词汇学Unit1for class
英语词汇学课后题原题及答案整理缩印版
下列定义所表示的名称:1.a minimum unit of meaning :(morpheme)2.a morpheme to which affixescan be added : (root)3.a linguistic form that can occur as an independent word: (free form)4.a morpheme that must occur with at least one other morpheme: (bound form)5.a bound morpheme attached to a base (root or stem): (affix)6.an affix attached to the beginning of a base (root or stem ): (prefix)7.an affix attached to the end of a base (root or stem) : (suffix)8.an affix (in English,usually a suffix) that changes the form of a word without changing its part of speech or basic meaning: (inflectional affix)9.the process by which noninfectional affixes are added to roots to form words: (derivation)10.the process of joining together two linguistic forms which can function independently : (compounding)各组单词中共同的粘着词根、其词源及语义:1.acoustic,acoustical,acoumeter,acoustician,acoustics,acouphone:(acou-听,GK)2aerodomestics,erodrome,erodynamic,aerofoil,aerogramme,aerolite,aerography,aeronauti cs,aerophysics,aeroplane,aerosphere: (aero-空气GK)3.agenda,agent,agile, active,actor,actual,enact,inactive,transact,interact,react:(ag-,ac-做L)4.agrarian,agricultural,agriculture,agrimotor,agrobiology,agrochemical,agrology,agronom ic,agronomy,agrostology,agrotechnique,agrotechny,agrotown,agrotype: (agr-土地L)5.altimeter,altimetry,altitude,alto,exalt,contralto: (alt-高L)6.amateur,amatory,amiable,amicable,amorous,enamoured,unamiable:(am-,amor-爱L)7.Ample,ampleness,amply,amplidyne,amplification,amplifier,amplify,amplitude,radioam plifier: (ampl-充足L)8.annals,annual,perennial,centennial,annuity,biennial: (ann-年L)9anthropology,philanthropist,misanthropical,anthropotomy,anthropogeneses,anthropogra phy,anthropophagus: (anthrop- 人类GK)10aqualung,aquanaut,aquaplane,aquanelle,aquarium,aquatic,aqueous,aquiculture,aquosity ,subaquatic,subaqueous,terraqueous,aqueduct: (aqu-水L)11archangel,archbishop,arch-criminal,archdeacon,archdiocese,archenemy,archfiend: (arch- 首要GK)12asterisk,asterism,asteroid,astrodome,astrodynamics,astrograph,astrologer,astrology,astr onautics,astronavigation,astronomer,astronomy: (astr- 星GK)13atmosphere,atmolysis,atmometer,atmeter,atmoseal,atmospherics:(atmo-气体GK)14audible,audibility,inaudible,audience,audiology,audio-visual,audiometer,audiophile,aud iophile,audition,auditor,auditorium: (aud- 听L)15atoalarm,autobiographer,autoboat,autobus,autochrome,autoclave,autocrat,autograph,au toinfection,automate,automatic,automation,automobile,autonomy,autotruck,autotype: (auto- 自己GK)16barodynamics,barogram,barograph,barometric,barothermograph:(bar-压力GK)17bathymeter,bathymetric,bathysphere,bathythermograph:(bathy-深海的GK)18Bible,bibliofilm,bibliography,bibliology,bibliolater,bibliomania,bibliophile,bibliophilis m,bibliopole,bibliotheca,bibliotic,bibliotist: (biblio- 书籍GK)19bioassay,biocatalyst,biochemistry,biocide,bioclean,bioclimatic,bioclimatolgy,bioelectri city,biology,biogeneses,biogenic,biogeography,biography,biometerology,bionics,bioscope ,biosyntheses,biotic: (bio- 生命GK)20.Breve,breviary,brevirostrate,brevity,brief,abbreviate,abridge: (bre- 简短L)用否定前缀in-(及其变体),non-,un-构成下列单词的反义词:mature:im regular:ir considerate:in noble:in contentious:non legitimate:il metal:non passive:im ferrous:non accuracy:in endurable:un variance:in inductive: non legible:il reasonable:un rational:ir scrupulous:un staple: non balance:im legalize:il写出下列单词中前缀的意义:antecedent: before byproduct: near apocope: off enclose: in endobiotic: inside epitaph: outside expire: out foretell: before hypocrite: beneath include: in infrared: under intercede: between: intramural: within introspect: into outbid: exceeding overwork: beyond postgraduate: after precede: before proceed: forward retrospect:back subscribe: below superman: above supramundane: beyond transmit: across ultraconservatism: extreme以所列的单词为第一个成分,根据定义写出复合名词(A)green: 1.a stretch of land,round a town,where building is not allowed,so that fields woods,etc,remain:greenbelt 2.a shop-keeper who sells vegetables and fruit:greengrocer3.a young,inexperienced person,especially male,who is easily cheated: greenhorn4.a room in a theatre or concert hall where actors musicians,etc.,can rest when not performing :greenroom(B)hand: 1.a small bag for a woman to carry her money and personal things in: handbag2.a short book giving all the most important information about a subject: handbook3.an apparatus that stops a vehicle,worked by the driver’s hand: handbreak4.a bar of wood or metal fixed beside a place where one walks for holding onto,especially near stairs: handrail(C)after:１.The care or treatment to someone after a period in hospital,prison,etc: aftercare 2.an effect (usually unpleasant) that follows some time after the cause or after the main effect: aftereffect 3.a taste that stays in the mouth after the food that caused it in no longer there : aftertaste 4.an idea that comes later: afterthought (D)sleeping: １a large thick envelope or bag of warm material for sleeping in when camping:sleeping bag ２a railway carriage with beds for passengers:sleeping car３a pill which helps a person to sleep:sleeping pill４.a partner in a business who takes no active part in its operation: sleeping partner (E) running :1. a person with whom another is running for a pair of political positions of greater or less importance,especially those of President and vice-Prisident: running mate 2. handwriting in which the letters are slanted and the words formed without lifting the pen : running hand 3.a headline repeated on consecutive pages (as of a book):running head 4.a footboard especially at the side of an automobile: running board(F)wash: 1.a large fixed basin for water for washing one’s hands and face: washbasin2.a movable board with a wavy surface against which clothes may be rubbed when washing: washboard3.a woman whose job is to wash clothes,often in her own home:washerwoman4.a cloth that is used for washing one’s face and body : washcloth (G)sun:1.the condition of having sore skin after experiencing the effects of strong sunlight:sunburn 2a flash of sunlight,especially through a break in clouds: sunburst3.the time when the sun is seen to disappear as night begins:sunset4.strong sunlight,as when there are no clouds:sunshine(H)break:1.aa sudden failure in operation:breakdown2.the unlawful cantering of a building,using force : break-in3.the action of forcing a way through the enemy: breakthrough4.a division int smaller parts:breakup(I)out:1.sudden appearance or beginning of something bad:outbreak2.a public show of anger:outcry3.money spent for a purpose :outlay4.a way through which something (usually a liquid or a gas )may go out: outlet将下列复合动词译成汉语Blue-pencil:修改,校正cold-shoulder:冷淡court-martial:对...进行军法审判Handcuff:将...上手铐pitch-fork:骤然；把...塞进sandbag:用沙袋阻塞Shipwreck:船只失事short-circuit:使短路snowball:(滚雪球似的)增长Wisecrack:说俏皮话找出下列句子中由名词转化的动词(答案为黑体字的原形)1.A shy,frightened child…”Name the Czar of Russia”2.At once the villagers formed a circle…3.Agamermnon with the rest of the Greek army sailed away..4.Almost before the Trojans could arm themselves..5.I began to see… would expect a large purse stuffed with..6.A few years ago the landlady locked the front7.An upstairs…,questioned the men and …8.The children headed toward school…9.Like the…,branching out…10.An hour went by and darkness still shrouded…11.They boarded boats12.The day-to-day…hard to measure,13.,smog results14.There are a few success stories in battling air…15.Pollution can be trapped before16.If nations traded item17.She’s the one who’s sapped your confidence.18.…,fairly well dressed but19.The young… by pocketing the money.20.But the preparation … to flake off even…形容词转动词(答案为黑体字的原形)1.Calming d own,…2.Such was Pompeii … has been cleared away.3.Houses and clothes must be cleaned more frequently4.…”helped raise the standard of living and lower the standard of air”5.…There his father opened a business…6.The Academy of Science was closed to him7.…to rise are cooled and…8.He emptied out…9.…,and it took half an hour to free him10.The wet clothes will soon dry in the sun.动词转名词(答案为黑体字的原形)1.Why is thisenormous increase in population …to the spread of the …2.…came to the aid of the surgeon…3.I know my friends from the feel of their faces.4.…personalities by touch5.…,between serves6.…of his slow grins7.…an appealing look.8.…has given rise to these…9.…as if it were a chew of tobacco.10.…get rid of Rex.写出下列报刊标题中使用的截短词的全称 auto workers end strike.(automobile)2.Soviet sub off Japan.(submarine)3.Palestinian demos mark massacres.(demonstrations):first use of nuke weapons not unlawful.(nuclear)5.Viet troops suffer setback in Kampuchea.(Vietnamese)6.Iran asks for into on stolen gems.(information)7.Petrochemical Corp builds 42 banks.(corporation)8.Rural-credit co-ops to get more autonomy.(cooperatives)9.W Europe acts to meet high-tech challenge.(high-technology)10.Setback for governing parties in Euro vote.(European)写出下列首字母拼音词的全称并译成汉语1.AIM: Air Intercept Missile 空中截击导弹2.BADGE: Base Air Defence Ground Environment 基地防空地面警备系统3.BAR: Browning Automatic Rifle 勃朗宁自动步枪4.CAR: Civil Air Regulations 民航条例5.CORE: Congress of Racial Equality 争取权平等大会6.DOP: developing-out paper 相纸7.FIA T: Fabbrica Italiana Automobili 菲亚特汽车公司8.MAP: Military Aid Program 军事援助计划9.MOSS: manned orbital space station 在人轨道空站10.MOUSE: minimum orbital unmanned satellite the earth 不载人的最小地球卫星11.NANA: North America Newspaper Alliance 北美报业联盟12.NA TO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织13.OPEC;Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries石油输出国组织14.SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks限制战略武器会谈15.SAM: surface-to-air missile 地对空导弹16.SEA TO: Southeast Asia Treaty Organizaion 东南亚条约组织17.SHAPE: Supreme Head quarters of Allied Powers in Europe 欧洲盟军最高司令部18.UFO :Unidentified Flying Object 不明飞行物19.Vera: Vision electronic recording apparatus 电子录像机20.Zip: Zone improvement plan 邮政编码制度写出下列复合动词是什么词逆生而来1.globe-trot:globe-trotter2..brainwash:brainwashing3.ghost-write:ghost-writer4.sleep-walk:sleep-walker5.spoon-feed:spoon-fed6.air-condition:air-conditioning7.book-keep:book-keeper 8.browbeat:browbeating9..caretake:caretaker 10.gatecrash:gatecrasher11.housebreak:housebreaker 12.housekeep:housekeeper13.mass-produce:mass-production 14.muckrake:muckraker15.proof-read:proof-reading 16.sightsee:sightseeing17.stage-manage:stage-manager 18.merry-make:merry-making19.street-walk:street-walker 20.window-shop:window-shopping下列概念意义可以用什么英语单词确切的表达出来:A.1.to walk laboriously,with effort:pold,trudge2.to walk like a duck:waddle3.to walk in a pompous or affected manner:struct4.to slide and drag the feet:stagger5.to walk in a loose,ungainly way:slouch6.to walk with long steps:stride7.to walk affectedly with short steps:mince8.to walk slowly,wasting time:dawdle9.to walk as if wearing slippers:shuffle10.to walk in a busy,active way:hustleB.1.to speak in a slow,prolonged manner:drawl2.to make involuntary breaks in utterance:stammer3.to express displeasure with compressed lips:mutter4.to talk rapidly,making inarticulate sounds:gabble5.to pronounce the sibilant letter imperfectly:lisp6.to have a friendly talk about family things:chat,yarn7.to spread idle gossipe:tattle8.to talk on and an about trifling,childish things:prattle9.to speak with contempt:sneer10.to speak fanatically:rave根据下列动物的属性,指出他们的象征意义:1.ant:frugality and provision2.ape:uncleanness,malice,lust3.bat:blindness4.bear:ill—temper5.bee:industey6.bull:strength7.calf:lumpshness 8.camel:submission9.cat:deceit 10.cock:vigilance11.crocodile:hypocrisy 12.crow:longevity13.dog:fidelity 14.dove:innocence15.eagle:majesty 16.elephant:sagacity17fly:feebleness 18.fox:cunning19goose:conceit 20.hare:timidity下列名词都来自古英语,写出与下列名词对应的源拉丁语的形容词:1.brother:fraternal2.Cat:feline3.child:puerile4.daughter:filial5.day:diurnal6.dog:canine7.ear:auricular 8.earth:terrestrial 9.egg:oval10.eye:ocular 11.father:paternal 12.fire:igneous13.foe:hostile 14.fox:vulpine 15.friend:amicable16.hand:manual 17.head:capital 18.heart:cordial19.heaven:celestial 20.horse:equine 21.husband:marital22.kidney:renal 23.knight:equestrian 24.life:vital25.light:lucid 26.lip:labial 27.man:humank:lactic 29.mind:mental 30.moon:lunar31.mother:maternal 32.mouth:oral :nominal34.night:nocturnal 35.nose:nasal 36.ox:bovine37.room:spacious 38.sea:marine 39. sheep:ovine40.sight:visible 41.skin:cutaneous 42.son:filial43.spring:vernal 44.stream:fluvial 45.star:stellar46.sun:solar 47.time:temporal 48.tongue:lingual49.tooth:dental 50.town:urban 51.tree:arboreal52.truth:veracious 53.war:bellicose 54.water:aqueous55.wife:conjugal 56.world:mundane 57.worm:vermicular58.woman:feminine 59.youth:juvenile 60.book:literaey选择适当的单词填入句子1.He waited with( bated) breath.2.The brother and sister are both (blondes).3.There is a (break)in the clouds.4.Her (bridal) grown was trimmed with lace.5.A (pedal) of the bicycle fell off.6.Cromwell (reigned) over England like a king.7.The wreckers began to (raze) the building.8.Although we watched carefully,the guard remained (stationary) for one hour.9.Edgar cannot sail until he has a full (complement) of men for hiscrew,and …..10.Eric was a tireless scholar,he would (pore)over his books without a breakuntil….将下列各组词分别填入句子A 1 .John’nature was so (sanguine) that we all felt cheered up….2. The battle was so (sanguinary) that hardly a combatant …...B 1. We could not have a worse judge than the one we had,he wascompletely (uninterested) in the case and …..2. We could not have a better judge than Judge Blandford; he wasfriendly,knowledgeable,and above all completely (disinterested).C 1. Although we played them on even terms for the first half,the second halfwas a (rout). 2. To get to our cottage you follow (route)….D 1. The (official) in charge of the game…2. Time was so (officious)in his new job…..E 1. The dress was made of synthetic ( material).2. The general needs more troops and (materiel).F 1. The (moral) of the story….2. The (morale) of our troops is high.G 1. All men are (fallible).2.The argument,convincing ……..to be (fallacious).H 1. Some say Shakespeare takes (precedence) over all ….2. There was no (precedent)for the granting of a ….I 1. John,who was sulle n and (taciturn) by nature,found that ….2. They arrived at a (tacit) agreement.J 1.The building plans are (impracticable).2.My husband …..,but he is so (unpractical)that he cannot …用英语解释下列句子中help 及其派生词的意义1.If you want to lose some weight,Jim,you must start avoiding second helpings.(secondservings)2.“God help me !”he murmured…..(protest)3.He gave us a helping hand when we were in trouble.(i.e.he helped us)4. Yes,I know he’s a rascal,but I can’t help liking him.( i.e.I can’t but like him)5.Did you have any help from anyone with …..(assistance)6.Don’t be away longer than you can help.(avoid)7.I do think you could have been a bit more helpful .(ready or willing to assist)8.“Help!Help! I’m drowning !”(Save me)9.I am very sorry but I can’t help it .( i.e.I can’t do otherwise)10. Can I help you in any way ?(assist you)11. We are a bit hard up this month,my dear,so don’t spend more than you canhelp .(avoid)12. Give me only a very small helping,please.(serving)13. I’m telling you the truth,so help me God!( i.e.May God punish me if I am not ！)14.We’re awfully sorry that we were giggling –but we couldn’t help it .( i.e.do anything tostop it )15.Would you help me to carry this suitcase,please?(assist)16.Would you help me to some potatoes,please ?( i.e.serve me with)17.Your liver is not in a very good condition …….if I could help it .(avoid)18.Your presence was extremely helpful,…(i.e.it gave great assistance)19.The helping you gave me would have fed a football team !(serving)20.The whisky is on the table…Help yourself.( i.e.Take what you want,when you want it )写出下列各组同义词的共同基本意义1Sorrow,grief,anguish …..(distress of mind )2Bad,evil,wicked,…(not ethically acceptable )3Regard,respect ,esteem …(to recognize the worth of a person or thing )4Disprove,refute, confute…(to show or try to show by presenting evidence thar somethingis not true)5.Incline,bias,dispose …(to influence one to have or take an attitude toward something )6.Level,flat,plane …(having a surface without bends,curves or irregularities )7.Generous,liberal,liberate,….(giving freely and unstingily)8.Free,release,liberate, …(to loose from constraint or restraint )9.Frank,candid,open…(show willingness to say what one things or feels)10Envious,jealous (begrudging another’s possession of something )11Assert,declare,affirm,protest …(to state or put forward positively,usually inanticipation of or in the face denial or objection )12. Aggressive,militant,assertive…(conspicuously or obtrusively active or energetic )13.Agile,polite….(acting or moving with easy alacrity)14.Civil,polite,gallant …(observant of forms required by good breeding )15.V ociferous,clamorous,blatant,…(so loud or insistent as to compel attention)16.Bear,suffer,endure …(to put up with something trying or painful )17.Decrease,lessen,diminish…(to grow or make less )18.Heritage,inheritance,patrimony…(something received from a parent orpredecessor)19.Keep retain,detain ..(to hold in one’s possession or under one’s control)20.Bare,naked nude …(deprived of naturally or conventionally appropriate covering)指出并改正误用词语1.The convict paced within the ….(confound) 应改为(confines)2.I remember the name,but …..(replace )…(recall)3.His antisocial behaviour results from lack of…..(formidable)… (formative)4.When I grow up I want to be a…..(pronouncer)…(announcer)5.He left enough leave-way for ….(leave-way)…(leeway)6.The flagrance of her….(flagrance)…(fragrance)7.I found the Oriental dishes….(palpable) …(palatable)8.The corpse had been so dissected over….(dissected)…(dislocated)9.The colonel’s appearance was so marital with….(marital )…(martial)10.Our elementary needs were planned for…..(elementary)..(alimentary)11.It is hoped that this course will enlarge….(perimeter)…(parameter)12.If we look long enough in this material we…(statue)…(statute)13.He desserted his friends just wh en they needed him .(desserted)…(deserted)14.Kurt had been innocuous against influenza,but he….(innocuous)…(inoculated)15.Eric was so ingenuous about household….(ingenuous)..(ingenious)16.The dinosaurs may have been unable to adopt…(adopt)…(adapt)17.After their brief alteration they shook hands,…(alteration )..(altercation)18.The game came to a climatic finish with …(climatic)…(climactic)19.The mountain lions are all extant in the mountains; not….(extant)…(extinct)20.Mother’s dreams were irreverent to the …(irreverent)..(irrelevant)用否定前缀写出下列单词的反义词1arm:disarm 2.honour:dishonor 3.join:disjoin 4.legible:illegible5.legitimate:illegitimate6.mature:immature7.moderate:immoderate8.fertile:infertile9.sanitary:insanitary 10.resolute:irresolute 11.reverent:irreverent 12.trust:mistrust13.fit:misfit 14.understand:misunderstand 15.adjacent:nonadjacent16.existence:nonexistence 17.alliance:non-alliance 18.conscious:unconscious19.intelligence:unintelligent 20.symmetrical:unsymmetrical找出下列各组同义词相应的反义词A1.fast(slow) 2.rapid(leisurely) 3quick(sluggish) 4.hasty (deliberate) 5.speedy(dilatory)B. 1.beautiful (ugly) 2.pretty (plain) 3.fair (foul) 4.lovely (unlovely)C. e (go) 2.arrive (depart) 3 .reach (leave ) 4 .gain (lose )D.1.happiness (misery) 2.joy (sorrow) 3.delight(distress) 4.enjoyment (suffering)下列各词都经历了词义范围的变化,a演变前b演变后,判断词义是扩大还是缩小;1.starve 缩小 a.to die b.die or suffer acute ly from hunger2.person 缩小 a.person b.paster3.box 扩大 a.containter made of boxwood b.container in general4.beef 缩小 a.ox b.meat of the ox5.citizen 扩大 a.city b.inhabitant of state or nation6.voyage 缩小 a.journey b.journey by waterl 扩大 a.place for grinding b.place for milking things8.frock 扩大 a.garment of a monk b.various kinds of garments9.dismantle扩大 a.to strip of dress or mantle b.to strip of furniture or equipment10.campus 缩小 a.field b.grounds of a college11.operate 缩小 a.to perform any operation b.to performance a surgical operation12.charge 扩大 a.load;burden b.task; responsibility,price,etc.13.drowse 缩小 a.to sink b.to sink into sleepyman 扩大 a.one who is not of clergy b.one who is not an expert15.ferry 缩小 a.to carry b.to transport across a river16.chant 缩小 a.to sing b.to intone17.butcher 扩大 a.one who kills he-goats b.one who kills animals for food18.chamber扩大 a.room b.room; legislative body,etc.19.hound 缩小 a.dog b.hunting dog20.tail 扩大 a.hairy caudal appendage of an animal b.anything like an animal’s tail in form or position现代英语中专门术语进入日常生活并扩大了词义,找出与下列术语对应的一般意义1.alibi excuse2.scenario description of a possible3.charismatic having popular appealpulsive habitual5.catalyst any stimulus in hastening a result6.ambiance quality,feeling,etc.of a place7.osmosis subtle or gradual absorption or mingling8.psychology mental processes9.syndrome distinctive or characteristic patern of behaviour10.subliminal of which one is not consciously aware11.parameter determining factor .characteristic12.philosophy practical opinion or body of opinionsplex obsession of any kind14.schizophrenia any mental or emotional disorder15.interface connection16.neurotic nervous,eccentric,given to worry17.sadism cruelty18.bottom line conclusion,clincher19.paradigm typical example of sth20.exhibitionism showing off下列词经历了词义褒贬的变化,a和b是演变前后的词义,判断是褒义化还是贬义化1.sturdy 褒 a.stern stubborn reckless b.stout vigorous firm2.reek 贬 a.smoke b.stink3.counterfeit 贬 a.to copy to reproduce b.to imitate with intent to deceive4.fame 褒 a.rumour report b.celebrity renown5.mischievous 褒 a.disastrous b.playfully annoying6.civil 褒 a.of itizens b.cultured; courteous7.smirk 贬 a.smile b.simper8.glamour 褒 a.spell; enchantment b.attractiveness;allure9.busybody 贬 a.busy person b.officious and meddlesome person10.churl 贬 a.freeman b.boor; niggard11.luxury 褒 a.lust b.sumptuousness12.err 贬 a.wander b.go astray13.chiffon 褒 a.rag b.sheer fabric of silk,etc.14.brook 贬 a.to enjoy ; to make use of b.to endure; to tolerate15.elocution 贬 a.style of speaking b.studied or artificial style of speaking16.fair 贬 a.beautiful;pleasant b.moderate ; tolerable17.sergeant褒 a.servant b.non-commissioned officer18.dizzy 褒 a.foolish b.vertiginous19.inquisition贬 a.investigation b.persecution20.sophisticated 褒 a.overly complex or refined b.sufficiently complex or knowing 动物名称比喻人,还可转化为动词描绘人的动作,说明下列词的隐喻意义A.动物名词1.bull 粗壮的男子2.butterfly 举止轻浮的人(尤指妇女)3.cat 刁钻或居心叵测的女子4.dove 温柔或纯真的妇女,儿童;鸽派(美国)5.goose 傻瓜6.hawk 掠夺成性的人;骗子;鹰派(美国)7.jackal 为虎作伥的人;狗腿子mb 温顺的人;小宝贝9.lion 勇猛异常的男人10.magpie 喋喋不休的人11.mule 执拗或顽固的人12.phoenix 超群出众的人13.pig 肮脏或贪吃的人;警察猪猡14.puss 少女或小姑娘15.serpent 阴险的毒辣的人16.sheep 忸怩,温驯或胆小的人17.skunk 卑鄙可恶的人18.sucker 容易上当受骗的人19.swine 下流坯;鄙俗的人20.vixen 泼妇B.动物名称转化为动词 1.to crow over 洋洋自得 2.to ferret 搜索3.to fish for 探求；绕弯打听4.to gull 欺骗,使人上当5.to hound 追逐逼迫6.to monkey 胡闹；嘲弄；模仿7.to parrot 机械仿效,随声附和8.to rat 变节,告密9.to shark 诈骗.勒索10.to snake 蜿蜒前进；拖曳隐喻的基础是形状,功能,褒贬的类似,据此区别以下斜体词语属哪种类型1.the tail of a procession 形状2.a ray of hope 功能3.a wolf in sheep’s clothing 贬义4.an early bird 褒义5.piercing sound 功能6.a flight of fancy 功能7.the cup of the valley 形状8.crocodile tears 贬义9.forks of the road 形状10.to rivet one’s gaze 形状11.golden hours 褒义12.a saddle in the mountains 形状13.loud colours 功能14.stony politeness 贬义15.the mantle of darkness 功能16.Richad the Lion-Heart 褒义17.torments of jealousy 功能18.the ribs of vault 形状19.a watery style of writing 贬义20.skyrocketing prices 形状21.the book of time 功能22.a loan shark 贬义23.to bridle one’s anger 功能24.a smart invention 褒义25.the head of the school 功能26.to dive into a book 形状27.to lend wings to someone 功能28.a mere wisp of a girl 形状29.the lungs of a city 形状30.an unlicked cub 贬义提喻是局部和整体之间的替代.判断下列A组各词和B组中的黑体词是局部喻整体(1)还是整体喻局部(2)所喻意义A1.head cattle 12.redbreast robin 13.corn maize 24.roof house or home 15.cattle cows 26.wheels automobiles 17.blade sword 18.cutthroat murderer 19.the smiling year spring 210.hard tails mules 111.to dial to telephone 112.fox/beaver the fur of the animal 2B. 1.a motor trip/the motor industry 12.meat and drink 13.a mink coat 24.a basket of provisions 25.to have a word with someone 16.to tread a measure 27.All hands on deck! 18.The law was there in force. 2写出下面委婉用语所代替的词1.to refresh oneself: to eat2.deranged: mad3.necropolis: cemetery4.perspiration: sweat5.unwise: foolish6.expectorate: spit7.indigestion : overeating 8.inexpressibles: trousers9nether garments: pants 10.loan-office: pawnshop11.non-whites :blacks 12.in an interesting condition: pregnant13public comfort station :toilet 14.deuce: devil15Golly : God d: Lord17prevaricate : lie id to rest: buried19paying-guests: tenants 20.to be no more: to die简化下列复合名词并译成汉语1.banner headline:banner头号标题2.howler hat:bowler 圆顶大礼帽3.crepe paper:crepe绉织物(如绉绸、绉布等)4.dandy-cart:dandy 二轮小车5.duck egg:duck 零分6.flashback:flash倒叙7.hoarfrost:hoar 白霜8.human being:human 人9.jacquard loom:jacquard 提花机10.jockstrap:jock(运动员等用的)下身护体11.porter’s knot:knot 垫肩12.kraft paper:kraft牛皮纸13.turning-lathe:lathe 车床14.poet laureate:laureate桂冠诗人15.eyelid:lid 眼睑16.linen paper:linen 亚麻纸17.road metal:metal 碎石料18.smelling salts:salts嗅盐19.sapwood:sap 白木质20.Teddy boy:Teddy 无赖青年指出各对同义词的本族语词1.beak-bill2.break-sever3.feed-nourish4.amity-friendship5.prevent-hinder6.begin-commence7.womanly-feminine 8.wet-humid9.solitary-lonely10.people-folk11.deep-profound 12.exterior-outer13.cordial-hearty14.dale-valley15.have-possess 16.conceal-hid e17deed-action 18.holy-sacred19.give-present 20.aid-help21.inner-interior 22.deadly-mortal23.motherly-maternal 24.question-ask25.masculine-manly26.buy-purchase27.thin-tenuous 28.earthly-terrestrial29.royal-kingly30.fatherly-paternal31violin-fiddle32.domestic-homely33.mount-rise34.world-universe35.answer-reply 36.celestial-heavenly37.vivacious-lively38.bodily-corporal39.brotherhood-fraternity 40.aqueous-watery英译汉 1.Chinese cabbage白菜 2.chinese spinach菠菜3.Chinese date 枣子4.Chinese eddo芋头5.Chinese gooseberry 猕猴桃6.Chinese oil桐油7.Chinese goose 鸿雁8.Chinese wall长城9.Chinese block 木鱼10.Chinese boxes套盒11.Chinese ink 墨12.Chinese puzzle七巧板13.Chinese red 橙红色14.Chinese lantern灯笼15.Chinese chequers 跳棋16.Chinese calendar农历17.Chinese herbal medicine中草药18.Chinese restaurant syndrome中国餐厅综合症将下列科学术语译成汉语:1、aerotrain:飞行火车 2.artificial intelligence:人工智能3.astrobiology:太空生物学4.barratrics:肥胖症治疗法5.callositics:遗传分类学6.cogeneration:废热发电7.cosmodon:太空站8.cryonics:人体冷冻学9.cytoecology:细胞生态学10.datamation:自动化数据处理11.dysgenesis:发育不良12.ecosphere:生态层13.euphenics:优种学14.exocrinology:外分泌学15.fetology:胎儿学16.fibre optics:纤维光学17.hard science:硬科学(指自然科学) 18.inertia welding:惯性焊接rmation retrieval:信息检索unch vehicle:运载火箭21.linear algebra:线性代数22.macroinstruction:宏观指令23.marsquake:火星地震24.microprocessor:微型电脑25.neonatology:新生儿生理学26.nerve agent:神经毒剂27.oncogenicity:致癌性28.parameter:参数,参量29.photobotany:光植物学30.planetology:行星学31.plasma physics:等离子物理学32.quantum chemistry:量子化学33.retro-rocketry:制动火箭学34.revascularization:换血管术35.saucerman:外太空人36.sealab:海底实验室37.selenodesy:月面测量学38.test-tube baby:试管婴儿39.thermal breeder-reactor:热增殖反应堆40.videophone:电视电话将下列新复合词译成汉语:1.after-sale service:售后服务2.apartment complex:公寓建筑群3.arm wrestling:扳手腕4.bad-mouth:恶意中伤5.bait-and switch:“上钩掉包”诱售法的6.beam weapon:激光束武器7.bed-in:露宿示威8.body language:身势语9.bubble top:(汽车)透明防弹圆罩10.buzz word:时髦词语11.convenient food:方便食品12.cruise missile:巡航导弹13.cup-tied:参加优胜杯决赛的14.dark comedy:黑色喜剧15.data bank:数据库16.day-care:日托的17.diet pill:减肥丸18.dunk shot:篮球塞射(砸篮)19.family planning:计划生育20.flick-knife:弹簧折刀21.floor exercise:自由体操22.free-associate:自由联想23.happy hour:(酒吧)减价供应饮料的时间24.honey wagon:垃圾车25.hot-dog:太棒了26.man-on-man:(球赛)人盯人27.overhead walkway:行人大桥28.pop-top/ring pull:易拉罐29.pop wine:果味甜酒30.rent strike:集体抗租31.retort pouch:软装罐头32.shunpike:驾车走支路33.sick-out:集体托病怠工34.shinny-dip:裸泳35.sober-up:解酒的36.space talk:宇航术语37.spy-in-the-sky:侦查卫星38.talk show/chat show:名人现场采访节目39.value-added tax:增值税40.vanity surgery:美容外科将下列各词的英式拼写改为美式拼写:1.draught: draft2.plough: plow3.litre: liter4.offence: offense5.pyjamas: pajamas6.cheque: check7.flyer: flier 8.scepticism: skepticism 9.harbour:harbor10.ensure: insure 11.cosy: cozy 12.manoeuvre: maneuver13.civilise: civilize 14.anaemic: anemic 15.gaol:jail16.inflexion: inflection 17.moustache: mustache 18.oesophagus: esophagus19.queue: cue 20.shew: show将下列各词的英式拼写简化为美式拼写:1.counsellor:counselor2.remould: remold3.axe: ax4.cigarette: cigaret5.jewellery:jewelry6.omelette: omelet7.storey: story 8.good-bye: good-by 9.speciality: specialty10.towards: toward 11.waggon: wagon 12.catalogue: catalog13.aluminium: aluminum 14.levelled: leveled 15.moult:molt16.programme: program 17.judgement: judgment 18.licence: license19.amidst: amid 20.practice,practise: practice用一个英语单词代替下列成语:1.of one’s own accord: voluntarily2.exchange blows with: fight3.get away: escape4.on the nail: immediately5.play false: betray6.a slap in the face: insult7.in a body: collectively 8.make head or tail of: understand9.behind the times: unfashionable e across: discover11.under false colours: falsely 12.make away with: destroy13.from time to time: occasionally 14.call on :visit15.neither rhyme nor reason:nonsense 16.throw cold water on: discourage17.by the way: incidentally 18.by word of mouth: verbally19.lord and master: husband 20.behind closed doors: privately将下列名词性成语译成汉语:1.the ace of trumps:主要的王牌,最有力的理由或要据.2.an apple of discord:争端,祸根3.the apple of one’s eye:珍爱的人或东西4.a beast of burden:驮畜5.a bed of roses:称心如意个环境6.a bird of passage:候鸟,漂泊不定的人7.a fish out of water:不适应环境的人8.a Jack of all trades杂而不精的人9.the lion’s share:最大的一份10.a lion in the tongue:拦路虎(尤指臆想的危难)11.a slip of the tongue:口误12.a snake in the grass:隐患13.a wild goose chase:徒劳的搜索,无益的劳动14.a wet blanket:扫兴的人15.a white elephant:无用而累赘的东西16.a swan song:最后的作品17.sour grapes:酸葡萄18.an iron hand:高压手段19.the green-eyed monster:嫉妒20.a dog in the manger:占着茅坑不拉屎的人将下列隐喻成语的适当形式填入句子:1.The shopkeepers speak in slow,measured tones,and the buyers,overwhelmed by thesepulchral atmosphere, follow suit2.Neither does the river theory“hold water”,in the face of what is known about noduledistribution.3.What now seems to be in the air is a multilateral deal be tween the seven countries…..4.When they find who done that last night,who killed that kid an’its mother,thenhightailed it,they’ll throw the book,and never mind who it is……5.For the mighty army of consumers,the ultimate applications of the computer revolutionare still around the bend of a silicon circuit.6.More than 100 reporters were on hand,and even radio announcers,who for the first timein history were to broadcast a jury trial.7.The judge called for a local minister to open the session with prayer,and the trial gotunder way.8.P&O,for example,while still out to increase the total…But P&O has no intention ofthrowing in the towel.9.He was struggling with the clasps on his suitcase,and Pug gave him a hand.10.On our way back,every U-boat in the Atlantic will certainly be on battle alert.We shallhave to run the gamut.11.One night Churchill took the floor in the Augusta washroom after dinner,…….12.If,at some future date,it becomes the wish of our sister colonies to effect aseparation,we will not stand in the way .13.The fact that their marriage may be on the rocks,or that their love affairs have beenbroken or even that…14.The peasants were allowed to eat the rabbits that scampered over their fields and,sincethat meat was cheap,the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it.15.Like me,they had been divorced from their origins,and it turned out to make very littledifference….they were mo more at home in Europe than I was.16.But what is Anna Karenina describing if not the tragic fate of the isolated individual,atodds with her time and place?17.The illicit jump we find here,on the threshold of the inquiry,is characteric of the …18.These people vote without a qualm for the political parties that quite sensibly-theircountry arm…to the teeth.19.Nowadays New Year is out of phase with American taste as often as it is out of stepwith American politics.20.The mother was on the verge of panic.She clutched his arm and kept repeating,…1、It may be objected that he is not sophisticated enough to mediate the disputebetween them.有人可能会提出异议说，他没有足够的本领能调解他们之间的纠纷。
词汇学(第一章)-PPT课件
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3. Native words and borrowed words 本族语词和外来语词
Native words / Angle-Saxon words
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native
words. They form the great majority of the
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Another important characteristic is that function words belong to a relatively small and permanent set of words, in comparison to content words. The total number of functional words is about 154. They are stable; they do not come and go with changing fashions and ideas.
basic word stock of the English language.
The basic word stock is the foundation of the
vocabulary accumulated over a number of
epochs. Most native words in modern
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6
What causes the differences between sound and form?
➢ 1) More morphemes than letters, ➢ 2) Stabilization of spelling, ➢ 3) Deliberate change of spelling by
英语词汇学教程全套课件精选文档
VS
Common suffixes include "ness", "- tion", "- ism", "- ment", "- ity", etc.
Root word
Root word is the basic form of vocabulary, usually a monosyllabic word that can be used independently. For example, "act" is a root word that can add different prefixes and suffixes to form other words, such as "action", "react", "activate".
The Importance of English Lexicology
English Lexicology is crucial for language learners because it helps them understand the meaning and usage of words, improving their vocabulary and language comprehension
It is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the vocabulary of a specific language, providing a systematic and comprehensive understanding of words and their meanings
英语词汇学课件Unit
Combining two or more words to create a new word, e.g., "eyewitness," "motherland."
Synthesis
Changing the form of a word to create a new word or expression, e.g., "run" to "ran," "walk" to "walk a walk."
Blending: Combining the sounds or parts of two words to create a new word, e.g., "smog," "break."
Prefixes and suffixes that are added to the beginning or end of words to modify their meanings or functions, e.g. "un -" in "unhappy," "- ness" in "happiness."
The rapid pace of technological advancement has greatly influenced the English vocabulary New terms related to technology, such as "cyberpunk" or "algorithm," have entered the language to describe these advancements
英语词汇学第一章
Chapter 11.1 What Is a Word词的概念：A word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters.（一个词可以被定义为一组有意义的字母）词包含以下几点：① a minimal free form of a language.一门语言中最小的形式② a sound unity.一个声音统一体③ a unit of meaning.一个意义单位④ a form that can function alone in a sentence.能在句子中起独立作用的一个形式A word is a free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntacticfunction.词是一门语言中具有一定的声音，意义和句法功能的最小形式Words can be simple and complex.词可以是简单的也可以是复杂的1.2 Sound and Meaning声音与意义之间的关系：This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary,and there is no logical relationship between the sound and the actual thing and idea itself .The relationship between them is conventional. 这种象征性的联系几乎总是任意的，声音与实际的事物和观念本身没有逻辑关系。
他们之间的关系是约定俗成的。
1.3 Sound and Form读音与拼写不一致的原因：①The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.②The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years.③Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.①英语字母表是从罗马人那里采用的，罗马人没有一个单独的字母来代表语言中的每个声音。
词汇学第一章汇总
English Lexicology 英语词汇学Fall 2012Irene FlorenteHow do we communicate?Making soundsGesturesWritingWordsAnything else?Write down 10 English words you like on a piece of paperDo you know where these words came from (what languages)?Can they be spelled differently?What part of speech are they? (Noun, verb, adverb, etc)Do these words have more than one meaning or have different meanings when used in idioms?Where do words come from?How are they created?How do they change as history changes?How do they change as people speaking other languages invade or immigrate to their countries?What are the different types of words?Is language alive?(these questions are just for discussion and reflection)Some new words you will learn in this class morphemes, affix, polysemy, vocabulary, characteristics of words, collocations, neologisms, archaisms, characteristics of native words, types of borrowed wordsWhat does lexicology mean?What words do you see in the word?Lexicon/Lexis-ologyAnyone want to take a guess?1. What is lexicology (词汇学)?The literal meaningof lexicology is the “science of the word” It is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of a given language. Why is it important to study lexicology? lexicologyLexis/lexicalology (Greek for“of words”) (science of)Topics to be discussed this semesterWhat is a word? How are words created?Where do English words come from?How do languages acquire vocabulary?Different types of vocabulary and word meaningChanges in word structure and word meaning Sense relationsEnglish IdiomsEmail to find class ppts, textbookand notesLogin: lexlinglot@Password: 800morphemesLogin: lexlinglot@Password: 800morphemesSo there’s no need to come and copy the ppts at the end of each class since it will be late when class ends. ☺(the class textbook is already there)What’s in a word?A minimal free form of a languageA sound unityA unit of meaningA form that can function alone in a sentence The term word refers to the fundamental unitof a given language, with sound and meaning (lexical and grammatical), capable of performing a given syntactic function.What’s in a word?Sound and Meaning: A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world. represents a concept which can be communicated with meaning.A word consists of one or more morphemes Each culture has come to agree that a certain sound represents a certain meaning and there is no “logical relationship”How to say “dog” in differentlanguagesArabic = calbChinese = gouDanish = hundFrench = chienGreek = skylosItalian = caneJapanese = InuSpanish = perroMy point is that these sounds have no logical relation to the actual animal and yet they are all words that mean “dog!”But Chinese characters aredifferent!VocabularyThe term vocabulary refers to all the words of a given languageAll the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabularyReviewWhat is a root word?What is a prefix?What is a suffix?These are all examples of affixes.Example of a root word with affixesAffix：A word element, such as a prefix or suffix, that can only occur attached to a base, stem, or root.Root word: “foot”What are some words we can make with “foot?”“Foot” with affixes: Football, footpath, footprint, footageRoot word: “dog”What are some words we can make with “dog?”“Dog” with affixes: doghole, doghouse, dogpaddle, doglikeHow many English words can you make with the letters below? Ekamon (You don’t have to use all letters)MONK MAKE AMOK KENONAME OMEN MANE AMENMOAN MEAN NOM MANMEN AEON EM OM MA MEAM ONE EONON NO ANWhat is a morpheme(形态素,词素)?Definition:A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language.It is the smallest part of a word that still contains meaning.(a morpheme is not the same as a syllable)UnladylikeHow many morphemes are in the word, unladylike?The word un ladyl ike consists of three morphemes and four syllables.Morpheme breaks:un- 'not'lady '(well behaved) female adult human'-like 'having the characteristics of'None of these morphemes can be broken up any more without losing all sense of meaning.Lady cannot be broken up into "la" and "dy," even though "la" and "dy"are separate syllables. Note that each syllable has no meaning on its own.We will learn more about morphemes in Chapter 3.Classification of Morphemes Morphemes can be classified in various ways.Free (word)or bound (cannot be a word by itself)root (basic meaning of word) or affix (prefix or suffix added to root word) Inflectional(word meaning stays the same when affix is added to word) orderivational (word meaning changes when affix is added to word)Example: the words footprint and doghouse are examples of “free”morphemes.Why?They can stand alone as two different words that contains meaning. Don’t worry, we will talk more about these in Chapter 3. ☺Morpheme classification (just for reference)Organizing wordsIf you had to remember a list of 100 words, how would you memorize them?If you had to create a dictionary for these 100 words, how would you organize your dictionary? How would you order the words? What would you write for each word?How are words classified?How often are they used? Or not at all? Are they native or foreign?Are they modern or archaic?Are they simple or complicated?What do they denote or represent?What is the usage of these words?Do these words have meaning or just function words?4 groups of word classification 1.The basic word stock (存货) and non basicvocabulary by use frequency2.Content words and functional words by notion3.Native words and borrowed words by notion4.Simple words, (compounds (复合字) and derived(vt. 得自vi. 起源 ) words by morphology*(I will discuss content, function and borrowedwords in more detail towards the end of the ppt)Basic Word StockWords of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us.Natural phenomena: rain, snow, fire, water, sun, moon, spring, wind, hillHuman body and relations: hand, head, mother Names of plants and animals: oak, chicken, dog Numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions: one, you, but, till, whoPolysemy (意义的分岐 )Polysemy: words belonging to the basic word stock often possess plurality of meaningsReason: because most of them have undergonetransformations in semantic structure in the course ofuse and become polysemousPoly = a prefix, often meaning more than one or many (eg, polyvalent - capable of many valences) Semy (archaic word) = changes in meaningWhat is the meaning of the word “trip”in this sentence #1?1. She took a trip to Florida.A. Be careful, or you will trip!B. We planned our trip together.C. Don’t trip, Man! Its no big deal!2. I turned on the light so I could see better.A. The feather was very light.B. She wore light colors because it was going to be a hot day.C. There is only one light in the living room.What is the meaning of the word“light” in this sentence #2?Do you know what these American slang words mean? They allmean veryinteresting,very great!CollocationsWhat does the word “colloquial” mean?Is it easy to understand the local slang or vocabulary of different cities or even countries?Why does slang exist? Where do they come from? How do they develop?Do people in certain professions have their own specialized vocabulary that are related to their field or study, such as medicine or technology?Collocation:Collocation (n. 排列,安排,布置) This is when basic words become set expressions, idioms or proverbsare usually only understood among people of a common workplace, field of study, residence, location, culture, etc. (Colloquialism)A lot of these expressions, idioms, proverbs and slang cannot be defined literally word by word and must therefore be learned/memorized as a whole expression or idiom.They are often difficult for non-native speakers of that language to understand.The next slides are examples of collocations.Types of collocationsTerminology-technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areasJargon (n. 专门术语,行话,梦话,土语 ) –specialized vocabulary by which members of the particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselvesTypes of collocations Continued Slang- informal words related to a particular segment of a population or informal use of an actual wordFor example, “dough” is what you use to make bread but it is also a slang word for “money”Argot (n. 隐语,暗语,暗号): This is the combined cant (a characteristic or secret language used only by members ofa group, often used to conceal the meaning from thoseoutside the group.) and jargon of criminalsDialectal words – the same word in the same language spoken with phonetic and pronunciation differences inrelation to the speakers of a certain region and/or country.Archaisms and NeologismsArchaisms (n. 古语,古体,拟古主义)– Words or forms that were once in use but are now restricted only to specialized of limited use. Mainly found today in older poems, legal documents and religious writing or speech. Such as thou, thee, wilt. Shakespeare used a lot of archaic words!Neologisms (n. 新语,使用新语,创造新语) –Newly-created words or expressions or words that takeon new meanings. Such as Aids, internetContent WordsContent words denote clear notions (n. 概念,观念,主张,打算,想法)and thus are known as notional words. Notions are a mental image or representation; an idea or conception, a belief or opinion.They are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which denote notions of objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity, slowly etc.Examples: run, people, books, never, eightContent words constitutes the main body of the English vocabularyFunction WordsFunctional words do not have notions (n. 概念,观念,主张,打算,想法)of their own. They are often called empty words.Their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as betweensentences, they are known as form words.Prepositions (upon, on), conjunctions (connects a sentence: but, and or, yet, so), auxiliary verbs (be, do, have, am) and articles (the, a) belong to this category.Native wordsNeutral in style– they are used by all people, in all places, on all occasions and at all times, Therefore not stylistically specific.Frequent in use-native ones are most frequently use in everyday speech and writing.Borrowed WordsWords taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words, loan words or borrowings.English is a heavy borrower and has adopted words from all other major languages of the word.It is estimated that English borrowings constitutes 80% of the modern English vocabulary.There are 4 types of borrowed words.Types of borrowed wordsDenizens– words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language.Examples, port from the latin Portus, pork from the French porc and so on. (n. 居民,外籍居民,外来语vt. 给...居住权,移植)Types of borrowed wordsAliens– borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. They are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin.Examples are: kowtow (Chinese), bazaar (Persian), Kimono (Japanese) and mosquito Spanish)Types of borrowed wordsTranslation loans– are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.Example: mother tongue directly translated from the Latin lingua materna, ketchup from the Chinese Dialect “fanqiejiang”Types of borrowed wordsSemantic Loans: Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form but to the meaning. In other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language.Example: The word “dream” originally meant “joy” and “ music” but its modern meaning was taken from the Norse.Chinese words borrowed from otherlanguages 中文外来词拜拜 bye-bye、可口可乐 Coca-cola、咖啡coffee、巧克力 chocolate、汉堡包hamburger、巴士 bus 、卡通 cartoon、台风typhoon、黑客 hacker、因特网 Internet.高尔夫 golf/?p=1259Do you know which Englishwords come from Arabic?bedouin, emir, jakir, gazelle, giraffe, harem, hashish, lute, minaret, mosque, myrrh, salaam, sirocco, sultan, vizier, bazaar, caravanWords from European languages V. Modern English (1650-present)Borrowed words from FrenchFrench continues to be the largest single source of new words outside of very specialized vocabulary domains (scientific/technical vocabulary, still dominated by classical borrowings).High culture —ballet, bouillabaise, cabernet, cachet, chaise longue, champagne, chic, cognac, corsage, faux pas, nom de plume, quiche, rouge, roulet, sachet, salon, saloon, sang froid, savoir faireWar and Military —bastion, brigade, battalion, cavalry, grenade, infantry, pallisade, rebuff, bayonetOther—bigot, chassis, clique, denim, garage, grotesque, jean(s), niche, shockFrench Canadian—chowderLouisiana French (Cajun)—jambalayaBorrowed words from Spanish andItalianSpanisharmada, adobe, alligator, alpaca, armadillo, barricade, bravado, cannibal, canyon, coyote, desperado, embargo, enchilada, guitar,marijuana, mesa, mosquito, mustang, ranch, taco, tornado, tortilla,vigilanteItalianalto, arsenal, balcony, broccoli, cameo, casino, cupola, duo, fresco, fugue, gazette (via French), ghetto, gondola, grotto, macaroni, madrigal, motto, piano, opera, pantaloons, prima donna, regatta, sequin, soprano, opera, stanza, stucco, studio, tempo, torso, umbrella, viola, violinfrom Italian American immigrants—cappuccino, espresso, linguini, mafioso, pasta, pizza, ravioli, spaghetti, spumante, zabaglione,zucchiniBorrowed words from Dutch andGermanDutch, FlemishShipping, naval terms—avast, boom, bow, bowsprit, buoy, commodore, cruise, dock, freight, keel, keelhaul, leak, pump, reef, scoop, scour, skipper, sloop, smuggle, splice, tackle, yawl, yachtCloth industry—bale, cambric, duck (fabric), fuller's earth, mart, nap (of cloth), selvage, spool, stripeArt—easel, etching, landscape, sketchWar—beleaguer, holster, freebooter, furlough, onslaughtFood and drink—booze, brandy(wine), coleslaw, cookie, cranberry, crullers, gin, hops, stockfish, waffleOther—bugger (orig. French), crap, curl, dollar, scum, split (orig. nautical term), uproar Germanbum, dunk, feldspar, quartz, hex, lager, knackwurst, liverwurst, loafer, noodle, poodle, dachshund, pretzel, pinochle, pumpernickel, sauerkraut, schnitzel, zwieback, (beer)stein, lederhosen, dirndl20th century German loanwords—blitzkrieg, zeppelin, strafe, U-boat, delicatessen, hamburger, frankfurter, wiener, hausfrau, kindergarten, Oktoberfest, schuss, wunderkind, bundt (cake), spritz (cookies), (apple) strudelBorrowed words from Yiddish, Scandinavianlanguages and RussianYiddish (most are 20th century borrowings – traditional language spoken mainly among Jewish people)bagel, Chanukkah (Hanukkah), chutzpah, dreidel, kibbitzer, kosher, lox, pastrami (orig. from Romanian), schlep, spiel, schlepp, schlemiel, schlimazel, gefilte fish, goy, klutz, knish, matzoh, oy vey, schmuck, schnook,Scandinavian languagesfjord, maelstrom, ombudsman, ski, slalom, smorgasbordRussianapparatchik, borscht, czar/tsar, glasnost, icon, perestroika, vodka。
大学英语词汇学Unit1答案
CheckY our Unders tandi ngState whethe r each of the followi ng statem entsi s TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. TIn-ClassActivi ties1. The word “wor d” is divers e in termsof its meanin g. Consid e r its usages in the followi ng contexts:a. May I say a word aboutthat?b. Action s speaklouder than words.c. She has kept her word.d. Finall y the genera l gave the word to retrea t.e. Let me know if you get word of my wife.f. Word has it they’re divorc ing.ASK:(1) What does “word” mean in each of the contex t s?a. Someth ing he wouldtalk aboutb. things that are said, contra stedwith things that are donec. the promis e one has maded. spoken comman d or signale. inform ationf. pieceof news; messag e(2) Do you know of any other usages the word “word” has?2.ASK:(1) Can you summari ze the five criteri a introd ucedby DavidCrysta l here?Potential pause:The pause , whichhappen s when you say a senten ce, will tend to fallbetwee n words, and not within words.Indivi sibil ity: The extrai tems will be addedbetwee n the wordsand not within them.Minima l free forms: the smalle st unitsof speech that can meanin g fully standon theiro wn. Phonetic bounda ries: It is someti mes possib l e to tell from the soundof a word wherei t begins or ends.Semantic units: each word in a senten ce has a clearmeanin g.(2) Do you thinkthese criteri a are questi onabl e in any way? Can they be applie d to the identificati on of zi, the roughChinese equival ent of the English“word”?No, as the aboveanalysi s explai ned. No , they cannot. For exampl e, 流连and蹒跚，they are danchu ci(单纯词) which cannot be analyz ed indepe ndent ly.3.(1) Suppose we want to know what are the ten most freque ntlyused Englis h words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How aboutChinese?The, of ,to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着(2) Are thereany simila ri tie s and differences betwee n the ten most freque ntlyused wordsi nEnglish and thosei n Chinese?They are basica lly functi onalwords. Both have possessive word,(of, 的) number words(a,一), copula words(i s, 是), conjun ction s(and, 和) and locali zers(i n, 在).; Englis h has the defini te articl e the and severa l pronou ns, you , that and it whichare absent in Chines e.4. Accord i ng to Ferdin and de Saussu re, therei s no intrin si c relati on betwee n the form of a word and what it stands for. In otherwords, wordsare arbitrary (i.e. not motiva ted) in termsof meanin g design ation. Howeve r, thereseem to be abunda nt casesi n natura l langua ges that defy this genera lizati on. For exampl e, onomat opoei c words seem to existi n all the langua ges knownto us. To a lesser degree, the meanin g of some wordscan be partly deduce d from thei rcompon ents. For exampl e, “sl-“ is highly suggestiveof the meanin g of the wordsthat contai n it, such as “slide”, “slip”, and “slush”.ASK:(1)Babble, bang, grunt,s plash; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, thesewordsare only a small part of Englis h or Chines e vocabu lary(2)Footba ll and handball concern the body part whichtake the ball from one placeto anothe r, and basket balli s namedafter a basket into whichthe ball is put in the beggin g stageof the game. (3)People have bodily embedd ed knowle dge to infer thesemotiva tions of such usage. The fi rstexampl e concerns the metaph or and second metony my(4) Do you know other typesof wordso r usages that are motivated in one way or anothe r? Some figura tiveu sages are also highly motiva ted. For exampl e:Necess ity is the mother of invent ion.5. Britis h Englis h (BE for short) and Americ an Englis h (AE for short) are two majorvarieties of the Englis h langua ge.Though they have fundam ental similarities in termsof gramm ar and vocabulary, they also differ substantially in many ways. On the vocabularylevel, several distinct distinctions are found. First, thereare diffe rences in the pronun ciati on of some words, mostly i n the vowel sounds, as illust rated in the followi ng table:Some conson antsare also pronou nceddi fferently. Partic ularl y, in BE，the letter r before a conson ant is not pronou nced, but that at the end of a word is pronou ncedif the next word begi ns with a vowel, e.g., cart /k: t/, door /d :/, but a member of /☜ memb☜☜f /; in AE, the letter r is pronou ncedi n all positi ons.Secondl y, BE and AE differ in the spelli ng of some words. Usuall y, the AE varian ts are simpler than theirB ritis h counte rpart s, as manife stedbelow.A furthe r notice abledi fferencerelate s to the lexical meanin g of some words. For instan ce, “bill” means“bank note” in AE but “a demand for paymen t of a debt” in BE.ASK:(1) Can you supply more wordsthat are pronou nceddifferently i n Britis h Englis h and Americ anEnglishhalf, advanc e, advant age, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp(2) Do you know of any gramma ti cal differences betwee n Britis h Englis h and Americ an English? In Americ an Englis h we say “gradua te from school”; whilei n Britis h Englis h, we say “leaveschool”. In Americ an Englis h, it has “put up price”, whilei n Britis h Englis h, it is “raisepri ce”(3) Are therespecia l wordsfor whichAE and BE have very distin ctive spelli ngs?For Chines e charac ters“博览会”, Britis h Englis h has “fair” while Americ an Englis h usees tradeshow. “ Life and elevat or” , and “autumn and fall” are more exampl es.(4) Can you find more exampl es of the same words wi th different meanin g s in AE and BE?one billio n/ firstfloor/ pantsone billio n(Brit) the number 1000000000000 万亿之数(US) the number 1000000000十亿之数firstfloorIn Britis h Englis h the floorof a buildi ng at street levelis the ground floorand the floorabovethatis the firstfloor.In US Englis h the street-levelflooris the firstfloorand the one aboveis the second floorPants(Brit) men's underp ants; women's or childr en's knicke rs(US) trouse rs6. The followi ng excerp t comes from Barack Obama’s speech on Father’s Day, June 15, 2008. Read it carefu l ly, and pay specia l attent i on to his choice of words.ASK:(1) How does Obamadistin guish“empath y” from “sympat hy”?Empath y means Identi ficat ion with and unders tandi ng of anothe r's situat ion, feelin gs.The abilit y to standin somebo dyelse’sshoesSympat hy is define d as feelin g of pity and sorrow (for sb.)(2) Why does Obamabother to define“hope”– a famili ar word to all?Hope, accord i ng to Obama, is someth ing better is waitin gforusifwe’rewillin g to work for it and fightfor it. If we are willin g to believ e. He differ entia tes hope from what is blindoptimi sm or willfu l ignora nce of the proble ms we face(3) What otherl exical choice s i mpres s you deeply as well?“Asfather s and parent s”, why not as fathers and mother s,Open to discussionPost-ClassTasks1. What charac teris ti csdo functi onal wordshave？Read the followi ng excerp t from George W.2. How do you unders tandrecepti ve and productivel exical knowle dge? Use your own exampl es to illust ratetheirdi fferences. Whichtype of vocabularyi s probab l y the largest for a langua ge user, readin g vocabul ary, writin g vocabul ary, listeni ng vocabul ary, or speaki ng vocabul ary? Give one reason that convin ces you most.For exampl e, we learnthat “word”can be used to refer to “rumor”, and we know it means“rumor”in the senten ce “The word is that he's left the countr y.(据说他已经离开这个国家了).”But actual ly, we will not writethe senten ce, esp., say the senten ce in dailyconversatio n s. By this exampl e, we show that recepti ve lexical knowle dge concerns what you learne d and producti velexical knowle dge concern s what you wouldput into practi c e. Readin g vocabul arymay be the largest type of vocabulary, becaus e you may recogn ize the meanin g of a word withou t usingi t in daily exchan ges or in academ i c writin g.3. Is lexical compet encethe same thingas productivel exical knowle dge? How do you understandthe two concep ts on the basiso f the discussioni n Pre-ClassReadin g?No, lexica l compet ence covers a larger scopethat that of productivel exical knowle dge.4. Can we say lexico l ogyi s the scienti fic studyof the wordsi n a langua ge? How import ant is the notion of word equival ent?Read the followi ng excerp t from Barrack Obama’s V ictory Speech in 2008 and underl ine the word equivalents. What typesof word equivalents are contained in this passag e?groups (or compou nd words), chunks such as idioms, formul ai c sequen ces, and so. The latter i s attractingmore and more schola rly attent i on thesedays. Thus, lexicol ogyi s more precis ely defined as the scienti fic studyof the wordsand word equival ents in a langua ge.5. Identi c al system s of stress and rhythm are used by BE and AE. Thereare, howeve r, a fewwordsthat have their stress on a different syllabl e. Writeout the specifi c pronun ciati ons of the followi ng words:Omitte d。
英语词汇学教程参考答案
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案Chapter 1 1. 1. The The three three definitions definitions agree agree that that lexicology lexicology studies studies words. words. Y et, Y et, they they have have different different focuses. focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o ‘clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) w hen it follows ‗when it follows ‗-t‘ and ‗-d‘, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree treeǁǁ. (2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly flyǁǁ and have a common meaning. (3)They belong to a lexical field of ‗telephone communication ‘. (4)They (4)They are are synonyms, synonyms, related related to to human human visual visual perception. perception. Specifically, Specifically, they they denote denote various various kinds of ―looking lookingǁǁ. 5. (a) ‗blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ‗blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ‗greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‗White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0 (b) black ‗board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ‗bird: bird: any any bird bird which which is is black black in in colour colour (both (both words words receive receive primary primary stress); stress); grey grey ‗‗hound: hound: any any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‗white ‗house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ‗bull bull‘‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ‗Take the bull by the horn ‘ is an idiom, meaning ‗(having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) (c) ‗‗Like Like a a bull bull in in a a china china shop shop‘‘ is is an an idiom, idiom, meaning meaning doing doing something something with with too too much much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone. (d) A ‗bull market ‘ is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares in anticipation of profits. 8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for. Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowl Beer: beer glass, tankard Wine: wineglass, goblet Spirits: sherry glass Chapter 2 1. Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang, sung. Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example, m oralizers moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral +lize +er +s . Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair , -ing, -s , etc. , etc. Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English. 2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en, world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude 3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry, reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert 4. (a) [ ə] (b)[ -ai] 5. (1) –‗–‗s, -s (2) -est, -s (3) –ing (4) –ed 6. The connotations are as follows: (1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker speaker is is speaking speaking to to a a child, child, (3) (3) beastie beastie is is used used to to a a small small animal animal in in Scotland, Scotland, carrying carrying the the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness. 7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz} 8. court: polysemy dart: polysemy fleet: homonymy jam: homonymy pad: homonymy steep: homonymy stem: homonymy stuff: polysemy watch: polysemy 9. (1)(1)——(f), (2)(2)——(g), (3)(3)——(c), (4)(4)——(e), (5)(5)——(a), (6)(6)——(d), (7)(7)——(b) 10.(1) unpractical (2) break (3) impractical (4) rout (5) pedals (6) Route(7) raze Chapter 3 1. The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and Modern English periods. In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‗kennings kennings‘‘, which refers to to vivid vivid figurative figurative descriptions descriptions often often involving involving compounds. compounds. The The absence absence of of a a wide-ranging wide-ranging vocabulary vocabulary of of loanwords loanwords force force people people to to rely rely more more on on word-formation word-formation processes processes based based on on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number number of of ‗‗loan loan translations translations‘‘. . Grammatical Grammatical relationships relationships in in Old Old English English were were expressed expressed by by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items. In In Middle Middle English English period, period, English English grammar grammar and and vocabulary vocabulary changed changed greatly. greatly. In In grammar, grammar, English English changed changed from from a a highly highly inflected inflected language language to to an an analytic analytic language. language. In In vocabulary vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin. In In Early Early Modern Modern English English period, period, English English vocabulary vocabulary grew grew very very fast fast through through extensive extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there were a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings. Modern Modern English English is is characterized characterized with with three three main main features features of of unprecedented unprecedented growth growth of of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‗New Englishes ‘. 2. appeareth appeareth in in (a) (a) becomes becomes appeared appeared in in (b), (b), and and dreame dreame becomes becomes dream. dream. The The passive passive were were departed departed becomes becomes the the active active had had gone. gone. With With the the change change of of word word forms, forms, (b) (b) looks looks simple simple morphologically. 3. barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: French cadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latin ginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanese whisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latin algebra: Arabic giraffe: African 4. train: train: meaning meaning changed changed from from the the trailing trailing part part of of a a gown gown to to a a wide wide range range of of extended extended meanings. deer: meaning narrowed from ‗beast ‘ or ‗animal ‘ to ‗a particular kind of animal ‘knight: meaning ameliorated from ‗boy, manservant ’ to ‗a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood ‘meat: meaning narrowed down from ‗food ‘ to ‗the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit ‘. hose: meaning extended from ‗leg covering ‘ to ‗a long tube for carrying water ‘. 5. sell: specialized hound: specialized starve: specialized wife: specialized loaf: specialized 6. American English British English Fall Autumn candy sweet corn Maize semester term apartment flat Dresser Dressing table Street car Tram car Chapter 4 1. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-ed un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed 2. book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, booked forget: forgets, forgot, forgotten short: shortter, shortest snap: snaps, snapping, snapped take: takes, taking, took, taken goose: geese heavy: heavier, heaviest 3. –ish: meaning ‗having the nature of , like ‘de-: meaning ‗the opposite of ‘-ify: meaning ‗make, become ‘-dom: means ‗the state of ‘il-(im-/in-): meaning ‗the opposite of, not ‘-able: meaning ‗that can or must be ‘ mis-: meaning ‗wrongly or badly ‘-sion(-tion):meaning ‗the state/process of ‘pre-: meaning ‗prior to ‘-ment: meaning ‗the action of ‘re-: meaning ‗again again‘‘under-: meaning ‗not enough ‘-al: meaning ‗the process or state of ‘4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N ǁ structure, in which adjectives are are used used to to modify modify nouns nouns ‗‗line, line, line, line, neck, neck, room room‘‘. . Hotline Hotline means means ‗‗a telephone telephone number number that that people people can can call call for for information information‘‘. . Mainline Mainline means means ‗‗an an important important railway railway line line between between two two cities cities‘‘. Redneck means ‗a person from the southern US ‘. Darkroom means ‗a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs ‘. b. b. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――N N + + N ‘ structure. structure. Bookshelf Bookshelf means means ‗‗a shelf for keeping books ‘. Breadbasket means ‗a container for serving bread ‘. Mailbox means ‗a a box box for for putting putting letters letters in in when when they they delivered delivered to to a a house house‘‘. . Wineglass Wineglass means means ‗‗a a glass glass for for drinking wine ‘. c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N ‘ structure. Letterhead means ‗the head of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)‘. Roadside means ‗the area at the side of a road ‘. Keyhole means ‗the hole in a lock for putting the key in ‘. Hilltop means ‗the top of a hill ‘. d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‗a person who leaves school before they have finished their studies. Go-between means ‗a person who takes messages between people ‘. Turnout means ‗the number of people who come to an event event‘‘. Standby means ‗a person or thing that can always be used if needed ‘. e. e. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――Adj Adj + + N-ed N-edǁǁ structure, structure, in in which which adjectives are used to modify the N-ed. f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + Adj ǁ structure, meaning As Adj As N. 5. in-: not, the opposite of en-: to put into the condition of dis-: not, the opposite of un-: not, the opposite of inter-: between, among mis-: wrongly or badly over-: too much re-: again post-: after 6. a. a young dog; piglet b. a female editor; hostess c. a place for booking tickets; refinery d. one who is kicked; trainee e. the state of being put up; output 7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix) inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix) multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix) teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix) 8. a. Initialism b. Blending c. Compounding d. conversion 9. a. compounding, affixation b. compounding, affixation c. compounding, shortening d. compounding, affixation 10. a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissible b. absorbent, assistant, different, participant c. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developer d. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockery Chapter 5 1. (a) connotation (b) formality (c) dialect (d) connotation 2. water rainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ………….. .. 3. (a) keeping (b) feeling of admiration or respect 4. (a) hyponymy (b) meronymy 5. (a) light beer, strong beer (b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee 6. amateur —dabbler, funny funny——ridiculous, occupation occupation——profession, small small——little, famous famous——renowned, fiction fiction——fable, smell smell——scent 7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‗an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine ‘. Diagram Diagram refers refers to to a a simple simple drawing drawing using using lines lines to to explain explain where where something something is, is, how how something something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details. 8.(a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable (d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable 9.(a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym (d) synonymy (e) meronymy Chapter 6 1. 1) literal expression 2) idiom 3) literal expression 4) idiom 5) idiom 6) literal expression 2. 1) die 2) something that makes a place less attractive 3) suddenly realize or understand something 4) make one‘s friends disappoint 5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important 6) react quickly so as to get an advantage 3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc. 2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc 3) give something to the person it belongs to 4) annoy 5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect 6) try to find out the facts about something 7) live under the rule of someone 8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc. 9) give someone a warning or secret information about something Chapter 7 1.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings, pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword. 2.They are different in that different media are used. Print dictionaries do not use electric power and can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. . 3.Open to discussion. 4.Open to discussion. 5.(a) symbolise is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or (b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in situation; symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music (a)/sim/sim‘‘bɔlik/ and /sim‘ba:lik/ (b)represent (c)2 (d)Yes. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples. Chapter 8 1.vertically challenged—short sanitation engineer—garbage collector women‘‘s toilet ladies‘‘ cloak room—womenethnic cleansing--genocide ladies2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman implies approval. (2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect. implies approval. (3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise i mplies approval. scholar is neutral. (4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, s cholar3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense — bullshit (3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke 4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.(b) Would you please turn off the lights? 5. Answers vary from person to person. 6. (1) on a formal occasion. (2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off (3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave (4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend. 7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login 8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons. Chapter 9 1. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting things clothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm; building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors 2. She attacked every weak point in my argument. He withdrew his offensive remarks. I hit back at his criticism. She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument. I braced myself for the onslaught. 3. The suffix–ee is typically attached to a verb meaning ‗one who is the object of the verb ‘. This meaning meaning is is considered considered as as the the core core meaning meaning of of the the form. form. So, So, trainee means means ‗‗one one who who is is being being trained ‘. But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix. Suffix –ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the ‗object ‘ meaning. So ‗standee ‘ means ‗one who stands ‘. 4. 4. In In ‗‗good good baby baby ‘, , ‗‗good ‘ means means ‗‗well-behaved, well-behaved, not not causing causing trouble trouble ‘; ; in in ‗‗good good parent parent ‘, , ‗‗good ‘ means ‗kind, generous, considerate, etc .‘5. (1) is used to show sad feelings while (2) is used as an apology. 。
词汇学-1
Collocative meaning (cont’d)
• Collocative meaning overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings, because in a sense, both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.
Chapter 1
词的概述
Word
• Form: pronunciation and spelling (surface structure) • Meaning: what the form stands for (deep structure)
Word meaning
The meanings of “meaning” in the languages
Lexical meaning (cont’d)
• Functional words have little lexical meaning, but process grammatical meaning. • Content words have both meanings, lexical meaning in particular. These two make up the word meaning.
Conceptual meaning
• Also called denotative meaning, the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.
• The basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all speakers of the same language.
Unit_1（1）词汇学
Unit_1（1）词汇学Objectives :1. Learn the scientific definition of the word;2. Understand the arbitrary and conventional relationship between sound andmeaning;3. Remember the four factors that cause the differences between sound and form;4. Understand the relationship between words and vocabulary.Main points:WordSound and MeaningSound and FormV ocabularyUnit 11.1 What is a word?What is a word? This question has occupied the attention of linguists for ages. Although numerous definitions have been suggested, none of them seem to be perfect. Scholars still do not agree on the definition of the word.When we talk about a word, we tend to think in visual terms. In this line a word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper. As defined in terms of spoken language, a word is viewed as a sound or combination of sounds which are made voluntarily with human vocal equipment. According to semanticists , a word is a unit of meaning. Grammarians , however, insist that a word be a free form that can function in a sentence, etc. To sum up, the definition of a word comprises the following points:(1) a minimal free form of a language;(2) a sound unity;(3) a unit of meaning;(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.Therefore, we can say that 'a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.'Words can be simple and complex, yet all must comply with these criteria. Man and fine are simple, but they each have sound, meaning and syntactic function, and each can be used alone in a sentence. Naturally they are words. There are words which are complex such as mis.for.tune and man.age.ment. Both are polysyllabic words and can function as 'subject', 'object' and 'predictive' in a sentence. Though misfortune can be further divided as mis- and fortune, the former cannot stand aloneas a word. Similarly, management can be broken down as manage and -ment, the latter cannot be used freely, either. Blackmail can be separated into black and mail, and both can work as independent units in a sentence, the meaning of each, however, is by no means the combination of the two. Black is a colour, opposite to 'white', and mail denotes 'something sent by post', yet when they are put together, the combined form means 'compel, compulsion, to make payment or action for concealment of discreditable secrets etc.' Hence blackmail is a different word.1.2 Sound and MeaningA word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world. Each of the world's cultures has come to agree that certain sounds will represent certain persons, things, places, properties, processes and activities outside the language system. This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is 'no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself'. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters thatmake up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. It is only symbolic. The relationship between them is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to the animal with this cluster of sounds. In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. Woman, for example, becomes Frau in German, femme in French and fùn? in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound [mi:t] is used to mean meet, meat, mete. Knight and night, though denoting entirely different things, yet have the same sound.1.3 Sound and FormIt is generally agreed that the written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form. In other words, the sound should be similar to the form. This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English. The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart. During the last five hundred years, though the sounds of speech have changed considerably, there have been no corresponding changes of spelling.A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes. In the early days the spelling differences did not matter very much as people were not so used to seeing words in print, and the spelling was not fixed as it is today. As a result, no one was quite sure how some English words should be spelled. Sometimes, people deliberately changed spelling of words either to make a line even or for easier recognition. Before the printing press was brought to England, everything was written by hand. Those scribes, who made a living by writing for other people often workedin haste to meet the needs of the King, Church, and merchants. One problem was that several letters written with short vertical strokes such as i, u, v, m, w and n looked all alike. Consequently, their handwriting caused misunderstanding. To solve the problem in part, they changed the letter u to o when it came before m, n, or v. This is how sum, cum, wuman, wunder, munk came to be written as some, come, woman, wonder, monk. At some point, too, the scribes seem to have decided that no English word should end in u or v. Thus, in time, an e was added to such words as live, have, due, and true but not pronounced.In the late 1500, printing became well established. It helped to freeze the spelling of words. The standardization makes spelling sacred. Dictionaries did their share in stopping spelling changes. Meanwhile, sounds continued to change as usual, thus bringing more differences.Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary. When English borrowed words from other languages, it borrowed spelling as well. The early borrowings were assimilated and the later ones, however, do not conform to the rules of English pronunciation and spelling, e.g. stimulus (L), dénouement (F), fiesta (Sp), eureka(Gr), and kimono(Jap).The written form of English is, therefore, an imperfect representation of the spoken form. From time to time in history, some British and American scholars have made efforts to reform the English spelling, but with little success. In spite of the differences, at least eighty percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns. And even those spellings that appear to be irregular may have more regularity and usefulness than we realize. In such words as hymn, condemn, bomb, for example, the last letter of each is silent. But when these words are extended into longer ones, the silent letters become audible: hymnal, condemnation and bombard. This is a general rule.1.4 V ocabularyAll the words in a language make up its vocabulary. The term 'vocabulary' is used in different senses. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period, e.g. Old English vocabulary, Middle English vocabulary and Modern English vocabulary. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. English is one of the world's highly developed languages. Naturally the vocabulary is one of the largest and richest. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over one million words.Exercise:Which of the following is NOT true?A. A word is the smallest form of a language.B. A word is a sound unity.C. A word has a given meaning.D. A word can be used freely in a sentence.Answer ADecide whether the following are true or false.1. A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.2. Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be logically related.3. The introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences between sound and form.4. The words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary. Answer 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. TWhat is vocabulary?Answer V ocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.Explain the relationship between sound and meaning with examples.Answer Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their connection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree /tri:/ to 树in Englisn because the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chinese people use /sh?/ to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different languages use different sound to express the same concept. Even I the same language, the same sound can have different meanings e.g. /rait/ can mean right, rite and write.。
词汇学重要知识点
Unit One What is Lexicology?Lexicology It is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of a language and the properties of words as the main units of language.Word It is the basic unit of speech and minimal free form which has a given sound and meaning and grammatical function.The relationship between sound and meaning is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to this cluster of sounds for such an animal.分类Words may fall into basic word stock and non-basic by use frequency; content words and functional words by notion, native words or borrowed words by origin.Basic words stable and indispensablecharacteristics1 All national character:.2 Stability:3 Productivity.4 Polysemy:5 collocability .Non-basic words：Terminology术语Slang俚语Jargon行话Argot 隐语Dialectal words方言Archaisms古词Neologisms新词functional words , like :prep. conj. Auxilaries and articles… They don’t have notion of their own. Content (notional) words constitute the main body of English vocabulary. They are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.Native words: Anglo-Saxon words, small in number, the core of the language, neutral in style, frequent in use.Borrowed words: are words taken over from other languagese.g. chaos, dogma, drama, pneumonia ---Greek. hymn, pope, martyr, monk, anthem, shrine, creed –old E Cradle, bald, slogan, flannel, down ---- Celtic Balcony, corridor, attack, cannon, opera---Italyvocabulary---all the words in a language together, all items in a dictionary.5. Exercises:1) Which of the following is not true? Aa. A word is the smallest form of a language.b. A word is a sound unity.c. A word has a given meaning.d. A word can be used freely in a sentence.2) The differences between sound and form are due to Da. the fact of more phonemes than letters in Englishb. stabilization of spelling by printingc. influence of the work of scribesd. innovations made by linguists3) Complete the following sentences:a. There is no intrinsic relationship between sound and meaning, The connection between them is ___arbitrary__ and conventional.b. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are more ___stable__. Functional words enjoy a higher frequency in use than content words.Unit Two Word Formation1.The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation。
新标准大学英语1词汇本
新标准大学英语1词汇本新标准大学英语1词汇本英语是一种西日耳曼语支，最早被中世纪的英国使用，并因其广阔的殖民地而成为世界使用面积最广的语言。
以下是店铺整理的新标准大学英语1词汇本，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
unit 1fresher n.大学一年级新生，新鲜人residence n. 住处，住宅，居住warden n. 典狱官，看守人，学监unlock vt. 开启，显露，放开barely adv. 少量地，几乎不地，勉强muscle n. 肌肉 vt. 用力挤 vi. 用力进行spill vt.& vi.溢出；泼出；涌出；蜂拥而出 n.洒出；泼出；溢出；小塞子sip n. 啜饮 v. 啜饮，啜intelligent adj. 聪明的，智能的gap n. （意见、个性等的）差异，缝隙，漏洞，缺口vt. 制造缺口嘉普（财富500强公司之一，总部所在地美国，主要经营服装零售）ignorant adj. 不知道的，无知的，愚昧的sign n. 符号，正负号，手势，迹象，招牌 v. 签，做手势，做标记ballroom n. 舞厅dramatics n.业余演出（或创作的）戏剧，戏剧效果choir n. 唱诗班，唱诗班的席位assure vt. 保险，保证，确信，担保disco n. 迪斯科舞厅，迪斯科舞曲 vi. 跳迪斯科舞wardrobe n. 衣柜，衣橱 n. 全部服装check in 办理登记手续，报到go along 前进，进行sign up for 登记注册，登记报名rent out v. 租出burst into tears 突然哭起来run out of 用完，耗尽，从...跑出tis abbr. 技术情报服务处（Technical Information Service）memoir n. 传记，实录（复数）memoirs: 回忆录，自传，学术论文集admirable adj. 令人钦佩的，令人赞赏的cultural adj. 文化的，和养动植物有关的inadequate adj. 不充分的，不适当的subway n. 地铁pilgrim n. 朝圣者 Pilgrim: 1620年移居美洲的英国清教徒admiring adj.赞赏的，钦佩的scribble v. 潦草地书写，乱写，滥写 n. 潦草的写法，潦草写成的东西，杂文detect vt. 发现，探测信息，侦查 vi. 当侦探Irish n. 爱尔兰人，爱尔兰语 adj. 爱尔兰的brogue n. 半统工作靴，粗革厚皮底皮鞋persecution n. 迫害，烦扰persecute vt. 迫害diploma n. 文凭surely adv. 的确地，安全地cafeteria n. 自助餐厅 adj. 有多种选择的puritan n.&adj. 清教徒（的）in the long run adj. 从长远看来（归根到底，结局，最后，结果）dorm n. （集体）宿舍unfriendly adj. 不友好的，有敌意的responsible adj. 有责任的，负责的，责任重大的，应负责的unit 2oyster n. 牡蛎frown n. 皱眉，不悦 vt. &vi. 皱眉头，不同意nonsense n. 无意义的事，荒谬的言行，荒唐frank adj. 坦白的，直率的，无误的 vt. 免费邮寄，使自由出入 n. 免费邮寄nasty adj.肮脏的；下流的，令人讨厌的；恶劣的，艰险的；严重的 n.令人不愉快的事物resort n. （渡假）胜地，手段，凭借 vi. 诉诸，常去enormous adj. 巨大的，庞大的portion n. 部分，份，命运 v. 将...分配，分配seafood n. 海产食品，海味crab n. 蟹 v. 捕蟹，使横行 n. 爱争吵的人 n. [植]山楂子 v. 批评，抱怨prawn n. 对虾，明虾lobster n. 龙虾shellfish n. 贝，甲壳类动物cling n. 紧抓，紧贴 vi. 粘紧，附着，紧贴bucket n. 水桶 vt. 装在桶里 vi. 急急忙忙yummy adj. 舒适的，愉快的，美味的juicy adj. 多汁的，利润丰厚的，有趣的，生动的gloomy adj. 阴暗的，抑沉的，忧闷的emotion n. 情感，情绪，感动innocence n. 无罪，无知，天真无邪chip n. 薄片，碎屑，芯片 vt. 削，切，削成碎片 vi. 折断成碎片homesick adj. 想家的region n. 地区，地域，地带，行政区complain vi. 抱怨，悲叹，控诉perception n. 感知，认识，观念discard n. 丢牌，废牌 vt. 丢弃，抛弃 vi. 丢牌implement n. 工具，器具; 当工具的物品 vt. 实施，执行; 向...提供工具（或手段）crack vt.破裂，打开；（使…）开裂；说（笑话）；开瓶vi.断裂，折断；碎裂声，爆裂声；镜子破裂了；失去控制，衰退 n.裂缝；试图；缝隙；（可听到响声的）重击 adj.训练有素的；技艺高超的；优秀的；一流的shell n. 贝壳，壳，外形 vt. &vi. 去壳，脱落，炮击，拾贝壳 n.[计算机] DOS命令 : 安装备用的文件，并改变环境尺寸scrape n. 刮掉，擦掉，刮擦声 vt.& vi. 刮掉，擦掉mouthful n. 满口，一口tease vt.取笑，戏弄；挑逗；强要 vi.梳理（羊毛等）；起绒 n.爱嘲弄他人的人；取笑卖弄风骚的人despair n. 绝望，失望 vi. 失望bake vt. 烘焙，烤 vi. 烘焙，烤，变得炎热 n. 烘焙，烤thumb n.拇指；（手套的）拇指部份 vi.翘起拇指请求搭乘（过路汽车），示意请求搭便车；翻阅 vt.翻阅；作搭车手势；用拇指翻脏[翻坏]（书页等）slippery adj. 滑的to be frank 坦白地说come of age 成年，满法定年龄a battery of 一连串的cacao n. 可可豆，可可树crush n. 压碎，拥挤的人群，迷恋，关键时刻，果汁，榨汁酿酒 vt. 压破，征服，挤入，镇压 vi. 被压碎，挤paste n. 糊，浆糊，铅制玻璃 vt. 粘贴，覆盖，猛击spice n. 药料，香料，情趣 vt. 用香料调味stimulating adj. 刺激的，令人兴奋的动词stimulate的现在分词nourishing adj. 有营养的，滋养多的动词nourish的现在分词形式highly adj. 十分敬仰的 adv. 高度地，很，非常flavour n. 香味 vt 给...加味luxury n. 奢侈，豪华，奢侈品cocoa n. 可可粉，可可饮料，可可色mould n. 模子（样板，形状，霉菌，土，类型） vt. 模压（铸造，发霉，形成，轮廓相符合） vi. 发霉snap v. 猛咬，谩骂，砰然关上，拍摄，崩塌，劈啪作响 n. 啪嗒声，快镜头，突然释放 adj. 匆忙的，突然的 adv. 劈啪作响地melt n. 熔化，熔化物 vt. &vi. 熔化，溶解，软化，渐渐混合manufacturer n. 制造商condense v. 浓缩，摘要，缩短condensed milk n. 炼乳manufacture n. 产品，制造，制造业 vt. 制造，加工 vi. 参与制造popularity n. 普及，流行property n. 财产; 性质; 道具confess v. 承认，告白，忏悔inherit vi. 继承 vt. 继承，遗传genetic adj. 基因的，遗传的，起源的trait n. 特征，特点，特性，品质release n. 释放，让渡，发行 vt. 释放，让与，准予发表，发射hormone n. 荷尔蒙，激素endorphin n. 内啡肽vitamin n. 维生素account for 对……负有责任；对……做出解释；说明……的原因；导致；（比例）占have an effect on adj. 有影响conjure v. 以咒文召唤，变戏法，向...许愿hamburger n. 汉堡包excess adj. 过量的，附加的 n. 超过，超越，过度，过量encounter n. 意外的相见，遭遇 vt. &vi. 遇到，偶然碰到，遭遇vendor n. 厂商，小贩，卖主，自动售货机 =venderingredient n. 成分，因素freshly adv. 新，新近，精神饱满industrial adj. 工业的，产业的 n. 工业公司snack n. 小吃，点心 v. 吃零食，吃点心hygiene adj. （hygienic） n. 卫生unreliable adj. 不可靠的seller n. 售货者，畅销品falafel n. 沙拉三明治，炸鹰嘴豆泥球 =felafelcommuter n. 通勤者，每日往返上班者bento n. <日语> 盒饭 =obentosatay n. （马来西亚、印度尼西亚的）加香烤肉，沙爹烤肉cart n. （二轮或四轮）运货马车，手推车vt. 用马车装载，用手提（笨重物品），强行带走spicy adj. 芳香的（辛辣的）varied adj. 各种各样的动词vary的过去式和过去分词characterize vt. 表示...的典型，赋予...特色unit 3radical n. 激进份子，原子团，激进派 adj. 急进的，根本的，激进的，基本的，彻底的particularly adv. 特别，尤其suspicion n. 猜疑，怀疑thwart v. v. 反对，阻碍organizational adj. 组织的vision n. 视觉，先见之明，光景，视力，眼力，幻想，影像 vt. 幻想dearth n. 缺乏，粮食不足，饥谨revere v. 尊敬，敬畏，崇敬里维尔（美国马萨诸塞州城市，避暑胜地）thinker n.思想者unmitigated adj. 未缓和的，未减轻的，十足的，绝对的occasionally adv. 偶尔地mentor n. 指导者 vt. 指导glimpse n. 一瞥，一闪 vt. &vi. 一瞥，闪烁advanced adj. 高级的，先进的algebra n. 代数学malign adj. 有害的，恶性的，有恶意的 vt. 诽谤，说坏话sum n. 总数（计），金额，顶点，概略，一笔钱vt. 总计，概括vi. 总计pubescent adj. 青春期aisle n. （席位间的）通道，侧廊lean n. 瘦肉，倾斜，弯曲 adj. 瘦的，贫乏的，歉收的 vi. 倚靠，倾斜，依赖 vt. 使倾斜peer vi. 凝视，盯着看；窥视 vt. 封为贵族；与…同等 n. 贵族；同等的人rub n. 摩擦，困难，障碍 vt. 擦，搓，涂抹上，使不愉快 vi. 摩擦agony n. （极度的）痛苦，创痛tactile adj. 触觉的，有触觉的，能触知的prevalent adj. 流行的，普遍的presence n. 出席，在场者，举止gradually adv. 逐渐地humiliate v. 使...丢脸，使...蒙羞，屈辱affirm vt. 证实，断言，肯定 vi. 断言，申明on purpose 故意，有意not think much of vt. 不认为...好find out vt. 找出（查明，发现，想出，认识到，揭发出来）for that matter 就那件事而论，关于那一点at great length 细致地，详细地start up vi. 惊跳起来（开动，开始工作，突然出现，出发，开办）be about to do 刚要，即将in someone's presence 在某人面前，当某人面hone n. 细磨刀石 v. 磨刀financial adj. 金融的，财政的resource n. 资源，谋略，消遣transfer n. 迁移，移动，换车 v. 转移，调转，调任context n. 上下文，环境，背景detail n. 细节，详情，部分，分派 vt. 详述，选派，用小元素装饰vi. 画细节critical adj.批评的，爱挑剔的；危险的，危急的；决定性的；[物]临界的critically adv. 批评性地，爱挑剔地，重要地，危急地handout n. 散发材料（免费发给的新闻通报）integrate v. 整合，使...成整体tutorial n. 个别指导 adj. 个别指导的questionnaire n. 调查表identify vt.识别，认出；确定；使参与；把…看成一样 vi.确定；认同activist n. 活动分子，积极分子learner n. 学习者generate vt. 产生，发生，引起 [计算机] 产生solve v. 解答（难题），解决 vt. 解答，解决reflector n. 反射镜，反射体theorist n.理论家logical adj. 符合逻辑的，逻辑上的，有推理能力的logically adv.论理上，逻辑上assimilate v. 使同化，吸收 n. 被同化的事物rational adj. 合理的，理性的，能推理的 n. 有理数scheme n. 方案，计划，阴谋 v. 计画，设计，体系，结构，图谋subjective adj. 主观的 n. 主格，主观事物creative adj. 创造性的pragmatist n.实用主义者，爱管闲事的人setting n.镶嵌；环境；装置；（某事、戏剧、小说等的）背景v.放（ set的现在分词）；安插；树立；安排bog n. 沼泽 v. 使...陷于泥沼，陷于困境overwhelm v. 淹没，受打击，压倒factual adj. 事实的，真实的specialized 专门的专科的effective adj. 有效的，有影响的vary vt. 改变，使多样化 vi. 变化，违背recall vt. 召回；回想起，记起；取消 n. 召回；回忆；撤消contrast n.对比，对照；差异；对照物，对立面； [摄]反差carefully adv. 小心地，仔细地structure n. 结构，构造，建筑物 v. 构成，建立，建造thrust n. 推力，刺，力推 vt.& vi. 插入，推挤，刺reader n. 读者，读物，读本extent n. 广度，宽度，长度，大小，范围，范围，程度 n. [律]<英>扣押， <美>临时所有权令parliament n. 议会，国会focus on vt. 集中在strike a balance 把两者安排得当，避免走极端more or less 或多或少try out vi. 试验，选拔（尤指运动比赛或者角色甄选）break up vt. 开垦（破碎，破坏，解散，结束，衰弱）keep in mind 记住，牢记by contrast adv. 相反work out vt. &vi. 可以解决，设计出，作出，计算出，消耗完linguistics n. 语言学systematically adv.系统地，有系统地Semitic n.闪族人[语] adj.闪族的，闪族语系的Arabic n. 阿拉伯语 adj. 阿拉伯语的，阿拉伯人的，阿拉伯式的Hebrew adj. 希伯来人的，希伯来语的 n. 希伯来语，希伯来人backtrack vi.走原路；由原路返回；改变主意；取消诺言 vt.追踪；循迹调查romance n. 冒险故事，浪漫史，传奇文学Spanish adj. 西班牙的 n. 西班牙语stray n. 走失的家畜，浪子 adj. 迷途的，偶然的 vi. 迷路，彷徨Slav n.斯拉夫人 adj.斯拉夫人[语]的illustrate vt. 举例说明，作图解 vi. 举例series n. 系列，连续criticism n. 批评，评论simplistic adj. 过分简单化的insufficient adj. 不足的biased adj. 有偏见的efficient adj. 效率高的，有能力的rhetorical adj. 修辞学的，符合修辞学的，修辞的device n. 装置，设计，策略，设备repetition n. 重复，反复figurative adj. 比喻的，形容多的，修饰丰富的unit 4apparently adj. 显然，似乎 adv. 显然factor n. 因素，因子 vt. 把…因素包括进去 vi.作为因素subscriber n. 签署者，捐献者，订户impact n. 冲击（力），冲突，影响（力） vt. 挤入，压紧; 撞击; 对...发生影响lifestyle n. 生活方式whereas conj.&adv. 然而，却，反之extend v. 扩充，延伸，伸展，扩展businessman n. 商人landline n. 输送路线，地上通讯线necessarily adv. 必然地，必定地，必需地urgent adj. 急迫的，紧要的，紧急的tedious adj. 沉闷的，单调乏味的practically adj. 实际地，几乎 adv. 几乎，简直，实际上impulse n. 冲动，驱动力，倾向，心血来潮 vt. 推动completely adv. 完全地，十分地，全然voicemail n. 语音信箱essential adj.基本的；必要的；本质的；精华的 n.必需品；基本要素；必不可少的东西fuss n. 大惊小怪，小题大作，强烈不满或争吵vi. 无事自扰，焦急，对小事激动 vt. 扰乱，使焦躁bold adj. 大胆的，粗体的，醒目的，无礼的，陡峭的risky adj. 危险的（冒险的，大胆的）solitary adj. 孤独的，独立的，荒凉的 n. 隐士，speculate vt. 推测，好奇 vi. 深思，投机utter adj. 全然的，绝对，完全 vt. &vi. 发出，作声，发表therapy n. 疗法，治疗interfere vi. 妨碍，冲突，干涉distract vt. 转移，分心undoubtedly adv.无庸置疑地，的确地make an impact on v. 对 ... 产生影响beyond the reach of 为，超出 ... 的范围switch off （用开关）关掉be meant to do 应该做end up 结束，告终on impulse 一时冲动，一时心血来潮check up on 检查，调查switch on （用开关）开启make a fuss 大惊小怪，小题大做get hold of 抓住；（通常指好不容易）得到，获得；领会，弄懂；设法和……取得联络parisian n.巴黎人 adj.巴黎的，巴黎人的occasion n. 场合，机会，理由 vt. 致使，惹起，引起arouse vt. 唤醒，激发，激起 vi. 唤醒breadth n. 宽度finding n. 发现，发现物，调查（或研究）的结果，[律] 裁判，裁决（复数）findings：（珠宝商等使用的）零碎的工具或材料find 的现在分词episode n. 插曲，插话，（作品的一段）情节，有趣的事件involve vt. 包含，使陷入，使忙于，使卷入，牵涉bump n. 撞击，表面隆起，肿块 vt.& vi. 碰撞，颠簸而行curiosity n. 好奇，好奇心embarrassment n. 困窘，尴尬，困难uneasy adj. 不自在的，心神不安的，不稳定的，不舒服的weird adj. 怪异的，离奇的 n.命运；预言者unnecessary adj. 不必要的，多余的，可避免的 n. 不必要的东西perceive v. 察觉，感觉，认知，理解response n. 反应，响应; 回答inquire vt. 询问，查究 vi. 询问，查究thoughtful adj. 深思的，体贴的confusion n. 混乱，混淆，不确定状态miserable adj. 悲惨的，痛苦的，贫乏的convention n.会议；全体与会者；国际公约；惯例，习俗，规矩ritual n. 仪式，典礼，宗教仪式，固定程序adj. 仪式的，依仪式而行的，老规矩的，惯常的tolerance n. 忍耐力，宽容，容忍，公差awareness n. 认识（了解，知道）generally adv. 一般地dressing gown 晨衣，着装前或休息时装的袍子come to a conclusion 得出结论，作出推论，告终get on with vt. 进行（有进步，取得进展）carry on 继续进行get tired of 厌烦，厌倦come to an end 结束misunderstanding n. 误会，误解 misunderstand的现在分词restricted vt. 限制，约束 adj. 受限制的，有限的，保密的self-conscious adj. 自觉的，忸怩的，不自然的performer n. 表演者，执行者modesty n. 谦逊，虚心，端庄，朴实，中肯palm n. 手掌，棕榈树 vt. 把...藏于手中，用手掌击（球）forefinger n. 食指offensive adj. 令人不快的，侮辱的，攻击用的 n. 进攻cute adj. 可爱的，聪明的，俐伶的 n. 智取敌方的策略/手段，灵巧insult vt. 侮辱 n. 侮辱，（对人身的）损害perfectly adv. 完全地，无瑕疵地，完整地，完美地，圆满地acceptable adj. 合意的，受欢迎的，可接受的toss n. 投掷，震荡 v. 投掷，摇荡，辗转latin american 拉丁美洲的circular adj. 循环的，圆形的 n. 传单，通报unit 5hum n. 嗡嗡声，哼声，杂声 v. 发低哼声，闭口哼歌，嗡嗡叫int. 哼，嗯hearth n. 炉床，灶台，炉边asunder adj. 分开地，零散地 adv. 分离，化为碎片resume v. 再继续，重新开始 n. 简历，履历; 摘要contradict vt. 反驳，与...矛盾doze v. 打瞌睡，假寐 n. 瞌睡trickle vi. 滴流，慢慢移动 n. 细流，徐徐地流shameful adj. 可耻的novelty n. 新奇，新奇的事物，小装饰pursue v. 追捕，追求，继续从事kneel v. 跪temper n. 脾气；（钢等）回火；性情；倾向 vt. 使回火；锻炼；调和；使缓和 vi. 回火；调和indulge vt. 纵情于，放任，迁就 vi. 放纵自己于...consent n. 同意，许可 v. 同意，承诺denial n. 否认，拒绝pledge n. 保证，誓言，抵押，抵押品vt. 保证，誓言，举杯祝...健康retract vt. 缩进（拉回，退回，取消） n. 收缩核exclaim v. 大叫，呼喊，大声叫irritated adj. 恼怒的动词irritate的过去式和过去分词properly adv. 适当地，相当地，当然地sententious adj. 简洁的，警句的，富于格言的foremost adj. 最初的 adv. 在最前面queer n. 同性恋者 adj. 奇怪的，不舒服的，可疑的alter v. 改变angel n. 天使，天使般的人fling n. 投掷，一时的行乐，漫不经心的一段（尝试或感情） vt. 投，粗暴地推向...，猛冲，激动地说，全身心投入vi. 急冲，（动物）猛跳heath n. 石南，石南树丛sob n.& v. 呜咽，哭泣degrade vt. 贬低；使……丢脸；使……降级；使……降解vi. 降级，降低；退化moonbeam n. 一缕月光come to the point 说到要点，扼要地说first and foremost adv. 首先（第一）now and then 时而，不时servitude n. 苦役，奴役 n. [法]役劝grace n. 优雅，魅力，恩惠，慈悲 vt. 使荣耀，装饰shed n. 车棚，小屋，脱落物 vt. 使...流出，散发，脱落，除掉valentine n. 情人，情人节礼物，（姓氏）瓦伦丁satin adj. 缎子做（的） n. 缎子wrap vt.包；缠绕；用…包裹（或包扎、覆盖等）；掩护 n.膝毯，披肩，围巾，围脖，头巾，罩衫，外套，大衣；包装纸；〈俚〉机密vi.缠绕，盘绕（通常与over，around 等连用）；包上，裹上；穿上（衣服等）undress v. 脱掉，使脱衣服，暴露，使卸去装饰lover n. 爱好者，情人reflection n. 反映，映像，折射，沉思，影响wobble n. 摆动，动摇，不稳定 vi. 摇晃，动摇，游移不定 vt. 使摇晃，使动摇grief n. 悲痛，忧伤truthful adj. 诚实的，真实的possessive n. 所有格 adj. 所有格的，拥有的，占有的faithful adj. 如实的，忠诚的，忠实的platinum n. 白金 adj. 白金的loop n. 环，圈，弯曲部份，回路vt. 使...成环，以圈结，以环连结 vi. 形成环，环形地行动lethal adj. 致命的，毁灭性的，有效的 n. 基因异常，致死基因scent n. 气味，香味，痕迹 vt. 闻出，发觉，使充满味道，得到...的暗示 vi. 嗅闻，循着遗臭追踪，散发气味embroider v. 刺绣，镶边，装饰enwrought adj.=inwroughtdim adj. 暗淡的，模糊的，笨的 vt. 使暗淡，使失去光泽 vi. 变暗n. 车头灯的短焦距光tread n. 踏，梯级 v. 踏，行走online n.联机，在线millennium n. 一千年，太平盛世investigate vt. &vi. 调查，研究 [计算机] 研究poetry n. 诗歌Persian adj. 波斯的（波斯人的） n. 波斯（波斯人）traditional adj. 传统的matchmaker n. 媒人，安排比赛的人contact v. （与）联系，（与）接触 n. 接触，联系; 联系人groom n. 马夫，新郎，男仆 vt. 刷洗，照看马，打扮，有意培养...作为候选人或从事某职业 vi. 打扮自己，提升自己formality n. 礼节，程序，拘谨carve vt.& vi. 雕刻，切割padlock n. 挂锁 vt. 用挂锁链上mayor n. 市长protest n. 抗议，反对，抗议书 vi. 反对，抗议，断言 vt. 坚持地表示，对...提出异议unit 6retail n. 零售 vt. 零售 adj. 零售的 adv. 以零售形式broadly adv. 宽广地，明白地，概括地 adv. 无礼貌地label n.标签；称标记，符号； [建] 门或窗户上面的线脚 vt.贴标签于；把…称为；把…列为；[化]用放射性元素使（元素或原子等）示踪mall n. 林荫大道，商业街，购物商场buzz n. 嗡嗡声 vi. 发出嗡嗡声，充满，匆忙 vt. 飞进，使嗡嗡叫comparable adj. 可比较的，比得上的bankrupt adj. 破产的，贫穷的，道德败坏的，枯竭的n. 破产者，无知的人 vt. 使破产psychologist n. 心理学家addiction n. n. 沉溺，上瘾illusion n. 幻觉，错觉，错误的信仰（或观念）combination n. 结合，联合，联合体temptation n. 诱惑，引诱；诱惑物global adj. 全球性的，全局的claim n. 要求，要求权;主张，断言，声称;要求物vt. 要求，请求；主张，声称，断言shopaholic n. 购物狂estimate n. 估计，估价 v. 估计，估价，评价addicted adj. 沉溺于的，有毒瘾的fashion n. 流行，风尚，时样，时装 v. 形成，造，作conscious adj. 神志清醒的，意识到的，自觉的，有意的 n. 意识yearly adj. 每年的 adv. 每年地，一年一次地footballer n. 足球运动员，橄榄球运动员excursion n. 远足，短途旅行ease n. 安乐，安逸，悠闲 vt. 使...安乐，使...安心 v. 减轻，放松norm n. 标准，规范exception n. 除外，例外addict vt. 使...耽溺，使...上瘾 n. 耽溺者，上瘾者recovery n. 恢复，复原，痊愈for all the world adv. 无论如何hand over 交出，移交get into debt 欠债go bankrupt 破产in all 总共，共计on one's own adv.独自地，独立地，主动地be in debt 负债in need of 需要end in 以...告终fashionable adj. 流行的，时髦的incredibly adv. 难以置信地，不可思议地objective adj. 客观的，目标的n. 目标，目的; 物镜n. =objective case 宾语fascinating adj. 迷人的absolutely adv. 绝对地，完全地;独立地;确实地endurance n. 忍耐，忍耐力，耐性hunter-gatherer n. （依靠打猎捕鱼和采集果实为生的）狩猎采集者，采猎者grab vt. &vi. 抓取，抢去，吸引注意 n. 抓，接应，掠夺 n.不法所得；被抓住的人；抓取装置collapse n. 崩溃，倒塌，暴跌 vi. 倒塌，崩溃，瓦解，折叠 vt. 倒塌，缩减cooperate vi. 合作，协力item n. 项目，条款，一件商品（或物品） adv. 也favourable adj. 有用的，良好的，赞成的rarely adv. 很少，难得enthusiasm n. 热心，热忱，热情demonstrate vt. 示范，演示，证明 vi. shi威conviction n. 定罪，信服，坚信princess n. 公主，妃，贵妇 adj. （礼服）合身而好看的，有贵族气息的outlet n. 出口，出路，通风口，批发商店affirmative adj. 肯定的，正面的 n. 肯定语，赞成方面crucial adj. 关键的，决定性的chap n.皲裂 n. 颌，颊 n.小伙子，家伙 v. 皲裂，（皮肤）变粗糙abbr. 章（=chapter）confirmation n. 确认，证实，intention n. 意图，意向，目的provoke vt. 激怒，惹起，驱使bored adj. 厌烦的，无聊的sheer adj. 绝对的，全然的，峻峭的 vt. &vi. 急转，躲避 adv. 完全，全然，峻峭 n. 转向，（甲板的）脊弧，透明薄织物payment n. 支付，付款unkind adj. 不和善的，无情的，不厚道的footie n.=footy&{1}telly n. <英>电视commentator n. 注释者（注释者，解说员，新闻广播员）try on 试穿in particular 特别，尤其except for adv. 除...之外，要不是由于to be honest adv. 说实在的（老实说）in the affirmative adv. 肯定地in detail 详细地precisely adv. 精确地midday n. 正午，中午 adj. 正午的mostly adv. 大概，大部份，主要stall n. 货摊，托辞，（教堂内）唱诗班和牧师的座位，熄火 vt. 使...陷于泥中，使停止 vi. 陷入泥中，发生障碍household adj. 家庭的，家喻户晓的 n. 家庭，户medieval adj. 中世纪的smartly adv. 聪明地，精神旺盛地，潇洒地refrigeration n.冷藏，致冷，冷却overflow n. 溢值，超值，泛滥 v. 泛滥，溢出，充溢 [计算机] 溢出alley n. 小路，巷，跑道，球道extensive adj. 广泛的，广阔的trader n. 商人，商船flea market 跳蚤市场salesperson n. 售货员advent n. 出现，到来handmade adj. 手工制作的namely adv. 即，也就是unit 7pickle n. 腌汁，泡菜 v. 腌，泡dresser n. 化妆台，带镜衣柜，碗柜 n. 着衣人jingle n. 叮当声，韵律简单的诗句 v. 使叮当作响，叮当响，押韵tone n. 音调，语气，品质，调子，色调 vt. 使更健壮，装腔作势地说，定调，调色 vi. 调和（颜色），呈现悦目色调mute n. 哑子，默音字母，弱音器 adj. 哑的，无声的，沉默的 vt. 减音，减弱 vi. （鸟）排泄thud n. 重击声，砰的一声 vi. 发出砰的一声squat n. 蹲 adj. 蹲着的，矮胖胖的 v. 蹲下，坐copper adj. （紫）铜色的，铜（制）的 n. 铜，铜币，铜制品glint n. 闪烁 v. 闪耀，闪闪发光pirate n. 海盗，盗印者，侵犯专利权者 vt. &vi. 侵犯版权，翻印，掠夺stack n. 堆叠，堆 vt. 堆积，成叠放在 vi. 堆成一堆cardboard n. 厚纸板textile adj. 纺织的 n. 纺织品mill n. 磨粉机，磨坊，制造厂，密尔:一种货币单位，使陷于困境 vt. 磨细 vi. 乱转，磨细cashier n. 出纳员，收银员 vt. 解职，丢弃grin v. 露齿而笑，咧着嘴笑 n. 露齿笑fund n.基金；储备；现款；特别基金管理机构 vt.积存；为…提供资金；提供资金偿付（债款等）的本息；把（短期借款）转为有固定利息的长期借款cone n. 圆锥体，锥形物，球果 vt. 变成锥形，削尖ice-cream n. 冰淇淋vanilla n. 香草 adj. 香草的parlor n. 客厅，接待室，（旅馆中的）休息室，小店 adj. 用于接待室（客厅，休息室，小店）的nestle v. 依偎，（舒适地）安顿rattle vi. 嘎嘎作响，喋喋不休 vt. 使激动，使作响，急促地谈讲 n.嘎嘎声，急促的谈话nickel n. 镍，镍币，五分镍币 vt. 镀镍于dime n. 10美分（1角硬币），少量零钱lump n. 团，块状，瘤，很多，愚笨的人，惩罚 vt. 聚成团，合并考虑，同等对待或分类，笨拙地移动，结块，忍受 vi. 使成块状，沉重地移动 adj. 整体的，全部的，块状的determination n. （正式）决定，规定，决心，测定，定位perseverance n. 毅力，忍耐，不屈不挠eloquent adj. 雄辩的，有口才的，动人的flowery adj. 多花的，绚丽的，辞藻华丽的significant adj. 有意义的，意味深长的; 相当数量的; 重要的，重大的 n. （复）有意义的事物; 标志lowly adj. 地位低的，卑下的，谦卑的 adv. 位置低下的，低声地，谦逊地define vt. 定义，解释dogged adj. 顽固的，顽强的动词dog的过去式和过去分词catsup n. 调味番茄酱 =ketchuppalatable adj. 美味的，愉快的glisten v. 闪亮，使...辉耀cuddle n. 搂抱，拥抱 vt. 怀抱，拥抱 vi. 抱著睡，依偎，蜷曲grandchild n. 孙whimper n. 呜咽，啜泣，低声吠叫；悲嗥 v. 呜咽，啜泣，抽噎地哭diaper n. 尿布 vt. 换尿布amazement n. 惊愕，惊异fistful n. 一把（相当大的数量）gamut n. 【音乐】全音阶，长音阶，全音域 n. 全部，整个范围hold back vt. 阻碍，退缩，隐藏，克制，隐瞒see to 负责，注意，照料lay off vt. 解雇（停工期间，关闭，休息）to the contrary n. 相反take turns 轮流legend n. 传说，传奇人物，铭文player n. 比赛者，演奏者，演员，播放器perfectionist n. 十全十美主义者， [哲]至善论者definitely adj. 明确地，确切地 adv. 肯定地innate adj. 天生的，固有的pivotal adj. 枢轴的，中枢的，关键的spine n. 背骨，脊柱，尖刺thankful adj. 感谢的，感激的relatively adv. 比较地，相对地outgoing adj. 对人友好的，开朗的；出发的，外出的；即将离职的；乐于助人的 n. 外出；流出；开支 v. 超过；优于（outgo的ing形式）outspoken adj. 直言无讳的，坦率的动词outspeak的过去分词squabble v. （为琐事）争论，口角 n. 争论，口角mood n. 心情，情绪，语气slightly adv. 些微地，苗条地protective adj. 保护的，防卫的stroller n. [美] 婴儿车 n. 散步者，流浪者distraction n. 娱乐，分心的事物，分心sibling n. 兄弟姐妹spoil n. 战利品，奖品 v. 宠坏，溺爱，破坏，腐坏syndrome n. 综合征，综合症状；（不良情况的）典型表现，典型行为think back 回想，回忆，重新思虑over and over adj. 再三play a role in 在...中起作用，扮演角色think of as v.把...看作get oneself together 控制住自己的感情go without adj. 没有（没有也能过去）come one's way 同意take a risk 冒险store up vt. 贮存（怀有）for sure adv. 确定（毫无疑问）come along vt. 一道走to begin with adj. 首先in play adv.开玩笑地，在比赛中start off vt. 出发（动身，开始）what with 因 ...laugh one's head off v.狂笑nevertheless adv. 仍然，不过 conj. 然而，不过campfire n. 营火，篝火drama n. 剧本，戏剧，戏剧性情节，刺激circus n. 广场，马戏团，马戏表演，竞技场self-confidence n. 自信motivation n. 动机keen adj. 锋利的，敏锐的，强烈的，精明的，热衷于entertaining adj. 引起乐趣的，娱乐性的，令人愉快的动词entertain的现在分词childcare n.幼托canoeing n. 划独木舟动词canoe的现在分词形式extrovert n. 性格外向的人 =extravertunit 8armchair n. 扶手椅，单人沙发，安乐椅 adj.不切实际的traveller n. 旅行者 =traveler（美）stupidity n. 愚蠢ugliness n. 丑陋surrounding adj. 周围的 n. 环境，周围的事物unpleasant adj. 使人不愉快的，讨厌的elderly adj. 过了中年的，稍老的lately adv. 最近，不久前tiresome adj. 令人厌倦的，讨厌的despite prep. 不管，尽管 v.憎恨，轻视cynical adj. 愤世嫉俗的，吹毛求疵的pessimistic adj. 悲观的，悲观主义的`browse vt. &vi. 浏览，随意观看，吃草 n. 浏览，嫩叶craft n. 工艺，手艺，狡诈，航空器，行会成员 vt. 手工制作rural adj. 农村的instinct n. 本能，天性，直觉elsewhere adv. 在别处，到别处artistic adj. 艺术的glamour n. 魔力，魅力 v. 迷住increasingly adv. 逐渐地，渐增地unable adj. 不能的，不会的 v. 不能，不会directly adv. 直接地（立即，完全）astonishment n. 惊讶，令人惊讶的事mere adj. 纯粹的，仅仅的，只不过的 adv. 仅仅，只不过 n. 小湖olive n. 橄榄，橄榄树，橄榄色 adj. 黄绿色的，黄褐色的，橄榄色的herb n. 药草，香草uncomfortably adv.不舒适地，不愉快地，困难地comparison n. 比较unfamiliar adj. 不熟悉的imagination n. 想象，想象力，空想realization n. 实现，领悟，实得nuisance n. 讨厌的东西，讨厌的人，伤害resolve n. 决定之事，决心，坚决 vt. 决定，解决，分离，表决 vi. 分离，决定by choice 出于自愿。
(完整版)词汇学Unit1-2答案
Check Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. TIn-Class Activities1. The word “wor d”is diverse in terms of its meaning. Consider its usages in the following contexts:a. May I say a word about that?b. Actions speak louder than words.c. She has kept her word.d. Finally the general gave the word to retreat.e. Let me know if you get word of my wife.f. Word has it they’re divorcing.ASK:(1) What does “word” mean in each of the contexts?a. Something he would talk aboutb. things that are said, contrasted with things that are donec. the promise one has maded. spoken command or signale. informationf. piece of news; message(2) Do you know of any other usages the word “word” has?2.ASK:(1) Can you summarize the five criteria introduced by David Crystal here?Potential pause :The pause , which happens when you say a sentence, will tend to fallbetween words, and not within words.Indivisibility: The extra items will be added between the words and not within them.Minimal free forms: the smallest units of speech that can meaningfully stand on their own. Phonetic boundaries: It is sometimes possible to tell from the sound of a word where it begins or ends.Semantic units: each word in a sentence has a clear meaning.(2) Do you think these criteria are questionable in any way? Can they be applied to theidentification of zi, the rough Chinese equivalent of the English “word”?No, as the above analysis explained. No , they cannot. For example, 流连and 蹒跚，they are danchuci(单纯词) which cannot be analyzed independently.3.(1) Suppose we want to know what are the ten most frequently used English words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about Chinese?The, of ,to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着(2) Are there any similarities and differences between the ten most frequently used words inEnglish and those in Chinese?They are basically functional words. Both have possessive word,(of, 的) number words(a,一), copula words(is, 是), conjunctions(and, 和) and localizers(in, 在).; English has the definite article the and several pronouns, you , that and it which are absent in Chinese.4. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, there is no intrinsic relation between the form of a word and what it stands for. In other words, words are arbitrary (i.e. not motivated) in terms of meaning designation. However, there seem to be abundant cases in natural languages that defy this generalization. For example, onomatopoeic words seem to exist in all the languages known to us. To a lesser degree, the meaning of some words can be partly deduced from their components. For example, “sl-“ is highly suggestive of the meaning of the words that contain it, such as “slide”, “slip”, and “slush”.ASK:(1)Babble, bang, grunt, splash; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these words are only a small part of English or Chinese vocabulary(2)Football and handball concern the body part which take the ball from one place to another, and basketball is named after a basket into which the ball is put in the begging stage of the game. (3)People have bodily embedded knowledge to infer these motivations of such usage. The first example concerns the metaphor and second metonymy(4) Do you know other types of words or usages that are motivated in one way or another?Some figurative usages are also highly motivated. For example: Necessity is the mother of invention.5. British English (BE for short) and American English (AE for short) are two major varieties of the English language.Though they have fundamental similarities in terms of grammar and vocabulary, they also differ substantially in many ways. On the vocabulary level, several distinct distinctions are found. First, there are differences in the pronunciation of some words, mostly in the vowel sounds, as illustrated in the following table:Some consonants are also pronounced differently. Particularly, in BE，the letter r before a consonant is not pronounced, but that at the end of a word is pronounced if the next word begins with a vowel, e.g., cart /k: t/, door /d :/, but a member of /☜ memb☜☜f /; in AE, the letter r is pronounced in all positions.Secondly, BE and AE differ in the spelling of some words. Usually, the AE variants are simpler than their British counterparts, as manifested below.A further noticeable difference relates to the lexical meaning of some words. For instance, “bill” means “bank note” in AE but “a demand for payment of a debt” in BE.ASK:(1) Can you supply more words that are pronounced differently in British English and AmericanEnglishhalf, advance, advantage, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp(2) Do you know of any grammatical differences between British English and American English? In American English we say “graduate from school”; while in British English, we say “leave school”. In American English, it has “put up price”, while in British English, it is “raise price”(3) Are there special words for which AE and BE have very distinctive spellings?For Chinese characters“博览会”, British English has “fair” while American English usees trade show. “ Life and elevator” , and “autumn and fall” are more examples.(4) Can you find more examples of the same words with different meanings in AE and BE?one billion/ first floor/ pantsone billion(Brit) the number 1000000000000 万亿之数(US) the number 1000000000十亿之数first floorIn British English the floor of a building at street level is the ground floor and the floor above thatis the first floor.In US English the street-level floor is the first floor and the one above is the second floorPants(Brit) men's underpants; women's or children's knickers(US) trousers6. The following excerpt comes from Barack Obama’s speech on Father’s Day, June 15, 2008. Read it carefully, and pay special attention to his choice of words.ASK:(1) How does Obama distinguish “empathy” from “sympathy”?Empathy means Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings.The ability to stand in somebody else’s shoesSympathy is defined as feeling of pity and sorrow (for sb.)(2) Why does Obama bother to define “hope”– a familiar word to all?Hope, according to Obama, is something b etter is waiting for us if we’re willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe. He differentiates hope from what is blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face(3) What other lexical choices impress you deeply as well?“As fathers and parents”, why not as fathers and mothers,Open to discussionPost-Class Tasks1. What characteristics do functional words have？Read the following excerpt from George W.2. How do you understand receptive and productive lexical knowledge? Use your own examples to illustrate their differences. Which type of vocabulary is probably the largest for a language user, reading vocabulary, writing vocabulary, listening vocabulary, or speaking vocabulary? Give one reason that convinces you most.For example, we learn that “word”can be used to refer to “rumor”, and we know it means “rumor” in the sentence “The word is that he's left the country.(据说他已经离开这个国家了).”But actually, we will not write the sentence, esp., say the sentence in daily conversations. By this example, we show that receptive lexical knowledge concerns what you learned and productive lexical knowledge concerns what you would put into practice. Reading vocabulary may be the largest type of vocabulary, because you may recognize the meaning of a word without using it in daily exchanges or in academic writing.3. Is lexical competence the same thing as productive lexical knowledge? How do you understand the two concepts on the basis of the discussion in Pre-Class Reading?No, lexical competence covers a larger scope that that of productive lexical knowledge.4. Can we say lexicology is the scientific study of the words in a language? How important is the notion of word equivalent? Read the following excerpt from Barrack Obama’s Victory Speech in 2008 and underline the word equivalents. What types of word equivalents are contained in this passage?Language is composed of not just individual words, but also word equivalents, such as word groups (or compound words), chunks such as idioms, formulaic sequences, and so. The latter is attracting more and more scholarly attention these days. Thus, lexicology is more precisely defined as the scientific study of the words and word equivalents in a language.5. Identical systems of stress and rhythm are used by BE and AE. There are, however, a few wordsthat have their stress on a different syllable. Write out the specific pronunciations of the following words:OmittedUnit 2Check Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. FIn-Class Activities1.(1) How are the three allomorphs conditioned by their adjoining sounds?S is pronounced as [s] [z and [iz]] when it is respectively attached to a voiceless consonant, a voiced consonant or a vowel, and any words ending with s, z or pronouncing as [s] or [z].(2) Does the plurality morpheme have other allomorphs apart from those mentioned above? Yes, for example,the plural form of sheep remains unchanged, and man has its plural form realized as “men”.(3) What about the allomorphs of the morpheme for the past tense in English?The usual allomorphs of the morpheme of the past tense may be realized as [t], [d] and [id]2. In English, there are quite a few prefixes that connote negation. They include a-, un-, in- (ir-, il-), dis-, mis-, non-, de-, and the like.symmetry→asymmetrytypical→atypicalforgettable →unforgettabletie→untiearticulate →inarticulate,discreet →indiscreetmature →immature,partial →impartiallegal →illegallegible →illegiblerelevant →irrelevantreverent →irreverentlike→dislikeable→disableuse →misuselead →misleadsense →nonsensecommercial→noncommercialform→deformconstruction→deconstruction(2) How would you distinguish between un- and non- in terms of their meaning and use? Can weprefix un- to adjectives like “tall”, “ill”, and “black”? Why or why not?Un- is usually prefixed before transitive verbs, such as tie →untie, nouns, such as and adjectives, such as employment→unemployment. Non- is often put before adjectives, such as essential→non-essential, and nouns, such as existence→non-existence. Both of the usage are possible because the word followed the above two prefixes has no ready-made acronyms in English lexical system.3.ASK:(1) Could we cut “unwomanly” into “unwoman” and “-ly”?No. unwoman is not a word in English. Un- is usually put before an abstract uncountable noun. (2) Can you analyze the morphological structure of the word “inaccessibility”?inaccessibilityinaccessible -ityin- accessibleaccess -ible(3) According to some feminists, words like “history” and “human” encode sex inequality. Do youagree?These words may connate sex inequality at first sight. But, In fact, we go too far if we hold this notion in mind. Both words have been part of our culture.4.ASK:(1) What are the words in the pictures that stem from conversion?Stop, bin, wear, suit(2) Are they instances of partial conversion or complete conversion?complete conversions5.ASK:(1) What words undergo shortening here? What is the full form of PM (or sometimes p.m.)?Tue Tuesday, Sun Sunday, post meridiem.(2) Do you know how the month names are shortened in English?1月January Jan 2月February Feb 3月March Mar. 4月April Apr. 5月May May 6月June Jun. 7月July Jul. 8月August Aug. 9月September Sept. 10月October Oct. 11月November Nov. 12月December Dec.6.ASK:(1) Can you provide more examples instantiating analogy?Marathon--telethon/talkathon, hamburger--shrimpburger-(2) Is this process of word formation also found in Chinese? Support your answer with evidence.无微不至－无胃不治；其乐无穷－棋乐无穷7.(1) What semantic relation holds the two lexemes together in each case?a. flu virus: A caused Bb. safety line :B ensures Ac. night bird: A is the usual time when B is actived. spoon-feeding: A is one of the ways to realize B.e. potato pancake: A is the ingredient of Bf. man-made: B is realize by Ag toilet seat: B is part A.(2) Does “safety line” mean the same as “safe line”? Can you come up with similar compounds? NO, the former means that line can keep one safe, whereas the latter means the line is safe.(You can touch it)Security guard and secure guardPost-Class Tasks1. Supply the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.a.D;b.B;c. D;d. C;e. A;f. D2. Learners need to be able to recognize word parts in words. Read the example and break up the following words into meaningful parts. (e.g. unhappiness -- un/happi/ness)a. intangibilityb. unevenlyin/tangible/ity un/even/lyc. friendlinessd. notwithstandingfriend/ly/ness not/with/stand/inge. overseasf. minimalistover/sea/s minim/al/istg. immigration h. Psychologistimmi/grate/ion psych/ology/isti. occurrences j. assumptionoc/cur/rence as/sumpt/ion3. Study the following Security Tips collected from an American Holliday Inn and exemplify the various processes of word formation with words from the passage.Safe: conversionCheck-out: CompositionDead: conversionValuable: conversion4. What kinds of adjectives undergo partial conversion? What kinds of verbs often undergo complete conversion?Adjectives like “poor”, “rich”, “fat”, “sick”, “wounded”, “deaf”, “mute”, “Chinese”, “Danish”, “best”, “most”, “least”, “latest”, “accused”, “condemned”, (for) “good”, “thick”(and) “thin”, etc. undergo partial conversion; stop, pause, halt, look, rest, check, try, taste, smell, etc, often undergo complete conversion.5. Some affixes have not only lexical meanings but affective meanings as well. Some personal nouns formed by the suffix –ling, for example, have derogatory meanings,as in hireling, weakling; some personal nouns taking the suffix –ish are also derogatory, as in mannish, womanish and bookish. Can you provide more examples suffixed with –ling and –ish that are negative in attitude?Prince/princelingUnder/underlingWorld/worldingChild/childishSelf/selfishFool/foolish6. Read the following piece of news. What are the acronyms or initialisms used in this passage? What are their full forms?Obama brings hope for warmer relations to TurkeyANKARA, Turkey – U.S. President Barack Obama is reaching out to Turkey to helpInitialisms: EU, ABC, U.S.。
《英语词汇学》
Lectures on English LexicologyMain Sections for the Lectures:Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1.1What Is a Word?A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.1.2 Sound and MeaningA word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world. This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. The relationship between sound and meaning is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to a certain thing with a cluster of sounds. In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.1.3 Sound and FormIt is generally agreed that the written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans.In spite of the differences, at least eighty percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns.1.4 V ocabularyAll the words in a language make up its vocabulary.The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over one million words.1.5 Classification of Words1.5.1 Basic Word Stock and Non-basic V ocabularyBasic words have the following characteristics:1.All national character: they denote the most common things and phenomena ofthe world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language.2.Stability: as these words denote the commonest things necessary to life, they arelikely to remain unchanged.3.Productivity:as they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, they caneach be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes4.Polysemy:words of this kind often possess more than one meaning becausemost of them have undergone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.5.Collocability: most of these words enter quite a number of set expressions,idiomatic usages, and proverbial sayings.“All national character” is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.Non-basic words include the following:1.Terminology（术语）: technical terms used in particular disciplines andacademic areas.2.Jargon（行话）: the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts,sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves.3.Slang（俚语）4.Argot（黑话）5.Dialectal words（方言词语）6.Archaisms（古语）7.Neologisms（新词）1.5.2 Content Words and Functional WordsContent words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words（实义词）. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which denote objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity, etc.Functional words do not have notions of their own. They are also called empty words. The chief function of these words is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences. They are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.Content words are numerous and the number is ever growing whereas the functional words which make up a small number of vocabulary，remain stable. However, functional words do far more work of expression in English on average than content words.1.5.3 Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words: words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language.Native words have two other features:1.Neutral in style: since native words denote the commonest things in humansociety, they are used by all people, in all places, on all occasions, and at all times.Stylistically, native words are neither formal nor informal whereas the words borrowed from French or Latin are literary and learned, thus appropriate in formal style.2.Frequent in use: Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech andwriting. The percentage of native words in use runs usually as high as 70 to 90 percent.Borrowed word: words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary.The loan words can be classified into four classes:1.Denizens（同化词）are words borrowed early in the past and now are wellassimilated into the English language. eg: pork----porc(F) cup---cuppa(L) 2.Aliens（非同化词）are borrowed words which have retained their originalpronunciation and spelling. eg: bazzar (per) intermesso( IT)3.Translation loans（译借词）4.Semantic loans（语义借词）Questions and Tasks on P20: 1—6Chapter 2: The Development of the English Vocabulary The English language is not the language of the early inhabitants of the British Isles.A Historical Overview of the English vocabularyThe first peoples known to inhabit the land were Celts. Their languages were dialects of still another branch of the Indo-European language family—Celtic（克尔特语）.The second major language known in England was the Latin of the Roman Legions. In 55-54 B.C., the Romans invaded the British Isles and were to occupy the land until about 410.When the Roman empire began to crumble, the Germanic tribes came in. they are Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.2.2.1 Old English (450—1150)The Germanic tribes took permanent control of the land, which was to be called England (the land of Angles). Their language, historically known as Anglo-Saxon, dominated and almost totally blotted out the Celtic. People generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.2.2.2 Middle English (1150--1500)Old English began to undergo a great change when the Normans invaded England from France in 1066. the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. Between 1250 and 1500 about 9,000 words of French origin poured into English. 75 percent of them are still in use today.2.2.3 Modern English (1500—up to now)Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England. In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as the Renaissance.In the mid-seventeenth century, England experienced the Bourgeois Revolution followed by the Industrial Revolution and rose to be a great economic power.Although borrowing remained an important channel of vocabulary expansion, yet more words are created by means of word-formation.Growth of Present-day English V ocabularyGenerally, there are three main sources of new words: the rapid development of modern science and technology; social, economic and political changes; the influence of other cultures and languages.Modes of V ocabulary DevelopmentModern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change, borrowing.1.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely roots, affixes and other elements. In modern times, creation is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.2.Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet thenew need.3.Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularlyin earlier times.Questions and Tasks on P33: 3, 4, 10Chapter 3: Word Formation IThough borrowing has been playing an active role in the expansion of vocabulary, vocabulary is largely enriched on an internal basis.boys boy+schecking check+ingchairman chair+manMorphemes（词素）the smallest meaningful unit of language Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical, e.g. boys---boy+-s indicates pluralitychecking---check+-ingdisappointment词是由一个或一个以上的词素构成的。
英语词汇学教程课件第1章English Lexicology 1上
Bug, boy, through, build, -er, dip, stick, -s, read and -ing are all morphemes.
Bug, boy, through, build, dip, stick and read are simple words while –er, -s and ing are only parts of words.
Semantics
Semantics studies meaning. It is usually approached from one of two perspectives: philosophical or linguistic.
Philosophical semantics is concerned with the logical properties of language, the nature of formal theories, and the language of logic.
Lexicographical compilation is derived from lexicological theory.
Dictionaries are compiled now mainly by lexicographers with linguistic knowledge.
People consider lexicography as applied lexicology.
Morphemes are considered as the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words. From morphemes, we can specify the kind of relationship they have with the nonlinguistic world.
必修五Unit1词汇一
Daily topic
Holiday
Unit 1 词汇学（1）派生词
找出派生词page 91。
1）已经为派生词的，找出其词根； e.g. neighborhood---neighbor 2）本身为词根的，写出你熟悉的派生词 e.g. depend---independence
Unit 1 词汇学（1）派生词
背诵书写以上词汇及短语。
时间8分钟
课堂检测（一）
2. 死亡 1. 污染 3. 总而言之，总结 1) A study suggests all scientific know that water ____ is 1)We Innew _____, we all find it worthwhile smokers ____ younger than tothat share joys and sorrows with becoming more and more non-smokers. each other . serious. Drinking ____ water 2)The north wind is into _____ cold . 2)Taking all factors account, may cause deadly disease. 3)we The painter found ____ on can draw was a _____ that the the ground. Hepersuasive. was proved to former is more have died of a ___ heart attack.
1.n. 特征，vt. 传染 5. n. 医生，内科医生 6. adj. 致命的 7. n. 爆发 8. adj. 科学的
《词汇学》英文版课件Chapter 1 English Lexicology--Introduction
Teaching focus:
1.1 What Is a Word
a minimal free form of a language a sound unit a unit of meaning a form that can function alone in a sentence “A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function”. 词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独 立运用的最小的语言单位。
Morphology studies the structures or forms of words through the use of morpheme construct Etymology studies the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. Semantics studies the meanings of words and sense relations: polysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonomy, hyponmy, and semantic field
• 1.2 Sound and Meaning • There is no logical or intrinsic connection between a sound and what it refers to. The relation between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary or conventional. The same language can use the same sound to mean different things and the different languages use different sounds to refer to the same thing.
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英语词汇学第一单元英语词汇概说Introduction Questions:1.Why do we need to learn lexicology? Answer:2.How do we learn lexicology?Answer:3.What is our class like?The Schedule of the Lexicology (90 minutes)1. To deal with the homework assigned last time.2. The new unit.Stage A : teacher’s lectureStage B: Q & A / Discussion in groups3. Exercise in class4. Checking Exercises and explaining.5. Assigning the homework.一、词、词汇、词汇学I. 什么是词Lexis n. 词，词汇Lexicon n. 词典，词汇（the Greek word for dictionary）Lexicology n. 词汇学，词典学Thesaurus 词典，宝库，百科全书1. Defining “Word”词的概念Dispute on what a word is in history.With the further study on linguistics, people’s understanding of word gradually turns accordantAccording to Bloomfield, “a minimum free form is word”. By this he meant that the word is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit that can be used on its own.2. The Characteristics of Word 词的特征⑴ word-form 词形特征according to the word’s appearance, length and spelling rules compare: father farther; employ employee⑵ grammatical words 语法特征I am reading a book. 在该句中每个词都具有语法特征。
Compare: take took taken takes (时态); apple, apples （单复数）；I, me; he, him; she, her; we, us （主格与宾格）⑶ stability 稳定特征eg. House, 不能写成hoose, huoes, etc.⑷ used independently 独立使用特征- Will you come here tomorrow?- Certainly./ Definitely./ Hopefully.- Look! Enemy!- Fire!以上是一个单个词可以担当起一个句子功能的例子。
It is a new TV. TV is a home appliance. They like watching TV at night. 以上三句说明TV可以独立使用在多个完全不同的句子中，而且所起作用也可以不尽相同。
结论：词是在口语和书面语中能独立、自由使用并具备完整意义的语言最小单位。
II. 什么是词汇1. What is vocabulary?vo•cab•u•lar•yn., pl. -lar•ies.1. all the words of a language.2. a list or collection of words and often phrases, usu. arranged in alphabetical order and defined.This edition of Shakespeare's plays has a good vocabulary at the back. 3. the stock of words used by or known to a particular person or group. He has a vocabulary of about 20,000 words; the specialized vocabulary of nuclear physics.V ocabulary is a collective noun. 一个具有集合概念的名词。
2. English vocabulary(1) The growth of vocabulary(2) The size of the vocabulary(3) Word frequencyIII. 什么是词汇学What is lexicology?“词汇学”是研究词汇背后规律性和系统性以及词汇的结构关系和类别的学科，它运用语言学的相关理论，研究语言中有关词汇的问题，讨论词的形态结构及构成方式，探讨词的意义即语义关系，阐述词汇的发展变化过程，涉及相关的词典知识。
意义：学好了词汇学不仅可以了解英语词汇的普遍规律、分析研究现代英语词汇现象和英语词汇的演变和发展，还有助于掌握英语词汇学习的方法、途径、手段和策略。
二、当代英语词汇的现状1.语言是信息的载体，21世纪是语言学的时代。
2. 用数据说话现在世界上计算机储存的信息80%以上以英语为媒体，50%的报纸用英语出版，75%的信件用英语书写，60%的电台用英语广播，互联网上90%以上是英语信息，其中80%以上的信息和95%以上的服务是世界上最主要的英语国家之一美国提供的。
Neologisms （新词，新词的使用）: how are new words created?⑴ coined words 生造的词（之前词汇中没有的）geek dweeb⑵ acronyms 首字母缩略词（当成一个新词，有独立连续发音）radar : radio detecting and ranging laser: light amplification (by)stimulated emission (of ) radiation. URL 读成earl DOS读成doss GIF读成jiff⑶ alphabetic abbreviations ( 首字母缩略词，发音时单独读字母音) www IT HTML (Hypertext Markup Language 超文本链接标示语言) IP (Internet Protocol 网际协议)⑷ clippings 截短式缩略词prof.: professor fax: facsimile photographic opportunity: photo op orthographic abbreviations （正字法缩略）Dr. Mr.: mister AZ: Arizona MB: megabyte⑸ blends 混合缩略词motel (motor hotel ) brunch ( breakfast and lunch) trashware ( trash and software)⑹ proper nounshooker ( prostitutes who followed the troops of General George Hooker) guillotine ( an instrument of execution named after its inventor, Dr. Joseph Guillotin )⑺ Borrowingsguava cocoa tomato chocolate MexicoQuestion:Will English survive as king of languages in the world?Exercise网络通讯（如：电邮、手机等文字通信）常用缩略式和表情符（emotions）。
用英语解释下列缩略式和表情符：1. B4__________2. BTW___________3. FYI____________4. GR8____________5. IMHO_____________6. LOL _________________7. OTOH _______________8. POV _______________ 9. QOS ____________________10. RTM _______________ 11. SBI _______________12. SRI ____________________ 13. SYS _______________14. TBC ______________ 15. TIA _______________16. Ur ________________ 17. VG _________________18. Wysiwyg _______________ 19. the Net _______________20. the Web ______________ 21. : ) __________________22. ; ) ___________________ 23. : ( __________________24. :-D __________________ 25. :-0 __________________A riddle:What is it that isThe beginning of eternity,The end of the time and space, The beginning of every end, and The end of every race?。