B3M1
SDH设备误码分析及维护定位
SDH设备误码分析及维护定位[摘要]sdh设备中产生的误码指的是在信号传输过程中,信号码元发生了错误。
具体来讲,误码是设备间在接收与发送数字信号的时候,个别数字产生了差错。
充分理解和掌握误码性能事件,是做好sdh系统维护的基础,维护人员才能够快速准确的定位找到故障的根源。
本文介绍了sdh设备误码的基础,并通过对以往维护中出现的问题案例的分析,总结sdh误码问题故障处理的思路、方法、步骤以提高维护人员在误码处理过程的效率。
[关键词]误码,sdh,设备维护中图分类号:tn 文献标识码:a 文章编号:1009-914x(2013)11-0273-01一、sdh设备中误码的背景知识:1、sdh负责对误码性能进行检测的主要字节:在stm-n帧结构中,主要用于实现误码监测的字节是b1、b2、m1、b3、g1、v5。
这些开销字节负责监视的部分如下所示,开销字节b1负责监视再生段部分误码、b2负责监视复用段部分误码、b3负责监视高级通道部分误码、v5负责监视低阶通道部分误码、g1的1到4位负责高阶通道远端误码指示、m1主要负责复用段远端误码指示。
2、误码检测:sdh设备中对误码进行检测主要是运用分段分层的思想。
开销字节b1、b2、b3、m1、g1、v5之间的关系如图1所示:由上图所示可以看出,当低阶通道出现误码时,那么高阶通道就监测不到该误码,复用段、再生段也同样监测不到;而当再生段出现误码时,那么跟据分段分层思想复用段、高低阶通道也必然会监测到误码。
总结来说,有高阶误码就会有低价误码,但是反之,有低阶误码不一定有高阶误码,因此在我们日常维护设备的过程中就应该先处理高阶误码后处理低阶误码。
二、一般产生误码原因:在日常设备维护过程中可能产生误码的原因有以下三种;1、由于时钟的数据配置错误而导致整个系统数据配置混乱而产生误码,会使得线路上的b2、b3产生误码。
不过此原因只要在配置时钟数据时注意即可避免。
2、由于设备的问题而使sdh系统产生误码的情况发生的频率较高,我们日常维护的sdh设备包括线路单元、支路单元、风扇单元、时钟单元以及交叉单元。
外研版B3M1-3回放
27.pick out 29.put on
30.put away 31.look up to
28. 拾起;收听;好转28.pick up
32. 以坐牢结束
32.end up in prison
1.由汽车引起的空气和噪音污染对我们的健康造成了危害。
Air pollution and by cars
do harm to our health.
2.学生们既不能熬夜太晚,也不能浪费业余时间。
Neither should students stay up too late at night, nor can they waste their spare time.
3. 我要不遗余力的帮助穷人。
I’ll spare no efforts to help the poor.
6.have a population of
7.in face of 8.lose one’s face 9.be located in/on/at 10.just the opposite
11. 同意某人意见;
与… 致
11.agree with
12. 以防;万一 13. 友善;要好 14. 总的来说
The government is urged to take steps to prevent the spread of aids.
7. 我觉得这首诗容易理解。
I think it easy to understand the poem.
8. 把药放在孩子们够不到的地方。
Leave the medicine where the children can’t reach it.
• 单选 • ABCAB • BCCDC
英语课标的24个话题
中学英语课程标准24个话题项目说明:标*号的项目为八级要求。
1. 个人情况(Personal information)(B1M2,B5M5)(1)Individual data (name, age, date of birth, place of birth, telephone number, address, postal code, address, ID number, etc. )(2)Family data (name, age, relationship, etc. )(3)School data (school, grade, class, teacher, etc. )(4)Data uses (filling out forms and application, etc. )(5)Jobs and career (office worker, worker, teacher, doctor, farmer, driver, official, etc. )2. 家庭、朋友与周围的人(Family, friends and people around)紧接着讲8人际关系(B4M3,B6M1,B6M3)(1)Family and relatives (grandparents, parents, brother, sister, aunt, uncle, cousin, son, daughter, etc. )(2)Friends (close neighbour, schoolmate, classmate, roommate, team-mate, etc. )(3)Other people (neighbour, local shopkeeper, teacher, colleague, etc. )3. 周围环境(Personal environments)(B1M4)(1)Kinds of homes (apartment, house, dormitory, etc. )(2)Rooms in homes (bedroom, kitchen, living room, bathroom, etc. )(3)Furniture & home items ( table, chair, sofa, desk, bed, television, etc. )(4)Schools (classroom, playground, hall, puter room, office, etc. )(5)Outside (grocery store, book shop, clothing store, market, bank, library, museum, cinema, theatre, park, road, etc. )4. 日常活动(Daily routines)(B5M2)(1)Getting ready (time for school, playing, bed)(2)Dressing, brushing teeth, washing hands and face, taking a shower, etc.(3)Eating (breakfast, lunch, snacks and dinner)(4)Daily chores (tidying, sweeping, doing dishes, cooking)(5)Homework (reading, writing, studying, etc. )(6)Family time (watching television, going out, visiting, etc. )5. 学校生活(School life)(B1M1,B1M2,B1M5,B7M2)(1)School building (classroom, office, library, washroom, etc. )(2)School organization (grade, class, subject, break, schedule, etc. )(3)People (teacher, classmate, schoolmate, cleaner, etc. )(4)Subjects (Chinese, maths, English, geography, history, etc. )(5)Activities (sports, extra-curricular involvement, trip, etc. )(6)Instruction (Please listen, read, get into groups, act, etc. )(7)Educational methods (preview, review, discuss, presentation, summary)6. 兴趣与爱好(Interests and hobbies)(1)Less (music, dance, acting, sport, etc. )(2)Games (physical games, puter games, sports, etc. )(3)Hobbies (collecting stamps, coins, dolls, etc. )(4)Reading (books, newspapers, ics, etc. )(5)Cultural events (film, theatre, concert, opera, etc. )(6)Entertainment (listening to radio, watching TV, playing CD, DVD, etc. )(7)Socializing (having parties, issuing invitation, going for piics, going sightseeing, entertaining guests, etc. )(8)Expressing your reaction to these activities7. 个人感情(Emotion)(1)Describing feelings (happy, sad, angry, upset, pleased, proud, lonely, worried, nervous, afraid, etc. )(2)Expressing emotion (smiling, laughing, crying, shouting, etc. )(3)Describing facial expression and gestures8. 人际关系(Interpersonal relationships)见上(1)People (parent, brother, sister, other family members, friend, neighbour, teacher, etc. )(2)Social behaviours (greeting, introducing, giving thanks, asking for permission, asking for help, solving problems, dealing with conflicts, etc. )(3)Getting together (making plans / arrangements, time, date, place, event, etc. )9. 计划与愿望(Plans and intention)(1)Planning (holidays, social events, travel, further education, jobs, etc. )(2)Organizing ( asking for advice, asking for help, asking for permission, exploring possibilities, expressing needs and wants, etc. )10. 节假日活动(Festivals, holidays and celebration)(B5M4)(1)Cultural festivals ( Spring Festivals, New Year's Day, Christmas, etc. )(2)Religious holidays (Christmas, Easter, Ramada, etc. )(3)Personal celebration (birthday, anniversary, graduation, etc. )11. 购物( Shopping)(1)Planning (shopping list, needs, wants, etc. )(2)Products (clothes, groceries, personal items, electronics, etc. )(3)Selecting (quality, weights, measures, size, colour, style, etc. )(4)Paying (price, quantity, etc. )12. 饮食(Food and drink)(B8M3)(1)Meats (beef, chicken, pork, fish, etc. )(2)Soups (chicken, tofu, vegetable, etc. )(3)Vegetables (cabbage, eggplant, etc. )(4)Staple food (rice, bread, noodles, cake)(5)Drinks (milk, water, juice, soft drink, coke, alcoholic drinks, beer, wine, etc. )(6)Fast foods ( sandwiches, noodles, dumplings, hot dogs, hamburgers, chips, etc. )(7)Snacks (ice cream, chips, etc. )(8)Eating customs (ways of eating, kinds of food, times to eat,table manners, chopsticks, knife, fork, etc. )(9)Requesting or offering different foods and drinks(10)Likes and dislikes (favourite food, favourite drinks, etc. )(11)Ordering food and/or drinks13. 健康(Health)(B2M1,B2M2)(1)Eating habits(2)Physical fitness and exercise(3)Personal hygiene(4)Illnesses (stomachache, headache, flu, cold, etc. )(5)Medication(6)Accidents(7)Doctors, nurses & hospitals(8)Describing problems (parts of the body, pains, etc. )(9)Medical insurance14. 天气(Weather)(B3M4)(1)Describing weather (sunny, cloudy, windy, rainy, hot, warm, cold, cool, etc. )(2)Extreme weather (storms, gales, hurricanes, etc. )(3)Dressing for the weather ( coat, hat, umbrella, raincoat, windbreaker, etc. )15. 文娱与体育(Entertainment and sports)(B7M1)(1)Movies and theatre(2)Music and dance (folk music and dance, popular music and classical music)(3)Team games (football, basketball, volleyball, etc. )(4)Games of two or four (table tennis, tennis, golf, etc. )(5)Racing (running, swimming, horse racing, etc. )(6)International sports events ( Olympic Games, World Cup, Football League, etc. )(7)Spectators and fans(8)Physical exercises16. 旅游和交通(Travel and transport)(B1M3,B4M2,B5M5)(1)Methods of transportation ( walking, cycling, horse riding, taking buses, trains, boats, planes)(2)Travel (schedules, maps, tickets, fares)(3)Getting and asking direction(left, right, straight ahead, north, south, east, west, etc. )(4)Safety rules and warnings (traffic lights, caution, walk, stop, etc. )(5)Inquiring and making reservation (hotels, tourist spots, etc, )(6)International travel (passport, visas, expenses, currency, etc. )(7)Describing a journey17. 语言学习(Language learning)(B5M1,B8M4)(1)Differences between American English and British English(2)Language and culture(3)Language learning difficulties(4)Attitudes to language and munication(5)Language learning strategies(6)munication repair18. 自然(Nature)(B3M3,B4M6,B5M6)(1)Plants (green plants, trees, bushes, grass, vegetables, crops, flowers. etc. )(2)Animals (farm animals, wild animals, endangered animals, pets, etc. )(3)Heavenly bodies (The sun, the earth, the moon and stars, etc.)(4)Describing land (cities, farms, hill, mountains, lakes, rivers, etc. )(5)Natural disasters (Volcano,earthquake, etc. )*19. 世界和环境(The world and the environment)(1)Countries and maps (China, Great Britain, United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan, Russia, India, Egypt, Cuba. etc. )(2)Issues (pollution, land use and quality, population growth, housing, etc. )20. 科普知识与现代技术(Popular science and modern technology)(B1M5,B1M6,B4M4,B6M5,B8M5)(1)Recent invention, medical advances, technological advances, etc.(2)puter science21. 热点话题(Topical issues)(1)Population *(2)Environmental cervation *(3)Crime and punishment *(4)Social differences *(5)Pollution22. 历史和地理( History and geography)(历史:B3M5,B6M6,B8M2;地理:B3M1,B3M6,B8M1)(1)General knowledge of history and geography about China(2)General knowledge of history and geography about the world(3)Historic events(4)Historical pers23. 社会(Society)(B3M2,B4M1)(1)Nationality and people(2)Famous people (contemporary)(3)Law (rules and regulation, traffic codes)(4)Ways of dressing (types of clothes, daily clothes or dress, situation and dressing)(5)Names of religion *(6)Religion and culture *(7)Customs and culture24. 文学与艺术(Literature and art)(文学:B5M3,B6M2,B7M3,B8M6;艺术:B2M4;音乐:B2M3,B6M4,B7M4)(1)Forms of literature and art (play, drama, novel, essay, poetry, shortstory)(2)Famous literary people and artists *25. 文化与传媒(culture and media)(文化:B3M6,B7M5,B7M6)、(传媒:B2M5,B2M6)整合版:1.个人情况(Personal information)(即人物介绍类)2.家庭、朋友与周围的人(Family, friends and people around)+人际关系(Interpersonal relationships)3.周围的环境(Personal environments)+天气(Weather)+自然(Nature)+世界和环境(The world and the environment)(即包含环境、水资源、野生动物的现状和解决措施,自然灾害的描述)4.日常活动(Daily routines)(即活动描写类,包含日记、通知类)5.学校生活(School life)+兴趣与爱好(Interests and hobbies)+文娱与体育(Entertainment and sports)(即包含寄宿学校的好坏,课外活动,课外辅导、压力、独立性和业余工作)6.节假日活动(Festivals, holidays and celebration)(端午、中秋、元宵、反思西方文化的入侵)7.购物( Shopping)(网上购物,投诉类信件)8.饮食(Food and drink)+健康(Health)(食品安全,危害和措施)9.旅游和交通(Travel and transport)(旅行的好处,醉驾的危害和措施,交通问题和解决措施)10.语言学习(Language learning)(学习方法的介绍,学习困难提出与解决)11. 科普知识与现代技术(Popular science and modern technology)(网络运用,网络安全,微博,个人信息泄露)12. 历史和地理( History and geography)(地点介绍类)13. 看图作文(单图和多图组合)14. 热点话题(Topical issues)(好人好事、道德观念、慈善事业)15. 文化与传媒(culture and media)。
基础知识复习B3M&M2
B 3 Module1 Europe词汇拓展:1.____________ adj.大陆的;大洲的→____________ n.大陆;大洲2._________ adj.坐落(某处)的/位于….的→_________n.形势;位置3.____________ adj.位于→____________ n.地点;位置4.___________n.文明→___________ vt.使文明→_________adj.文明的5.____________ vt.签署→____________ n.签名6.____________ n.协议;契约→____________ vt.同意;赞同7.____________ vt.统治;治理→____________ n.政府8.____________ n.代表→____________ vt.代表9.____________ adj.地理的→____________ n.地理语境记词:1.The Empire State Building is a famous ____________(陆标)on the New York skyline.2.Where will the new school be ____________(坐落于)?3.Many examples and extra grammatical information are among the special ____________(特征)of this dictionary.4.They live in a farming ____________(地区)in Canada.5.Huangyan Island does belong to China and we hope an ____________(协议)can be reached soon between China and the Philippines.6.The wedding ring is a ____________(象征)of our love.7.2270 ______(代表)of the 18th National Congress of the CPC have been elected smoothly.8.We live further down on the ____________(在……对面)side of the road.9.There are some interesting ____________(雕塑)in this church.10.The survival of ____________(文明)depends on many environmental factors.短语回顾:1.____________从……到…… 2.____________因为;由于3.____________如;像…这样的4.____________共有/共用;有共同处5.____________据……;依照 6.____________一点点地;逐渐地典句分析:1.Italy is ____________ Europe on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. 意大利位于欧洲南部,地中海沿岸。
ET2-B3M1S中文资料
12.8±0.5 (0.50)
0.5(0.02) 10.5±0.5 (0.41)
0.5(0.02) 10.5±0.5 (0.41)
+1.0
3.8 −0.5 (0.149)
+1.0
3.8 −0.5 (0.149)
9.87
(0.39)Βιβλιοθήκη 7.3 (0.29)∗
3.6 (0.14)
1.0(0.04)
6.4
2.05(0.081) 1.15(0.045)
99.99 99.9
Operate voltage Release voltage
99
95 90 80 70
60
30 20 10
5
1
0.1 0.01
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Operate/Release voltage [V]
CDF [%]
99.99 99.9
Excluding contact bounce Including contact bounce
Contact Material
Operate Time (Excluding Bounce)
教材课文语法填空
B1M1课文语法填空阅读下面课文缩写材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词) 或括号内单词的正确形式。
My name is Li Kang.I live in Shijiazhuang,1.the capital city of Hebei Province.It is my first day at Senior High school and I’m writing down my 2.thoughts (think) about it.In my school,the teachers are enthusiastic and 3.friendly (friend) and the classrooms are amazing.Our English teacher is a very enthusiastic woman 4.called (call) Ms Shen.Her method of teaching is nothing like 5.that of the teachers at my Junior High school.I don’t think I will be 6.bored(bore) in her class.She wants to help us improve our spelling and handwriting.We do this 7.in a fun way,with spelling games and other activities.I like her attitude very much,and the 8.behaviour(behave) of the other students 9.shows(show) that they like her,too.There are fortynine girls and sixteen boys in our class.And everyone in our class is hardworking.I’m looking forward to 10.doing(do) the homework tonight.B1M2:阅读下面课文缩写材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词) 或括号内单词的正确形式。
机械控制工程基础第二版课后答案
机械控制工程基础第二版课后答案机械控制工程基础第二版课后答案【篇一:《控制工程基础》王积伟_第二版_课后习题解答(完整)】解:1)工作原理:电压u2反映大门的实际位置,电压u1由开(关)门开关的指令状态决定,两电压之差△u=u1-u2驱动伺服电动机,进而通过传动装置控制大门的开启。
当大门在打开位置,u2=u 上:如合上开门开关,u1=u上,△u=0,大门不动作;如合上关门开关,u1=u下,△u0,大门逐渐关闭,直至完全关闭,使△u=0。
当大门在关闭位置,u2=u下:如合上开门开关,u1=u上,△u0,大门执行开门指令,直至完全打开,使△u=0;如合上关门开关,u1=u下,△u=0,大门不动作。
2)控制系统方框图4解:1)控制系统方框图2)工作原理:a)水箱是控制对象,水箱的水位是被控量,水位的给定值h’由浮球顶杆的长度给定,杠杆平衡时,进水阀位于某一开度,水位保持在给定值。
当有扰动(水的使用流出量和给水压力的波动)时,水位发生降低(升高),浮球位置也随着降低(升高),通过杠杆机构是进水阀的开度增大(减小),进入水箱的水流量增加(减小),水位升高(降低),浮球也随之升高(降低),进水阀开度增大(减小)量减小,直至达到新的水位平衡。
此为连续控制系统。
b) 水箱是控制对象,水箱的水位是被控量,水位的给定值h’由浮球拉杆的长度给定。
杠杆平衡时,进水阀位于某一开度,水位保持在给定值。
当有扰动(水的使用流出量和给水压力的波动)时,水位发生降低(升高),浮球位置也随着降低(升高),到一定程度后,在浮球拉杆的带动下,电磁阀开关被闭合(断开),进水阀门完全打开(关闭),开始进水(断水),水位升高(降低),浮球也随之升高(降低),直至达到给定的水位高度。
随后水位进一步发生升高(降低),到一定程度后,电磁阀又发生一次打开(闭合)。
此系统是离散控制系统。
2-1解:(c)确定输入输出变量(u1,u2)u1?i1r1?i2r2u2?i2r2u1?u2?1c(idt2i1)dt得到:cr2du2(1?r2r1)u2?cr2du1dtr2r1u1一阶微分方程(e)确定输入输出变量(u1,u2)u1?ir1?ir2? i? u1?u2r1cidt消去i得到:(r1?r2)一阶微分方程du2dtu2cr2du1dtu1c第二章2-2解:1)确定输入、输出变量f(t)、x2 f(t)?fk1(t)?fb1(t)?fb3(t)?m1fb3?f fm2dx2(t)dtdx1dt22dx1(t)dt222)对各元件列微分方程:k2b2fk1?k1x1;fb1?b1fb3?b3d(x1?x2)dt;fk2?k2x223)拉氏变换:f(s)?k1x1(s)?b1sx1(s)?b3s[x1(s)?x2(s)]?m1sx1(s)b3s[x1(s)?x2( s)]?k2x2(s)?b2sx2(s)?m2sx2(s)24)消去中间变量:f(s)?b3sx2(s)?(b1s?k1?b3s?m1s)2b3s?k2?b3s?m2sb3s2x2(s)5)拉氏反变换:m1m2dx2dt44(b1m2?b2m1?bsm2?b3m1)dx2dtdx2dt33(b1b3?b1b2?bsb2?k1m2?m1k2)dfdtdx2dt22(k1b2?k1b3?k2b1?k2b3)?k1k2x2?b32-3 解:(2)2s?11s?22e?t?e?2t (4)199s?4e4t19119s?1t1123(s?1)te?13te1(s?1)2(5)?2(s?2)2(s?1)2e?2t?2e?t?te?t (6)0.25?2ss?420.5?2?2s?422s?12.5st0.5cos2t?sin2t?2e?2.52-5解:1)d(s)=0,得到极点:0,0,-2,-5m(s)=0,得到零点:-1,??,??,?? 2) d(s)=0,得到极点:-2,-1,-2 m(s)=0,得到零点:0,0,-1 3) d(s)=0,得到极点:0, ?1?j3,1?j32m(s)=0,得到零点:-2,??,??4) d(s)=0,得到极点:-1,-2,?? m(s)=0,得到零点:??2-8解:1)a)建立微分方程mx(t)?f(t)?fk1(t)?fk2(t)f(t)?abfi(t)fk1(t)?k1x0(t)fk2(t)?k2(x0(t)?x(t))fk2(t)?fb(t)?bdx(t)dtb)拉氏变换msx0(s)?f(s)?ff(s)?abfi(s)2k1(s)?fk2(s)fk1(s)?k1x0(s)fk2(s)?k2(x0(s)?x(s))fk2(s)?bsx(s)c)画单元框图(略)d)画系统框图mx0(t)?fk(t)?fb1(t)?fb2(t)fk(t)?k(xi(t)?x0(t))2)a)建立微分方程:fb1(t)?b1fb2(t)?b2d(xi(t)?xo(t))dtdxo(t)dtmsxo(s)?fk(s)?fb1(s)?fb2(s)2b)拉氏变换:fk(s)?k(xi(s)?xo(s))fb1(s)?b1s(xi(s)?xo(s))fb2(s)?b2sx0(s)c)绘制单元方框图(略)4)绘制系统框图【篇二:机械工程控制基础第二版答案】p> 234【篇三:2机械控制工程基础第二章答案】是线性系统?其最重要的特性是什么?下列用微分方程表示的系统中,xo表示系统输出,xi表示系统输入,哪些是线性系统? (1) ??o?2x (3) ??o?2x2x?2x (2) 2x??2tx?2x xxxoooioooi2x?2x(4) 2xx??2tx?2x xxooiooooi解: 凡是能用线性微分方程描述的系统就是线性系统。
_健身气功_五禽戏_锻炼对中老年女性身心健康的影响_崔永胜
第27卷第11期北京体育大学学报Vol.27No.11 2004年11月Journal of Beijing Sport Universi ty Nov.2004/健身气功#五禽戏0锻炼对中老年女性身心健康的影响崔永胜1,虞定海2(1.上海体育学院研究生部,上海200438;2.上海体育学院武术系,上海200438)摘要:通过生理学和心理学两个视角对/健身气功#五禽戏0进行了科学研究。
结果表明:3个月/健身气功#五禽戏0新功法锻炼后,中老年女性的血压、脉搏、WHR、握力、肺活量等生理指标都有显著性良好变化;同时,对心理状态及诸因素也有积极影响;新功法的难易程度、功效等方面也得到广大练功群众的认可;证明/健身气功#五禽戏0新功法编创合理,对提高中老年女性的身心健康具有积极作用,值得大力推广。
关键词:健身气功#五禽戏;中老年女性;身心健康中图分类号:G806文献标识码:A文章编号:1007-3612(2004)11-1504-03The Effect on Middle-aged and Old Women.s Body and Mind by Health Qigong#Wuqinxi ExerciseC UI Yong-sheng,YU Ding-hai(Shanghai Institute of Physical Education,Shanghai200438,China)Abstract:From the angles of physiology and psychology,the paper gives a scientific research on health Qigong---Wuqinxi.The results show that middle-aged and old women.s blood pressure,pulse,wai st/hip ratio,grip and vital ca-pacity have had obvious improvement after the exercise of Wuqinxi three months later;at the same time,an evident effecton mentali ty follows;the scale of difficul ty and easiness of the new Wuqinxi has been accepted by people,which proves thelayout of new Wuqinxi and has a good effect on middle-aged and old women.s body and mind,therefore,the newWuqinx is worth spreading.Key words:Health Qi gong)))Wuqin x i;middle-aged and old women;body and mind健身气功是我国一项独特的民族文化遗产,它通过/三调0锻炼,使人达到/心全于中,形全于外0,心和身都全面健康的和谐状态。
m1型巨噬细胞指标
m1型巨噬细胞指标
M1型巨噬细胞具有一系列特定的表型特征,这些特征可以通过检测特定的标记物来鉴定巨噬细胞的亚型。
以下是M1型巨噬细胞的表型特征:
1.CD11c:M1型巨噬细胞通常表达CD11c,这是一种巨噬细胞的表面标记物,
用于区分巨噬细胞和其他免疫细胞。
2.CD86:M1型巨噬细胞表达高水平的CD86,这是一种共刺激分子,参与T
细胞的活化和免疫应答的调节。
3.iNOS:M1型巨噬细胞表达高水平的iNOS(一氧化氮合酶),这是一种产生
一氧化氮的酶,对于抗菌和抗肿瘤具有重要作用。
4.IL-12:M1型巨噬细胞产生高水平的IL-12(白细胞介素-12),这是一种重
要的炎症介质,能够促进Th1细胞的发育和活化。
此外,M1型巨噬细胞还可以分泌大量促炎因子,包括IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α等,主要起到促进炎症发生发展、杀菌及吞噬等作用。
同时,能产生趋化因子,通过趋化性吸引Th1细胞,促进强烈的Th1免疫反应。
并且,M1巨噬细胞可通过增加细胞表面MHC-II和共刺激分子CD80和CD86标记,提升抗原的提呈能力。
M1货币量、M2货币量、M3货币量的划分及含义
国际上大致的划分是:狭义货币(M1)=流通中的现金+支票存款(以及转账信用卡存款)广义货币(M2)=M1+储蓄存款(包括活期和定期储蓄存款)另外还有M3=M2+其他短期流动资产(如果国库券、银行承兑汇票、商业票据等)我国对货币层次的划分是:M0=流通中现金狭义货币(M1)=M0+企业活期存款+机关团体部队存款+农村存款+个人持有的信用卡类存款广义货币(M2)=M1+城乡居民储蓄存款+企业存款中具有定期性质的存款+信托类存款+其他存款另外还有M3=M2+金融债券+商业票据+大额可转让定期存单等其中,M2减M1是准货币,M3是根据金融工具的不断创新而设置的。
M1反映着经济中的现实购买力;M2不仅反映现实的购买力,还反映潜在的购买力。
若M1增速较快,则消费和终端市场活跃;若M2增速较快,则投资和中间市场活跃。
中央银行和各商业银行可以据此判定货币政策。
M2过高而M1过低,表明投资过热、需求不旺,有危机风险;M1过高M2过低,表明需求强劲、投资不足,有涨价风险。
货币供应量 M0、M1、M2、M3货币供应量按流动性划分为 M0、M1、M2、M3四个层次;现阶段我国货币供应量划分为以下三个层次:M0 --流通中的现金M1 -- M0 +企业单位活期存款+机关团体部队存款+农村存款 ;M2 -- M1 +企业单位定期存款+自筹基本建设存款+个人储蓄存款+其他存款。
M1 是狭义货币供应量, M2 是广义货币供应量; M1 与 M2 之差是准货币。
中美两国的区别:在萨缪尔森的《宏观经济学》中M1=现钞+支票;M2=M1+储蓄存款。
而在英国的银行体系中还有M0、M3等项目。
根据我们国家统计局的公开资料,我国是以M0、M1、M2为框架体系。
其中货币总量:M0、M1、M2。
M0=流通中现金M1=M0+非金融性公司的活期存款M2=M1+非金融性公司的定期存款+储蓄存款+其他存款。
毫无疑问,我们是模仿国外的所谓现代银行管理、统计体系设立的M系统。
尼康D90最佳设置
尼康D90最佳设置人像:1.转盘模式:A档,2.优化校准:人像3.测光模式:矩阵测光(逆光可改为中央重点测光)4.对焦模式:AF-S 单次自动对焦5.AF区域模式:单点风景:1.转盘模式:A档2.优化校准:风景3.测光模式:矩阵测光4.对焦模式:AF-S 单次自动对焦5.AF区域模式:单点动物、儿童:1.转盘模式:P档2.优化校准:人像3.测光模式:中央重点测光4.对焦模式:AF-A 自动对焦5.AF区域模式:3D追踪对焦微距:1.转盘模式:A档2.优化校准:鲜艳3.测光模式:中央重点测光4.对焦模式:AF-A 自动对焦5.AF区域模式:3D追踪对焦夜景:1.转盘模式:M档2.优化校准:鲜艳或风景3.测光模式:矩阵测光4.对焦模式:AF-S 单次自动对焦5.AF区域模式:单点运动:1.转盘模式:S档2.优化校准:标准3.测光模式:矩阵测光4.对焦模式:AF-C连续自动对焦5.AF区域模式:3D追踪对焦白平衡:还是用自动吧,大多数情况下都很好。
建议阳光+3,白炽灯-1,荧光灯-1,如室内,多云等。
如果用自动白平衡模式:建议设置成B3,M1 从此你将摆脱白平衡不准的尴尬,几乎不用后期了。
这里特别声明一下,每个镜头有自己独特的风格,我这个设置主要是以85/1.4D来的,而且是以人像模式为主。
因此很多网友反映图象偏蓝,那么你最好找出自己的风格,不要照搬。
我也实验过,针对狗头,实际上可以直接设置成M2就可以了。
对焦模式:大多数情况下用AF-A,拍小孩时建议用AF-C,最近发现AF-C无敌啊,比AF-S强太多了,推荐推荐。
特殊情况用手动对焦,如微距、烟花等特殊环境。
曝光补偿:原则是0,室外人像经常用-0.3~0,风景经常用-0.3~-1.0,雪景经常用+0.7。
记住白加黑减的原则尼康D90的快速设置我们在摸索D90的时候有可能把里面的设置全搞乱了,不用担心。
请同时按住肩屏上的和按钮(这两个按钮上标有一个绿点)约两秒钟以上,可恢复相机设定的默认值,再按MENU 进入个人设定菜单,选择“重设个人设定”,这样就把之前弄乱了的设置全部恢复到出厂默认状态。
SDH误码问题分析
SDH误码问题分析—--中国电信嘉兴分公司–叶茂华误码问题是传输设备维护中经常碰到的问题.虽然有时小误码问题不会对业务造成明显影响,但当误码出现时,说明传输系统中局部已经出现了性能劣化,需要及时处理否则会发展成为业务中断等重大故障.下面先讲解一下误码的基本概念和产生的基本原理,再结合本人日常的维护经验阐述误码问题的处理思路和方法。
一、误码的定义:误码是指在传输过程中码元发生了错误,而对SDH光传输设备来说,指的是经光接收机的接收与判决再生之后,码流中的某些比特发生了差错。
二、常用概念网管对于误码的性能监视事件包括:BBE:背景块误码SES:严重误块秒 UAS:不可用秒 FEBBE:远端背景块误码 FEES:远端误块秒下面就性能事件的定义作简要说明1、通用参数:BER(平均误码率)传统上常用平均误码率BER来衡量系统的误码性能。
BER即:在某一规定的观测时间内(如24小时)发生差错的比特数和传输比特总数之比。
如1×10E—10.但平均误码率是一个长期效应,它只给出一个平均累积结果。
而实际上误码的出现往往呈突发性质,且具有极大的随机性。
因此除了平均误码率之外还应该有一些短期度量误码的参数,即误码秒与严重误码秒。
2、G.821规定的64k bps数字连接的误码性能参数ES(误码秒)和SES(严重误码秒)误码秒ES的含义是:当某1秒钟时间内出现1个或1个以上的误码块时,就叫做一个误码秒。
严重误码秒SES的含义是:误码率大于10E—3的秒。
注意:无论是ES还是SES,皆针对系统的可用时间。
CCITT规定,不可用时间是在出现10个连续SES事件的开始时刻算起;而连续出现10个非SES事件时算作不可用时间的结束,此刻算作可用时间的开始(包括这10秒钟时间)。
3、G。
826规定的高比特率通道误码性能参数,以“块”为基础.EB(误码块):SDH通道开销中的BIP-X属于单个监视块,其中X中的每个比特与监视的信息比特构成监视码组,只要X个分离的奇偶校验组中的任意一个不符合校验要求就认为整个块是误码块EB。
m1整流二极管正反向阻值
M1整流二极管正反向阻值1. 引言整流二极管是一种常用的电子元件,用于将交流电转换为直流电。
在使用整流二极管时,我们需要了解其正反向的阻值特性。
本文将详细介绍整流二极管的正反向阻值及其相关知识。
2. 整流二极管的基本原理整流二极管是一种半导体器件,由PN结构组成。
PN结是由P型半导体和N型半导体的结合形成的。
当P型半导体与N型半导体相接触时,形成了PN结。
整流二极管的基本原理是通过PN结的正向偏置和反向偏置来实现电流的单向导通。
•正向偏置:当P型半导体的正极与N型半导体的负极相连时,形成正向偏置。
此时,PN结的电子将从N型半导体流向P型半导体,而空穴将从P型半导体流向N型半导体。
整流二极管在正向偏置下具有较低的电阻,可以导通电流。
•反向偏置:当P型半导体的负极与N型半导体的正极相连时,形成反向偏置。
此时,PN结的电子将从P型半导体流向N型半导体,而空穴将从N型半导体流向P型半导体。
整流二极管在反向偏置下具有较高的电阻,几乎不导通电流。
3. 整流二极管的正向阻值整流二极管在正向偏置下具有较低的电阻,可以导通电流。
在正向偏置下,整流二极管的正向阻值可以通过测量其正向电压和正向电流来计算。
3.1 测量方法测量整流二极管的正向阻值需要使用万用表或示波器等仪器。
具体步骤如下:1.将整流二极管的正极与正测试笔相连,负极与负测试笔相连。
2.将万用表或示波器调至电阻测量档位或电流测量档位。
3.测量整流二极管的正向电压和正向电流,并记录下来。
4.通过计算正向电压与正向电流的比值,即可得到整流二极管的正向阻值。
3.2 正向阻值的意义整流二极管的正向阻值可以用来评估其导通电流能力和电压降。
较低的正向阻值意味着整流二极管具有较好的导通性能,可以传导更大的电流。
而较大的正向阻值则会导致电压降增加,从而影响整流二极管的性能。
4. 整流二极管的反向阻值整流二极管在反向偏置下具有较高的电阻,几乎不导通电流。
在反向偏置下,整流二极管的反向阻值可以通过测量其反向电流来计算。
尼康D90最佳设置
尼康D90菜单设置如下:推荐NEF(RAW)出片,设置全部为“零”、“无”、“标准”---------这个很重要,玩单反一定要习惯这样玩JPG直出,建议NEF+JPEG精细,这样的好处是直接出片还不理想的情况下还可以用NEF 找回来部分细节,有利于后期修改。
如果不会NX2,那就JPEG得了。
尼康用户一定要学会这个软件。
拍摄菜单:建议用光圈优先A模式,特殊情况用手动模式(M模式),如对比度大或暗环境,夜景、烟花等。
色彩模式:永远sRGB, adobe RGB等你搞懂了再说,估计你也不会用,因为现在的显示器不支持啊。
动态D-Lighting: 自动,你想怎么玩就怎么玩,看效果吧!不过现在我发现这个功能打开会影响到图像质量,而且部分菜单变灰,不能设置,因此大家可根据情况设定,最后后期在软件里搞定。
快门模式:建议用单张模式,俺极少用连拍,因为第一张没对准,连拍也无用。
但高速运动的情况下可以用连拍,如UFO 。
打鸟打飞机时也可以用啊,哈哈。
特殊情况下用自动延时或遥控,如用三角架拍合影。
白平衡:还是用自动吧,大多数情况下都很好。
建议阳光+3,白炽灯-1,荧光灯-1,如室内,多云等。
如果用自动白平衡模式:建议设置成B3,M1 从此你将摆脱白平衡不准的尴尬,几乎不用后期了。
这里特别声明一下,每个镜头有自己独特的风格,我这个设置主要是以85/1.4D 来的,而且是以人像模式为主。
因此很多网友反映图象偏蓝,那么你最好找出自己的风格,不要照搬。
我也实验过,针对狗头,实际上可以直接设置成M2就可以了。
ISO:启用自动ISO.设置ISO最高1600,最低快门1/60秒。
D90 ISO在1600时可以放心使用,如不有效利用高ISO,那还是买D80吧,性价比更高。
很多朋友对这个不太理解,实际上在天气好的情况下相机还是以200为默认值的,当然拍夜景上脚架时最好用手动调节ISO.对焦模式:大多数情况下用AF-A,拍小孩时建议用AF-C,最近发现AF-C无敌啊,比AF-S 强太多了,推荐推荐。
教育培训矩阵
班长
A3/M2 C3/M2 B3/M2 C3/M2+M4 B3/M2 C3/M2+M4 C3/M2+M4 B3/M2 B3/M1 B3/M1
操作工 行政、销售
A3/M2 B3/M2 B3/M2 B3/M2+M4 B3/M2 B3/M2+M4 B3/M2+M4 B3/M2 B3/M1 B3/M1
A3/M2 A3/M2 A3/M2 B3/M2+M4 B3/M2 B3/M2+M4 B3/M2 A3/M2 B3/M1 B3/M1
培训矩阵
专业部门要 求
培训内容
安全生产规章制度、相关法律法 规重大危险源专项培训
特种设备专项培训
消防知识培训
双重预防体系 安全部门
应急自救互救
个体防护
特殊作业专项培训
安全生产月宣传
安全文化
主要负责人 部门负责人 车间主任
/法人
C3/M2
C3/M2
B3/M2
B3/M2
B3/M2
C3/M2
A3/M2
B3/M2
B3/M2
C3/M2 C3/M2+M4 C3/M2+M4
C3/M2+M3 C3/M2+M3 C3/M2
B3/M2+M4 B3/M2+M4 C3/M2+M4
A3/M2 B3/M2+M4 C3/M2+M4
B3/M2
C3/M2
C3/M2ຫໍສະໝຸດ B3/M1B3/M1B3/M1
C3/M1+M3 C3/M1+M3 B3/M1
注 1:字母 A、B、C代表掌握程度。A 表示知晓;B表示熟知;C表示指导他人。 注 2:数字代表周期。1表示频次为1次/年;2表示周期为2次/年;3表示周期为3次/年。 注 3:培训方式。M1指课件讲授;M2指课堂课件讲授十考试;M3 指各种会议;M4 指实际操练
GB/T_15089机动车辆及挂车分类
GB/T 15089—2001前言本标准等效采用1997年11月发布的ECE R.E.3修订本1的附件7《机动车辆及挂车的分类》及其修订本1的修正案2,是对GB/T 15089—1994《机动车辆分类》的修订。
本标准技术内容与ECER.E.3一致。
本标准与上一版本的不同点:1.标准题目按照ECER.E.3附件7的题目修订为《机动车辆及挂车分类》;2.本标准中M1类不再细分为M1(a)、M1(b);3.M2、M3类中细分为A级、B级、Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级;4.对L类车辆的文字表述进行了修改,并将L类中的最高设计车速40km /h修订为50km/h;5.某些车辆的术语和定义参见GB/T 3730.1—2001;6.增加了G类车辆的内容;7.增加了第2章引用标准。
本标准自实施之日起,代替GB/T 15089—1994。
本标准由国家机械工业局提出。
本标准由全国汽车标准化技术委员会归口。
本标准起草单位:中国汽车技术研究中心。
本标准主要起草人:刘彦戎、吴卫、赵静炜。
本标准首次发布日期:1994年5月。
中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T15089-2001机动车辆及挂车分类代替 GB/T 15089-19941 范围本标准是对机动车辆和挂车的分类,在本标准中将机动车辆和挂车分为L类、M类、N类、O类、G类。
本标准适用于道路上使用的汽车、挂车及摩托车。
2 引用标准下列标准所包含的条文,通过在本标准中引用而成为本标准的条文。
本标准出版时,所有版本均为有效。
所有标准都会被修订。
使用本标准的各方应探讨使用下列标准最新版本的可能性。
GB/T 3730.1-2001 汽车及挂车类型的术语和定义3 分类3.1 L类两轮或三轮机动车辆。
3.1.1 L1类若使用热力发动机,其气缸排量不超过50mL,且无论何种驱动方式,其最高设计车速不超过50 km/h的两轮车辆。
3.1.2 L2类若使用热力发动机,其气缸排量不超过50mL,且无论何种驱动方式,其最高设计车速不超过50 km/h,具有任何车轮布置形式的三轮车辆。
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必修三M1 Europe1. We are often______ with the two opposite sides of a thing which are both desirable.A. suppliedB. facedC. connectedD. fixed2. Jim, although you failed this time, you should ______the problem and try again.A. avoidB. fightC. holdD. face3. Faced with a bill for $10.000, ______.A. John has taken an extra jobB. the boss has given John an extra jobC. an extra job has been takenD. an extra job has been given to John4. ______ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.A. FacedB. FaceC. FacingD. To face5. ______with such great difficulty, Jack felt at a loss ______A. Facing, what to sayB. Faced, what to sayC. Having faced, how to tellD. Being faced, how to speak6. After the tsunami the most serious problem ______Indonesia is how to supply more job opportunities.A. facedB. facingC. to face toD. facing to7. Do you notice nearly every great building in Beijing is built ______south?A. to faceB. facingC. to have facedD. being facing8. The boys, ______with this somewhat terrifying figure, had lost their tongues.A. to faceB. having facedC. facedD. facing9. In New Zealand, people live in the houses with their doors______ north.A. faceB. faced to theC. facingD. facing to10. London is ______on the Thames while Paris is ______on the Seine.A. situated, locatedB. locate, situatedC. situate. LocatedD. /,/11. If something is “dog-eat-dog”, it is a situation______ people have to take care of themselves and look after their own interests.A. on whichB. in whichC. by whichD. for which12. London is a most beautiful city in Britain, ______the River Thames.A. located inB. lied onC. situated onD. stood in13. ______is known to us all, doves are often regarded as the ______of peace.A. As, markB. Which, signC. Which, signalD. As, symbol14. In China’s traditional culture and art, the fish and water designs are ______ of prosperity and harvest.A. examplesB. signsC. marksD. symbols15. The hospital is _____ in a park surrounded by a number of impressive buildings.A. blockedB. basesC. occupiedD. located16. To my delight, I found my new school ______ in a pleasant and beautiful place.A. locatedB. locatingC. to locateD. being located17. –I hear a new hospital will be built here.--Yes. It is to be ______ near your college.A. arrangedB. appearedC. locatedD. set18. The teacher______ us ______ our names on the papers.A. sighed, signB. signed to, signingC. signed, to signD. signed, signing19. The talk lasted for two weeks before they finally ______ the treaty.A. signedB. markedC. madeD. wrote20. –He appears honest, why do so few people believe in him?--Because what he does is not always in ______ with what he says.A. agreementB. conflictC. touchD. relation21. The two countries _____an agreement after a seven-day discussion and they avoided a terrible war.A. reachedB. arrivedC. brokeD. shared22. The two organizations have ______ that they will each pay half of the expense for the construction of the square.A. signed an agreementB. written an agreementC. agreed withD. agreed to23. Her first book was a great success and she ______ famous as a writer ever since.A. had beenB. has beenC. wasD. is24. She______ at home to look after her father ever since he______ ill.A. had been, becameB. was, wasC. has been, becameD. had been , was25. It’s ______ the health and happiness of its people as well as the goods it can produce that the wealth of a country should be measured.A. in line withB. in regard withC. in terms ofD. by means of26. ______ qualification, ability and experience, I think John is the most suitable person for the job.A. In terms ofB. In case ofC. As a result ofD. In face of27. ______ money he’s quite rich, but he is still not a happy person.A. In terms ofB. In the place ofC. Concentrating onD. Comparing with28. The book has been well received, but ______ actual sales, it hasn’t been very successful.A. thanks toB. in terms ofC. according toD. regardless of29. ______achievements, our country has made much progress these years.A. In face ofB. As a result ofC. In case ofD. In terms of30 I don’t like Tom’s way of behaviour, but ______ I admire his great knowledge.A. in other wordsB. on the other handC. for one thingD. as a matter of fact31. On the one hand, I don’t like the style, ______. I don’t have enough money with me.A. on the other handB. on the second handC. in other wordsD. as a result32. There were no modern machines at that time, so all work had to be done ______ hand.A. onB. byC. inD. at33. I’m afraid I can’t help you. The matter is ______.A. out of my handsB. in my handsC. out of handD. in hand34. I know my job isn’t well paid, but ______ I don’t have to work long hours.A. on other wordsB. on the other handC. for one thingD. as a matter of fact35. All flights had been called off _____ the terrible weather, so they had to go there by train.A. in case ofB. in spite ofC. instead ofD. because of36. –Thank you very much ______ helping to repair my computer.--That’s all right. Thanks ______ your letter, I can come in time and repair it.A. for, forB. to, toC. to, forD. for, to37. ______the bad weather, they finished all the work on time.A. ThoughB. Because ofC. No matter howD. Despite38. The open-air celebration has been put off ______the bad weather.A. in case ofB. in spite ofC. instead ofD. because of39. The project had to be abandoned largely ______ a lack of government funding.A. according toB. due toC. in the name ofD. in the eyes of40. This play is ______ a success ______ the famous actress’s absence.A. far from, due toB. by far, owing toC. above all, because ofD. far away from, thanks to41. –Generally, the old are living a happier life nowadays.--Yes, ______ the advantages of science, the discomforts of the old age will no doubt be reduced.A. As forB. BesidesC. ExceptD. Because of42. I admire those people ______ having little money, they feel happy and satisfied.A. WithB. Because ofC. Instead ofD. In spite of43. ______, the wind died down and people began to appear on the street.A. A little bitB. A bit lessC. Not a littleD. Little by little44. I was running along the street when a heard somebody ______ the street shouting my name.A. offB. toC. oppositeD.through考点即时突破1.He suddenly saw Sue ______ the room. He pushed his way ______ the crowd of people to get to her.A. across, acrossB. over, throughC. over, intoD. across, through2. It was thanks to the honesty which they showed that we could ______ the agreement with that company today.A. writeB. createC. markD. sign3. Lhasa, an ancient town first built over 1,300 years ago, ______ the west of China.A. is located inB. is situated onC. lies toD. stands on4. David gratuated from university two years ago and he ______ on desighing the software for fighting against viruses ever since.A. worksB. workedC. has workedD. had worked5. –You are from Dalian, but ______?--It’s in Liaoning province.A. how do you like itB. how is itC. whereabouts is itD. what’s it like6. ______ achievement, last week’s ministerial meeting of the WTO here earned a low, though not falling grade.A. In terms ofB. In case ofC. As a result ofD. In face of7. –I heard that you had just come back from the new tourist spot in our city. ______?--It’s nice and quiet.A. What does it look likeB. What is it likeC. How does it feelD. How does it like8. In some Western countries, the lion is a ______ of courage, while in China, courage is always related to the tiger.A. signB. symbolC. systemD. symptom9. Taiwan is _____ the east of China, and Fujian lies _____ the east of Zhejiang. And Japan lies _____ the east of China.A. in, on, toB. to, on, inC. in, in, onD. to, in, on10. She can stay inside the house practising the piano for a whole day. ______, she enjoys all kinds of out-door activity.A. BesideB. ButC. SoD. On the other hand11. I have the honour to have been sent as their ______, a person whose job is to say or do something in the name of other people.A. representativeB. relativeC. managerD. director12. ______ with a difficult situation. Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.A. To faceB. Having facedC. FacedD. Facing13. My neighbor asked me to go for ______ walk, but I don’t think I’ve got ______ energy.A. a, /B. the, theC. /, theD. a, the14. ______ the large amount time devoted to listening every day, many students don not listen effectively.A. Because ofB. Instead ofC. DespiteD. Though15. It is believed that Liu Xiang is the best athlete ______ in Chinese track and field team.A. all the timeB. all the timesC. of all timeD. of all times16. There are many beautiful islands ______ the east coast of the country.A. offB. alongC. onD. from17. I paid it ______ as soon as I could.A. outB. overC. awayD. off18. –Julia said she sent you a birthday card yesterday. Have you got it?--Oh, really? I haven’t ______ my mailbox yet.A. examinedB. reviewedC. testedD. checked19. He _____ the list of names to make sure that no one had been left out.A. checkedB. examinedC. testedD. observed20. They ______the new product to see whether applicable.A. examinedB. inspectedC. researchedD. tested21. She ______ to catch the early train, but didn’t get up in time.A. intendedB. was intendedC. had ntendedD. was intending22. We ______ our holiday in Europe the last summer, but was prevented by bad weather.A. planned to spendB. had planned to spendC. had planned spendingD. planned ourselves to spend23. The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket ______ the desert.A. coveringB. coveredC. coverD. to cover24. The ground is ______with _____ leaves.A. covering, fallingB. covered, fallenC. covering, fallenD. covered, falling25. –Do you know Anna’s telephone number?--_____. As a matter of fact, I don’t any Anna, either.A. I think so.B. I’m afraid notC. I hope soD. I’d rather not26. My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He ______ there for a few months and then went to America.A. workedB. would workC. would be workingD. has been working27. Danny ___ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.A. worksB. is workingC. has workedD. worked28. The road conditions there turned out to be very good, ______ was more than we could expect.A. itB. whatC. whichD. that29. Occasions are quite rare _____ I have the time to spend a day with my kids.A. whoB. whichC. whyD. when30. Any money that is _____ to you will be paid before the end of the month.A. preparedB. dueC. dullD. payable31. Little ______ about his hair-raising adventures when I first met him.A. i had knownB. I have knownC. do I knowD. did I know32. In the dark forests _____, some large enough to hold several English towns.A. stand many lakesB. lie many lakesC. many lakes lieD. many lakes stand33. He was in hospital for six months. He felt as if he was ______ from the outside world.A. cut outB. cut offC. cut upD. cut through34. Frank used to be ______ strong. But now he is down to his last teeth.A. too muchB. far fromC. more thanD. less than35. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ______ a goal.A. had scoredB. scoredC. would scoreD. would have scored36. We didn’t plan our art exhibition like that but it ______ very well.A. worked outB. friedC. went outD. carried on37. For about six months, he and his fellow staff have ______at the new design.A. devotedB. engagedC. tookD. worked38. Only after my friend came______.A. did the computer repairB. he repaired the computerC. was the computer repairedD. the computer wasrepaired39. It’s ten years since the scientist ____on his life’s work of discovering the valuable chemical.A. made forB. set outC. took offD. turned up40. Scientists say it may be five or six years_____it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.A. sinceB. afterC. beforeD. when41. How many pages have you _____ so far? Can you return the book ______me tomorrow?A. looked, forB. seen, withC. covered, toD. turned, /42.l We are not sure whether his arrival was ______ or merely by accident.A. by designB. designingC. by designsD. a designer43. I love ____tea and coffee. Which is wrong?A. drinks such asB. such drinks asC. drinks likeD. such drinks like44. Everything _____into consideration, they ought to have another chance.A. to takeB. takingC. to be takenD. taken45. I can’t remember when exactly the Robinsons left _____city. I only remember it was ____- Monday.A. the, theB. a theC. a,aD. the, a46. It was already past midnight and only three young men_____in the tea house.A. leftB. remainedC. delayedD. deserted47. There’s a nice little cafe _____this house. Cross the street, and you’ll be there.A. on the contrary ofB. opposite toC. in front ofD. faced48. “We must keep a secret of the things _____now,” the general said, _____at the man in charge of the information office.A. discussed, staredB. being discussed, staringC.to be discussed, staredD. discussed, staring49. Can you believe that in _____ a rich country there could be ____-many poor people?A. such, suchB. such, soC. so, soD. so, such50. what we used to think ___-_impossible now does seem possible.A. isB. wasC. has beenD. will be51. I called Hannah many times yesterday evening, but i couldn’t get through. Her brother ____on the phone al the time.A. was talkingB. has been talkingC. has talkedD. talked52. Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where _____yet.A. hasn’t been decidedB. haven’t decidedC. hasn’t decidedD. haven’t been decided53. –Do you think we should accept the offer?-- Yes, we should, for we _____such bad luck up till now, and time _____out.A. have had, is runningB. had, is runningC. have, has been runD. have had, has been run54. What’s the____-of having a public open space where you can’t eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while?A. senseB. matterC. careD. opinion。