Australian Economy
澳大利亚和中国对比的英文作文
澳大利亚和中国对比的英文作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Australia and China are two vastly different countries in terms of culture, history, geography, and economy. While both nations are important players in the Asia-Pacific region, they each have their own unique strengths and challenges.Geography plays a significant role in shaping the differences between Australia and China. Australia is a large island continent located in the Southern Hemisphere, known for its diverse landscapes ranging from the arid Outback to the lush rainforests of the East Coast. In contrast, China is the world's fourth largest country in terms of land area, with a diverse mix of landscapes including deserts, mountains, and plains.In terms of population, China is the world's most populous country with over 1.4 billion people, while Australia has a much smaller population of around 25 million. The difference in population size has significant implications for each country's economy, with China boasting a large labor force and consumermarket, while Australia's economy is more reliant on exports and resource extraction.Economically, China is one of the world's largest economies and a major global exporter of manufactured goods. The country has experienced rapid economic growth over the past few decades, lifting millions of people out of poverty. In contrast, Australia's economy is heavily reliant on natural resources such as coal, iron ore, and gold, which are exported to countries like China. The Australian economy is also highly dependent on the services sector, including tourism and education.Culturally, Australia and China are also quite different. Australia is a Western country with a predominantlyEnglish-speaking population, while China has a rich history and cultural heritage dating back thousands of years. Chinese culture is known for its Confucian values, traditional arts such as calligraphy and martial arts, and cuisine like dim sum and Peking duck. In contrast, Australian culture is influenced by Indigenous traditions, British colonization, and multicultural immigration, resulting in a diverse and vibrant society.In terms of political systems, Australia is a democratic country with a parliamentary system of government, while China is a one-party state led by the Chinese Communist Party. Despitethese differences, both countries have strong trade and diplomatic relationships, with China being Australia's largest trading partner and Australia being an important ally in the Asia-Pacific region.Overall, Australia and China are two contrasting countries that offer unique perspectives on history, culture, economy, and geopolitics. While they may have their differences, both nations play important roles in shaping the Asia-Pacific region and the global community as a whole.篇2Australia and China are two countries with vastly different histories, cultures, and landscapes. However, despite their differences, there are also many similarities between the two nations. In this essay, I will compare and contrast Australia and China in terms of their geography, economy, culture, and politics.GeographyAustralia is a large island continent located in the Southern Hemisphere. It is known for its vast deserts, dense rainforests, and stunning coastline. The country is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna, including iconic Australian animals such askangaroos, koalas, and platypuses. China, on the other hand, is a vast country located in East Asia. It is known for its towering mountains, bustling cities, and fertile plains. China is home to the Great Wall, the Terracotta Army, and the Yangtze River, among many other natural and man-made wonders.EconomyAustralia has a highly developed economy that is heavily dependent on natural resources. The country is a major exporter of minerals such as iron ore, coal, and gold, as well as agricultural products such as wheat, beef, and wool. China, on the other hand, has the world's largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity. The country is known for its manufacturing sector, which produces goods such as electronics, textiles, and machinery. China is also a major exporter of steel, coal, and cement.CultureAustralia has a diverse and multicultural society that is influenced by its Indigenous heritage, British colonial history, and waves of immigration from around the world. The country is known for its love of sports, especially cricket and Australian Rules Football, as well as its vibrant arts and music scenes. China, on the other hand, has a rich and ancient culture that dates back thousands of years. The country is known for its traditionalfestivals, such as Chinese New Year and the Mid-Autumn Festival, as well as its martial arts, calligraphy, and cuisine.PoliticsAustralia is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. The country is governed by a Prime Minister and a bicameral Parliament, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. China, on the other hand, is a one-party socialist republic governed by the Communist Party of China. The country is led by a President and a National People's Congress, which is the highest organ of state power.In conclusion, while Australia and China are two very different countries, they also share many similarities. Both nations have rich histories, diverse cultures, and unique landscapes. By understanding and appreciating the similarities and differences between Australia and China, we can foster greater understanding and cooperation between the two nations.篇3Australia and China are two vastly different countries with unique cultures, histories, and economies. While Australia is a Western country with a relatively small population and a highstandard of living, China is an Eastern country with a massive population and a rapidly growing economy. In this essay, we will explore the differences and similarities between these two countries.One of the most striking differences between Australia and China is their population size. Australia has a population of around 25 million people, making it one of the least densely populated countries in the world. In contrast, China has a population of over 1.4 billion people, making it the most populous country in the world. This difference in population size has a significant impact on the economies and cultures of the two countries.Another major difference between Australia and China is their economic systems. Australia has a capitalist economy with a strong emphasis on free market principles and private ownership. The country has a high standard of living and a strong social welfare system. In contrast, China has a socialist market economy with a significant level of state ownership and control. The country has undergone rapid economic growth in recent decades and is now the world's second-largest economy.Despite these differences, Australia and China also share some similarities. Both countries have a rich cultural heritage anda deep respect for tradition. They also both have a strong emphasis on education and are home to some of the world's top universities. Additionally, both countries have a diverse population with a mix of ethnicities and cultures.In terms of political systems, Australia is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy, while China is a single-party socialist republic. Despite these differences, both countries have stable political systems and are known for their strong leadership.In conclusion, Australia and China are two very different countries with unique cultures, histories, and economies. While they have their differences, they also share some similarities and have a deep respect for tradition and education. Despite their contrasting population sizes and economic systems, both countries have a lot to offer the world and have much to learn from each other.。
关于澳大利亚经济的介绍
每天只看目标，别老想障碍
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宁愿辛苦一阵子，不要辛苦一辈子
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积极向上的心态，是成功者的最基本要素 5、
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Preliminary estimate，the GDP of Australia in 2010 is 1 235 billion dollars, ranking 14th in the world. For the population distribution, different regions’ shares are quite uneven. Here is a chart about it.
Natural resources in Australia are abundant and various. The reserve of iron ranks third in the world, coal ranking sixth, aluminium(铝) ranking third.
Australia and China have established diplomatic relations for almost 40 years. In the 2008 economy crisis, China support
timely economic aid. The great demand for Australia’ commodities stimulate its exports. Then Chinese investors come to Australia to seek for new chances
英语国家概况课程第次形成性考核答案与讲评
英语国家概况（1）课程形成性考核题英语国家概况（1）课程第3次形成性考核答案与讲评（Unit 11-20）I. True or False:IrelandUnit 11 Land, People and History(T) 01. When referring to Ireland, people mean either the Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland, a province of Great Britain.(Unit 11)(F) 02. The area covering the republic of Ireland is ten times of that of Northern Ireland. (Unit 11)The area covering the republic of Ireland is five times of that of Northern Ireland. (T)(T) 03. After the Great Famine, there was a rapid decline of population and many Irish people immigrated to other countries. (Unit 11)(T) 04. The Republic of Ireland is a young country with more than half of the people under the age of 25. (Unit 11)(F) 05. The word “Ireland”is used ambiguously to mean the Republic of Ireland. (Unit 11)The word “Ireland” is used ambiguously to mean both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. (T)Unit 12 Politics and Economy(F) 06. In Ireland, the president is the Head of State and has executive power. (Unit 12)In Ireland, the president is only a symbolic Head of State and does not have executive power. (T)(T) 07. The Irish Parliament is responsible of making laws, and the Senate only has the power of making recommendations. (Unit12)(T) 08. The highest in ranking in the Irish legal system is the High Court, which has full jurisdiction and powers in all matters of law. (Unit 12)(T) 09. Ireland has an open and trade-dependent economy. (Unit 12) (F) 10. Ireland joined the EU in 1991. (Unit 12)Ireland joined the EU in 1971. (T)Unit 13 Irish Culture: How the Irish Live Now(F) 11. The obvious change over the past decades is the rise of theauthority of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland. (Unit 13) The obvious change over the past decades is the decline of the authority of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland. (T) (T) 12. The Catholic Church is opposed to abortion and divorce in Ireland. (Unit 13)(F) 13. Traditionally, Ireland was an urban and industrial culture. (Unit 13)Traditionally, Ireland has been a rural and agricultural culture. (T)(T) 14. Today free education provided by the Irish government covers all public universities, as is common in most of the countries of Europe. (Unit 13)(T) 15. After 1960s, the participation in second level education rose from 45% to 90%. (Unit 13)Unit 14 Irish Culture: Language, Literature and Arts(T) 16. The Great Famine lasted from 1845 to 1848 in Ireland. (Unit14)(F) 17. Most Irish people now generally speak Irish. (Unit 14) Most Irish people now do not generally speak Irish. (T) (T) 18. Ireland has a traditional culture which has derived from its rich folk heritage. (Unit 14)(F) 19. Ireland is noted for its visual culture compared with its literature and music. (Unit 14)Ireland is not very noted for its visual culture compared with its literature and music. (T)(T) 20. The most natively Irish game or sport is hurling. (Unit 14)AustraliaUnit 15 The Land and People of the Dreaming(F) 21. In terms of its size, Australia is the largest continentand the smallest island in the world. (Unit 15)In terms of its size, Australia is the largest island and the smallest continent in the world. (T)(F) 22. Dreaming is shared by all the Australian people about howthe features of their land were created. (Unit 15)Dreaming is shared by the members of an indigenous group about how the features of their land were created. (T)(T) 23. Dreaming helps the indigenous people to survive in the harsh environment of the desert of Australia. (Unit 15)(T) 24. White sealers and pastoralists exploited the indigenous people’s knowledge of the land and created wealth for the colonizers. (Unit 15)(T) 25. The platypus, the kangaroo, the koala or wombat are animal that are unique to the continent of Australia. (Unit 15) Unit 16 Religion in Australia Today(T) 26. Protestantism has been the most dominant form of religion in Australia since 1788. (Unit 16)(T) 27. The Protestant ethic supports the Spirit of Capitalism and furthers its development. (Unit 16)(F) 28. The Catholic Church used to be the dominant religion in thebetter part of Australian history. (Unit 16)The Anglican Church used to be the dominant religion in the better part of Australian history. (T)(F) 29. The Jewish people have contributed much less than their shareto the development of Australia society. (Unit 16)The Jewish people have contributed much more than their share to the development of Australia society. (T)(F) 30. The fist Muslims who came to Australia were gold diggers. (Unit 16)The fist Muslims who came to Australia were camel drivers. (T)Unit 17 From Penal Colony to “Free Migration”(T) 31. The European settlement in Australia started in 1788 is Sydney. (Unit 17)(F) 32. Convicts’ wives in England were encouraged from followingtheir husband to Australia. (Unit 17)Convicts’ wives in England were discouraged from following their husband to Australia. (T)(T) 33. The convict husbands of free wives could be assigned to work for their own families as ticket-of- leave servants. (Unit17)(T) 34. Francis Greenaway was an emancipist who designed some fine buildings in Sydney. (Unit 17)(F) 35. Mr. Peek’s story shows the scarcity of resources in the colony. (Unit 17)Mr. Peek’s story shows capitalism’s inability to retain labourers. (T)Unit 18 Australia as a Liberal Democratic Society(T) 36. The Australian political system follows the western democratic tradition, reflecting British and North American experience. (Unit 18)(T) 37. It is generally acknowledged that the Prime Minister and the Cabinet at the federal level is the centre of Australian parliamentary power. (Unit 18)(T) 38. Laws of the State should be changed if they don’t agree with the federal laws. (Unit 18)(T) 39. Many migrants poured into Australia during the 1850s. Asa result, the Australian population increased by 50% in thatdecade. (Unit 18)(F) 40. The Governor-General is the real head of the Cabinet in Australia. (Unit 18)The Governor-General is the formal head of the executive branch of the government in Australia. (T)Unit 19 Bureaucratic Power and Whistle-Blowers(T) 41. The Elite Theory mainly focuses on the role of the executive and the citizenry. (Unit 19)(F) 42. Government departments are under the authority of both theelected ministers and the Heads of Department. (Unit 19)Government departments are under the authority of both the elected ministers and the non-elected Heads of Department. (T) (T) 43. Generally speaking, the public servants of a government department do not change when the government changes. (Unit19)(F) 44. Whistle-blowers are responsible officials. (Unit 19)Whistle-blowers are responsible citizens who supervise officials. (T)(F) 45. The whistle-blowing syndrome is characterized by a lack ofinvestigation of the complaints externally. (Unit 19)The whistle-blowing syndrome is characterized by a lack of investigation of the complaints both internally andexternally. (T)Unit 20 From Racism to Multiculturalism(T) 46. Few non-British migrants benefited from assisted migration in Australia. (Unit 20)(F) 47. The Pacific Islanders were abducted to work in the sugarindustry of New South Wales. (Unit 20)The Pacific Islanders were abducted to work in the sugarindustry of Northern Queensland. (T)(T) 48. The original intention of the massive post-war immigration programme was to keep Australia “white and free”. (Unit 20) (F) 49. The One Nation Party complained that the government had paidtoo little attention to the welfare of the indigenous people and the development of Multiculturalism. (Unit 20)The One Nation Party complained that the government had paid too much attention to the welfare of the indigenous people and the development of Multiculturalism. (T)(T) 50. The Gurindji people strike at the Wave Hill cattle station, won support not only from the black community, but the white worker’s union as well. (Unit 20)II. Choose the best answer:IrelandUnit 11 Land, People and History01. It was said that Christianity was introduced into Ireland by ______. (Unit 11) Key DA. the VikingsB. the NormansC. Brian BoruD. Saint Patrick02. In 1541, ______ declared to be the king of Ireland, the firstEnglish monarch to do so. (Unit 11)Key AA. Henry VIIB. Queen ElizabethC. William of OrangeD. James II03. Arthur Griffith developed a new political party in the period1905-08 known as ______. (Unit 11)Key CA. Irish Republican BrotherhoodB. United IrishmenC. Sinn FeinD. Home Rule04. In 1916 the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army stageda rebellion against British rule, recorded in history as ______.(Unit 11) Key AA. the Easter Rising of 1916B. the Home Rule campaignC. the Fenian MovementD. the national agrarian movement05. After two years of independence war between 1919 and 1921,______ was signed. (Unit 11)Key AA. the Anglo-Irish TreatyB. the Home Rule billC. the Act of UnionD. the Treaty of IndependenceUnit 12 Politics and Economy06. The daily business of the government is executed by the ______. (Unit 12) Key AA. cabinetB. parliamentC. senateD. Prime Minister07. How long is the office term of the President of Ireland (Unit12) Key DA. 4 years.B. 5 years.C. 6 years.D. 7 years.08. How many members does the Senate consist of (Unit 12)Key BA. 60B. 66C. 106D. 16609. Up until 1970’s the Irish economy was ______. (Unit 12)Key AA. inward-lookingB. trade-dependentC. based on servicesD. based on manufacturing10. Under the constitution, the President of Ireland is elected by ______. (Unit 12) Key CA. the majority of the Parliament and SenateB. the main partyC. direct vote from Irish peopleD. indirect vote from Irish peopleUnit 13 Irish Culture: How the Irish Live Now11. What is the first official language of the Irish Republic (Unit13) Key BA. EnglishC. CelticD. Gaelic12. In the past ______ years, Ireland has passed from being atraditional culture to a post industrial one, without any ofthe intervening state. (Unit 13) Key CA. 10B. 20C. 30D. 4013. In both Northern Ireland and the Republic, joining the ______has provided a larger, federal context which gives a moregenerous perspective on particular national difficulties.(Unit 13)K ey DA. UKB. UNC. NATOD. EU14. Now about ______ of all children are born to single mothers. (Unit13) Key BB. a thirdC. two thirdsD. a quarter15. Where does an Irish meet friends and neighbours on an informal basis (Unit 13) K ey AA. In a public house.B. At home.C. In a restaurant.D. In working place.Unit 14 Irish Culture: Language, Literature and Arts16. The death blow to the Irish language was ______. (Unit 14)Key CA. the British colonial ruleB. the independence of IrelandC. the Great FamineD. Ireland’s accession to the EU17. The first Irish national state was set up ______. (Unit 14)Key CA. in 1919B. in 1920C. in 1922D. in 194918. In communication, the Irish value ______ most. (Unit 14)Key DA. writingB. gestureC. eye contactD. talk19. In Ireland, writers can publish their works ____. (Unit 14)Key CA. only in IrishB. only in EnglishC. either Irish or EnglishD. neither Irish nor English20. Among the following writers, which is not Irish according to the claim of Ireland (Unit 14)Key AA. Charles DickensB. Jonathan SwiftC. Bernard ShawD. Oscar WildeAustraliaUnit 15 The Land and People of the Dreaming21. Which of the following is NOT a native Australian animal (Unit15) Key AA. Sheep.B. Wombat.C. Koala.D. Kangaroo.22. 80% of Australian’s population lives _____. (Unit 15)Key CA. in the north, east and southwest of the countryB. in the eastern, central and western areas of the countryC. in the eastern, southern and southwestern borders of the countryD. in the northern, eastern and western hills of the country23. According to the Dreaming, ______. (Unit 15)Key DA. people should exploit the land as much as they canB. the land belongs to people who cultivate itC. the land is the creator of peopleD. people are a part of the land24. When did the British take over the continent of Australia anddeclare it “terra nullius” (Unit 15)Key DA. In the 15th century.B. In the 16th century.C. In the 17th century.D. In the late 18th century.25. Australia’s practice of racial segregation was similar to that of ______. (Unit 15) Key CA. Portugal and the U.S.B. Holland and South AfricaC. South Africa and the U.S.D. Portugal and HollandUnit 16 Religion in Australia Today26. Which of the following religions has an “elective affinity”with capitalism (Unit 16)Key DA. BuddhismB. JudaismC. IslamD. Protestantism27. Which of the following has the demographic supremacy in Australia today (Unit 16)Key CA. The Anglican ChurchB. The secularismC. CatholicismD. Buddhism28. Which of the following is NOT a part of the Protestant value system (Unit 16) Key AA. Self-indulgence.B. Rationalism.C. Asceticism.D. Individualism.29. The relationship between the Dreaming and Protestantism interms of human-nature relations is ______. (Unit 16)Key BA. compatibleB. contrastingC. similarD. complementary30. Which of the following was NOT an important force in formingAustralian unionism (Unit 16)Key BA. Working class Protestants.B. Fundamentalists.C. Catholics.D. Secularists.Unit 17 From Penal Colony to “Free Migration”31. Which of the following was established as free colony (Unit 17)Key AA. Western AustraliaB. New South WalesC. TasmaniaD. Queensland32. Emancipists were ______. (Unit 17)Key DA. magistratesB. pastoralistsC. retired officialsD. ex-convicts33. Which of the following became the most successful ex-convict businesswoman (Unit 17)Key BA. Elizabeth RuseB. Mary ReibyC. Ann EvansD. Margret McDonald34. The Wakefield Scheme was implemented most thoroughly in ______. (Unit 17) Key CA. QueenslandB. New South WalesC. South AustraliaD. Victoria35. The “Currently children”were ______ than their peers in England. (Unit 17) Key DA. weaker and palerB. better educatedC. poorerD. less criminalUnit 18 Australia as a Liberal Democratic Society36. Which of the following helped to increase the population ofAustralia significantly (Unit 18)K ey CA. The long wool boom.B. The Second World War.C. The gold rush.D. The minimum wage.37. Which of the following was NOT source of migrants for thepost-World War II assisted migration to Australia (Unit 18)Key AA. The Middle East.B. BritainC. Southern EuropeD. Eastern Europe38. The rise of the unemployment rate in 1970s was caused by ______. (Unit 18) Key BA. fierce competition between Australian manufacturersB. lowering of the tariff systemC. massive immigration programmeD. control of foreign exchange dealings39. Which of the following has the biggest decline in its share of Australia’s export (Unit 18)Key BA. The mineral industryB. The rural sectorC. The manufacturing industryD. Higher education40. Which of the following has happened in Australian economy (Unit18) Key AA. Tariff rates have loweredB. The centralized wage system have been abolishedC. The foreign exchange markets have been brought under statecontrol.D. Work migration to Australia has been made easier.Unit 19 Bureaucratic Power and Whistle-Blowers41. Which of the following is used to describe the mass in the EliteTheory of power (Unit 19)K ey CA. Responsible.B. Well-informed.C. Politically passive.D. Indifferent.42. It was believed before 1980s that ______ should play the centralrole in the promotion and maintenance of the social prosperity.(Unit 19) Key AA. the governmentB. the private businessC. the bureaucratsD. the citizens43. What advantage do the Heads of Departments have over the elected ministers (Unit 19)Key CA. They are free from political power struggle.B. They are better-educated.C. They have the specialist expertise in relevant field.D. They are supported by a large bureaucracy of experts.44. Which of the following describe the changes in ministerialbureaucratic relationships after 1980s (Unit 19)Key BA. Demonisation of the ministerial roles.B. Politicisation of the public service.C. Neutralisation of the bureaucracy.D. Marginalization of the Heads of Department.45. Closer ties between the Government and the Opposition mayhave negative impact on ______. (Unit 19)Key DA. the funding to public serviceB. the relationship between the Government and the OppositionC. the performance of the ParliamentD. the quality of the advice to the governmentUnit 20 From Racism to Multiculturalism46. According to the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, all migrantsto Australia had to take ______. (Unit 20)Key BA. a dictation test in their own languageB. a dictation test in a European languageC. a check of their skin colourD. a physical check47. The preferred migrant groups for the post-World War IIimmigration programme were ______. (Unit 20)Key DA. the British, northern European and AsianB. the southern and central European and AsianC. the northern, southern and central EuropeanD. the British, northern, southern and central European48. Which of the following groups tends to occupy the lower rangeof occupation (Unit 20)K ey AA. The Middle Eastern migrants.B. Northern Europeans.C. Asian migrants.D. Australian-born workers.49. Which of the following introduced the power to move aboriginalpeople away from towns and reserves (Unit 20)Key AA. The Aboriginal Protection Act 1909.B. The Immigration Restriction Act 1901.C. The Mabo Decision.D. The Wik Decision.50. Which of the following is NOT a critique of Multiculturalism from the left (Unit 20)Key DA. It has failed to dominance of Anglo-Australians in the political economy.B. It has not eliminated discrimination against refugees in the work force.C. It allows the interests of working class to be overruled by bourgeoisieD. It has caused increasing division in Australian society with policies favoring the migrants.III. Explain the following terms.IrelandUnit 11 Land, People and History101. Sinn Fein (Unit 11)Sinn Fein is an Irish political party, active especially in Northern Ireland, which wants Northern Ireland to become part of the Republic of Ireland. It is sometimes called the ‘political wingof the IRA”. Sinn Fein was developed by Arthur Griffith in the period 1905-08. From the mid-1990s, Sinn Fein had an active part in the ‘peace process’(=the attempts to achieve a peaceful solution to the problems of Northern Ireland) under its president Gerry Adams.Unit 12 Politics and Economy102. The Irish Parliament (Unit 12)The Parliament of Ireland is comprised of two houses: the Parliament and the Senate. Government policy and administration may be examined and criticized in both Houses, but under the Constitution the Government is responsible to the Parliament alone. Unit 13 Irish Culture: How the Irish Live Now103. The Power of the Catholic Church in Ireland (Unit 13) Irish Catholicism concentrated on what it saw as matters of sexual purity. These attitudes greatly shaped the attitude of the new republic. The Catholic Church exercised a firm hold over educational structures, over hospitals, over the media, and over the way people thought about themselves and their lives, This began to change only after the late 1970s.Unit 14 Irish Culture: Language, Literature and Arts104. Hurling (Unit 14)This sport is the most natively Irish game. It is played by two teams of fifteen players, with a ball like a hockey ball which is struck by wooden sticks with a curved, rounded end or boss.AustraliaUnit 15 The Land and People of the Dreaming105. The Dreaming (Unit 15)The Dreaming is the belief system from ancient times that has bound indigenous groups together. The central principle of the Dreaming is that the people who live on the continent have special responsibilities to the land. The people don’t own the land, instead the land own the people. The stories of the Dreaming provide principles of how people should live and interact with each other. They also provide knowledge of the land so that the indigenous can survive in the life-threatening environment.Unit 16 Religion in Australia Today106. Protestantism in Australia (Unit 16)Protestantism is the most dominant form of religion in modern Australian society. It was the religion of governing colonial class in Australia. It promotes values such as rationalism, individualism, hard work, worldly success and asceticism. Though its values are paradoxical, they fit well with the principles of Capitalism, andsupport the development of Capitalism.Unit 17 From Penal Colony to “Free Migration”107. Pastoralists (Unit 17)The pastoralists are major landowners. They are usually the magistrates of their local area. They used the legal power as magistrates to force convict labourers to work hard. They built their wealth on the unpaid labour of the convicts. This is why they supported the transportation of convicts to Australia.Unit 18 Australia as a Liberal Democratic Society108. The three-tier system of Australian government (Unit 18) The Australian federation has three tiers in its government: at the federal level, there are the Australian Parliament and the Government. In the second tier are the state governments and their legislatures. In the third tier are the local government bodies at the city, town and shire levels. The Prime Minister and his/her cabinet is the centre of Australian parliamentary power.Unit 19 Bureaucratic Power and Whistle-Blowers109. Whistle-blowers (Unit 19)Whistle-blowers are often experts in both senior and lower levels of bureaucracies. They discover in their branch of the organization some problems of corruption and try to expose them.Unit 20 From Racism to Multiculturalism110. Multiculturalism (Unit 20)Multiculturalism was adopted in Australia in 1973. It was comprised of 3 areas of policy: Cultural Identity, which means the right to express and share one’s cultural heritage; Social Justice, the right to get equal treatment and opportunity; and Economic Efficiency, the need to maintain and develop the skills of all Australians regardless of their backgrounds.。
澳大利亚各方面(英文介绍)含图
Culture：1.Nation symbol：When the Australian colonies federated on 1 January 1901, an official competition for a design for an Australian flag was held. The design that was adopted contains the Union Flag in the left corner, symbolising Australia's historical links to the United Kingdom, the stars of the Southern Cross on the right half of the flag indicating Australia's geographical location, and the seven-pointed Federation Star in the bottom left representing the six states and the territories of Australia. Other official flags include the Australian Aboriginal Flag, the Torres Strait Islander Flag and the flags of the individual states and territories.The Australian Coat of Arms was granted by King George V in 1912 and consists of a shield containing the badges of the six states, within an ermine border. The crest above the shield and helmet is a seven-pointed gold star on a blue and gold wreath, representing the 6 states and the territories. The shield is supported by a red kangaroo and an emu.Green and gold were confirmed as Australia's national colours in 1984, though the colours had been adopted by many national sporting teams long before this. At the same time a revised version of the 19th century song "Advance Australia Fair" became Australia's official national anthem.Both these were formalised by proclamation by the Governor-General, on the advice of the Prime Minister, Bob Hawke.The Golden Wattle (Acacia pycnantha) was officially proclaimed as the national floral emblem in 1988.Sports is an important part of Australian culture. About 23.5% of young people aged 15 and above are often organized sports activities.1. Australian rules football: Australian rules football is a popular spectatorsport and a participation sport in all Australian states and territories, though its core support lies in four of the six states; Victoria, South Australia, WesternAustralia and Tasmania.2. CricketCricket has been among the most popular sports in Australia since colonial times. The game is played during the summer months at a local, state and international level, with international matches drawing large crowds. It is featured and followed in all states and territories, unlike the football codes whose popularity varies dramatically between regions.3. Soccerhighest participation football code, with both boys and girls at junior level, as well with men and women at senior level. A number of major international stars have played for the national team in recent years, including Tim Cahill, Mark Viduka, Mark Schwarzer and Harry Kewell.4. NetballNetball has the highest level of participation for a women's sport in Australia, and one of the largest numbers of participants for any Australian sport.5. Water sportsAustralia's warm climate and long coastline of sandy beaches and rolling waves provide ideal conditions for water sports such as swimming and surfing. The majority of Australians live in cities or towns on or near the coast, and so beaches are a place that millions of Australians visit regularly.Swimming is both a popular pastime for ordinary people and a sport in which Australian athletes have achieved success at a competitive level.Beverages is also play an important part in AustraliaAustralia's reputation as a nation of heavy drinkers goes back to the earliest days of colonial Sydney, when rum was used as currency and grain shortages followed the installation of the first stills. Despite this traditional reputation however, Australians consume significantly less alcohol per capita than people in both Western and Eastern European nations such as Great Britain, France, Italy and Russia, and in Asian nations such as South Korea.Beer in Australia has been popular since colonial times. James Squires is considered to have founded Australia's first commercial brewery in 1798 and the Cascade Brewery in Hobart, Tasmania has been operating since the early 19th century. Since the 1970s, Australian beershave become increasingly popular globally - with Foster's Lager being an iconic export brand. Fosters is not however the biggest seller on the local market, with alternatives including Victoria Bitter outselling the popular export.Contemporary Australian cuisine combines British and indigenous origins with Mediterranean and Asian influences. Australia's abundant natural resources allow access to a large variety of quality meats, and to barbecue beef or lamb in the open air is considered a cherished national tradition. The great majority of Australians live close to the sea and Australian seafood restaurants have been listed among the world's best.Sheep grazing in rural Australia. Early British settlers introduced Western stock and crops and Australianagriculture now produces an abundance of fresh produce.Economy:Australia's average GDP growth rate for the period 1901–2000 was 3.4% annually.Australia's per-capita GDP is higher than that of the UK, Germany, and France in terms of purchasing power parity. Per Capita GDP Australia is ranked fifth in the world (IMF 2011). The country was ranked second in the United Nations 2011 Human Development Index and sixth in The Economist worldwide quality-of-life index 2005.The emphasis on exporting commodities rather than manufactures has underpinned a significant increase in Australia's terms of trade during the rise in commodity prices since 2000. Australia's current account is about 2.6% of GDP negative: Australia has had persistently large current account deficits for more than 50 years.TaxationTaxation in Australia is levied at the federal, state, and local government levels. The federal government raises revenue from personal income taxes and business taxes. Other taxes include the goods and services tax , excise and customs duties. The federal government is the main source of income for state governments.In 2000, a goods and services tax (GST) was introduced, similar to the European-style VAT.According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in August 2012 was estimated to be 5.1% of an estimated labour force of 12,000,000.According to Roy Morgan Research the unemployment rate was estimated to be 9.8% in August 2012.]17.5% (2.1 million) Australians were estimated to be either unemployed or underemployed. Over 2 million workers, or about 40% of the Australian workforce, were estimated to be currently part-time or casual.Tourism in Australia:In the financial year 2010–11, the tourism industry represented 2.5% of Australia's GDP, at a value of about $35 billion to the national economy – equivalent to $94.8 million a day to the Australian economy.The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia at federal/national level of the Australian monarch (currently Queen Elizabeth II). He or she also exercises the supreme executive power of the Commonwealth. The functions and roles of the Governor-General include appointing ambassadors, ministers and judges, giving Royal Assent to legislation, issuing writs for elections and bestowing honours. The Governor-General is President of the Federal Executive Council and Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Defence Force. All these things are done and all these posts are held under the authority of the Australian Constitution. Further, the Governor-General acts as vice-regal representative to the Australian Capital Territory.The current Governor-General and the first female to hold the role is Quentin Bryce. The Governor-General is supported by a staff headed by the Official Secretary to the Governor-General; the current Official Secretary is Stephen Brady.。
(完整word版)英语国家概况-澳大利亚篇中英翻译
第三十章澳大利亚经济 Chapter 30 The EconomyⅠ.工业 Manufacturing Industry澳大利亚的制造业以制砖开始。
86%的制造业为小企业。
Manufacturing in Australia began with the making of bricks. It is estimated that 86% of all manufacturing firms are small businesses.在世界的总格局中，澳大利亚的制造业是独特的。
它的特点包括下面几点:In a world context Australian manufacturing is unique. Its features include the following:1)效率低Inefficiency澳大利亚的市场有限，它在地理上与外界的隔绝以及很高的关税壁垒是影响澳大利亚工业效率的几个因素。
Australia's limited local market, its geographical isolation and high levels of tariff protection are the factors that affect the efficiency of Australian manufacturing.效率最低并且最受保护的工业是汽车、纺织、服装和制鞋工业。
The industries that are most inefficient and most highly protected are automobile, textiles, clothing and footwear industries.2)高度集中Concentration在过去20年里，大的联合企业在澳大利亚经济中一直起中心作用。
Over the last 20 years large conglomerates have been given a central role in the Australian economy.整个钢铁工业由一个公司控制，这就是布洛肯·希尔专卖有限公司。
澳大利亚国家介绍英文
澳大利亚国家介绍英文含翻译1. Geography and Environment:Australia is characterized by a vast and varied landscape, including deserts, rainforests, mountains, and pristine coastlines. The famous Outback refers to the vast, arid interior, while the Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef system, lies off the northeastern coast.澳大利亚以其广阔而多样的地形而闻名，包括沙漠、热带雨林、山脉和原始海岸线。
著名的内陆指的是广阔而干旱的内陆地区，而大堡礁，世界上最大的珊瑚礁系统，位于东北海岸。
2. Wildlife:Australia is home to a unique array of wildlife, including iconic marsupials such as kangaroos and koalas. The country is also known for its diverse bird species and reptiles, many of which are found nowhere else in the world.澳大利亚拥有独特的野生动物，包括标志性的有袋动物，如袋鼠和考拉。
该国还以其多样的鸟类和爬行动物而闻名，其中许多仅在这个世界上的这一片土地上找得到。
3. Culture:Australia has a rich cultural heritage that reflects its Indigenous roots and the influence of immigrants from various parts of the world. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have a deep connection to the land, and their art, music, and storytelling traditions are integral to the nation's identity.澳大利亚拥有丰富的文化遗产，反映了其土著根源以及来自世界各地的移民的影响。
(完整版)澳大利亚英文介绍
Blue Mountain
蓝山
Wave Rock
波浪岩
Ayers Rock
艾尔斯岩
Twelve Apostles
十二门徒石
Cradle Mountain
摇篮山
Christmas Island
圣诞岛
Heart Reef
心形岛
Great Barrier Reef
大堡礁
Lake Hillier
希勒湖
Gold Coast
Sydney Opera House
Darling Harbour
Sydney Harbour Bridge, Australia
Sydney Tower
Melbourne Melbourne , the second largest city of Australia , is the capital of Victoria which is known as “Garden State”.
Australia ，officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. A highly developed country, Australia is the world's 13th-largest economy and has the world's fifth-highest per capita income. Australia's military expenditure is the world's 13th-largest. With the second-highest human development index globally, Australia ranks highly in many international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, health, education, economic freedom, and the protection of civil liberties and political rights. Australia is a member of the G20, OECD, WTO, APEC, UN, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, and the Pacific Islands Forum.
澳大利亚地理报告 Australia economic report
World geography and economicsAustraliaJilin University – Lambton CollegeApril 18, 2013IntroductionAustralia is a country which located in the south hemisphere. The country is large and beautiful, and has many resources. Then, we are talking about the economic geography.Economic systemAustralia is a capitalist country. Australia is a wealthy country with a market economy, a relatively high GDP per capita, and a relatively low rate of poverty. Ranked third in the Index of Economic Freedom, Australia is the world's thirteenth largest economy and has the fifth highest per capita GDP at $66,984. The country was ranked second in the United Nation 2011 Human Development Index and first in Legatum’s 2008 Prosperity Index. Total government debt in Australia is about $190 billion–20 per cent of GDP in 2010. Australia has among the highest house prices and some of the highest household-debt levels in the world. Over the past decade, inflation has typically been 2-3 per cent and the base interest rate 5-6 per cent. Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural products, particularly wheat and wool, minerals such as iron-ore and gold, and energy in the forms of liquefied natural gas and coal. Although agriculture and natural resources account for only 3 per cent and 5 per cent of GDP respectively, they contribute substantially to export performance. Australia's largest export markets are Japan, China, the US, South Korea, and New Zealand. Australia is the world’s fourth largest exporter of wine, and the wine industry contributes $5.5 billion per year to the nation’s economy.DemographyFor almost two centuries the majority of settlers, and later immigrants, came from the British Isles. As a result the people of Australia are primarily of British and /or Irish ethnic origin. The 2011 Census asked respondents to provide a maximum of two ancestries with which they most closely identify. The most commonly nominated ancestry was English. Australia's population has quadrupled since the end of World War I. Nevertheless, its population density, 2.8 inhabitants per square kilometer, remains among the lowest in the world. Much of the population increase came from immigration. Following World War II and through to 2000, almost 5.9 million of the total population settled in the country as new immigrants, meaning that nearly two out of every seven Australians were born in another country. Most immigration is skilled, but the immigration quota includes categories for family members and refugees. In common with many other developed countries, Australia is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees andfewer people of working age. In 2004, the average age of the civilian population was 38.8 years. A large number of Australians live outside their home country.Resources and environmentAlthough most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, it includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests, and is recognized as a mega diverse country. The fungi typify that diversity; the local number that occur in Australia, including those not yet discovered, has been estimated at around 250,000 species, of which roughly 5% have been described. Because of the continent's great age, extremely variable weather patterns, and long-term geographic isolation, much of Australia's biota is unique and diverse. Climate change has become an increasing concern in Australia in recent years, and protection of environment is a major political issue. In 2007, the Rudd Government signed the instrument of ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. Nevertheless, Australia carbon dioxide emission per capita are among the highest in the world, lower than those of only a few other industrialized nations. Australia is rich in mineral resources, known as "sitting on the tub countries". Australia is rich in mineral resources; mineral export industry in Australia is very well developed. Australia is the world's largest bituminous coal, bauxite, lead, diamonds, zinc and concentrate exporter of; second largest alumina, iron ore, uranium more exporting countries; exporting country's third-largest aluminum and gold. In addition, the Australian coal, lithium, manganese ore, nickel, silver production is also quite large.ManufacturingAlthough primary production is the main industry in Australia, manufacturing in Australia is still a significant industry.The food and beverage manufacturing industry is the largest in Australia.Australia is one of only a few countries with the capabilities to design cars from scratch and manufacture in significant volumes.Australian-designed cars are made by local producers Holden and Ford Australia. Toyota Australia also manufactures local variants of its international models, particularly the Camry.The first major Australian carmaker was the Ford Motor Company of Australia. The firstAustralian-designed mass production car was by Holden in 1948.Australia is best known for the design and production of 'large' sized passenger vehicles. This category has suffered a steady downturn in Australian markets, resulting in a series of cutbacks and plant shutdowns.Non extra-large production of vehicles achieved a maxima near half a million in 1970s and 400,000 in 2000s. Recently this has fallen to around 200,000 : Australia's car market is now primarily composed of cars imported from Asia and Europe. Despite losing volume to changing customer preferences and economic reforms, the Australian automotive industry has a significant heritage and its cars continue to attract a devoted base of customers.AgricultureAustralia is a major agricultural producer and exporter. Agriculture and its closely related sectors earn $155 billion-a-year for a 12% share of GDP. Australian farmers and graziers own 135,997 farms, covering 61% of Australia’s landmass. Across the country there is a mix of irrigation and dry-land farming. The CSIRO has forecast that climate change will cause decreased precipitation over much of Australia and that this will exacerbate existing challenges to water availability and quality for agriculture.There are three main zones: the high rainfall zone of Tasmania and a narrow coastal zone; wheat, sheep zone , and the grazing of sheep and the pastoral zoneAustralia produces a large variety of primary products for both export and domestic consumption.ServicesAbout Service in Australia，there are three important kinds of Service，they are Tourism，Education ，Financial ServiceTourism is an important industry for the Australian economy. In the financial year 2010/11, the tourism industry represented 2.5% of Australia's GDP at a value of approximately A$35 billion to the national economy. This is equivalent to tourism contributing $94.8 million a day to the Australian economy. Domestic tourism is a significant part of the tourism industry, and was responsible for 73% of the total direct tourism GDP.The 2010-11 financial year saw a record number of overseas arrivals in the financial year, with 5.9million short-term visitor arrivals to Australia. Tourism employed 513,700 people in Australia in 2010-11, or which 43.7% of total tourism employed persons were part-time. Tourism also contributed 8.0% of Australia's total export earnings in 2010-11.Popular Australian destinations include the coastal cities of Sydney and Melbourne, as well as other high profile destinations including regional Queensland, the Gold Coast and the Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest reef. Uluru and the Australian outback are other popular locations, as is Tasmanian wilderness. The unique Australian wildlife is also another significant point of interest in the country's tourism.. Tertiary education in Australia is education consists of both government and private institutions. A higher education provider is a body that is established or recognized by or under the law of the Australian Government, a State, the Australian Capital Territory or the Northern Territory. VET providers, both public and private are registered by State and Territory governments.In 2009, the Australian higher education system consisted of:41 universities, of which 37 are public institutions, 2 are private, and 2 are Australian branches of overseas universities;3 other self-accrediting higher education institutionsCurrently, the Australian banking sector is dominated by four major banks: Australia and New Zealand Banking Group, Commonwealth Bank of Australia, National Australia Bank and Westpac Banking Corporation.The Australian government has announced that it has adopted a "four pillars" policy and will reject any mergers between the four major banks.[3] This is long-standing policy rather than formal regulation, but it reflects the broad political unpopularity of bank mergers. A number of leading commentators have argued that the "four pillars" policy is built upon economic fallacies and works against the nation's better interests.TransportationThere are many varying forms of transport in Australia. The nation is highly dependent on roadtransport. The development of transport infrastructure in Australia has been almost entirely related to moving commodities for sale in cities or to gaining access to seaports.RoadsAustralians drive on the left hand side of the road.Road infrastructure in Australia is generally very good. Australia has the second highest level of car ownership in the world. It has three to four times more road per capita than Europe and seven to nine times more than Asia. But Sydney has the worst congestion problems .RailRail infrastructure in Australia has never received much government support. While current rail infrastructure has sufficient capacity to deal with demand.AirAustralia currently has 408 airports, 15 of which serve as major intersections and destinations. The national air carrier is Qantas Airways. The country's second largest air carrier, There are an additional 254 regional airports with paved runways across the country.Sea and waterwaysAustralia's inland waterways are not a significant means of commercial transport. It has 14 major seaports which are currently under-utilized, and most ports have the infrastructure to meet demand for the next 2 decades.Cane railwaysIn Queensland about 15 sugar mills have narrow gauge cane trainways that deliver sugar cane to the mills.Like many economic activities that are intensive in infrastructures, the transport sector is an important component of the economy impacting on development and the welfare of populations.CommunicationSatellites are used to provide telecommunications services in very remote areas. There are also a number of satellite earth stations, which provide access points into the Australian networks.The Australian government had previously called for proposals to build an Fibre to the Node (FTTN) broadband network providing download speeds of 12Megabits per second or more to at least 98% of Australian homes and businesses.Cities and urbanizationThe Population density (people per sq. km) in Australia was last reported at 2.90 in 2010, according to a World Bank report published in 2012.There are many high ranking world cities in Australia.Sydney is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city inAustralia. In June 2010 the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people.Melbourne is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in AustraliaAustralia is country which has a heigh level of urbanization. 85% of the people live in towns, it mainlydeveloped by the form of suburb sprawl. West suburb in Sydney has grew from 50 miles to 120 miles. Based on analysis, there are also problems because of suburb sprawl. Such as, it put on heavy stress on infrastructure and service. And it increased the economic and environmental cost.ConsumptionThe major Australian consumer dairy products are drinking milk, cheese, butter and butter blends, and yogurt.Per capita consumption of major dairy products (litres/kg)Milk (l) Cheese (kg) Butter/Blends (kg) Yogurt (kg)2005/06 100.2 11.3 4.1 6.62006/07 103.4 12.0 3.8 7.12007/08 103.0 12.5 4.1 6.92008/09 102.6 12.9 4.0 6.72009/10 (r) 102.4 13.1 3.8 7.12010/11 (r) 104.4 13.7 3.9 7.32011/12 (p) 106.2 13.4 3.9 7.5Source: Dairy manufactuers and Dairy AustraliaPer capita consumption trends over the past two decades have varied quite significantly by individual product. These trends reflect changes in consumer tastes and preferences in response to a multitude of variablesWine was increasing and the market share was also increasing then we actually see that the reality is that it's actually increasing quite considerably and substantially for the last decade and a half.In the past few years, according to statistics sugar consumption is rising rapidlyThe Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) in Australia was 11113.31 in 2009, according to a World Bank report, published in 2010.International trade & investmentAustralia is the late-starter in the developed capitalist countries. In 2011 gross domestic product (GDP) ranking 13th in the world, per capita GDP of $65477 ranks sixth in the world. Australian farming and animal husbandry developed, has abundant natural resources, be famous for "riding on the sheep's back country", "sitting in the car on the country" and "carrying grain in the country," said. Australia on long-term exports of agricultural products and earn lots of income of mineral resources, rich in sheep, cattle, wheat, and sugar. At the same time, it is also the important mineral resources in producing and exporting countries. Since the 1970 s, Australia's economy has undergone major structural adjustment, tourism and service industry rapid development, gradually increase the proportion of GDP, the current has reached about 70%. Gold industry developed, has become one of the world's biggest gold country.Although Australia’s products and worldwide industry have a big international influence, but in terms of volume and diversity is still a "small" country. It is not large enough to be able to use its own tariffs and other types of trade restrictions have beneficial effect on itself. Therefore, the importance of the multilateral trading system is obvious to countries like Australia. At the same time, Australia is located in the southern hemisphere, it monopolize the continent with the western developed countries far away. It cannot use location advantage into the EU or North America free trade area agreements to expand their trade. Therefore, for Australia, based on the rules of non-discriminatory multilateral trading system is the best choice.International trade patternsAustralia depends on international trade. 2009/2010 Australian foreign trade total amount is $590 up 5.3% from a year earlier, and $8.9 billion trade surplus. Australia has trade relations with more than 130 countries and regions. Currently, Australia's main trading partners in order for China, Japan, the United States, South Korea, India, Singapore, Britain, New Zealand, Thailand, Germany, and etc.Historically, Australia's largest trading partners were Great Britain and the rest of Europe. This historicaltrading relationship reflected Australia's colonization by Great Britain and the British need for new markets for manufactured goods as well as sources of raw materials. The cultural affiliation between Australia and its "mother country" also contributed to this historic trading pattern. Since the 1970s, however, Australia's international trade has shifted towards Asia and Pacific countries. When Great Britain joined what is now known as the European Union in the 1970s, Australia lost many trading advantages with that country and sought new markets closer to home. Japan, Singapore, other Southeast Asian countries, and the United States have all become important Australian trading partners. The composition of Australia's exports has largely remained the same, but new markets (including more recently South America and the Middle East) have been sought. The marked failure of some key Southeast Asian economies, particularly Indonesia, Thailand, and Hong Kong in the late 1990s, has had only a limited effect on the Australian economy. As of 2001, political events outside Australia, such as disturbances in the neighboring countries of Indonesia and Fiji, have had almost no impact on Australia's trade.Degree of developmentForeign trade is an important part of the Australian economy. 2009/2010 fiscal year (July 1, 2009 to 30 June 2010); the Australian trade amounted to $513.81 billion. Among them, exports to a $254.33 billion fell 10.6% year on year. Import a $259.48 billion fell 6.8% year on year. Giving full play to the advantage of its abundant natural resources, Australia has become the important commodity exporters. Its traditional export products for minerals and agricultural products, livestock products, imported mainly manufactured goods. Australia insisted that global trade liberalization policies. The government implements the multilateral trading system. The regional trade and bilateral free trade agreement work together.ConclusionAll in all, Australia is good country to do business with, such as good services, great tourism and high GDP. And there are many potential markets which are waiting to develop. So, go to Australia to do your business.。
Australian economy and politics
Federation The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 when six independent British colonies agreed to join together and become states of a new nation. The rules of government for this new nation were enshrined in the Australian Constitution, which defined how the Commonwealth Government was to operate and what issues it could pass laws on.
CURRENCY:AUSTRALIAN DOLLAR
澳元硬币
Statistics: GDP: US$1.03 trillion (2009) (AUD$1.11 trillion) GDP growth: 2.9% (2009) GDP per capita $46,208 (2009) GDP by sector: agriculture: (3.8%), industry: (24.9%), services: 71.3% (2009)
AUSTRALIAN ECONOMY AND POLITICS
ECONOMY
The economy of Australia is a developed, modern market economy with a GDP of approximately $1 trillion USD. In 2009, it was the 13th largest national economy by nominal GDPand the 18th largest measured by PPP adjusted GDP, representing about 1.7% of the World economy. Australia was also ranked the 21st largest importer and 23rd largest exporter.
(英语考试)英语国家概况PPT
American history
01
1607
Jamestown settlement
02
1773
Boston Tea Party
03
04
1775
American Revolutionary War beginnings
1783
Treatment of Paris ends the war
Canadian history
• Outdoor lifestyle: Canadian culture is associated with an outdoor lifestyle, with a focus on activities like stacking, camping, and skiing
• Love for Hockey: Hockey is considered Canada's national sport, with a strong empБайду номын сангаасasis on teamwork, fair play, and physical fitness
• Multiculturalism and diversity: Australia has a rich cultural heritage due to its diverse population of immigrants from many different countries
• Laid back attitude: Australian culture is often associated with a laid back attitude, with a focus on casual lifestyles, mathematics, and a sense of egalitarianism
第九组 Australia
The most valuable fishery exports: rock lobsters(岩石蝦), prawns, abalone(鮑 魚), tuna(金槍魚) and other fin fish(鰭魚), scallops(扇貝),and edible and pearl oysters(可食用珍珠貝).
4.Manufacturing製造業 4.Manufacturing製造業
The food industry is Australia’s largest manufacturing industry and the annual food export value amounts to about 1,000 million Australian dollars. Other major manufacturing industries include iron and steel, the electronic industry, wool processing, and the manufacture of textiles, domestic appliances, and wood and paper products.
Australian Economy
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Agriculture農業 Forestry and Fishing林業和漁業 Minerals and Mining Industry礦業 Manufacturing製造業 Service Industries服務業 Foreign Trade and Economic Relations 對外貿易和經濟關係
3) Tourism: With over five million international visitors to Australia per year, tourism has become thport industry.
九年级澳大利亚知识点英语
九年级澳大利亚知识点英语Australia is a fascinating country known for its unique wildlife, stunning landscapes, and rich culture. In this article, we will explore some important knowledge points about Australia that are relevant for ninth-grade students studying English. Let's dive in!1. Geography of AustraliaAustralia is both a country and a continent located in the southern hemisphere. It is the largest country in Oceania and the sixth-largest country in the world. Australia is surrounded by the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and it is separated from Asia by the Timor and Arafura Seas.2. Australian WildlifeAustralia is home to a diverse range of unique wildlife. Some of the iconic animals found in Australia include kangaroos, koalas, emus, and dingoes. The Great Barrier Reef, located off the coast of Queensland, is the world's largest coral reef system and is known for its vibrant marine life.3. Aboriginal CultureThe Aboriginal people are the indigenous inhabitants of Australia, having lived there for thousands of years prior to European colonization. They have a rich cultural heritage with their own languages, art forms, and spiritual beliefs. It is important to respect and honor the Aboriginal culture and its significance in Australian history.4. Australian HistoryAustralia has a complex history that spans thousands of years. The arrival of Captain James Cook in 1770 marked the beginning of European exploration and colonization. Australia was initially used as a penal colony by the British Empire to house convicts. However, in 1901, Australia became a federation of six states and formed the Commonwealth of Australia.5. Australian EnglishEnglish is the official language of Australia with its unique variations and dialects. Australian English incorporates slang words and phrases that are distinct to the country. For example, "mate" is a commonly used term to refer to a friend. Learning about Australian English can enhance communication skills and cultural understanding.6. Famous Australian LandmarksAustralia is renowned for its breathtaking landmarks. The Sydney Opera House, located in Sydney, is one of the most famous architectural marvels in the world. The Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, home to the iconic red sandstone monolith known as Uluru (Ayers Rock), is another must-visit destination. Other notable landmarks include the Great Ocean Road, the Twelve Apostles, and the Blue Mountains.7. Australian SportsSports play a significant role in Australian culture. Cricket, Australian Rules Football (AFL), rugby, and soccer are some of the popular sports in the country. Australia has a proud sporting history and has produced many world-class athletes who have achieved success in international competitions.8. Education in AustraliaAustralia is known for its excellent education system and attracts international students from around the world. The Australian education system offers high-quality primary, secondary, and tertiary education. Australian universities are globally recognized for their academic standards and research programs.9. Australian EconomyAustralia has a robust and diverse economy. It is one of the world's leading exporters of natural resources such as coal, iron ore, and gold. Additionally, sectors such as tourism, agriculture, education, and finance contribute significantly to the country's economy.Conclusion:Learning about Australia's geography, wildlife, history, culture, language, landmarks, sports, education, and economy provides a comprehensive understanding of this remarkable country. By exploring these knowledge points, ninth-grade students studying English can develop a deeper appreciation for Australia's unique attributes and its global significance.。
2013-14学年英语国家概况教材部分答案1(澳,新,爱)
Key to exercisesAustraliaChapter I The Making of the NationExercise:1. Fill in the blanks with proper words from Text.(1) “the Oldest Continent” “the Last of Lands”“the Last Frontier.”(2) Aboriginals (3) convicts (4) Gold Rush (5) Canberra (6) license(7) the Age of Exploration (8) Great Depression(9) Melbourne Agreement 10) The Australia ActQuestion for DiscussionKeys :1.Europeans wanted to make more brief trade voyage from Europe into nearby continents;While Europeans explored North America for religion freedom and more land exploration. 2.First, try every effort to protect the languages including Australian Aboriginal English,Australian Aboriginal languages, and Australian Aboriginal sign languages, for languages will best convey the way of their thinking and the way of their doing things generation by generation. Second, try every effort to establish museums where this unique culture is exhibited so that more people become aware that Aboriginal culture is country’s remarkable heritage that can not afford to lose. Third, to give equal rights to Aborigines, like voting, public education, law suits.3.The gold rush of 1850 had many major influences. Because of gold rush Australianagricultural industry stands firm and will remain to for a very long time. The gold rush also played a very large influence on immigration seeking wealth, increasing the population of Australia at a time in which population was very low and people did not want to settle in such an unstable country. But most importantly it bought a great amount of wealth to Australia, kick starting out economy.4.Multiculturalism is the heart of Australia’s cultural identity. It is the acceptance andappreciation of the many different cultures and ethnicities that creates Australia’s national make-up. A multicultural policy has been created to provide equality for all Australian’s regardless of their gender, race, culture, religion and language. This policy ensures that the rights of all Australian’s are met and that the skills of each Australian are utilized and valued.5.These countries could now conduct treaties and agreements with foreign powers, and managetheir own military strategies. People, in no way, feel subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs.3. Terms for explanation:1)colonization：Human colonization is a narrower category than the related concept ofcolonialism. Colonization refers strictly to migration, for example, to settler colonies, trading posts, and plantations, while colonialism deals with this as well as the ruling of newterritories' existing peoples.2) Dreamtime：a complex and all-embracing concept embodying the past, present, and future from Australian Aboriginals.3) Age of Exploitation: the 17th century outward movement by European countries with naval abilities4) Federation: a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central government.5) Melbourne Agreement: During Great Depression, the Bank of England sent an envoy to Melbourne to persuade the Australian Government to slash government spending, cancel public works, cut public service salaries and decrease welfare benefits which became known as the “Melbourne Agreement”.Chapter II Australian EconomyWatch the video clips of Election Campaign and finish the tasks that follow.Exercise:1. Fill in the blanks with proper words from Text.Key:1)wool2)mineral exploitation3)foreign investment4)farming5)immigration6)political movement7)economy deregulation8)small domestic market9)service industry10)cattle2. Questions on this unit:1) Australia needs foreign investment to need the demands of shortfall of domestic savings against domestic saving needs. Foreign capital, as a direct inflow, will allow people to enjoy higher rates of economic growth, employment and higher living standard.2) Politics will enable economy to maintain a stable policy and stable economic growth. Therefore, investors will have direct prospect of economic tendency and make a positive forecast. Changes in politics may lead to changes in development and planning of long-term economic planning.3) To maintain a secure property rights and stable political system will enable people to have a better life in equality and their rights are well recognized and respected. This policy will protect capital outflow and domestic productivity will have affluent supply of current supply.4) Similarity: Those countries were quite remote from European continent, unpopulated, rich mineral resources in India, Australia, and Canada. Immigration policy played a key role in early development and Gold Rush became common for early settlers. Export to European continent allow them to have remarkable economic growth.Difference: Each country has a distinctive development policy, based on their natural conditions,like Australia, a region rich in animal farming and mineral resources, and India, a region rich in crop farming and tea plantation.5) Immigration policy will allow a country to have a diversity of social life, which attracts investment as well as increase the brain power. A perfect immigration policy will foster domestic supply and consumption. It will help to eliminate racial discrimination and maintain social stability.3. Terms for explanation:1) Deregulation is the act or process of removing or reducing state regulation. It is therefore opposite of regulation, which refers to the process of the government regulating certain activities.2) Mercantilism is the economic doctrine that government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the military security of the country. In particular, it demands a positive balance of trade.3) In the British Army, the Commissariat was a uniformed civilian service until 1869, when its officers transferred to the new Control Department as commissioned Army officers.4) Services sector is one of the three economic sectors; the service sector consists of the “soft” parts of the economy, activities where people offer their knowledge and time to improve productivity, performance, potential, and sustainability. The basic characteristic of this sector is the production of services instead of end products. Services include attention, advice, access, experience, and discussion.5) Underpinned economic expansion is the process of strengthening and stabilizing the foundation of an existing economic structure.Chapter 3 Culture Diversity and lifestyleExercisesKey:1) diversity2) 25.6%3) shared values4) favorable climate5) Greg Norman6) Melbourne7) suburban character8) The Australian Ballet9) Georgian10) independent2. Questions on this unit:1) Today, with the development of globalization, information and capital are transcending geographical boundaries and reshaping the relationships between the marketplace, states and citizens. Maintaining variety of cultures may help to understand the world, like values and ethnics as to manage domestic affairs. Cultural diversity will improve communication between races andlanguages, which contributes social stability and growth.2) This term is to persuade people to be more aware, open and accepting of their country by dispelling myths about the treatment of other ethnics. It is to increase better understanding among people of the same territory so that peaceful and harmonized society exists.3) Equality of opportunity is a stipulation that all people should be treated similarly, unhampered by artificial barriers or prejudices or preferences, like sex orientation, races and age.4) Give reasons that Australians have a great fun for sports and recreation.Australia has an dominating geographic location, good climate and enhance social welfare.5) Why does Australia become a vibrant cultural product country?Immigration policy, government funded organizations or institutions and ever-growing industrial output makes Australia a giant of cultural outputs.3. Terms for explanation:1) Cultural diversity is the quality of diverse or different cultures, as opposed to monoculture, as in the global monoculture, or a homogenization of cultures, akin to cultural decay.2) Social intolerance refers to a psychological discomfort that people do not accept other ethnics, languages.3) Individual dignity is a term used in moral, ethical, legal, and political discussions to signify thata man has an innate right to be valued and receive ethical treatment.4) Life-sustaining resources means all available resources that make people’s life easier and wealthier.5) Ethnicity or ethnic group is a socially defined category based on common culture or nationality4. Analysis and comments:Chapter 4 Higher EducationExercisesKey:1) low living costs2) Sydney3) British4) financial stringency5) The Australian Universities Commission Act 19596) the Commonwealth government7) The Dawkins Revolution8) males9) The Australian Government10) The University of Melbourne2. Questions on this unit:1) Higher education in Australia, like other industries, has a prestigious social awareness. Peoplehave equal right to attend higher education. Each region may organize higher education planning based on its social development and traditional culture.2) They go for prestigious universities, natural environment and comparatively lower living costs.3) What are those challenges facing those universities?Like universities in other continents, Australian universities are facing the problem of funding, research and competition from their counterparts.4)The Australian Government has the primary responsibility for public funding of higher education. the Commonwealth Grant Scheme which provides for a specified number of Commonwealth supported places each year. Higher Education Loan Program arrangements provide financial assistance to students. Commonwealth Scholarships grant for specific purposes including quality, learning and teaching, research and research training programs.5) How does Australian education system assure the teaching and research programs?Higher education system in Australia establish federal government assurance organization like Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency and Excellence in Research for Australia for assessing university performance.3. Terms for explanation:1) high failure rate refers to Australian universities where students failed to graduate.2) Australian Universities Commission is an organization that draw up guidance for university performance.3) Scholarships is an award of financial aid for a student to further his or her education. Scholarships are awarded based upon various criteria, which usually reflect the values and purposes of the donor or founder of the award. Scholarship money is not required to be repaid.[ 4) The Dawkins Revolution was a series of Australian tertiary education reforms instituted by the then Labor Education Minister (1987–1992) John Dawkins.5) External students are those who choose to live outside campuses.4. Analysis and comments:1) Higher Education Loan Program 2) Quality Assurance Measures3) The University of MelbourneNew ZealandChapter 11. 1) island 2) Mount Cook 3) reverse 4）30 5）Wellington6）Maori 7）James Cook 8）Treaty of Waitangi 9）founding document 10）a Commonwealth realm2. (relevant material) 1) I-1 2) I-2 3) I-3 4）III-3 5）III-83.(relevant material) 1) I-3 2) I-5 3) III-2 4）III-2 5）III-44. (relevant material) 1) II 2) III-4 3) III-5Chapter 21. 1) international trade 2) primary products 3) United Kingdom 4）exportearner 5）oil 6）the North and South islands 7）Railways 8）Australia 9）competitive 10）a quarter2. (relevant material) 1)3rd paragraph in this chapter and I 2) I 3) II, III, IV 4）II-45）IV-23. (relevant material) 1) I 2) II 3) IV 4) IV-1 5) IV-24. (relevant material) 1) III 2) IV 3) IV-4Chapter 31. 1) Queen Elizabeth II 2) separation of powers 3) Cabinet 4）Labor Party 5）work-based 6）Government 7）fully funded 8）Christianity 9）traditional performance art 10）drastically reduced2. (relevant material) 1) I-2 2) I-2.1 3) I-2.3 4）III-1 5）III-23. (relevant material) 1) I-2 2) I-2.1 3）II-1 4）II-2 5) III-24. (relevant material) 1) I 2) II-1 3) III-2Chapter 41. 1) a world-class educational system in a lifelong learning society 2) all post-school education and training 3) The University of Otago 4）The University of Auckland5) The Student Loan Scheme6) a competitive examination 7) technical 8）train teachers 9）Maori teaching and research institutions10) Australia2. (relevant material) 1) I 2) I 3) I 4) II 5) III3. (relevant material) 1) 5th paragraph in this chapter 2) 5th paragraph in this chapter3) 6th paragraph in this chapter 4) I 5) IV4. (relevant material) 1) 5th paragraph in this chapter 2) II 3) VIIrelandExercises:1.Fill in the blanks with proper words or terms according to the Textbook.1)Ireland is an island, the third-largest in Europe and the twentieth-largest on Earth.2)3)4)5)The Irish people are an ethnic group who originate in Ireland, an island in northwesternEurope.(Page 5)6)The scientist Robert Boyle is considered the " father of chemistry".7)8)That the population of Ireland collapsed dramatically during the second half of the 19thentrenched culture of emigration lasting until the 21st century. (Page 7)9)Ireland is ranked as one of the wealthiest countries in the OECD and the EU-27 at 5th in theOECD-28 rankings as of 2008.10)The 1995 to 2000 period of high economic growth was called the " Celtic Tiger ", a referenceto the "tiger economies" of East Asia.(Page 11)11)In November 2010 the Irish Government published the National Recovery plan, which aims torestore order to the public finances and to bring its deficit in line with the EU target of 3% of economic output by 2015.(Page 14)12)The primary sector constitutes about 5% of Irish GDP, and 8% of Irish employment.13) Ireland's inequality of income distribution score on the Gini coefficient scale was 30.4 in2000, slightly below the OECD average of 31. (Page 17)14)In January 1999 Ireland was one of eleven European Union member states which launched theEuropean Single Currency, the euro.15)the 8th and 1st centuries BC. (Page 22)16)From the mid-14th century, after the Black Death, Norman settlements in Ireland went into aperiod of decline. (Page 26)17)Europe between December 1739 and September 1741, after a decade of relatively mild winters. (Page 28)18)19)million more emigrated to escape it.20)21)was spoken by a few peasants and merchants brought over from England. (Page 35,Page 34)22)23)24)community involvement, with about 2,600 clubs on the island.(Page 38)25)cuisine of Ireland.(Page 39)26)The education system of Ireland has three distinct levels: primary, secondary, andhigher or third-level education.2.Questions on this unit:1)Why is Ireland called the Emerald Isle?(Page 3)Because of its lush vegetation, a product of its mild climate and frequent rainfall, Ireland earns it the sobriquet the Emerald Isle.2)Why is Ireland’s climate quite different from many other areas in the world at similarlatitudes? (Page 3)Ireland’s temperate climate results from the moderating moist winds which ordinarily prevail from the South-Western Atlantic.3)What are the main reasons for the dramatic decline of the population of Ireland during thesecond half of the 19th century?(Page7)In part, the fall in population was due to death from the Great Famine of 1845 to 1852, which took about 1 million lives. However, by far the greater cause of population decline was the dire economic state of the country which led to an entrenched culture of emigration lasting until the 21st century.4)What is the status of the economy of Ireland?It is a modern knowledge economy, focusing on services and high-tech industries and dependent on trade, industry and investment.5)How is Ireland’s economy influenced by the Financial Crisis 2008?Ireland was the first country in the EU, to officially enter a recession related to the Financial Crisis 2008, as declared by the Central Statistics Office and now has the second-highest level of household debt in the world (190% of household income). The country's credit rating was downgraded to "AA-" by Standard & Poor's ratings agency in August 2010 due to the cost of supporting the banks, which would weaken the Government's financial flexibility over the medium term. It transpired that the cost of recapitalising the banks was greater than expected at that time, and, in response to the mounting costs, the country's credit rating was again downgraded by Standard & Poor's to "A".6)When was Ireland officially independent? (Page 31)In 1921, the Anglo-Irish Treaty was concluded between the British Government andaffairs and practical independence for foreign policy. However, an oath of allegiance to the British Crown had to be exercised. After the hard struggle of more than 20 years, it was not until 1949 that the state was declared, officially, to be the Republic of Ireland.7）What are Ireland’s typical food and drink?\As for typical food, Irish people are more dependent on pork and white meat, and withmid-19th century.8)What is the education system of Ireland?The education system of Ireland has three distinct levels: primary, secondary, and higher or third-level education.3.Terms for explanation:1)2)the Celtic Tiger(Page 9) :A 2005 study by The Economist found Ireland to have thebest quality of life in the world. The 1995 to 2007 period of very high economic growth, witha record of posting the highest growth rates in Europe, led many to call the country the CelticTiger. One of the keys to this economic growth was a low corporation tax, at12.5% standard rate.3)PAYE:(Page 17) It’s the abbreviation for Pay As You Earn, which is a kind oftaxes based on your income and also progressive, with little or no income tax paid by low earners and a high rate applied to top earners.4）The Bronze Age（Page 21）It’s defined by the use of metal and began around 2,500 BC, with technology changing people's everyday lives during this period through innovations such asperiod of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance in European history (476A.D-1000A.D.)given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215 , published in 12167）Great Frost (Page 25) ：also called “Great Famine”. Ireland and the rest of Europe were struck by an extraordinary climatic shock between December 1739 and September 1741, and the winters destroyed stored crops of potatoes and other staples and the poor summers severely damaged harvests, leading to the deaths of an estimated 250,000 people (about one in eight of the population)4.Analysis and comments1)physical geography of Irelandlight overall, particularly in the east. So t he island's lush vegetation is a product of itsIsle.2)Irish people and their migrationIreland has been populated for around 9,000 years. The Irish people's earliest ancestors are claimed to be descended from groups such as the Nemedians, Fomorians, Fir Bolg, Tuatha DéDanann and the4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.The population of Ireland collapsed dramatically during the second half of the 19th century.A population of over 8 million in 1841 was reduced to slightly more than 4 million by 1921. Inabout 1 million lives. However, by far the greater cause of population decline was the dire economic state of the country which led to an entrenched culture of emigration lasting until the 21st century.With growing prosperity since the last decade of the 20th century, Ireland became a destination for immigrants.From the demographic change, we can see that economic state plays a decisive role.3）current economic features of IrelandThe economy of Ireland is a modern knowledge economy, focusing on services and high-tech industries and dependent on trade, industry and investment. In terms of GDP per capita, Ireland is ranked as one of the wealthiest countries in the OECD and the EU-27 at 5th in the OECD-28 rankings as of 2008. In terms of GNP per capita, a better measure of national income, Ireland ranks below the OECD average, despite significant growth in recent years, at 10th in the OECD-28 rankings. Ireland is currently ranked as the world's third most "economically free" economy in an index created by free-market economists from the Wall Street Journal and Heritage Foundation, the Index of Economic Freedom.But the Financial Crisis of 2008 still affects the Irish economy severely, compounding domestic economic problems related to the collapse of the Irish property bubble.4）education system of IrelandThe education system of Ireland is managed by the Department of Education and Skills of the Irish Government. Education in Ireland is free for Irish students and students from other EU countries. According to Irish law, all children who fall between the ages of six to fifteen are supposed to receive compulsory education. The education system of Ireland has three distinct levels: primary, secondary, and higher or third-level education.Primary education continues for a stretch of eight years. The curriculum for primary education focuses more on the children rather than on the subjects. The subjects that a child learns during this phase include Irish, English, mathematics, social and environmental studies, arts and crafts, music, physical education and religious instructions too.During the secondary level education, it is compulsory for all the schools to follow the curricula and syllabi prescribed by the educational ministry. The second level of education starts at the age of twelve and lasts for six years. After the first three years, students are required to take up the Junior Certificate Examination. This is followed by a transition year when students are allowed to take up more flexible programs. The next two years comprises more education which ends with a Leaving Certificate Examination. There are three types of second level schools, that is, secondary schools, community schools and vocational schools.The third level education is the highest level of education. Ireland has nine universities, seven in the Republic of Ireland and two in Northern Ireland. The highest level of education includes universities, technological colleges, and colleges of education. All the universities in Ireland offer undergraduate and Master's degree programs in a wide array of subjects. Research opportunities are also available in these universities and can be utilized by students who wish to pursue their higher education. There are over 25 third-level courses at graduate and postgraduate level offeredthrough the Irish language.Entry into third-level is generally very high in Ireland, and among young adults (those aged 25 to 34), 41.6% of them have attained third-level degrees.11 / 11。
英语国家概况-澳大利亚篇中英翻译
第三十章澳大利亚经济 Chapter 30 The EconomyⅠ.工业 Manufacturing Industry澳大利亚的制造业以制砖开始。
86%的制造业为小企业。
Manufacturing in Australia began with the making of bricks. It is estimated that 86% of all manufacturing firms are small businesses.在世界的总格局中，澳大利亚的制造业是独特的。
它的特点包括下面几点:In a world context Australian manufacturing is unique. Its features include the following: 1)效率低Inefficiency澳大利亚的市场有限，它在地理上与外界的隔绝以及很高的关税壁垒是影响澳大利亚工业效率的几个因素。
Australia's limited local market, its geographical isolation and high levels of tariff protection are the factors that affect the efficiency of Australian manufacturing.效率最低并且最受保护的工业是汽车、纺织、服装和制鞋工业。
The industries that are most inefficient and most highly protected are automobile, textiles, clothing and footwear industries.2)高度集中Concentration在过去20年里，大的联合企业在澳大利亚经济中一直起中心作用。
Over the last 20 years large conglomerates have been given a central role in the Australian economy.整个钢铁工业由一个公司控制，这就是布洛肯·希尔专卖。
澳大利亚经济特征
澳大利亚经济发展现状及特点澳大利亚经济增长状况自1990年以来，澳大利亚经济保持了快速增长。
从1996年至2006年的十年间，该国实际GDP平均增长率达到了3.26%，年均GDP增速位列全球第7，是世界上经济增长最强劲的国家之一。
四大产业支撑澳大利亚经济。
目前，服务业、制造业、采矿业和农业是澳大利亚的四大主导产业。
据澳大利亚官方统计，2006年澳大利亚服务业、制造业、采矿业和农业的产值，分别占GDP的78%、13%、5%和4%。
丰富多样的矿产资源、技能熟练的采矿专业人材以及先进的采掘加工技术等因素，使澳大利亚成为全球采矿业的领先国家。
目前，采矿业占澳大利亚经济总量的5%左右，矿产出口总值占全国出口收入的三分之一。
据澳统计局统计，1994-2006年的13年间，采矿业产值由23.5亿澳元迅速攀升至125.84亿澳元。
在中国和印度对原材料巨大需求的带动下，澳大利亚采矿业将继续保持快速增长势头。
由于服务业、采矿业以及制造业的飞速发展，澳大利亚农业在国民经济中的比重由1970年的7%下降到2006年的4%左右，农业部门所占社会就业比重也由1970年的8.2%降至2006年的4.6%。
然而该国农业本身仍有较大发展，农业的产量、产值和效益均不断提高，农产品出口也在大幅增加。
消费支出占比七成，固定资本投资快速增长。
2006年，澳大利亚私人消费与政府消费分别达到5433.7亿和1718.5亿澳元，占GDP 的比重分别为58.9%和18.6%，二者合计高达77.5%，固定资产投资占GDP的比重仅为7.2%。
显然，相对于投资而言，消费在澳大利亚经济中处于更重要的地位。
自1993年以来，受采矿业、制造业等行业迅速发展以及悉尼奥运会的拉动，澳大利亚固定资产投资稳步增长，并于2000年攀升至393亿澳元，但奥运会后两年内投资出现了一定程度的放缓，加之该国当年经济衰退的影响，使2001和2002年的固定资产投资出现负增长。
澳大利亚经济英文作文
澳大利亚经济英文作文英文：Australia is a developed country with a mixed-market economy. It has a strong service sector, accounting for about 70% of its GDP. The country is also rich in natural resources, including coal, iron ore, gold, and natural gas, which contribute significantly to its economy.However, the Australian economy has faced challenges in recent years. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the country's economy, with many businesses forced to close and unemployment rates rising. The Australian government has implemented various measures to support the economy, including stimulus packages and job retention schemes.In addition, the country's reliance on natural resources has also posed challenges. The mining industry, which is a significant contributor to the economy, hasfaced a decline in demand and prices in recent years. This has led to job losses and a slowdown in economic growth.Despite these challenges, the Australian economy remains resilient. The country has a highly skilled workforce and a strong education system, which have helped it to diversify its economy and attract foreign investment.中文：澳大利亚是一个发达国家，拥有混合市场经济。
与澳大利亚有关的英语作文
与澳大利亚有关的英语作文Australia, the sixth-largest country in the world, is known for its vast landscapes, diverse wildlife, and rich cultural heritage. This English composition aims to provide a snapshot of what makes Australia a unique and fascinating place to explore.Geography and Climate:Australia is an island continent located in the Southern Hemisphere, surrounded by the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It boasts a variety of climates, from the tropical rainforests of the north to the arid deserts of the interior and the temperate climate of the south. This diverse climate allows for a wide range of ecosystems, making it home to many endemic species.Wildlife:No discussion about Australia would be complete without mentioning its iconic wildlife. The country is famous for its marsupials, such as kangaroos, koalas, and wombats. Additionally, the platypus and echidna are unique mammalsthat lay eggs. Australia is also home to a variety of bird species, including the kookaburra and the emu. The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef system, is another highlight, teeming with marine life.Culture:Australian culture is a blend of Indigenous heritage and theinfluences of European settlers, as well as more recent immigration from Asia and other parts of the world.Aboriginal Australians have a rich history that dates backover 50,000 years, and their art, music, and storytelling are integral parts of the nation's cultural fabric. Modern Australia is known for its laid-back attitude, love of sports, and vibrant arts scene.Education:Australia has a strong focus on education, with many of its universities ranking among the top institutions worldwide.The country offers a high standard of education, attracting international students from various corners of the globe. The education system is designed to foster critical thinking, creativity, and collaboration.Economy:The Australian economy is robust and diverse, with keysectors including agriculture, mining, tourism, and education. The country is a significant exporter of commodities such as iron ore, gold, and natural gas. The service sector alsoplays a crucial role, with a strong emphasis on innovationand sustainability.Tourism:Tourism is a vital part of the Australian economy, withmillions of visitors each year drawn by its natural wonders, such as the Great Barrier Reef, the Outback, and the stunning beaches along the coast. Adventure seekers can enjoyactivities like scuba diving, surfing, and hiking, while culture enthusiasts can explore the numerous museums, artgalleries, and historical sites.In conclusion, Australia is a country of contrasts, offering a rich tapestry of experiences for those who venture to explore it. From its breathtaking landscapes to its unique wildlife and diverse culture, Australia truly is the "land down under" that offers a world of discovery.。
英语作文45句简单介绍澳大利亚
英语作文45句简单介绍澳大利亚全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Australia, a country located in the Southern Hemisphere, is known for its stunning natural landscapes, diverse wildlife, and unique culture. With a population of around 25 million people, Australia is a relatively sparsely populated country compared to its size.The capital city of Australia is Canberra, but the largest city is Sydney, known for its iconic Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge. Other major cities in Australia include Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide.Australia is famous for its beautiful beaches, with the Great Barrier Reef being one of the most popular tourist destinations in the country. The diverse marine life, including colorful coral reefs and a variety of fish species, attracts millions of visitors each year.In addition to its natural beauty, Australia is also home to a rich indigenous culture. Indigenous Australians, also known as Aboriginal Australians, have been living on the continent for over 65,000 years and have a deep connection to the land.Australia is a multicultural country, with immigrants from all over the world calling it home. This diversity is reflected in the country's cuisine, with influences from countries such as Italy, Greece, China, and India.One of Australia's most famous exports is its wine, with regions such as the Barossa Valley and Margaret River producing world-class wines. The country is also known for its fresh produce, including tropical fruits such as mangoes and bananas.Australia has a high standard of living, with a strong economy and high levels of education and healthcare. The country is also known for its sporting prowess, with sports such as cricket, rugby, and Australian Rules Football being hugely popular.While Australia is a modern and developed country, it also faces challenges such as climate change and environmental conservation. The government has implemented various policies to protect the environment and preserve Australia's natural habitats.Overall, Australia is a country of contrasts, with a mix of modernity and tradition, urban and rural landscapes, and a diverse population. Its stunning scenery, unique wildlife, andwelcoming people make it a must-visit destination for travelers from around the world.篇2Australia, officially known as the Commonwealth of Australia, is a vast country located in the Southern Hemisphere. It is the sixth-largest country in the world by land area and is surrounded by the Indian and Pacific Oceans.1. Australia is known for its stunning landscapes, including deserts, rainforests, beaches, and mountains. The country is home to unique and diverse wildlife, such as kangaroos, koalas, and wombats.2. The capital city of Australia is Canberra, which is located in the Australian Capital Territory. While Canberra is the political center of the country, the largest city is Sydney, which is known for its iconic Opera House and Harbour Bridge.3. Melbourne is another major city in Australia, known for its cultural diversity, thriving arts scene, and vibrant food and wine culture. The city hosts numerous festivals and events throughout the year, including the Australian Open tennis tournament.4. Australia is a multicultural country with a diverse population that includes people from various ethnicities andcultural backgrounds. The country has a reputation for being welcoming and inclusive, with a strong commitment to equality and diversity.5. The official language spoken in Australia is English, and the currency used is the Australian Dollar. The country has a high standard of living and is known for its excellent healthcare, education, and social services.6. Australia is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy. The Queen of England, currently Queen Elizabeth II, is the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government.7. The Australian economy is one of the largest in the world, with a strong focus on mining, agriculture, tourism, and services. The country is known for its natural resources, such as coal, iron ore, and gold, as well as its agricultural products, such as wheat, beef, and wool.8. Australia is a popular tourist destination, attracting millions of visitors each year to explore its iconic landmarks, such as the Great Barrier Reef, Uluru, and the Sydney Opera House. The country offers a wide range of outdoor activities, including surfing, hiking, and diving.9. The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is located off the coast of Queensland and is home to thousands of marine species, including colorful coral reefs, tropical fish, and sea turtles.10. Uluru, also known as Ayers Rock, is a massive sandstone monolith in the Northern Territory. It is sacred to the indigenous Anangu people and is a popular tourist attraction, especially at sunrise and sunset when the rock changes color.11. Australia has a rich indigenous history and culture, with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples being the first inhabitants of the land. The country has made efforts to recognize and celebrate indigenous cultures, languages, and traditions.12. The Australian education system is highly regarded, witha focus on academic excellence and innovation. The country has a strong network of universities, colleges, and research institutions that attract students from around the world.13. The national sport of Australia is cricket, with other popular sports including Australian Rules Football, rugby, and soccer. The country has a strong sporting culture and has produced many world-class athletes in various disciplines.14. Australian cuisine is diverse and influenced by various immigrant cultures, including British, European, Asian, and Middle Eastern. Some iconic Australian dishes include Vegemite, meat pies, lamingtons, and pavlova.15. The Outback is a vast and remote region in the interior of Australia, known for its rugged landscapes, ancient rock formations, and unique wildlife. It is a popular destination for adventure seekers and nature enthusiasts.16. The Australian climate varies from region to region, with tropical climates in the north, temperate climates in the south, and arid climates in the interior. The country experiences four distinct seasons, with hot summers and mild winters.17. Australia is known for its laid-back and relaxed lifestyle, with a strong emphasis on work-life balance and outdoor activities. The country has a reputation for being safe, clean, and friendly, making it an ideal place to live and visit.18. The Australian government is committed to environmental sustainability and conservation, with initiatives to protect endangered species, reduce carbon emissions, and preserve natural habitats. The country has set ambitious targets to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.19. Australia is a member of various international organizations, including the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the G20. The country plays an active role in global affairs and is known for its commitment to peace, democracy, and human rights.20. In conclusion, Australia is a diverse and dynamic country with a rich history, vibrant culture, and stunning natural beauty. It offers a high quality of life, excellent educational opportunities, and a strong sense of community. Whether you are a visitor or a resident, Australia has something for everyone to enjoy and explore.篇3Australia is an island country located in the southern hemisphere. It is the sixth-largest country in the world by land area, covering an area of about 7.7 million square kilometers. Australia is known for its stunning natural landscapes, including the Great Barrier Reef, Uluru, and the Outback.With a population of around 25 million people, Australia is a diverse and multicultural society. The majority of the population is concentrated in major cities like Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane,and Perth. The official language is English, and the currency is the Australian dollar.Australia is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government. The head of state is the monarch of the United Kingdom, currently Queen Elizabeth II, represented in Australia by the Governor-General. The Prime Minister is the head of government and is appointed by the Governor-General.Australia is a highly developed country with a high standard of living. It has a strong economy that is driven by industries such as mining, agriculture, tourism, and education. Australia is also known for its high-quality healthcare and education systems.One of the most famous landmarks in Australia is the Sydney Opera House, located in the city of Sydney. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site and is considered one of the most iconic buildings in the world. Another iconic landmark is the Great Barrier Reef, which is the largest coral reef system in the world and a popular destination for tourists.Australia is home to a unique and diverse ecosystem, with many plants and animals found nowhere else on Earth. The country is known for its wildlife, including kangaroos, koalas, and kookaburras. Australia also has a reputation for its beautiful beaches, rugged mountains, and vast deserts.Overall, Australia is a country with a rich history, unique culture, and stunning natural beauty. It is a popular destination for tourists, students, and immigrants looking to experience everything that this amazing country has to offer. Whetheryou're interested in exploring the Outback, relaxing on the beach, or diving on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia has something for everyone.。
澳大利亚英文简介
The Theory of Australia’s Geography and Economic(二). The brief of Australia’s Economic1.Murrumbidee ----Australia's most fertile oasis irrigation areaMurrumbidgee is an important tributary of the Murray river about 400 km, from east to west into the Murray river. On the both sides of the river are the excellent natural conditions, suitable climate, is a variety of food crops, fruits, vegetables and farm excellent ecological environment. The whole irrigation area is equipped with hydropower stations, reservoirs flood and flood zone. All the year round crop growing period long, almost any season have harvest. And on the both sides of the river is orchard, cotton, pasture and farmland, tree-lined, a real pastoral poetic scene. Australians put the region into the granary of the country, and foreigntourists to compare it to rich Europe amorous feelings of pastoral poetry ofwonderland.2.The country-----riding on the sheep's backAustralia is known as "riding on the sheep's back country", nearly 200 years, the sheep industry has been the mainstay of the Australian economy and the export industry. Australia's largest sheep station in the north of the western of Australia’s commonwealth mountain sheep station, it covers an area of 10360 square kilometers. Besides, Victoria, Queensland, New South Wales (NSW), there are also large fine natural pastures and through artificial pasture of improvement.3.The country----sitting in the carAustralia is an old continent, so on the continent is rich in mineral resources. It is one of the characteristics of shallow buried, easy mining, and some ore bare surface of the earth. The second is good taste, high quality, has a plenty of natural pure metal. The third is large reserves and a lot of varieties. The mining industry is one of the leading departments in the Australian economy. At present, the Australian mineral reserves of the world's top five are: bauxite, iron ore, aluminum, zinc and coal and lignite.4.Australia's tourism industryAustralia's tourism industry is one of the important sectors in the national economy, also is a rising star in the Australian economy. At present, Australia tourism revenues accounted for about 27% of the gross national product (GNP).Other mainlands Australia is a large country, give a person the feeling of quiet. Also plus it across the tropical and temperate, around the natural conditions are different, with many unique and in other parts of the world see the ancient plants, animals and the natural landscape. These entire all let tourists find everything new and fresh, linger, delicious.5.The Australian trade nationAustralia's foreign trade occupies are very important position in the whole national economy. Once upon a time, Australia is famous for its exports primary agriculture and minerals from the earth. And now, after the adjustment of industrial structure, vigorously develop manufacturing and services. At the same time, Australia's openness to foreign investment has a positive attitude. This makes Australia's trade development mode is more and more perfect. Like Western Australia, wild flowers is not only a landscape to attract visitors, but also the state's major export products. The flower works processing and classifying the acquisition of wild flowers, dried flowers, and packaging sold to someone or export. Only for this aspect in a year, it will bring considerable foreign exchange income for Australia.The summaryThe relationship between Australia's geography and economy is close.Australia's economic development is closely related to its geographic conditions. Because Australia’s local topography, geomorphology, climate, plants and animals, those reasons contributed to its development as "riding on the sheep's back country", "sitting in the car on the country", tourism country, trading power.Australia, of course, should be based on their own, on the basis of geographical conditions, good base in developing industry at the same time. Try to develop science and technology, and break through the bondage of geographical environment factors and imprisoned their economy to develop in the direction of richer.The appendix(a)the main bibliography1, the brief history of AustraliaManning Clark, sun yat-sen university, Guangdong people press2, the Australian situation"With its high jingo, world knowledge publishing house3, "Australia - riding on the sheep's back country"To waiting for the other, Beijing publishing house(2) the pictures show in Australia。
澳大利亚的经济分析
严 格 把 控 质 量关， 让生产 更加有 保障。 2020年 11月上 午11时 34分20.11.1111:34November 11, 2020
重 标 准 ， 严 要求， 安全第 一。2020年 11月 11日 星期三 11时34分 57秒 11:34:5711 November 2020
好 的 事 情 马 上就会 到来， 一切都 是最好 的安排 。上午 11时34分 57秒 上午11时 34分 11:34:5720.11.11
“A country riding on the sheep’s back”
The Australian rural
landscape is uniquely
suited to sheep and wool
production which is the
largest and most important
114 million sheep in
Australia that produce
more than one quarter of
the world’s total wool.
返回
A country sitting on mine car
The 1850 gold rushes attracted a flood of self-funded immigrants. It also opened up the land as not only a source of agricultural but also of mineral wealth: gold, silver, iron ore, nickel and alumina became major export industries by the end of the 20th century. Today minerals form the largest part of the export trade.
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Tourism
• Why is Australia an attractive tourist destination? • Who visits Australia (from which countries do they come from)? • What are 3 of the top tourist destinations in Australia?
•
• Why is China Australia's largest trading partner?
Economy - Questions
• Why does China need these resources from Australia?
China is a large developing country with a huge population and has a strong demand for iron ore, coal and liquefied natural gas.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Describe Sino-Australian relations. You should describe what does the term ‚Sino-Australian‘ means and what the relations are. How did China help Australia avoid the financial crisis? Which Chinese products does Australia import? Who receives the ACBA and why do they receive it? The Free Trade Agreement – what percent of Australian exports will be tariff-free, what does this mean? What is tertiary education? Why do you think lots of Chinese students go to Australia to study?
Australian Economy
• Service sector • Industry and Mining • Agriculture 68% GDP 27.4% GDP 4% GDP
GDP is Gross Domestic Product The total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year. A measure of the size of an economy.
Australian Economy
ustralia
• Australia is a developed country and one of the wealthiest in the world, with the world’s 12th-largest economy. • Australia has a strong market–based economy that is open, flexible and competitive. • In 2014 Australia had the world’s fifth-highest per capita income (the average income earned per person)
Imports and Exports
• • Exports $258.8 billion Export goods iron ore, gold, coal, meat, wool, aluminium, wheat, machinery and transport equipment Main export partners China 29.5% Japan 19.3% South Korea 8.0% India 4.9% Imports $239.7 billion Import goods machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines, telecommunication equipment and parts; crude oil and petroleum products • Main import partners China 18.2% United States 11.6% Japan 7.8% Singapore 5.9% Germany 4.6% Thailand 4.2% South Korea 4.0% • •
Mining and Natural Resources
• Australia is the world's leading coal exporter. • 54% of the coal mined in Australia is exported, mostly to East Asia. • Australia's Argyle mine is the second largest diamond mine in the world. Argyle is known for producing some of the world's most valuable pink and red diamonds.
Running Dictation Questions
Use the running dictation you did last week. Discuss with your partner and write down the answers in your own words using full sentences. Hand the answers in:
Sino-Australian relations
Australia–China relations, often known as Sino–Australian relations, refers to the relations between Australia and the People’s Republic of China. The relationship between China and Australia has grown considerably over the years. Both countries are actively engaged economically, culturally and politically. China is Australia's biggest trading partner mainly due to China's strong demand for iron ore, coal and liquefied natural gas. Exports to China helped Australia escape the worst effects of the global economic crisis. Australia imports the following products from China; clothing, telecommunications equipment and components, computers, toys, prams and sporting equipment. To encourage Australian entrepreneurship in Greater China the Australia-China Business Awards (ACBA) are awarded every year to companies that have worked to deliver Australian products or services to the Greater China region. The China-Australia Free Trade Agreement was signed on 17 June 2015. Under the terms of this agreement it will be easier to do business and 95 percent of Australian exports to China will be tariff free. These will include beef and dairy. Australia has become one of the biggest markets for Chinese students for tertiary education. As of September 2011, there were 150,000 Chinese students studying at Australia tertiary institutions.
Service and Finance Industry
• Australia is a major regional finance centre. The Australian Stock Exchange in Sydney is the largest stock exchange in Australia and in the South Pacific and ranks 9th in the world. • ICT (Information and Communications technology) related jobs such as computer system design and engineering. Question: why is it important for Australia to develop ICT (book page 42?)