英美文学期末考试复习

第一章殖民主义时期的文学
1、American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.
American Puritanism influences on American literature:
a. Idealism and optimism 理想主义和乐观主义
b. Symbolism 象征主义
c. Simplicity. 简洁
清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记
清教徒在美国的写作内容：
1）their voyage to the new land
2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops
3) About dealing with Indians
4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit
清教徒的思想：
1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式
2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位
3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝
4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。

典型的清教徒： John Cotton & Roger William
他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America.
2、Jamestown詹姆斯敦was the first English Colony in America.
3、May Flower 1620: A New Look at a Pilgrim Voyage 1620年五月花号：一次承载着希望和梦想的航行 .
4、Anne Bradstreet 安妮(1612-1672) was a Puritan poet who wrote ‘‘ponderous verses of interminable, inter-locking poems” on the four elements, the constitutions and ages of man, the seasons of the year, and the chief empires of the ancient world. Her poems…as the “Tenth Muse”who appeared in America.英国最早移民到美国的诗人.
在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor.
The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.
The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese.
5、Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺(1752--1832) ―Poet of the American Revolution‖―Father of American Poetry ‖ (美国诗歌之父) ,第一位美国抒情诗人兼记者
a) The Rising Glory of America 1772 《美洲光辉的兴起》
b) The House of Night 1779, 1786 《夜之屋》
c) The British Prison Ship 1781 《英国囚船》
d) To the Memory of the Brave Americans 1781 《纪念美国勇士》
e) The Wild Honey Suckle 1786
f) The Indian Burying Ground 1788
g) The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi 《奄奄一息的印第安人：托姆•柴吉》
6、Captain John Smith约翰·史密斯(1580-1631) is the first American writer.
1) A Description of New England (1964)
2) Advertisements for the Unexperienced Planters of New England, or Anywher e(1631)
3)The True Travels, Adventure, and Observations of Captain John Smith (1630)
4)General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles (1624)
第二章
18世纪，清教文学，特点：形式有限，内容死板。

主要为政府、革命服务。

1、The 18th Century was The Age of Reason and Revolution.
2、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林(1706-1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and printer, satirist, political theorist,politician, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. 他有一连串的头衔——作家，发明家，出版商，科学家，外交家，哲学家，启蒙思想家。

<Poor Richard's Almanac,1732-1758> 穷理查德年鉴谚语集名言格言。

E g:
1.Well done is better than well said. 说得好不如做得好
2.If you'd have a servant that you like, serve your self 最令人满意的仆人是你自己
3.Have you somewhat to do tomorrow do it today 明天如有事，今天就去做
4.He that sows thorns should not go barefoot 种荆棘者勿赤脚
5.By diligence and patience the mouse bit in two the cable 只要功夫深铁杵磨成针
6.Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy wealthy and wise
早睡早起，健康富有又聪明
7.You may delay but time will not 时间不可拖延。

8.Half the truth is often a great lie 半句真话常是谎言
<Autobiography>自传Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He is often thought of as the revolutionary figure who led protests against the Stamp Act, helped draft the Declaration of Independence, coordinated the peace treaty ending the American Revolution, and co-wrote and signed the U.S. Constitution It is ironic, however, that Franklin is remembered more as the civic figure--the man on the $100 bill--than as the man who invented the stove or the man who formulated his own theories about lightning and electricity. The irony stems from the fact that Franklin often thought of himself as more of a scientist than a political thinker. This self-identification comes through in the Autobiography, which does not discuss the Revolution in any capacity and hardly even refers to events after 1757. Indeed, in the Autobiography, we get a full picture of Franklin as the Renaissance scholar, fascinated by all types of learning and interested in doing whatever he could to make life a little bit better for mankind, based on the notion that the way to please God was by doing good to other men. This interest manifested itself in public service and scientific progress.
第三章
1815-1860 浪漫主义
1、Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文（1783-1859）
with the publication of the sketch book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.(1819-1820).He won a measure of international recognition.美国第一个获得国际声誉的浪漫主义作家。

① The first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.
② The father of American literature.
the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contribution:
① the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家
②“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。

③Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。

2、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫·库珀(1789-1851)
<The Leatherstocking Tales>皮袜子故事集，的主人公是：Natty Bumppo
第四章
1835-1860 浪漫主义高峰期
1、Time: 1836-1855: in 1836 a little book came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of America. It was entitled Nature by Ralph Waldo Emerson.拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生对美国思想产生重大影响。

作品：1. Nature 2. The American Scholar 3. Self-reliance
Nature regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism新英格兰超验主义的圣经The American Scholar regarded as American’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence
简答题A . First, the Transcendentalists placed emphasis or spirit, or the oversoul ,as the most important thing in the universe .B , Secondly, the Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. C, Thirdly, the Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.
2、Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生（1803-1882）in fact ,the American scholar has been regarded as American’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence.美国思想独立的。

3、Henry David Thoreau亨利·戴维·梭罗（1817-1862）
《Walden》瓦尔登湖
第五章
1860-1914 现实主义
1、Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑（1804-1864）美国侦探小说之父。

<The Scarlet Letter > 红字1850 .阐述了原罪思想。

Major themes
Sin
The experience of Hester and Dimmesdale recalls the story of Adam and Eve because, in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering. But it also results in knowledge—specifically, in knowledge of what it means to be human. For Hester, the scarlet letter functions as "her passport into regions where other women dared not tread", leading her to "speculate" about her society and herself more "boldly" than anyone else in New England.[3]
As for Dimmesdale, the "cheating minister" of his sin gives him "sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind, so that his chest vibrate[s] in unison with theirs."
the scarlet letter A
Besides the characters, the most obvious symbol is the scarlet letter itself, which has various meanings depending on its context. It is a sign of adultery, penance, and penitence. It brings about Hester's suffering and loneliness and also provides her rejuvenation. In the book, it first appears as an actual material object in The Custom House preface. Then it becomes an elaborately gold-embroidered A over Hester's heart and is magnified in the armor breast-plate at Governor Bellingham's mansion. Here Hester is hidden by the gigantic, magnified symbol just as her life and feelings are hidden behind the sign of her sin.
Still later, the letter is an immense red A in the sky, a green A of eel-grass arranged by Pearl, the A on Hester's dress decorated by Pearl with prickly burrs, an A on Dimmesdale's chest seen by some spectators at the Election Day procession, and, finally, represented by the epitaph "On a field, sable, the letter A, gules" (gules being the heraldic term for "red") on the tombstone Hester and Character List
Hester Prynne A young woman sent to the colonies by her husband, who plans to join her later but is presumed lost at sea. She is a symbol of the acknowledged sinner; one whose transgression has been identified and who makes appropriate, socio-religious atonement.
Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale Dimmesdale is the unmarried pastor of Hester's congregation; he is also the father of Hester's daughter, Pearl. He is a symbol of the secret sinner; one who recognizes his transgression but keeps it hidden and secret, even to his own downfall.
Pearl Pearl is the illegitimate daughter of Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale. She is the living manifestation of Hester's sin and a symbol of the product of the act of adultery and of an act of passion and love.
Roger Chillingworth The pseudonym assumed by Hester Prynne's aged scholar-husband. He is a symbol of evil, of the "devil's handyman," of one consumed with revenge and devoid of
Style：Narrator Symbolism Setting Ambiguity
2、Herman Melville（1819-1891）
Herman Melville is best known as the author of 《Moby-Dick》
第六章
1、Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼(1819-1892)
<Leaves of Grass>自由诗体主要讲了自由、民主..的概念。

揭露批评了一切违背民主思想的罪恶。

Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass is an attempt to give everyday American linguistic usage poetic value. Whitman's poem includes discourse that does not comply with the traditions of European poetics but that is proclaimed nevertheless to be poetry in order to suggest that the liberal-democratic American state has a natural beauty equivalent to the most refined poem.
2、Emily Dickinson艾米莉·狄金森（1830-1886）第一位女诗人。

《我一直在爱》《这是鸟儿们回来的日子》
简答题The themes in Dickinson’s poems：1. religion2. death and immortality3. love4. nature The themes in Dickinson’s poems:Dickinson’s poems are usually based on herexperiences her sorrows and joys. But withinher little lyrics Dickinson addresses those issuesthat concern the whole human beings whichinclude religion death immorality love andnature.
1. religion In some of her poems she wrote about herdoubt and belief about religious subjects. The themes in Dickinson’s poems
2. death and immortality Closely related to Dickinson’s religious poetry are he r poems concerning
death and immortality （不朽）ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death. Dickinson’s greatest rendering （描写）of the moment of death is to be found in ―I heard a Fly buzz –when I died –‖ a poem uni versally considered one of her masterpieces. The themes in Dickinson’s poems
3.Love Love is another subject Dickinson dwelton. One group of her love poems treats thesuffering and frustration love can cause. Thesepoems are clearly the reflection of her ownunhappy experience closely related to herdeepest and most private feelings.3.LoveThe other group of love poems focuses on the physical aspect of desire in which Dickinson dealt with allegorically the influence of the male authorities over the female emphasizing the power of physical attraction and expressing a mixture of fear and fascination for the mysterious magnetism between sexes. The themes in Dickinson’s poems
4. nature In her poems Dickinson’s skepticism aboutthe relationship between man and naturei s well-expressed.
1 On the one hand sheshared with her romantic and transcendentalpredecessors who believed that
a mythical 神话的虚构的bond between man and natureexisted that nature revealed to man thingsabout mankind and universe.2On the other hand she fel t strongly about nature’s inscrutability （不可预测性）and indifference to the life and interests of human beings. Dickinson’s artistic characteristicsDickson’s poetry is unique and unconventional in its own way.1 no titles.2 dashes are used as a musical device3 capital letters as a means of emphasis.Dickinson’s artisticcharacteristics4 The form of her poetry is familiar communal （公共的）and sometimes irregular.5short a singly image or symbol one subject matter.6personal and meditative.7She often used persona and personification Dickinson’s artistic characteristicsDickinson’s poetry despite its ostensible（表面上的）formal simplicity is remarkable for itsvariety subtlety and richness and her limitedprivate world has never confined the limitlesspower of her creativity and imagination.She wanted to live simply as a complete independentbeing and so she did as a spinster.
第七章
1、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡（1809-1849）浪漫主义最后一位。

对美的定义：The death of a beautiful young women
Beautiful Death -------The Death motif in Edgar Allan Poe’s w ork
第八章
1、William Dean Howells豪威尔斯l837-1920
The Rise of Silas Lapham《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》(1885)是他的代表作，写一个剥削矿工发财致富的暴发户，批评家认为其中充满了―敏锐的观察‖和―善意的批评‖。

2、Henry James亨利·詹姆斯（1843-1916）心理现实主义小说
创作的三个时期：
主要作品的主题多为他所熟悉的美国和欧洲这两种不同文化和价值体系间的冲突即所谓的“国际主题”（THE INTERNA TIONAL THEME）。

他的创作生涯可以大致分为三个阶段：第一阶段1863-1886，作品包括THE AMERICAN美国人，DAISY MILLER戴西米勒，THE EUROPEANS欧洲人，W ASHINGTON SQUARE华盛顿广场*（即电影“情感的禁区”）和THE PORTRAIT OF A LADY*淑女本色；第二阶段1886-1901，作品包括：THE BOSTONIANS 波士顿人，THE TURN OF THE SCREW螺丝在拧紧和THE BEAST IN THE JUNGLE丛林猛兽；第三阶段从1901年开始，又称“主要阶段”（THE MAJOR PHASE），作品包括他最成
熟的三部小说：THE WINGS OF THE DOVE*鸽翼（我的最爱），THE AMBASSADORS专使和THE GOLDEN BOWL*金碗。

（*已有电影改编)
第九章
Mark Twain马克·吐温（1835-1910）。

1884<The Adventures of Tom Sawyer>汤姆·索亚历险记
所有的美国文学都来自这里。

语言特点：口语化colloquial,
创了美国小说口语化的先河,以幽默讽刺的写作基调,夸张、对比、口语等表现手法,形成了独特的艺术风格,在现实主义小说语言风格方面为美国文学的发展作出了卓越贡献,对后世作家产生了深远的影响。

第十章
自然主义，现实主义的高峰，持续到1战结束。

1、Stephen Crane,斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871～1900
《Maggie, A Girl of the Street》街头女郎《T he Red Badge of Courage》红色英勇勋章
2、Frank Norris弗兰克·诺里斯1870-1902
1894-1895<McTeague> 麦克提格1901<The Octopus>章鱼--best work
3、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞(1871-1945)
<sister carrie>嘉莉妹妹
4、Jack London杰克·伦敦(1876-1916)
<Iron heel>铁蹄
5、O. Henry欧·亨利，原名为威廉·西德尼·波特（1862-1910）
<the gift of the Magi>麦琪的礼物
第十一章
意象派：“Imagism‖
Ezra Pound(1885-)
The coming of the Image
The new age demanded proper literary expression.
Imagism came as a reaction to the traditional English poetics with its iambic pentameter, its verbosity, and extra-poetic padding; but it served, first and foremost, to meet the need of expressing the temper of the age.
简答题Three Imagist poetic principles:
(1) Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective;
(2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation: and
(3) As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of
a metronome.
第十二章
Thomas Stearns "T.S." Eliot托马斯贝尔斯登“T.S.爱略特(1888-1965)
<The waste land>荒原
第十三章
Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特(1874-1963)
<North of Boston>波士顿以北1914
He received honors from forty-four institutions, and be came the nation’s unofficial poet laureate when invited to read his poems ―The Gift Outright‖ at President Kennedy’s inauguration in
1961.Chang Yao-xin(198)points out:|‖Readers tend to find wit and wisdom, peace and harmony, serenity and joy from his poetr y‖.
第十四章
1、Scott Fitzgerald弗·司各特·菲茨杰拉德（1896-1940）
The Great Catsby 了不起的盖茨比。

It is his masterpiece。

It embodies the disillusionment of the American Dream。

The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄
2、Ernest Miller Hemingway厄内斯特米勒，海明威(1899-1961)现实主义
“The lost generation‖迷惘的一代
·《太阳照常升起》（The Sun Also Rises)他爱上护士，故事情节、
·《永别了，武器》（A Farewell to Arms)1928
(1952) The Old Man and the Sea
第十五章
William Faulkner威廉·福克纳（1897-1962）南方周末小说家
《The sound and the Fury>喧哗与骚动1929.
诗歌：
1、annabel lee安娜贝尔李的解析Edgar Allan Poe
Setting: The narrator (persona) writes about a fictional kingdom along the ocean shore. It is an idyllic, beautiful, land of enchantment–a paradise on earth–where he and Annabel Lee fell in love as adolescents. One can imagine that they strolled the beaches, hand in hand, in gentle breezes while the sun went down and the tide rushed in. This kingdom, where love ruled their hearts, remains dear to the memory of the poet after Annabel Lee dies, for his soul remains united with hers.
Characters: Narrator (persona): A man of deep sensibility who extolls a young maiden with whom he fell deeply in love. Annabel Lee: Beautiful young maiden loved by the poet. She was of noble birth, as Line 17 of Stanza 1 suggests when it says she had “highborn” relatives. Annabel Lee probably represents Poe's wife, who died at a young age. Seraphs: Members of the highest order of angels around the throne of God. According to the Bible, they each had three pairs of wings. In the poem, the seraphs are so envious of the love between the narrator and Annabel Lee that they cause Annabel’s death. Relative of Annabel Lee: A “highborn kinsman” (Line 17, Stanza 1) who car ries away and entombs her body.
Date of Publication: "Annabel Lee" was published on October 9, 1849, in the New York Daily Tribune.
Theme: Eternal love. The love between the narrator and Annabel Lee is so strong and beautiful and pure that even the seraphs, the highest order of angels in heaven, envy it. They attempt to kill this love by sending a chilling wind that kills Annabel Lee. However, the love remains alive–eternal–because the souls of the lovers remain united. The death of a beautiful woman is a common theme in Poe’s writing.
Romeo and Juliet Motif: Like Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, the narrator and Annabel Lee are both very young when they fall deeply in love. In addition, like Shakespeare’s “star-crossed” lovers, Poe’s lovers become victi ms of forces beyond their control. Finally, the narrator and Annabel Lee–like Romeo and Juliet–experience a love beyond the understanding of older persons. (See the opening lines of the second stanza.)
The Real Annabel Lee: The model for Annabel Lee was p robably Poe’s wife, Virginia Clemm, whom he married when she was only 13. Their marriage was a very happy one. Unfortunately, she died of tuberculosis in January 1847 when she was still in her twenties. Poedied two years and nine months later–on October 7, 1849. “Annabel Lee” was his last poem.
Rhyme, Rhythm, Repetition: Poe uses three R’s–rhyme, rhythm, and repetition–in “Annabel Lee” to create a harmony of sounds that underscore the exquisite harmony of the narrator’s relationship with his beloved.
Rhyme and Repetition
Throughout the poem, Poe repeats the soud of long "e." For example, in the first stanza, Line 2 ends with sea, Line 4 with Lee, and Line 6 with me. Stanzas 2 and 3 repeat the sea, Lee, me pattern, although Stanza 3 adds a second end-rhyming sea. Stanza 4 alters the pattern to me, sea, and Lee. Stanza 5 uses we, we, sea, and Lee; the last stanza uses Lee, Lee, sea, and sea. A notable example of internal rhyme occurs in the last line of Stanza 4: “Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee.”
Rhythm and Repetition
The lines of the poem alternate in length between a long line (usually with 9 to 11 syllables) and a short line (usually with 6 to 8 syllables), as in the first stanza:
It was many and many a year ago, (11 syllables)
.In a kingdom by the sea, (7 syllables)
That a maiden there lived whom you may know (10 syllables)
By the name of Annabel Lee (8 syllables)
And this maiden she lived with no other thought (11 syllables)
Than to love and be loved by me. (8 syllables)
In addition, Poe sometimes repeats words or word patterns within a single line, as in (1) many and many a year ago, (2)we loved with a love that was more than love, and (3)my darling–my darling.
.Word Choice:Poe carefully chose the words of the poem to evoke a dreamland or fairytale atmosphere.
2、because i could not stop for death对死亡的沉思—英诗赏析Emily Dickinson
Theme: a poem about death and immortality
Rhetoric: personification
Emily Dickinson was born into a family of heavy Puritan tradition, which had influenced her way of life as well as the style of creating deeply. She was reasonably social in her youth, but as time went by, the impression of the Puritanism began to appear gradually. So later, she devoted herself entirely to housework and poetry, and rarely stepped out of her own house, with even no connection with her neighbors.
To the Puritans, a person by nature was wholly sinful and could achieve good only by severe and unremitting discipline. Hard work was considered as a religious duty and emphasis was laid on constant self-examination and self-discipline. So they believed that the physical phenomenal world is nothing but a symbol of God. And Dickinson’s poems just dwelled upon such metaphysical subjects as God, Death, and Immortality, following the claim of Puritanism. This one---" Because I Could Not Stop for Death", which brims over with religious theme is just a perfect evidence. As Dickinson’s poems usually had no
titles, and the first sentence of a poem is taken as its title.
The poem begins with a leisurely image. At first, the protagonist feels totally at ease and the usually frightening death is described as if a familiar friend, gentle and polite. Continuingly, the poem is developed upon a basic metaphor that life is a journey. It was truly rather old a comparison, but Dickinson enriched it with her creativity and imagination: "School, where Children strove" --childhood; "Fields of Gazing Grain"--maturity; and "Setting Sun"--old age. Then “the Dews drew quivering and chill-” makes the protagonist feel terribly cold, which may mean that they are getting nearer and nearer to the tomb. But at last, his companions, Immortality and Death, finally desert him and leave him alone to go toward Eternity.
So it seems that though death cheats him and at the same time deserts him, the experience of death itself is not painful. Emily Dickinson’s poems just explain this kind of essence of life, which then lead you to a world of imagination and thinking.
3、Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening雪夜林畔小驻赏析Robert Frost 1) The theme: This is a deceptively simple poem in which the speaker literally stops his horse in the winter twilight to observe the beauty of the forest scene, and then is moved to continue his journey. Philosophically and symbolically, it stems from the ambiguity of the speaker's choice between safety and the unknown.
2)setting:"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" is a poem written in 1922 by Robert Frost, and published in 1923 in his New Hampshire volume. Imagery and personification are prominent in the work. Frost wrote this poem about winter in June, 1922 at his house in Shaftsbury, Vermont that is now home to the "Robert Frost Stone House Museum." Frost had been up the entire night writing the long poem "New Hampshire" and had finally finished when he realized morning had come. He went out to view the sunrise and suddenly got the idea for "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening." He wrote the new poem in just a few minutes and later stated that "It was as if I'd had a hallucination." "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" was Frost's favorite of his own poems and Frost in a letter to Louis Untermeyer called it "my best bid for remembrance."
3)sound and rhyme:The poem is written in iambic tetrameter in the Rubaiyat stanza created by Edward Fitzgerald. Each verse (save the last) follows an a-a-b-a rhyming scheme, with the following verse's a's rhyming with that verse's b, which is a chain rhyme. Overall, the rhyme scheme is AABA-BBCB-CCDC-DDDD. There was also a song written for this poem.
4)Form:The poem consists of four (almost) identically constructed stanzas. Each line is iambic, with four stressed syllables: Within the four lines of each stanza, the first, second, and fourth lines rhyme. The third line does not, but it sets up the rhymes for the next stanza. For example, in the third stanza, queer, near, and year all rhyme, but lake rhymes with shake, mistake, and flake in the following stanza.
The notable exception to this pattern comes in the final stanza, where the third line rhymes with the previous two and is repeated as the fourth line.
Do not be fooled by the simple words and the easiness of the rhymes; this is a very difficult form to achieve in English without debilitating a poem's content with forced rhymes.
5)symbol:This poem suggests deep thought about death and about life. The strange attraction of death to man is symbolized by the dark woods silently filled up with the coldness of snow. Frost frequently uses the technique of symbolism in his poetry. Some critics think that the "village" stands for the human world, "woods" for nature, "horse" for the animal world, and "promises" for obligations. The poem represents a moment of relaxation from the burdensome journey of life, an almost aesthetic enjoyment and appreciation of natural beauty which is wholesome and restorative against the chaotic existence of modern man.
♦Why can the horse think?
♦Why does the author stop by the woods?
♦How is the sound described in this poem? What effect does it achieve?
♦Why does the last two lines repeat?
5、In a Station of the Metro 在地铁站Ezra Pound (1885—1972)
Theme:This poem is an observation of the poet of the human faces seen in a Paris subway station or a description of a moment of sudden emotion at seeing beautiful faces in a Metro in Paris. He sees the faces, turned variously toward light and darkness, like flower petals which are half absorbed by, half resisting, the wet, dark texture of a bough. The one image in this poem: This poem is probably the most famous of all imagist poems. In two lines it combines a sharp visual image or two juxtaposed images （意象叠加）"Petals on a wet，black bough" with an implied meaning. The faces in the dim light of the Metro suggest both the impersonality and haste of city life and the greater transience of human life itself. The word "apparition" is a well-chosen one which has a two-fold meaning: Firstly, it means a visible appearance of something real. Secondly, it builds an image of a ghostly sight, a delusive and unexpected appearance.
Pound uses the fewest possible words to convey an accurate image, which is the principle of the Imagist poetry. This poem looks to be a modern adoption of the haiku form of Japanese poetry which adapts the 3-line, 17 syllable and where the title is an integral part of the whole. The poem succeeds largely because of its internal rhymes: station/apparition; Metro/petals/wet; crowd/bough. Its form was determined by the experience that inspired it, involving organically rather than being chosen arbitrarily.
This short piece illustrates his imagistic talent because the entire poem deals with images alone. It is not complex; rather, the two-line poem is straightforward and to the point. The poem is extremely short, but it seems intriguing and has a deep message about the beauty of human beings.
6、the wild honey suckle野生金银花的分析
The short lyric was written in 1786. Freneau was inspired by the beauty of the wild honey suckle when he was walking at Chaeleston, South Carolina. It was virtually unread in the poet’s lifetime, yet it deserves a place among major English and American works of poetry of that time.
As is displayed in this poem, honeysuckle, instead of rose of daffodil became the object of depiction; it is “wild” just to convey the fresh perception of the natural。