高考冲刺阶段专题训练(作文)

成都七中高2014届高考冲刺阶段专题训练
第四部分---书面表达专题训练
一、如何使你的文章增色
我们在书面表达的训练中，要摒弃“只求达，不求雅”的观念，要尽力做到表达准确外，也要恰当地使用高级词汇、复杂句式和衔接手段，努力确保文章连贯流畅，尽量避免文章结构松散，或仅仅使用“主—谓—宾”或“主—系—表”等句式来表达。

这里重点探讨如何使用不同的方式表达相同的意义以及怎样通过对句子的变化使文章增色。

1. 通过“外在美”给文章增色
一篇优秀的书面表达首先就是一件艺术品，字母大小匀称，单词间距适当，没有明显修改痕迹。

因此在训练学生书面表达的同时一定要注重学生在书写方面的质量。

2. 通过“词汇美”给文章增色。

【成都七中高2014届专题复习】
人靠衣装，文靠词装。

从书面表达的评分标准可知，运用高级词汇对提高书面表达的档次和得分至关重要。

我们常常提倡学生使用“亮点词汇”，这不等于使用一些偏词，怪词，而是要使用一些生动，具体形象的词语。

这样就能够显出
如：The job is difficult to do. →The job is very challenging.
The book is useful. →The book is beneficial to us. / The book is of benefit to us.
He lives happily here. → He leads a colorful and meaningful life here.
3. 通过“衔接美”给文章增色。

“有效地使用语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑”是高考书面表达重要的评分依据。

因此，为了使文章结构紧凑，自然流畅，段落之间要使用适当的过渡语，句子之间要使用逻辑性合理的衔接词。

此处将衔接词分为七类。

⑴. 表示平行或递进，如 as well ( as ), at the same time, besides, furthermore, in addition (to), moreover, similarly, what’s more 等。

⑵. 表示转折，although, while, however, though, on the contrary, otherwise, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, as a matter of fact, on the other hand, on the contrast, instead 等。

⑶. 表示目的或因果，如 as, as a result/ consequence of, because of, due to, owing to, on account of, since, therefore, thus, hence, consequently 等。

⑷. 表示层次或顺序，如 after, before, when, at last, last but not least, finally, next, then等。

⑸. 表示举例，如 for example/ instance, for one thing…for another, such as, like 等
⑹. 表示解释或说明，如 in other words, that is ( to say )等。

⑺. 表示归纳与总结，如 in a word, to sum up, all in all, in conclusion 等。

4. 通过“句式”美给文章增色。

句式单一，缺乏生气的文章，即使没有任何错误也不可能得高分。

精彩句式的合理使用会增强语言的表达力，省略与替代交替使用，主动句与被动句交替使用，分词以及with复合结构等使用，都会给文章增色。

下面将具体探讨通过句式的变化来给文章增色。

⑴. 功能强大，表现力丰富的with 短语如：
There is a bedroom, a bath room and a kitchen in the small flat.
→It is a small flat of 25 square meters, with a bedroom, a bath room, and a kitchen. The cars’ prices go down. So many families have bought cars
→With the prices of cars going down, more and more families have bought cars of their own.
As the Internet has developed fast, more and more people tend to send electronic cards instead of paper ones at the festival.
→With the development of Internet, more and more people tend to send electronic cards instead of paper ones at the festival.
⑵倒装句如：
Yu Wei is such a diligent and successful man.
→Such is Yu Wei, a diligent and successful man.
The games were so attractive that we couldn’t tear ourselves away from them. →So attractive were the games that we couldn’t’tear ourselves away from them. We can avoid suffering from the pressure of exams in this way.
→Only in this way can we avoid suffering from the pressure of exams.
I didn't realize my mistake until you pointed it out.
→ Not until you pointed it out did I realize my mistake.
⑶. too… to句型如：
They believe it’s early. They can’t include an oral part in NMET now when the spoken English of most students is not good enough.
→They believe it’s too early to i nclude an oral part in NMET now when the spoken English of most students is not good enough.
I’m frightened and I can’t speak.
→ I’m too frightened to speak.
⑷.not only…but also…句型如：
She studied hard and was ready to help others.
→ She not only studied hard but also was ready to help others.
→ Not only did she study but also she was ready to help others.
They argue that setting off firecrackers may not only cause air and noise pollution, but also do damage to human health and property.
⑸. 省略句如：【成都七中高2014届专题复习】
Now the poor houses have been replaced by green trees and the brick yard has been replaced by tall buildings.
→Now the poor houses have been replaced by green trees and the brick yard by tall buildings.
They needed the wood for its walls and needed branches and leaves for its roof. → They needed the wood for its walls and branches and leaves for its roof. ⑹. 名词性从句如：
Fortunately, in time of danger, what the teacher said in a lecture on how to escape when a fire breaks out ran through my mind.
⑺. 比较级如：
The number of cars keeps increasing very fast, but we have not so many new roads → The number of cars keeps increasing very fast, but we have no t as many new roads
as are need.
In 1990, college students spent less than two hours in a week on computers.
⑻.复合结构如：
I think it is necessary for the young to learn how to use computer in the age of knowledge.
→ I think it necessary for the young to learn how to use computer in the age of knowledge.
It is possible for ordinary people to own their own cars because of the decrease of the car prices.
→ The decrease of the car prices makes it possible for ordinary people to own their own cars.
⑼. 强调句如：
Such wrong doings weren’t stopped until the government officials and the policeman came.
→It was not until the government officials and the policemen came that such wrong doings were stopped.
⑽. when 如：
I had just finished my homework when my mother asked me to help my sister with her homework.
At a stand, a woman was buying an ice-cream, when a young man behind her snatched her bag away.
I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street.
I was about to go out when my phone rang.
⑾. 附加成分如：
On the lake, now clean and clear, the villagers often spend their spare time boating and fishing.
More importantly, with the popularity of electronic cards, less paper is used for making paper cards, which contributes to the environment protection.
⑿.分词短语如：
We will mostly stay at home in the evening watching TV, playing games, and meeting people.
⒀.there be句型如：【成都七中高2014届专题复习】
There are many web sites on line where different varieties of cards are available. 此句型简单，但蕴藏丰富变化，如还可以变为：there is sure to be…; there happen to be…; there seems to be…; there used to be…etc. 另外还可以与非谓语动词或定语从句配合使用，将更多内容整合在一起。

There have been several events added to the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games. ⒁. before句型如：
Before we knew it, we had to say goodbye to the workers.
I can not understand why the issue of Syria has become so complicated before I learn more from the media.
⒂.语态的变化如：
(1)Two much reading in poor light sometimes causes poor eyesight.
→Poor eyesight is sometimes caused by too much reading in poor light.
(2)Don’t leave until I tell you to.
→Don’t leave until you are told to.
(3)She objects to others troubling her when she is reading.
→She objects to being troubled when she is reading.
反馈训练: 按照要求完成下面的练习。

1. People suggest that the conference be put off. (被动语态)
the conference be put off.
2. She walked out of the room and many students followed her. （非谓语动词）She walked out of the room， many students.
She walked out of the room，many students .
3. To his surprise, the little girl knew so many things. （名词性从句）
was that the little girl knew so many things.
4. The couple was so curious about wild plants that they decided to travel to the forest. （倒装）
about wild plants that they decided to travel to the forest.
5. Regular radio broadcasts began in 1920. （强调句）
regular radio broadcasts began. 6. Many lives were saved because there were the efforts of firefighters.
the efforts of firefighters, many lives would not have been saved.
5. 通过适当的谚语来给文章增色【成都七中高2014届专题复习】
在英语的书面表达中，学生如果能够使用适当的谚语会给文章带来惊奇的效果。

下面将列出一些比较常用的谚语供同学们借鉴。

⑴. Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

⑵. God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者。

⑶. Easier said than done. 说起来容易做起来难。

⑷.Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。

⑸.One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘，谬之千里。

⑹.Slow and steady wins the race. 稳扎稳打无往而不胜。

⑺.A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。

⑻.Experience is the mother of wisdom. 实践出真知。

⑼.All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

⑽.Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.
无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。

⑾.More hasty, less speed. 欲速则不达。

⑿.Its never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。

⒀. All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。

⒁.Look before you leap. 三思而后行。

答案
1. It is suggested that the conference be put off.
2. She walked out of the room，followed by many students.
She walked out of the room，many students following her.
3. What surprised him was that the little girl knew so many things
4. So curious was the couple about wild plants that they decided to travel to the forest
5. It was in 1920 that regular radio broadcasts began
6. But for the efforts of firefighters, many lives would not have been saved.
一、引用谚语的技巧
1. 用as the saying goes来引出谚语，其意为“常言道”“正如有句谚语所说”；它能够放在句首，也能够放在句末，有时也可放在句子中间。

如：
“More haste less speed,”as the saying goes. 常言道：“欲速则不达。

”
“Accidents will happen,”as the saying goes. 正如有句谚语所说：“天有不测风云。

”
As the saying goes, “Don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched.”正如有句谚语所说：“蛋未孵化，莫数小鸡。

”
However, as an old saying goes, a coin has two sides. Having a private teacher also has its disadvantages. 但是，正如有句谚语所说：“每个硬币都有两个面。

”请家庭教师也有其不利之处。

【成都七中高2014届专题复习】
From my point of view, taking more physical exercises is a good way to solve these problems. Just as a saying goes：“Only work no play makes Jack a dull boy.”依我的看法，多实行体育锻炼是解决这个问题的一个好办法。

正如有句谚语所说：“只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

”
2. 用There is a saying going like this 来引出谚语，其意为“有句谚语是这样说的”。

如：
There is a saying going like this, “A friend in need is a friend indeed.”What is a true friend?
A true friend is a person who can share your happiness and sorrow. 有句谚语是这样说的：“患难见真情。

”什么样的朋友才算是真正的朋友？真正的朋友就是能与你分享快乐和分担忧愁的人。

There is a Chinese saying going like this：“Traveling ten thousand li is better than reading ten thousand books.”Indeed, travel benefits us a lot. 中国有句谚语是这样说的：“读万卷书不如行万里路。

”旅游对我们的确很有益处。

There is an old saying going like this, “One will get something new in looking over one’s old studies,”which means that forming the good habit of revising is very important for us. 有句谚语是这样说的：“温故而知新。

”其意是说形成好的复习习惯对我们很重要。

There is a saying going like this：Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. Indeed, early rising does good to our life in many ways. 有句谚语是这样说的：早睡早起使人健康、富裕又聪明。

早起床的确在很多方面对我们的生活有好处。

3.用which is a saying we are all familiar with来引出谚语。

此时的which引出的是一个非限制性定语从句，注意其前用逗号，不可用句号。

其实，这类表达若使用得当，对于提升书面表达得分非常有协助，因为不但引用谚语能够算一种高级表达，而且还能恰当地用上非限制性定语从句，能够说是“高级中的高级”了。

如：
We should sleep eight hours and make ourselves in good moods every day. A merry heart goes all the way, which is a saying we are all familiar with. 我们每天要睡八个小时，让自己有个好心情。

心旷神怡，事事顺利——这不过我们大家都熟悉的一句谚语。

Honesty is the best policy, which is a saying we are all familiar with. Everyone is likely to
make mistakes, so are the children. 诚实是上策。

这是我们大家都熟悉的一句谚语。

每个人都可能犯错误，小孩子也一样。

An apple a day keeps the doctor away, which is a saying we are all familiar with. In fact, apples contain plenty of nourishments which are good to our health. 一日一个苹果，医生远离我。

这是我们大家都熟悉的一句谚语。

事实上，苹果含有大量对我们身体有益的营养成份。

二、套用谚语的技巧
套用谚语就是直接将谚语套用在自己的句子中，使之成为自己句子的一个组成部分。

下面略举几例，同学们可以从中学习如何在自己的句子中套用谚语。

1. Beggars cannot be choosers. 叫花子不能挑肥拣瘦。

如：Like it or not, remember, beggars can’t be choosers.
不管你是喜欢还是不喜欢，记住，叫花子不能挑肥拣瘦。

I don’t care much for the Christmas present, for beggars can’t be choosers.
对于什么样的圣诞礼物我不在乎，因为叫花子不能挑肥拣瘦。

I would have preferred a bed, but beggars can’t be choosers so I slept on the sofa.
我本想要张床，但是叫花子不能挑肥拣瘦，所以我就睡在沙发上了。

Usually I hate pancakes but beggars can’t be choosers. So I walked in hoping to find some discarded pancakes since I had no money.
通常我不喜欢吃烙饼，但是叫花子不能挑肥拣瘦，所以我还是走了进去，希望能找到一些别人吃剩的烙饼，因为我身无分文。

【成都七中高2014届专题复习】
2. Once bitten, twice shy. 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳；一次上当，下次小心。

如：She certainly won’t swim again—once bitten, twice shy.
她肯定不会再游泳了——所谓一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。

I try to avoid meeting her. But probably once bitten, twice shy, I always feel nervous whenever I see her. 我尽量避免与她见面。

但也许是一朝被蛇咬十年怕井绳吧，我每次见到她都感到很紧张。

A: Do you think he will marry again？你觉得他会再婚吗？
B: I’m afraid he won’t—once bitten, twice shy.
恐怕不会了——所谓一朝被蛇咬十年怕井绳啊。

3. It never rains but it pours. 不雨则已，一雨倾盆；灾祸等不发生则已，一发生便接踵而至。

如：First his car broke down, then he lost my key—it never rains but it pours!
先是他的汽车出了故障，接着又丢了钥匙——真是祸不单行!
请再看下面一段长对话：
A: Oh, my God! It’s the end of the world! 哦，上帝！世界末日到了！
B: What’s the matter? 出什么事了？
A: I got sacked yesterday. 我昨天被炒了鱿鱼。

B: Look on the bright side. Perhaps you can find a better job. 往好的方面看，也许你可以找到一份更好的工作。

A: And my girl friend broke up with me this morning. I can hardly believe it! 接着，今天早上我的女朋友把我甩了，我简直不敢相信！
B: I’m sorry to hear that. Can I do anything for you? 我为你难过。

我能帮什么忙吗？
A: Can you lend me some money? I lost my wallet just now and my whole month’s salary was in it. Oh, no! How could this happen to me! 你能借我些钱吗？我刚才把钱包丢了，里边装着我整个月的薪水。

哦，天哪！我怎么会碰上这样的事！
B：Just as the saying goes, it never rains but it pours. Anyway, cheer up. Everything will turn out all right. 正如俗话所说，祸不单行。

无论如何，看开一点，一切都会好转起来的。

A：I hope so. 但愿如此。

三、书面表达常见写作话题及功能集训
1. 学校生活
一、话题“基础”词汇
crazy着迷的，疯狂的masses of大量的endless无穷尽的a variety of各种各样的various 各种各样的out-of-class课外的after-class课后的outdoor室外的activity活动participate (in...)参加take part in [join in] 参加(某活动) come/rank (the) first获得第一名make progress in 在……取得进步midterm exam期中考试
final exam 期末考试fail in the test考试不及格extra额外的hesitate犹豫，迟疑opportunity 机遇be expert/skilled in擅长be weak/poor in在某方面薄弱be tired of厌烦a knowledge of...……方面的知识broaden one's horizons拓宽视野major in主修weekly meeting每周例会spirit精神in high/low spirits情绪高昂/低落in good/bad mood心情好/坏in no mood for/to do sth没心情做……gain获得acquire获取employ利用，雇佣determined有决心的determination决心persevere坚持；不屈不挠perseverance坚韧不拔colorful多姿多彩的【成都七中高2014届专题复习】
entertainment娱乐(活动) recreation娱乐活动amusement消遣(活动) picnic野餐outing远足camp野营campsite野营地accompany陪伴keep sb company陪伴某人entrance examination 入学考试lay a good foundation in 打下良好的基础a piece of cake很容易的事，小菜一碟school clinic学校诊所get fully developed得到全面发展be well-built身体强壮make use of 利用make the best/most of善用/充分利用get in touch with与(某人)取得联系keep in touch with与(某人)保持联系say goodbye to sb向某人道别wave goodbye to sb向某人挥手道别二、话题“提分”句型
①He is crazy about English. Nothing delights him so much as reading English stories.他对英语很着迷。

没有什么能比读英语故事更让他高兴的了。

②We have masses of homework to do every day.
每天我们都有大量的作业要做。

③I found someone sitting on the seat I had occupied in advance.我发现有人坐在我占的位置上。

④There are varieties of out of class activities in our school, which we can take part in after class.在我们学校有各种各样的课外活动，我们课后能够参加。

⑤From this activity, I came to realize the significance/ importance of study.
通过这次活动我逐渐理解到学习的重要性。

⑥We have got to have extra lessons during the holiday.
我们在这些假日里也要补课。

⑦Recently we have had a heated discussion as to whether we should have term exams.
最近我们就是否应该实行学期考试实行了激烈的讨论。

⑧We learned to use knowledge gained in the classroom, solving problems by ourselves.
我们学会了使用我们在课堂上学到的知识，自己解决问题。

⑨We must keep up our spirits in class.
我们课堂上要振作精神。

⑩Only by reading widely can we gain more knowledge and broaden our horizons.
只有博览群书我们才能增长知识开拓视野。

⑪We should employ every possible opportunity to acquire more useful knowledge and get fully developed.
我们应利用一切能够利用的机遇获取更多的有用的知识并得到全面的发展。

⑫We gathered at the school gate and started out at seven o'clock. We got a warm welcome upon our arrival.
我们在校门口集合，7点出发。

一到那儿就受到了热烈的欢迎。

⑬It takes years of hard work to speak good English.
讲一口流利的英语需要多年的努力。

⑭I'm determined to do well in my lessons so as not to let my parents down.
为了不让我的父母失望，我决心把功课学好。

⑮I accompanied him to the school clinic.
我陪他去了校医务室。

三、话题“高分”仿写
1．他对数学很着迷，每天都要做大量的数学题。

世上没有什么能比做数学题更让他高兴的了。

_________________________________________________________________________ 2．老师鼓励我们积极参加各种各样的课外活动。

__________________________________________________________________
3．今天我过得很不容易。

因为有太多的作业要做，我不得不一整天都待在家里。

_______________________________________________________________
4．如果你学习上有什么困难，请即使找我好了。

________________________________________________________________
5．我下定决心要博览群书，增长知识，拓宽视野，以不辜负父母的期望。

_________________________________________________________________
6. 我们应该尽最大的努力获取更多的知识并使自己得到全面的发展。

____________________________________________________________________
2. 活动与事件
一、话题“基础”词汇
social practice社会实践investigation调查club俱乐部activity活动volunteer志愿；志愿者voluntary志愿的competition竞赛rewards奖励vocation job假期工作part-time job业余工作voluntary labor义务劳动to one's surprise/joy/excitement...使某人感到惊讶/快
乐/激动……的是
be prepared to do准备做catch sight of看见see sb doing...看到某人正在……arrival (n.)到达local当地的choose/decide/determine to do 准备做……set out/off出发，动身chat 聊天get fully developed得到全面发展lay a good foundation in在……打下良好基础make progress in在……取得进步
二、话题“提分”句型
①The extracurricular activity is a necessary part for us.
课外活动对我们必不可少。

②So I am determined to meet the challenge.
因此我准备迎接挑战。

③Great hope s make a great man.
伟大的抱负造就伟大的人。

④Hope fo r the best, bu t prepare for the worst.
抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。

【成都七中高2014届专题复习】
⑤Last weekend, my class went to a local nursing home and did some voluntary work.
上个周末，我班同学去了当地的一家敬老院，做了一些志愿工作。

⑥On the way home，I caught sight of a car knocking into a big truck.
在回家的路上，我看到了一辆轿车撞上了一辆大卡车。

⑦To our surprise, they seemed to show no interest in trying kicking the harmful habit.
使我们感到惊讶的是，对于尝试改掉那种有害的习惯他们似乎不感兴趣。

⑧On our arrival, we were warmly welcomed by the local people.我们一到达，就受到了当地人的热烈欢迎。

⑨We set off early in the morning and it took us more than two hours to get there.
我们一大早就出发了，花了两个多小时才到达那儿。

⑩We were chatting happily when I suddenly remembered that I had left my handbag in the taxi. 我们正在愉快地聊着，这时我突然想起我把手提包忘在出租车上了。

⑪A lecture on global weather by Professor Lee from Beijing University is going to be held in our school this Saturday morning.
本周六上午，北京大学的李教授将在我们学校进行一次关于全球气候的演讲。

⑫Last Sunday, I was shopping with my friend when I heard someone shouting and saw some people rushing to the gate of the supermarket.上个星期天，我和我的朋友正在购物，这时我听到有人大喊，并且看到一些人向超市的大门冲去。

⑬My teachers encourage us to take part in some social practice in our summer holidays, which they think can help get ourselves fully developed.
我的老师鼓励我们暑假期间参加一些社会实践活动，他们认为这有助于我们得到全面发展。

三、话题“高分”仿写
1.本周末，我们打算去孤儿院(orphanage)做一些志愿者工作。

___________________________________________________________________________ 2．周五，我们学校将举行一次英语演讲比赛。

届时，将有部分家长到来与老师一起做评委。

___________________________________________________________________________
3．让我们感到高兴的是，那些孩子在那儿都得到了细心的呵护。

_______________________________________________________________________________
4．上周六，我们正骑车去公园，这时有个老人摔倒在我们前面。

_______________________________________________________________________________
3. 事实与现象
一、话题“基础”词汇
fierce激烈的heated热烈的debate辩论argument争论ignore忽视deny否认tend to do倾向于……phenomenon现象access通路，进入，使用权consensus共识tendency趋势accessible可进入的；易接近的available可利用的；可得到的indicate指示，表明convey 传达conscience良知sense意识symbol象征severe严重的take...seriously严肃地对待condition条件situation形势further进一步in fact/as a matter of fact/in effect/in truth事实上draw a conclusion得出结论
二、话题“提分”句型
①Recently there is a heated/fierce debate in our class on whether middle school students should take on part-time jobs on their weekends.最近，我们班就中学生是否应该在周末做兼职展开了热烈的争论。

【成都七中高2014届专题复习】
②We cannot ignore the fact that many people still don't have enough to eat.
很多人仍然吃不饱饭，这是我们不能忽视的事实。

③No one can deny the fact that t he environment is getting polluted more and more seriously.
不可否认的事实是，环境污染越来越严重。

④There is no denying the fact that people's living conditions are being improved on the whole.人民的生活条件总体上在持续提升，这是不可否认的事实。

⑤This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.
这是很多人都很感兴趣的一个现象。

⑥However, that's not the case.
不过，事实并非如此。

⑦No one could have failed to notice the fact that traffic problems are becoming more and more serious.
交通问题越来越严重，这是人人都会注意到的事实。

⑧Nowadays there seems to be a consensus in society that going to university is the only access to success.
当今，社会上似乎有种共识，那就是上大学是成功的唯一通道。

⑨Recently the problem has been brought into focus.
最近，该问题已经得到了注重。

⑩The truth is quite other than what you think.
事实真相和你所想的完全不同。

⑪The truth is quite otherwise./It's far from being true.
事实真相与此大相径庭。

⑫It is a common phenomenon in society that people are getting politer than they used to be.
人们比过去更有礼貌，这是社会上的普遍现象。

三、话题“高分”仿写
1. 最近，我们学校就中学生是否应在周末上课展开了热烈的争论。

___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________ 2．不能忽视的是，带眼镜的中小学生越来越多。

___________________________________________________________________________ 3．不可否认的是，人们吃的越来越好，可身体却越来越差。

①_____________________________________________________________________________
②_____________________________________________________________________________ 4．随着车辆的增多，道路似乎越来越窄，这是人人都会注意到的事实。

___________________________________________________________________________ 5．当今，社会上似乎有一种共识，那就是财富是成功的标志。

___________________________________________________________________________
4.原因与理由
一、话题“基础”词汇
as follows如下as listed 如所列evident/obvious/apparent明显的factor因素phenomenon现象account for说明……的原因reflect反映contribute to促成result in导致result from起因于lie in在于list列出lead to导致bring about引起involve涉及，包括concerning关于，涉及consequence结果consequently结果是，所以sound合理的well-grounded有坚实基础的convincing有说服力的as a result of/in consequence of/as a consequence of因为thanks to 多亏了on account of/owing to/due to因为，因为
二、话题“提分”句型
①The reasons for this can be listed as follows.
原因如下。

②The answer to this problem involves many factors.
这个问题的答案涉及很多因素。

③There are several reasons accounting for /that account for the phenomenon reflected in the picture.
有几种原因能够说明图中所反映出的现象。

④A number of factors account for/contribute to/result in/lead to the phenomenon reflected in the picture.
图中所反映出的现象是由若干的因素造成的。

⑤The change in people's way of life largely results from the fact that people's living conditions
have been greatly improved.
人们生活方式的变化主要是因为人们生活条件有了大幅度的提升。

⑥The answer to this question lies in the fact that rivers are being seriously polluted.
问题的答案在于河水正在受到严重污染。

⑦We have good reasons to believe that bicycles will never be replaced completely in the future.
我们有理由相信，将来自行车永远也不会完全被取代。

⑧The reason why people can't quit smoking is that they've got addicted to cigarettes.
人们不能戒烟的原因是他们上瘾了。

三、话题“高分”仿写
1. 原因很明显。

_________________________________________________________________________
2．很多因素造成了上面所提到的现象。

①____________________________________________________________________________ ②
______________________________________________________________________________ 3．肥胖症(obesity)常起因于缺乏运动和不健康的饮食。

_______________________________________________________________________________
4．我们有理由相信，交通问题会得到很好的解决。

___________________________________________________________________________ 5．成功在于勤奋和坚韧不拔的毅力。

_________________________________________________________________________
5. 目的和措施
一、话题“基础”词汇
be faced with面对take measures/steps(to do sth) 采取措施(做某事) deal with/cope with对付，处理overcome克服prevent v．防止(adj. preventive) take action采取行动make efforts (to do sth)努力做某事spread蔓延do what/whatever sb can/do all sb can/do everything sb can做所能做的一切smooth away排除，摆脱clear away清除get rid of 去除get out of从……解脱from bad to worse每况愈下，越来越糟conquer战胜，征服effective有效的practical实用的urgent 紧急的firm强硬的vital/significant重要的
二、话题“提分”句型
①With the aim of helping c reate a harmonious class, our monitor carried out a series of measures.带着创立一个和谐班级的目的，我们的班长采取了一系列的措施。

②Aiming at something higher, he worked even harder than ever before.因为有着更高的目标，他比以往任何时候都更加努力了。

③My goal/aim is to be able to be admitted to Tsinghua University.我的目标就是能够被清华大学录取。

④Something must be done about it right away for our children and children's children to be able to have a clean world to live in.为了我们的孩子以及孩子的孩子能够有一个干净的世界来生活，必须马上对此采取措施了。

⑤Faced with this severe disease,it is of vital importance for us to take some everyday measures to stay healthy. 面对这样严重的疾病，采取一些日常措施以保持健康十分重要。

⑥We should find proper ways to deal with this problem.
我们应该找到合适的方法来处理这个问题。

⑦We should make every possible effort to overcome (conquer) the difficulties.
我们应竭尽全力来克服这些困难。

⑧Something must be done to deal with this problem.
必须采取措施来对付这个问题。

⑨It is high time for us to do something for it before it is too late.在还来得及之前我们该采取行动了。

⑩The sooner preventive measures are taken, the better it would be.越早采取预防措施越好。

⑪The government should take firm/urgent action to deal with this problem.政府应坚决/紧急采取行动来应对该问题。

⑫Only if we take effective steps to deal with this problem now can we prevent a real water problem in the near future.只有我们现在采取有效措施来解决这个问题，我们才能防止不久的将来会面临的水患。

三、话题“高分”仿写
1.人们应该尽快采取有效措施来确保此类事件再也不会发生。

①
_______________________________________________________________________________ ②
_______________________________________________________________________________ 2．政府应采取措施来阻止此类事件再次发生。

___________________________________________________________________________
3．面对这么严峻的问题，我们应竭尽所能改善现状。

①_________________________________________________________________________
②_____________________________________________________________________________ 4．我们只有采取有效的预防措施，才能阻止疾病的迅速蔓延。

__________________________________________________________________________
6. 对比、转折
一、话题“基础”词汇
compared with/to与……相比prefer A to B宁愿A也不要B similarly相似地accordingly相对。