British_economy
British_economy
Bank of England
• In 1684. • Britain’s central bank. • Main functions: Execute monetary policy; Act as banker to the Government; Issue banknote and provide central Banking facilities for the banking system; “Lender of last resort”.
Major Characteristics of British Economy
A low-growth, low-investment economy
Big foreign direct investment
Access to new customers Political stability Impartial rule of law Infrastructure Regulatory climate Tax regime Quality of labor
Finance sector becomes more important while manufacturing continued its longterm decline Growth in household wealth and the rise in the stock market. Boom in retail consumption due to easy credit and cheap imports; Increase in total employment as a result of the growth of the public sector.
大三上学期英美概况British Economy
A Guide to English-Speaking
Countries
British Empire
❖ On the Eve of World War I, Britain had the largest
colonial empire the world had ever seen.
▪ a territory of 33.5 million square kilometers (1/4 of the
英语国家概况
Guide to English-Speaking Countries
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Chapter 4
Economy
英 语 国 家 概 况
A Guide to English-Speaking
Countries
Warm-up: British Empire
❖ First British Empire: 19th Century
▪ It included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New
War against China
▪ In Africa, control Suez Canal and conquer Egypt ▪ Union of South Africa—the 4th dominion
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
system
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Unit_5_The_UK_Economy_(英国的经济)
Unit 5The UK Economy (英国的经济)一、本单元重点内容1. Absolute decline and relative decline of British economy (英国经济的绝对衰败和相对衰败)2. The privatization in the 1980s (20世纪80年代的私有化)3. The main sectors of the UK economy (英国经济的主要部门):Primary industries (第一产业): Agriculture (农业)& Energy production (能源生产)Secondary industries (第二产业) : The manufacturing industry (制造业) eg. The aerospace industry (航空航天工业) Tertiary industries / service industries (第三产业/服务业)4. The City of London (伦敦金融城)5. The London Stock Exchange (伦敦证券交易所)二、本单元重、难点辅导1. Absolute and relative decline of the British Economy1) By the 1880s, dominant in the world--- 1/3 of the world’s manufactured goods; 1/2 of the world’s coal, iron and cotton; shipping greater than the sum of the rest of the world.2) By 1900, overtaken by the U.S and Germany.一直到19世纪80年代，英国经济一直在世界上居于主导地位。
British Economy
chief agricultural products
• Wheat Barley • Oats
Sugar beets
BSE disease: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is a transmissible, neurodegenerative, fatal brain disease of cattle.
A Golden Age
Brown‘s economic policy
Blair‘s Third Way
Байду номын сангаас
Margaret
Downturn
Thatcher
1979-1991
1973-1981
The world‘s leading economy
By the 1880s, the British economy had achieved global dominance, producing one third of the world‘s manufactured goods, half its coal, iron, and cotton. The quantity of goods transported in Britain‘s shipping industry was greater than that of the rest of the world put together.
More details on page 45
The Group of Seven 七个经济大国
Britain
Germany Italy
the US
France Japan
Unit 5. British Economy
The historical center of London is now a relatively small area still known as the City, which covers only about 2.6 sq km. This is where London began as a Roman colonial town around ad 50. Today this area is one of the world’s leading financial centers. Most of the financial activities are crowded along Threadneedle Street, where are located the huge Bank of England complex, the Royal Exchange, and the Stock Exchange.
2. Current Sectors of UK Economy (2)
The Secondary Industries (28.7%)
Energy production (2.9%+1.9%)
an overall exporter of energy; coal mining, oil and gas production, and nuclear energy production; Shell, British Petroleum and British Gas) Pharmaceuticals (Glaxo-Wellcome), chemicals (ICI), aerospace (The British Aircraft Corporation and RollsRoyce), food and drink (Scotch whisky), electronics industry, car industry (Rover), high-tech engineering industry (motor-racing business), and steel industry (The British Steel), etc.
Britain Economy(1)英国经济
For EU, the UK is a naughty boy. Will the nuaghty boy stay or leave? Let's wait and see.
英国与欧盟 为啥闹分手[高清版].ifox
1995年英国制造业占国内生产总值1/6，增长率为2.2%， 从业人员400万(1985年是500 万)，占总就业人口1/6。 建筑业占国民生产总值5%，就业人口180万，占总就业人 口7 %。主要工业有采矿、冶金、化工、机械、电子、电 子仪器、汽车、航空、食品、饮料、烟草、轻纺、造纸、 印刷、出版、建筑等。
在1820至1913年间，英国的人均收入增长比过去任何时 候都要快，大约为1700至1820年期间的3倍。 从19世纪早期起，不断加速的通常被喻为“工业革命” 的技术进步成为世界经济的主要特征，但“工业”这个 词很不恰当地将技术创新的影响狭隘地限于工业部门之 内。 从19世纪70年代起，英国出现了大量以海外投资为目的 的资本流出。约占它的储蓄的一半。从1870年至1913年， 世界人均GDP的年平均增长为1.3%，而在1820年至 1870年间为0.5%，在1700年至1820年为0.07%。
Stonehenge
对外贸易
主要出口品：
manufactured goods, mineral fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs,beverages and tobacco.Machinery, vehicles, etc.
main export partners:
Grmany, The United States, the Netherlands and France
主要进口商品： manufactured goods, machinery,fuels, etc.
British Economy
British economy – an general introduction
The United Kingdom is one of the world's most globalised countries. The capital, London, is a major financial centre for international business and commerce. The British economy is substantially boosted by North Sea oil and gas reserves, worth an estimated £250 Billion in 2007. The British economy is made up (in descending order of size) of the economies of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In 1973, the UK acceded to the European Economic Community which is now known as the European Union after the ratification of the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993. The UK entered its worst recession since World War 2 in 2008. The UK economy grew by 1.2 per cent in Q2 of 2010, the fastest growth in 9 years, accelerating from the 0.3 per cent growth recorded in Q1 of 2010 and 0.4 per cent growth in Q4 of 2009.
Lecture Five British Economy
ons for decline:
Exports of textiles have not competed well with those of other foreign producers who have managed to produce cheaper goods; There has been a rise in cheaper imports of textiles to Britain from foreign producers; Poor and outdated management decisions have caused problem; Substitutions of human-made fibres have been made for natural fibres; An improvement of output per worker has been achieved, due to mechanization.
I. Introduction
Characteristics of Britain’s Foreign Trade
Its foreign trade began to be balanced after oil and natural gas were discovered and exploited from the North Sea in 1970s. Margaret Thatcher’s privatization program and pragmatism (实用主义) helped to increase the competitiveness of British products in the world market.
Lesson 8 -Britain Economy英国经济
The UK EconomyThe primary industry: (take up only1.4% of the national wealth)Agriculture:With 2% of the labour force for 58% food need3/4 land for agriculture (1/4 for crops and 3/4 for grazing)FishingMiningCoal mining (provide 1/4 of the country’s energy)Oil, natural gas, nuclear energy (provide 3/4 of the country’s energy)One of the major export countries of oil and natural gasThree big companies in Britain (英国三大能源公司):Shell （壳牌公司）offshore equipmentBritish Petroleum （英国石油公司）British Gas （英国煤气天然气公司）The world’s largest mining companyRTZ (利奥锡锌公司，世界上最大的矿业公司)The secondary industry (take up only 22% of the national wealth)Pharmaceuticals (Glaxo-Wellcome, the biggest drug company in the world, 英国格兰素—威尔康公司)Chemicals (ICI, 帝国化学工业公司, the 2nd largest paint manufacturer in the world ) Aerospace:ranking the 3rd in the world, producing the full range of aerospace products from civil and military aircrafts to missiles and jet engines)Food and drink (Scotland wisky)Retail industry: “a nation of shop-keepers” (Tesco, Co-op, Safeway, Mark & Spencer) Electronics industry: the 4th largest in the worldA longest history of auto industry (1920s—1950s, the 2nd largest auto producer in the world)Rolls Royce,Aston-Hartin阿斯顿.马丁,Bentley,Mini,Jaguar美洲豹,Rover (bought by Germany BMW)LandRover陆虎targeting the Chinese marketauto components and parts,hig-tech engineering industry (racing car in Formula One)British Steel (the 4th largest steel company)The tertiary industry (take up only 65% of the national wealth)75% of the national workforce is employed in the third sectorBanking (provide both domestic and international financial and commercial services) In London:There are 800 banks, of which about 500 are foreign banks.58% of global trade takes place;1/5 international bank lending takes places;The London Stock Exchange: Capital trading,currency trading (gold currency and paper currency),foreign exchange,financial spot good/commodities or future goods,stock trading,security (government securities/bonds) trading. InsuranceTourismAdvertisingThe retail industryThree major economic stimuli:✓Domestic consumption:household expenditure, cars and transportation, and daily consumption (food, leisure goods and services, household goods and services)✓Export trading and foreign trade:overseas commodity trade alone accounts for about 1/6 of the country’s national income. Significant trading links connect Britain with all major parts of the world.✓Both domestic and foreign investment (governmental and private):Foreign Direct Investment (because of the low domestic capital storage in the developing countries, economic stimulus and employment opportunities)英国经济第一产业：（占用only1.4％的国民财富）农业：用2％的劳动力的58％的食品需要3 / 4的土地用于农业（1 /农作物和放牧的3 /4 4）钓鱼矿业煤炭开采（提供该国的能源1 / 4）石油，天然气，核能（提供该国的能源3 / 4）其中石油和天然气的主要出口国三名在英国大公司（英国三大能源公司）：壳牌（壳牌公司）离岸设备英国石油公司（英国石油公司）英国天然气（英国煤气天然气公司）世界最大的矿业公司RTZ（利奥锡锌公司，世界上最大的矿业公司）第二产业（占用只有22％的国民财富）制药（葛兰素- 威康，在世界上最大的制药公司，英国格兰素- 威尔康公司）化工（ICI，帝国化学工业公司，第二大涂料生产商在世界上）航空航天：排名世界第三，生产的全系列产品，从航天民用和军用飞机，导弹和喷气发动机）食品和饮料（苏格兰wisky）零售行业：（乐购，合作社，Safeway公司，马克与斯宾塞）“的店员的国家”电子行业：在世界第4大一个汽车行业历史最悠久（1920 - 50年代，在世界第二大汽车生产国）罗尔斯罗伊斯公司，阿斯顿- 哈廷阿斯顿。
英国经济英语作文
英国经济英语作文The British Economy: Challenges and Opportunities。
The British economy has long been a topic of interest and debate, with its ups and downs, challenges and opportunities. As one of the world's leading economies, it has faced various challenges in recent years, including the impact of Brexit, the global economic slowdown, and therise of new technologies. However, it also presents numerous opportunities for growth and development, particularly in sectors such as finance, technology, and renewable energy.One of the most pressing challenges facing the British economy in recent years has been the impact of Brexit. The decision to leave the European Union has created uncertainty and instability, leading to a decline in business investment and consumer confidence. The ongoing negotiations between the UK and the EU have also created uncertainty for businesses, particularly those that rely ontrade with the EU. However, despite these challenges,Brexit also presents opportunities for the British economy to forge new trade deals with other countries and to establish itself as a global leader in various industries.Another challenge facing the British economy is the global economic slowdown. The trade tensions between the US and China, as well as the uncertainty surrounding thefuture of the global trading system, have had a negative impact on global economic growth. This has affected the British economy, particularly in sectors such as manufacturing and exports. However, it also presents opportunities for the UK to diversify its trade relationships and to focus on new markets, such as theAsia-Pacific region and Africa.The rise of new technologies, such as artificial intelligence, automation, and the Internet of Things, presents both challenges and opportunities for the British economy. While these technologies have the potential to revolutionize various industries and drive economic growth, they also pose challenges in terms of job displacement andthe need for new skills and training. However, the UK has the opportunity to become a global leader in these technologies, particularly in sectors such as fintech, biotech, and clean energy.Despite these challenges, the British economy also presents numerous opportunities for growth and development. The financial services sector, for example, continues to be a major strength of the UK economy, with London remaining a global financial hub. The UK also has the opportunity to lead the way in the development of new financial technologies, such as blockchain and digital currencies.In addition, the UK has the potential to become a global leader in renewable energy, particularly in offshore wind and solar power. As the world transitions to a low-carbon economy, the UK has the opportunity to capitalize on its natural resources and expertise in this area.Furthermore, the UK has the opportunity to strengthen its position as a global leader in innovation and research, particularly in sectors such as pharmaceuticals,biotechnology, and advanced manufacturing. The government has already announced plans to increase investment in research and development, which will help drive innovation and economic growth.In conclusion, the British economy faces numerous challenges, including the impact of Brexit, the global economic slowdown, and the rise of new technologies. However, it also presents numerous opportunities for growth and development, particularly in sectors such as finance, technology, and renewable energy. By addressing these challenges and seizing these opportunities, the UK has the potential to remain a global economic powerhouse in the years to come.。
Chapter 6 The British Economy
Chapter 6 The British Economy教学课时：2H目的和要求：了解第二次世界大战后英国经济地位衰落的原因，经济发展三个阶段的特点以及英国工业、农业等发展的概况。
教学方法：问题讨论、互动交流教学手段：课件演示教学重点和难点：1、Evolution of the British Economy since 19452、Resources and Industries3、Agriculture4、Foreign Trade课堂讨论:Factors contributing to the decline of British economy after WWII考核目标：1、The evolution of the British economy since WWII2、Measures taken by Mrs Thatcher‟s government to improve the economy3、Reasons for the decline of Britain‟s industries4、Characteri stics of Britain‟s agriculture5、Importance of trade in British economy教学过程及内容：0. Introduction1. “The Factory of the World”Britain used to be known as the “Factory or Workshop of the World” as a result of its Industrial Revolution.2. British declineAfter the WWII, Britain not only gave up its economic hegemony（霸权、霸主地位）, but suffered a deep loss of its position of industrial leadership.3. “British Disease”---a mocking term(1)It is a term often used to characterize Britain‟s economic decline after the wars.(2)It refers to Britain‟s slow growth of productivity, soaring inflation, and largeunemployment.I. Evolution of the British Economy since the war＊1. What are the 3 periods of British economic evolution?The evolution of the British economy since WWII falls into the following 3 periods:(1)Steady development in the 50s and 60s;(2)Economic recession in the 70s;(3)Economic recovery in the 80s.2. What are the characteristics of each of the 3 periods?(1) Steady development in the 50s and 60sA. Background: WWII devastated Europe. The British economy suffered a great dealfrom the war, but it returned to its pre-war level by the end of 1947.B. Characteristics: The British economy in this period is characterized by slow butsteady growth, low unemployment and great material prosperity with risingstandards of consumption.C. Policies: The economic policy it pursued was based on the theory of John Keynes.He suggested that the government should use fiscal and monetary policy tofinetune aggregate demand to achieve full employment, while using prices andincomes policies to suppress inflation at source.(2) Economic recession in the 70sA.Background: Towards the end of the 1960s the rate of inflation began to rise.B.Characteristics: stagflation（滞胀stag nation + in flation）During this period, Britain maintained the lowest growth rate and the highestinflation rate.The rate of inflation: 9.1% in 1973 →16.0% in 1974 →22% in 1980The growth rate: 1.4% between 1973 and 1979C.Policy: To combat high inflation, restrictive fiscal policies were adopted.(3) Economic recovery in the 80sA.Background: Thatcher won the electionIn March 1979 the Conservative Party under the leadership of Thatcher won theelectionB.Characteristics: economic recoverya.An outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length. By1988 the recovery had lasted 7 years.b.Another feature was the improved financial position of the government, withstronger current account of the balance of payments.（收支平衡有了雄厚的活期账户，因此政府的金融地位有了提高）c.An important factory in the recovery was the surge in labor productivity.(劳动生产率的激增)C.Policy: Medium-term Financial Strategya.The new government adopted an economic program known as Medium-termFinancial Strategy.b.Privatization, deregulation and market liberalization replaced prices andincomes control and state interventionism.（私有化、撤销价格管制、市场自由化取代了物价和收入控制及政府的干涉主义）3. What measures did the Thatcher government take to improve the nation’s economy?Thatcher‟s government took numer ous measures to improve the efficiency of the economy, using both macroeconomic and microeconomic policies.A. Macroeconomic measures were directed towards bringing down the rate of inflationand achieving price stability.B. Microeconomic policies were aimed at working with the grain of market forces byencouraging enterprise, efficiency and flexibility. （提高市场竞争力）II. Resources and Industries1. Why is British coal mining called a “sick” industry today?Today British coal mining is called …sick‟ industry.(1) Today British coal mining is declining.A.The output of coal reached its peak just before WWI when 286 million tons weremined.B.Since then the number of miners, collieries and the total output have fallen, e.g. 100million tons in 1985.(2) The consumption of coal is declining.Britain is not as dependent on coal energy as it once was. The consumption of coal in1950 made up 90.4% of the total energy consumption, but in 1989 it only made up8.5%.(3) Reasons: The reasons include: the exhaustion of old mines, costly extraction, poor oldequipment, little money being invested, fall in demand due to imports of cleaner,cheaper and more efficient fuels.（老煤矿的枯竭、昂贵的提炼费、破旧的设备、极少的投资，以及更有效、低廉、洁净的燃料）2. Where are oil and natural gas found in Britain? How important are they to Britain’s economy?(1) Oil and natural gas are found under the North Sea in 1970 and 1965 respectively.(In the past virtually all of the gas and oil had to be imported into Britain, but today Britain is not only self-sufficient in oil but also has a surplus for export.)(2) The transport and domestic heating systems mostly depend on oil. So does the foodsupply, because most agriculture is highly mechanized.3. Where are the main textile producing regions in Britain?(1) The textile industry is one of Britain‟s oldest, which could be traced back to the IndustrialRevolution. Text iles were one of the country‟s most valuable exports.(2) The main textile producing regions of Britain are now the East Midlands (中东部)，Yorkshire and Humberside, and Northern Ireland.4. What are the 2 main shipbuilding centers in Britain?(1) Britain became a world leader in shipbuilding during the middle 19th century.Reasons: A. At that time, iron and steel replaced wood as a material for building merchant ships;B. Its coal, iron and steel industries were well established.C. It had many safe harbors and a good supply of skilled labor.(2) The 2 main centers for shipbuilding were on the River Tyne (泰恩河) near Newcastle inEngland and on the Clyde（克莱德）near Glasgow in Scotland.5. What are the new industries and where can they be found in Britain?(1) The new industriesNew industries are microprocessors and computers, biotechnology and other high-tech industries.(2) Locations---3 areasThey can be found in three areas:A.the area between London and South Wales;B.the Cambridge area of East Anglia,C.and the area between Glasgow and Edinburgh.(3) “Silicon Glen” 硅谷Among the 3 areas, the third area is the most spectacular（最引人注目的）of the three and is now often referred to as the “Silicon Glen”.III. Agriculture1. Pioneer in modern agricultureBritain was the pioneer in modern agriculture and was among the first to bring science and machinery to farming2. Highly mechanizedBritain‟s agriculture is highly mechanized.(1) In Britain, only 3% of the population is farmers(2) they manage 70% of the land area.(3) Modern farmers use computers. They talk about technological farming.3. “Agribusiness” (农业综合经营)（1）The new farming has been called “agribusiness”.(2) Reasons: becauseA.It is equipped and managed like an industrial business（其设备和管理像工业企业一样）B.with a set of inputs into the farm or processes which occur on the farm, and outputsor products which leave the farm.（有一整套输入及在农场上进行的加工，也有一整套输出，从农场上运出来的成品）（3）The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designed to give the maximum output of crops and animals.4. What are the main farming types in Britain?There are mainly 6 farming types in Britain. They are(1) arable farming 耕种业(2) dairy farming 乳品业(3) stock farming 家畜业(4) mixed farming 混合农业(5) hill farming 山地畜牧业(6) market gardening 市场果疏业5. Garden of LondonIt refers to the South-East London where there are many fruit farms. People like to go there to see blossoms in spring.IV. Foreign Trade1. Why is Britain called a “Nation of shopkeepers”?(1) Britain is the 5th largest trading nation in the world.(2) It has been a major trading power since the 17th century(3) Napoleon called it a “nation of shopkeepers”.2. How has Britain’s trade pattern changed in recent years?(1) Traditionally Britain has been an exporter of manufactured goods and an importer of foodand basis materials.(2) More recently this pattern has changed.A.the share of manufactures has fallen and that of fuels risen. 制成品份额减少而燃料份额增加B.Manufactures have accounted for a rising proportion of imports.在进口商品中制造品占的比例逐年上升3. Trade partnersBritain‟s foreign trade is mainly with othe r developed countries.课后思考、练习题1、Answer the following questions:1) What are the three periods as far as the evolution of the British economy is concerned?2) What measures did the Thatcher government take to improve the nation‟s economy?3) Why is Br itish coal mining called a “sick” industries today?4) What are the new industries and where can they be found in Britain?5) Use examples to show that Britain‟s agriculture is highly mechanized.6) How has Britain‟s trade pattern changed in recent years?7) What are the main farming types in Britain? Where are they best suited in Britain?2、Explain the following terms:1) “British disease”2) “Silicon Glen”3) “agribusiness”4) the Garden of London教后附记：---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------。
《英语国家概况》Unit 6 British Economy课件
In the late 18th century Britain acquired vast, unpopulated territories in Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and in the early and middle of 19th century, it colonized large areas in Asia such as India and China. By 1900, Britain had built up a big empire “on which the sun never set”, which included 25% of the world’s population and area.
Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but other countries developed more rapidly, so it slip from being the 2nd largest economy soon after the year 1945 to being the 6th.
produced 1/2 of the world’s coal, iron and cotton;
greater shipping amount than the sum of the rest of the world
2. Overtaken in 1900 by both the United States and Germany. 3. Decline since 1945 （1）It is relative decline
Encouraged by the large quantities of wealth brought by
英国经济
Unclear power (new)
Manufacturing Industry
Pharmaceuticals (GlaxoSmithkline) Chemicals (ICI) Aerospace (the Third largest) Food and drink (Scotch whisky) Electronics industry (the fifth largest) Automobile (foreign-owned) Steel (BSC)
• The third largest center for international conference (US and France)
Foreign Trade
A long history of trading Export : manufactured goods, fuel, chemicals, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery, vehicles, aerospace products, electrical and electronic equipment. Export service: banking, insurance, stock brokerage, consulting and computer programming
Economic Policies (1945-1979)
• Labor Party - carried out drastic reforms
• nationalize key industries (such as coal,
steel and transport) • establish a welfare state(National Insurance Act and National Insurance(Industrial Injuries)Act)
Chapter 5 British Economy
• nationalize key industries (such as
coal, steel and transport)
laid the foundation for postwar British
social and economic development
Result: Britain’s economic growth fell behind
behind
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
Policies (1979-1997)
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Chapter 4
Economy
英 语 国 家 概 况
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
CONTENT
I
Recent History of British Economy
II
Current British Economy
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
Services industries
Services industries, especially, business and financial services—the strongest performing sector in the UK economy London—the strongest performing region in the UK
英语国家概况British_economy1
Brief Introduction of the Economy of UK
the 5th largest in the world in terms of market exchange rates the 6th largest by purchasing power parity (购买力平价法) the 2nd largest economy in Europe after Germany its GDP per capita in 2007 was the 22nd highest in the world. it is also a member of the G8, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the European Union.
Margaret Thatcher 玛格丽特· 撒切尔
1979-90 Conservative
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher (born 13 October 1925) was Prime Minister of United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She is the only woman to have held either post.
Summit of G8 八国集团峰会
The hallmark of the G8 is an annual economic and political summit meeting of the heads of government with international officials.
Chapter 3.British Economy英国经济
3.2 Agriculture
Britain‘s land surface is minimal最小的 compared to many other nations, but British agriculture is very intensive and highly productive. In recent decades output has risen steadily, and agricultural labor has become more productive, due to innovations in farm machinery, biological engineering of seeds and plants, and the increased use of fertilizers, pesticides杀虫剂, and herbicides除草剂. Consequently, imports of food, feed, and beverages饮料 dropped from 36 percent of total imports in 1955 to 11 percent in 1985, and to 10 percent by 1994. Compared to other nations in the European Union, Britain's agricultural sector is much smaller in terms of employment and contribution to the GDP 国内生产总值 (gross domestic product). In 1996 agriculture employed approximately 2 percent of the workforce and contributed 1.4 percent of the GDP.
英美概况British economy Part2
influence monetary policy;
nationalize resources or industries.
Ⅳ Britain’s Economic System: A Unique Mix
3.ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS 工党
the press:
keeps the electorate informed on economic affairs and matters
of policy.
Ⅳ Britain’s Economic System: A Unique Mix
3.ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
● Interest groups Example: CBI (Confederation of British
OECD (Organizations for Economic Cooperation and Development)
IMF (the International Monetary Fund)
WTO (the World Trade Organization) Britain: increasingly subject to economic and trading rules promulgated by these
CHARPER 4
曹秦静雯 19系
Ⅳ Britain’s Economic System: A Unique Mix
3.ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
● Limited Liability Company “Ltd”
Significance: 1.Treated as a “legal person”； 2.Abide by(依从) the obligations(责任) imposed by the British Company Act； 3.Can pursue business interests globally if registered with the nation’s
英语国家概况 第6章 英国经济
①The economy of the UK is the fifth-largest in the world in terms of market ex¬change rates and the sixth-largest bypurchasing power parity（PPP）.①按照市场汇率计算，英国是世界第五大经济体，按购买力平价计算排名世界第六。
②It is the second-largest economy （第二大经济体）in Europe after Germany.②是欧洲继德国之后第二大经济体。
③According to the World Bank’s statistics, its GDP per capita in2012 was the 25th-highest in the world.③根据世界银行的统计，其2012.年国内生产总值在世界排名第二十五位。
④In 2012, the UK was the 11th-largest exporter and the sixth-largest importer in the world.④2012年，英国是世界第十一大出口国和世界第六大进口国。
2）英国是世界上全球化程度最高的国家之一。
其首都伦敦是世界主要的金融中心之一，其他的金融中心还有纽约、中国香港和新加坡。
3）英国经济体是由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰经济体组成。
英国在1973年成为欧洲共同体的成员国，并签署了《马斯赫特条约》，在1993年欧盟成立之初便成为欧盟成员国。
1）1945-1960s Following the end of World War Ⅱ, the UK enjoyed a longperiod without a major recession （from 1945 to 1973）and arapid growth in prosperity in the 1950s and 1960s.1）1945年到20世纪60年代：第二次世界大战结束后，很长的一段时间内，英国保持平稳发展，没有出现大的经济衰退（1945年到1973年），在50、60年代，经济繁荣发展，增长快速。
英国经济(英文版)
The U.K. Economy
Unit 4
Contents: 1. A Brief Introduction to U.K. Economy 2. Absolute Decline and Relative Decline 3. Recent History 4. The Current U.K. Economy 5. Case Study: The Aerospace
The reasons behind the decline of Britain's textile industry are:
(1) Exports of textiles have not competed well with those of other foreign producers who have managed to produce cheaper goods. (2) There has been a rise in cheaper imports of textiles to Britain from foreign producers. (3) Poor and outdated management decisions have caused problem. (4) Substitutions of human-made fibres have been made for natural fibres. (5) An improvement of output per worker has been achieved, due to mechanization.
british economy
Energy production
5% of national wealth exporter of energy Shell British Petroleum British Gas RTZ
Secondary Industries manufacture
Definition The manufacturing sector of industry, where raw materials are turned into saleable products such as oil and steel. Major fields pharmaceuticals (drug company) chemical (ICI) Electronics industry Steel Car company
British Economy
Contents
Decline of British Economy Recent History of British Economy Current Economy
Decline of British Economy
The process of decline Dominant (1880s) changed (1945) overtaken(1990)
Tertiary Industries
Definition This is a section of industry, which covers basic infrastructure and the provision of services. Areas such as finance or transport and the direct marketing or selling of products would be included under this category retailing tourism insurance services advertising
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• Principal resources—oil and gas (in the North Sea, on the coast of Scotland)
Natural Reቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱources
East coast of Scotland
• Large amount of coal (kept for future use) • Highly developed & efficient main road and rail network and airports
• Britain's agricultural sector is small (producing 1.4% of the national wealth) but efficient, producing 58% of the UK's food needs with only 2% of its workforce. Three quarters of Britain's land is used for agriculture, with about a quarter of that under crops—wheat and barley are the two commonest.
II
Current British Economy
the world's fifth largest economy (after US, Japan, Germany and China)
The UK's people are the world's twelfth richest
Sterling—performed relatively well against major currencies in recent years
Result: Britain’s economic growth fell behind
that of western European countries
• The British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s. The oil price rises at that time led to very high rates of inflation (up to 25%). This caused many workers to strike for more pay. The fall in the value of the UK currency (The Pound) even forced the Labour (socialist) government to borrow from the International Monetary Fund.
Agriculture
• Mild climate—favorable environment for agriculture and stock raising • Important crops—wheat, barley,sugar beet, potatoes. • Dairy farming, fishing Manufacturing— • still playing an important role
• National economies can be broken down into three main areas: "primary" industries, such as agriculture, fishing, and mining; "secondary" industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; and tertiary industries, often described as services, such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods.
Causes
Policies
• “mixed economy” – an economy in which there is some public ownership as well as privately owned business
• During the 20th century the government has become involved in the economy through introduction of social welfare policies and laws to regulate industrial relations.
• The rest is grazing for animals, including cattle (both dairy and beef), though sheep are the most numerous livestock. The beef industry has been hit badly by BSE disease in cattle leading to a 1996 ban on beef exports. The best agricultural land is in the south-east of England. • The fishing industry provides 55% of the UK demand for fish. Scottish ports land the majority of the fish caught.
• made the Bank of England independent • emphasized on the minimum wage and supplementing low incomes • emphasized individual responsibility Britain’s economic growth surpassed other major European countries
Economy
CONTENT
I
Recent History of British Economy
II
Current British Economy
I
Recent History of British Economy
Economic decline After World War II, the British economy experienced a period of great difficulty and relative economic decline.
Growth and Decline
two World Wars—great economic loss the era of the British Empire was over— decolonization (losses of raw material & market) military expense (until the process of decolonization completed in the 1960s)
Policies (1945-1979)
• In 1945 the Labor party – carried out drastic reforms
as coal, steel and transport)
• nationalize key industries (such
– laid the foundation for postwar British social and economic development
Policies (1979-1997)
Policies (1979-1997)
• 1979-1997 Conservative Party • Margaret Thatcher – Radical economic reform
• sell back those industries to the private sector beat inflation (primary objective) • Promote competitive spirit in economy
• The technology required to extract oil from the difficult offshore conditions has given UK companies a strong position in the offshore oil industry around the world. Three of the biggest ten companies in Britain are to be found in the energy sector: Shell (half Dutch), British Petroleum (BP), and British Gas. The world's largest mining company, RTZ, is a UK company which operates mines all over the world.
• Coalfields are mostly located in Central Scotland, Central England and South Wales.
• 3 Big producers: Shell, British Petroleum (BP), British Gas (BG)
—Margaret Thatcher
Policies (1997-2007)