with law.Article 7 The state stands for the achievement of peaceful reunification through consultations and negotiations on an equal footing between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits. These consultations and negotiations may be conducted in steps and phases and with flexible and varied modalities.The two sides of the Taiwan Straits may consult and negotiate on the following matters:(1) officially ending the state of hostility between the two sides;(2) mapping out the development of cross-Straits relations;(3) steps and arrangements for peaceful national reunification;(4) the political status of the Taiwan authorities;(5) the Taiwan region''s room of international operation that iscompatible with its status; and(6) other matters concerning the achievement of peaceful national reunification. Article 8 In the event that the "Taiwan independence" secessionist forces should act under any name or by any means to cause the fact of Taiwan''s secession from China, or that major incidents entailing Taiwan''s secession from China should occur, or that possibilities for a peaceful reunification should be completely exhausted, the state shall employ non-peaceful means and other necessary measures to protect China''s sovereignty and territorial integrity.The State Council and the Central Military Commission shall decide on and execute the non-peaceful means and other necessary measures as provided for in the preceding paragraph and shall promptly report to the Standing Committee of the National People''sCongress.Article 9 In the event of employing and executing non-peaceful means and other necessary measures as provided for in this Law, the state shall exert its utmost to protect the lives, property and other legitimate rights and interests of Taiwan civilians and foreign nationals in Taiwan, and to minimize losses. At the same time, the state shall protect the rights and interests of the Taiwan compatriots in other parts of China in accordance with law.Article 10 This Law shall come into force on the day of its promulgation.《反分裂国家法》全文中华人民共和国主席令第三十四号《反分裂国家法》已由中华人民共和国第十届全国人民代表大会第三次会议于2005年3月14日通过，现予公布，自公布之日起施行。

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Hino Motors, Ltd.
Masaaki Nakamura
Waseda University
Kazuyoshi Yoshida, Hisashi Akiyama
Sanwa Seiki Ltd.
Copyright © 2005 SAE International
ABSTRACT
Decrease of engine lubricating oil consumption is necessary to reduce environmental impact. Usually oil consumption is estimated experimentally at the engine development stage, and it is expensive in terms of both time and cost. Therefore it is essential to develop its calculation method. The purposes of this study are clarifying the mechanism of engine lubricating oil consumption and developing the calculation method for the estimation of oil consumption. In this report, oil film on the piston skirt, which affected on oil volume supplied to the oil ring, was observed. Furthermore the effect of piston skirt design on oil consumption was investigated. Findings showed that the splashed oil on the cylinder liner had much effect on the oil film on the piston skirt hence oil consumption. It was suggested that the splashed oil on the cylinder liner affected on supply oil volume and it should be considered in the calculation of oil consumption.
THIS DOCUMENT IS PROTECTED BY U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT It may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means. Downloaded from SAE International by Dalian Univ of Technology, Monday, August 06, 2012 08:57:54 PM
2005-01-2169
A Study on the Mechanism of Lubricating Oil Consumption of Diesel Engines -1st report: The Effect of the Design of Piston Skirt on Lubricating Oil ConsumptionAkemi Ito, Haruhisa Shirakawa
A typical observation result is shown in figure 2. White color in the photograph shows the ray from the fluorescer, so the white color means the existence of an oil film. The stronger intensity of the ray from the fluorescer shows a thicker oil film.
TEST METHOD INTRODUCTION
OBSERVATION OF OIL FILM ON PISTON SKIRT Engine lubricating oil consumption affects the generation of particulate matter in exhaust gas. Additionally, in the case of diesel engines, the oil consumption affects the life and the performance of after treatment devices like A reciprocating type air compressor was used for observation of oil film on the piston skirt. The specifications and the operating conditions of the air compressor are respectively shown in tables 1 and 2.
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diesel particulate filters. Therefore the decrease of oil consumption is much required. Engine lubricating oil consumption is tuned up at the engine design stage, and it is usually estimated experimentally. Thus the tuning of the oil consumption is expensive in terms of both time and cost therefore the calculation method for the estimation of the oil consumption is essential. The purposes of this study are clarifying the mechanism of oil consumption and developing the calculation method for its estimation. The mechanism of oil consumption has been much analyzed [1-2], and some calculations of oil consumption has been carried out [34]. However, almost of suchhe ring pack. Supply oil volume to oil ring, which is important factor of oil consumption, has been hardly analyzed. In this report, the effect of the design of the piston skirt on supply oil volume to the oil ring was investigated to clarify the oil supply mechanism to the oil ring.
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