unit7TimeandSpaceAcrossCultures跨文化交际大学教学课件

disturbing others; follow rules of privacy.
friends, close business associates) than with privacy.
Show great respect for Borrow and lend things often private property; seldom and easily.
A smile is the universal sign of greeting and Americans give it freely.
People who have good posture usually appear more self-confident
Some Americans tell stories or talk in a dramatic manner, using a lot of hand and body gesturing. These people are considered popular, attractive, and of high social status.
Polychronic Time (P-Time)
P-time schedules several activities at the same time. It is more flexible and more humanistic.
People from P-time system emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.
Are easily distracted and subject to interruptions.
Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible.
Are committed to the job. Are committed to people and
Touch Culture
Arab, Southern and Western Europeans,
Jews and Latins
Nontouch Culture
Americans, Northern Europeans and Orientals
•Jourard sat in coffee ps in four different cities. Whenever he saw people touch, he recorded the touch. His records are as followed: @ San Juan (Puerto Rico): 180
Imitating the posture of the persons with whom you are communicating shows you are probably agreeing with them.
People from future-oriented cultures may be regarded as passionless slaves to efficiency and materialism.
Time systems (Hall, 1976):
1) Monochronic Time (M-Time) 2) Polychronic Time (P-Time)
People regard current experiences as most important.
They place a major emphasis on spontaneity and immediacy.
They experience each moment as fully as possible.
美国人类学家霍尔（Edward Hall）在《 超越文化》（Beyond Culture）一书中 首次区分了两种不同的时间观念,即“单向 计时制”（monochronic time）和 “多向计时制”（polychronic time)
Monochronic and polychronic views of time
(P239)
Private Space
Short Distance Medium Distance Long Distance
Latins
Americans
Japanese
Mediterranean Arabs
Northern Europeans
Mediterranean Europeans
borrow or lend.
Base promptness on the
Emphasize promptness. relationship.
Are accustomed to short- Have strong tendency to build
term relationships.
Adhere to plans.
human relationships.
Change plans often and easily.
Monochronic People
Polychronic People
Are more concerned with
Are concerned about not people close to them (family,
Monochronic Time (M-Time)
It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future. Country: __________________ (P256)
Time
1) perceptions of past, present, and future 2) Hall’s monochronic and polychronic
classifications
Past-oriented cultures
People regard previous experiences and events as most important.
@ Paris: 10
@ Gainesville (Florida): 2
@ London: 0
International Students Handbook
Gestures and movements
Direct eye contact is given and expected in return by Americans talking with other people.
18” 18” to 4’ 4’ to 8’ 8’ to 10’
Concept of Territoriality
Do you knock before you enter someone else’s room?
Englishman’s home is his castle. This is my car! One-meter line
The size of the private space is influenced by ________________________
(P240)
Personal Space in the U.S.
Intimate distance Personal distance Social distance Public distance
a. Monochronic time (M-time)
Monochronic time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.
b. Polychronic time (P-time)
Polychronic time means being involved with many things at once.
Country: _____________ (P256)
Monochronic People
Polychronic People
Do one thing at a time. Do many things at once.
Concentrate on the job.
Take time commitments (deadlines, schedules) seriously.
Unit 7
Time and Space Across Cultures
What is Time Language? (See Page253 -256)
How late is “late”? (P. 254)
In Britain and America, __________ In Arab countries, ____________ In Italy, _________ In Ethiopia, _______ In Java, ___________ In the United States, _________ In Latin America, ___________ In German, _____________
lifetime relationships.
Personal Space
Your personal space is like an invisible bubble that surrounds you.
The bubble expands and contracts according to _________________
What does it mean to intercultural communication?
People from present-oriented cultures might view people from past-oriented cultures as too tied to tradition.
Men take up more space than women in their use of gestures, body posture and movements:
Legs spread apart when standing Wide use of arms when speaking And legs crossed at the ankles when sitting
Country: _________ (P255)
Future-oriented cultures
People believe tomorrow is most important. Current activities are accomplished not for
their own sake but for the potential future benefits. Their fate is at least partially in their own hands and therefore they can control the consequences of their action. Country: ________________ (P255)
They place a primary emphasis on tradition. They show great respect for parents and the
elderly. Country: ________ (P255)
Present-oriented cultures