On the DB gap of white dwarf evolution： effects of hydrogen mass fraction and convective oversh
恒星的一生 英文daliy report
It will be forever (它将永存）
Neutron stars（中子星）
after gravitational collapse（引力坍缩） supernova explosion occurred（超新星爆 炸）.he will become a part of the nebula（星云） the subject will disappear （主体将消失）
Finally
neutron star （中子星） black hole （黑洞） black dwar （黑矮星）
Black dwarf (黑矮星）
Black dwarf is the last stage of stellar evolution（恒星演化） of small and medium quality. About 1 solar mass stars（质 量恒星） of the ultimate product（终极产物）.
There are about six billion years the sun will burn fuel, when the sun will expand into a red giant（红巨星）, swallow half each solar system, and then will slowly shrink into a high density of white dwarfs（白矮星）! Then we humans moved out of the solar system as possible! fuel 燃料 expand 膨胀 swallow 吞噬 shrink 紧缩 density 密度 move out of 搬出，移出
red giant（红巨星）
天文术语N-O范本一份
天文术语N-O范本一份天文术语N-O 1天文术语N-Onaked T Tauri star 显露金牛T 型星narrow-line radio galaxy ( NLRG ) 窄线射电星系Nasmyth spectrograph 内氏焦点摄谱仪natural reference frame 自然参考架natural refenence system 自然参考系natural seeing 自然视宁度near-contact binary 接近相接双星near-earth asteroid 近地小行星near-earth asteroid belt 近地小行星带near-earth et 近地彗星NEO, near-earth object 近地天体neon nova 氖新星Nepturian ring 海王星环neutrino astrophysics 中微子天文NNTT, National New Technology Telescope国立新技术望远镜NOAO, National Optical Astronomical 国立光学天文台Observatoriesnocturnal 夜间定时仪nodal precession 交点进动nodal regression 交点退行non-destroy readout ( NDRO ) 无破坏读出nonlinear infall mode 非线性下落模型nonlinear stability 非线性稳定性nonnucleated dwarf elliptical 无核矮椭圆星系nonnucleated dwarf galaxy 无核矮星系nonpotentiality 非势场性nonredundant masking 非过剩遮幅成象nonthermal radio halo 非热射电晕normal tail 正常彗尾North Galactic Cap 北银冠NOT, Nordic Optical Telescope 北欧光学望远镜nova rate 新星频数、新星出现率NTT, New Technology Telescope 新技术望远镜nucleated dwarf elliptical 有核矮椭圆星系nucleated dwarf galaxy 有核矮星系number density profile 数密度轮廓numbered asteroid 编号小行星oblique pulsator 斜脉动星observational cosmology 观测宇宙学observational dispersion 观测弥散度observational material 观测资料observing season 观测季occultation band 掩带O-Ne-Mg white dwarf 氧氖镁白矮星one-parameter method 单参数法on-line data handling 联机数据处理on-line filtering 联机滤波open cluster of galaxies 疏散星系团Ophelia 天卫七optical aperture-synthesis imaging 光波综合孔径成象optical arm 光学臂optical disk 光学盘optical light 可见光optical luminosity function 光学光度函数optically visible object 光学可见天体optical picture 光学图optical spectroscopy 光波分光orbital circularization 轨道圆化orbital eccentricity 轨道偏心率orbital evolution 轨道演化orbital frequency 轨道频率orbital inclination 轨道倾角orbit plane 轨道面order region 有序区organon parallacticon 星位尺Orion association 猎户星协orrery 太阳系仪orthogonal transformation 正交变换oscillation phase 振动相位outer asteroid belt 外小行星带outer-belt asteroid 外带小行星outer halo cluster 外晕族星团outside-eclipse variation 食外变光overshoot 超射OVV quasar, optically violently OVV 类星体variable quasar、。
天文学词汇大全
天文学词汇大全一、恒星相关词汇。
1. star [stɑː(r)] - n. 星；恒星。
- Stars are huge celestial bodies composed mostly of hydrogen and helium.（恒星是主要由氢和氦组成的巨大天体。
）2. sun [sʌn] - n. 太阳；日。
- The sun is the closest star to the Earth.（太阳是离地球最近的恒星。
）3. red giant [red ˈdʒaɪənt] - n. 红巨星。
- A red giant is a large star in a late phase of stellar evolution.（红巨星是恒星演化后期的大型恒星。
）4. white dwarf [waɪt dwɔːf] - n. 白矮星。
- A white dwarf is the remnant core of a star that has exhausted its nuclear fuel.（白矮星是耗尽核燃料的恒星的残余核心。
）二、行星相关词汇。
1. planet [ˈplænɪt] - n. 行星。
- There are eight planets in our solar system.（我们的太阳系中有八颗行星。
）2. Mercury [ˈmɜːkjəri] - n. 水星。
- Mercury is the closest planet to the sun.（水星是离太阳最近的行星。
）3. Venus [ˈviːnəs] - n. 金星。
- Venus is often called the Earth's sister planet.（金星常被称为地球的姊妹行星。
）4. Earth [ɜːθ] - n. 地球。
- The Earth is the only planet known to support life.（地球是已知唯一支持生命的行星。
宇宙星辰对应的词
宇宙星辰对应的词1. 太阳 Sun2. 月亮 Moon3. 行星 Planet4. 彗星 Comet5. 伴星 Satellite6. 星系 Galaxy7. 星云 Nebula8. 硬束星 Pulsar9. 中子星 Neutron star10. 黑洞 Black hole11. 银河系 Milky Way12. 外星人 Extraterrestrial13. 陨石 Meteorite14. 陨星 Meteor15. 大爆炸 Big Bang16. 星际尘埃 Interstellar dust17. 行星轨道 Planetary orbit18. 星际空间 Interstellar space19. 红巨星 Red giant20. 白矮星 White dwarf21. 超新星 Supernova22. 恒星 Star23. 恒星演化 Stellar evolution24. 暗物质 Dark matter25. 星际物质 Interstellar matter26. 太阳系 Solar system27. 拉格朗日点 Lagrange point28. 氦闪 Helium flash29. 赤巨星 Red supergiant30. 核融合 Nuclear fusion31. 恒星分类 Stellar classification32. 青年恒星 Young star33. 星际射线 Cosmic ray34. 星际气体 Interstellar gas35. 磁重联 Magnetic reconnection36. 超大质量黑洞 Supermassive black hole37. 恒星表面活动 Stellar surface activity38. 核合成 Nucleosynthesis39. 耀斑 Flare40. 星系群 Galaxy cluster41. 巨星 Giant star42. 行星磁场 Planetary magnetic field43. 行星形成 Planetary formation44. 星际介质 Interstellar medium45. 天文学 Astronomy46. 天体物理学 Astrophysics47. 望远镜 Telescope48. 天文台 Observatory49. 天文学家 Astronomer50. 宇宙学 Cosmology51. 碳星 Carbon star52. 冥王星 Pluto53. 基本粒子 Elementary particle54. 牛顿引力定律 Newton's law of gravitation55. 相对论 Relativity56. 宇宙年龄 Age of the universe57. 宇宙微波背景辐射 Cosmic microwave background radiation58. 珂兹曼定律 Boltzmann's law59. 暗能量 Dark energy60. 探测器 Detector61. 夸克 Quark62. 恒星恒温 Stellar equilibrium temperature63. 双星 Binary star64. 毫秒脉冲星 Millisecond pulsar65. 引力波 Gravitational wave66. 黑洞演化 Black hole evolution67. 星际尘埃云 Interstellar dust cloud68. 行星测量 Planetary measurement69. 宇宙加速膨胀 Cosmic accelerated expansion70. 宇宙红移 Cosmic redshift71. 射电天文学 Radio astronomy72. 中微子 Neutrino73. 超新星遗迹 Supernova remnant74. 星际结构 Interstellar structure75. 行星大气 Planetary atmosphere76. 星际磁场 Interstellar magnetic field77. 恒星形成 Stellar formation78. 能量守恒 Energy conservation79. 暗流 Dark flow80. 毫秒脉冲星双星 Millisecond pulsar binary81. 白矮星新星 White dwarf nova82. 巨星演化 Giant star evolution83. 高能天体物理学 High energy astrophysics84. 统计物理学 Statistical physics85. 背景星 Background star86. 宇宙学中的引力力学 Gravity in cosmology87. 引力透镜 Gravitational lensing88. 行星大气逃逸 Planetary atmospheric escape89. 星际大气 Interstellar atmosphere90. 李普希茨定律 Lippmann's law91. 光谱学 Spectroscopy92. 筛选理论 Selection theory93. 星团 Star cluster94. 星际物质的星际物理学 Interstellar matter in interstellar physics95. 再结晶 Renewal theory96. 镜面反射 Mirror reflection97. 引力微弱 Gravity is weak98. 热核反应 Thermonuclear reaction99. 影响天文学的地球环境 Earth environment affecting astronomy100. 星系和在它们之间移动的物质 Galaxies and matter moving between them。
star的写法 -回复
star的写法-回复Title: The Shining Star: A Journey through the Exploration and Understanding of StarsIntroduction:In the vastness of the universe, stars have captured the imagination of humans for centuries. Their awe-inspiring beauty, immense power, and enigmatic nature have sparked countless questions and ignited a desire for knowledge. This article aims to explore the incredible world of stars, from their formation to their remarkable life cycles, providing a comprehensive understanding of these celestial entities that light up the night sky.1. The Birth of a Star - The Stellar Nursery:Stars are born within vast clouds of gas and dust called nebulae. Known as stellar nurseries, these nebulae serve as the cradle for star formation. Contrary to popular belief, stars do not emerge instantaneously. Instead, they evolve through several stages, beginning with the protostar phase. As the dense core within the nebula begins to contract due to gravity, it heats up and gains mass, eventually reaching a point where nuclear fusion reactions can ignite and a star is born.2. Main Sequence Stars - The Stellar Powerhouses:The majority of stars fall into the category of main sequence stars, which are characterized by a delicate balance between gravity and the pressure of nuclear fusion occurring in their cores. These stars, like our Sun, emit intense heat and light, fueling various astrophysical processes. The duration of a main sequence star's life heavily depends on its mass, with higher-mass stars burning through their fuel at an accelerated rate and living shorter lives.3. Stellar Evolution - The Engines of Creation:As a star ages and consumes its hydrogen fuel, it gradually evolves into different stages, depending on its mass. For lower-mass stars like our Sun, this phase begins when nuclear fusion begins to slow down, causing the star to expand and become a red giant. Eventually, the outer layers of the red giant slowly drift away, forming a beautiful planetary nebula. The collapsed core, known as a white dwarf, remains as a remnant of the once glorious star.4. Supernovae and Stellar Explosions:In the case of higher-mass stars, their journey takes a more explosive turn. Due to their immense gravitational pull, these starsundergo a violent supernova explosion at the end of their lives. This event releases an incredible amount of energy, causing the star to briefly outshine an entire galaxy and scatter heavy elements across space. Supernovae are crucial for the formation of new stars and the enrichment of the universe with heavier chemical elements.5. Stellar Remnants - Pulsars, Neutron Stars, and Black Holes:The aftermath of a supernova gives rise to fascinating objects like pulsars, neutron stars, and black holes. Pulsars are rapidly spinning neutron stars that emit beams of radiation, creating a pulsing effect observed from Earth. Neutron stars, on the other hand, are incredibly dense remnants, with a mass equivalent to that of the Sun packed into a sphere only about 10 kilometers in diameter. Finally, black holes, the most mysterious and captivating stellar remnants, possess such strong gravitational pull that not even light can escape them.Conclusion:The journey through the exploration and understanding of stars has taken us on an extraordinary adventure. From the birth of stars in stellar nurseries to their explosive deaths as supernovae, we havewitnessed the incredible life cycles of these celestial giants. By unraveling the mysteries of stars, scientists unlock valuable insights into the nature of the universe and our place within it. As we continue to gaze upon the vastness of the night sky, may the shining stars inspire us to reach for the stars in our own lives, embracing boundless possibilities and pursuing knowledge with unending curiosity.。
恒星的演化英语作文
恒星的演化英语作文Title: The Evolution of Stars。
Stars, those luminous celestial bodies scattered across the vast expanse of the universe, undergo a fascinating journey of evolution throughout their lifespan. From their birth in dense clouds of gas and dust to their eventual demise, stars exhibit a variety of stages and transformations that shape the cosmos as we know it.Formation:Stars are born within immense clouds of molecular gas and dust called nebulae. These clouds are composedprimarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of other elements. Gravitational forces cause regions within the nebulae to collapse, leading to the formation of protostars. As the protostar continues to accrete matter from its surrounding disk, it grows hotter and denser, eventually reaching a point where nuclear fusion ignites inits core.Main Sequence:Once nuclear fusion begins, a star enters the main sequence phase, where it achieves equilibrium between the inward pull of gravity and the outward pressure generated by nuclear fusion reactions in its core. During this phase, stars like our Sun fuse hydrogen atoms into helium in their cores, releasing a tremendous amount of energy in the process. The duration of the main sequence phase varies depending on the mass of the star, with more massive stars burning through their fuel more quickly than lower-mass stars.Red Giant/Supergiant:As a star exhausts its hydrogen fuel in the core, it undergoes significant changes in its structure. For stars like the Sun, the core contracts while the outer layers expand, transforming the star into a red giant. In this phase, the star's outer layers cool and redden, even as itscore continues to undergo nuclear fusion reactions involving helium. For more massive stars, the evolution leads to the formation of a supergiant, characterized by even greater expansion and luminosity.Planetary Nebula/Supernova:Eventually, stars exhaust their nuclear fuel entirely, leading to their final stages of evolution. Low to intermediate mass stars, like the Sun, shed their outer layers in a process called a planetary nebula. The remaining core, known as a white dwarf, gradually cools over billions of years, eventually fading into a dark remnant known as a black dwarf.In contrast, massive stars undergo a more dramatic end known as a supernova. When these stars deplete their nuclear fuel, they can no longer sustain the outward pressure needed to counteract gravity. The core collapses rapidly, triggering a catastrophic explosion that blasts away the outer layers of the star into space. What remains can either be a neutron star or, in the case of extremelymassive stars, a black hole.Conclusion:The evolution of stars is a testament to the intricate interplay between gravity and the fundamental forces governing the universe. From their humble beginnings as swirling clouds of gas and dust to their explosive finales, stars shape the cosmos around them and provide theessential elements necessary for the formation of planets, life, and ultimately, the complexity of the universe itself. As we continue to study and explore these celestial phenomena, we gain a deeper understanding of our place inthe cosmos and the remarkable processes that govern the universe.。
常见话题领域的词汇
常见话题领域的词汇新托福考试高分突破——阅读01 Botany 植物学Carnivorous plant肉食植物attract 吸引carrion（动物的）腐尸，腐肉claw（动物、鸟、昆虫的）爪decompose 变坏，腐烂digest 消化enzyme 酶hair 毛，茸毛herbivorous 食草的insect 昆虫insectivore 食虫动物（植物）lobe（尤指脑、肺的）叶lymphatic 淋巴的nectar 花蜜omnivorous 杂食性的，草肉兼食的pitcher 壶，罐pitfall 陷阱prey 猎物quadruped 四足动物secrete fluid 分泌液体slippery 滑的，滑溜的trap 用陷阱捕猎Dryland plant旱地植物arbor 棚架，藤架aridity 干旱bark 树皮barren 贫瘠的，荒芜的cactus 仙人掌culture 栽培，种植diurnal 在白昼活动的fleshy 多肉的；肉质的nocturnal 夜间活动的perennial（植物）多年生的precipitation 降水，降水量succulent 多汁美味的survival of the fittest 适者生存unfavorable 不利的wilt 枯萎，凋谢yearly plant 一年生植物Fungus & lichen菌类和苔藓advantageous 有利的，有益的decay 腐烂，变坏feed on 以…为食host 寄主，宿主（指寄生物所寄生的动物或植物）hypha 菌丝kingdom（大自然三）界（指动物界、植物界、矿物界）microscopic 极小的，微小的multicellular 多细胞的常见话题领域的词汇. 2010 外语教学与研究出版社|mycelium 菌丝体niche 小生境organism 生物，有机体parasitic 寄生的partnership 合作关系reproduce 生殖，繁殖single-celled 单细胞的spore 孢子symbiotic 互相依赖的，共生的thread-like 丝状的yeast 酵母；发酵物Photosynthesis光合作用absorb 吸收carbon dioxide 二氧化碳chlorophyll 叶绿素chloroplast 叶绿体chromosome 染色体concentration 浓度DNA 脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid)genetics 遗传学glucose 葡萄糖nervous system 神经系统nucleic acid 核酸organism 生物，有机体oxygen 氧pigment 色素respiration 呼吸secretion 分泌物sense 感官，感觉官能soft tissue 软组织starch 淀粉Plant variety植物多样性adapt 适应asexual reproduction 无性生殖atavism 返祖现象，各代遗传characteristic 特征，特性class 种类，类别damp 潮湿的delicate 脆弱的desert 沙漠，荒漠diversity 多样性，多元化environment 生态环境extinct 灭绝的，绝种的family（动植物等的）科form 类型，种类genus（动植物等的）属habitat 栖息地herbaceous 草本的mutation 突变，变异natural selection 自然选择order（动植物分类用的）目phylum（动植物分类的）门soil 土壤，土地，泥土species（动植物的）物种，种taxonomy（动植物等的）分类学| . 2010 外语教学与研究出版社新托福考试高分突破——阅读Pollination授粉agent 媒介，中介alternation of generation 世代交替anther 花粉囊assimilation 同化bunch 一束，一串cellulose 纤维素colloid 胶体efflorescence 开花（期）female 雌性植物的，雌蕊的fertilization 授精hermaphrodite 雌雄同体的insect-pollinated flower 虫媒花male 雄性的，雄蕊的metabolism 新陈代谢pollen 花粉reproductive organ 生殖器stigma（植物的）柱头ultraviolet light 紫外光Stem茎aerial 空气中的aerobic 需氧的amino acid 氨基酸anabolism 合成代谢anaerobic 厌氧的gland 腺heredity 遗传intake 管道，进口kernel（果实的）仁limb 大树枝manufacture 生成mineral 矿物质nutrient 养分phloem tissue 韧皮组织pore 气孔store 贮藏，储存transpiration 蒸腾（作用）transport 运输，运送vein（植物的）叶脉其他alga（藻类）植物animal kingdom 动物界arthropod 节肢动物chordate 脊索动物conjugation 结合crustacea 甲壳纲动物cyclostomata 圆口纲动物echinoderm 棘皮类动物fern 蕨类植物hatch 孵化，孵出husk（某些谷物、种子、坚果等的）干燥外皮，壳，荚inactivity 不活动infest（昆虫、老鼠等）成群侵扰，大批出没于invertebrate 无脊椎动物membrane 膜，薄膜常见话题领域的词汇. 2010 外语教学与研究出版社|offspring（动物的）幼崽plant kingdom 植物界reptile 爬行动物seaweed 海藻，海草| . 2010 外语教学与研究出版社新托福考试高分突破——阅读Amphibian两栖动物adult 成年动物aerial respiration 空气呼吸cold-blooded 冷血的epidermis 表皮excrement 排泄物frog 青蛙hairless 无毛发的lung 肺salamander 蝾螈scaleless 无鳞的stage 阶段toad 蟾蜍Carnivore食肉动物adapt to 适应aggressive 好斗的，挑衅性的agility 敏捷，灵活burrow 掘洞，钻洞canine tooth 犬齿capture 捕获claw（动物、鸟、昆虫的）爪consumer 消费者enmity 仇恨food chain 食物链game 猎物hunting 打猎，狩猎leathery 坚韧粗糙的mixed diet 混合膳食natural enemy 天敌omnivore 杂食动物predator 掠食动物，捕食性动物protein 蛋白质reproduction 生殖，繁殖sharp 锋利的；尖的swoop 俯冲，向下猛扑Human body人体body cell 身体细胞bone 骨头brain stem 脑干cerebellum 小脑cerebral 脑的，大脑的elasticity 弹性，弹力external 外部的，外面的fat 脂肪hemisphere（大脑的）半球intestine 肠kidney 肾，肾脏large cerebrum 大脑muscle 肌肉02 Zoology 动物学常见话题领域的词汇. 2010 外语教学与研究出版社|nerve 神经regulate 调整，调节skeleton 骨骼structural 结构（上）的，构造（上）的tissue 组织Insect昆虫abdomen 腹（部）antennae 触角，触须beetle 甲（壳）虫butterfly 蝴蝶caterpillar 毛虫（指蝴蝶等昆虫的幼虫）centipede 蜈蚣cicada 蝉cockroach 蟑螂cocoon 茧compound eye 复眼dragonfly 蜻蜓drosophila 果蝇ecdysis 蜕皮egg 卵entomology 昆虫学feature 特点，特征firefly 萤火虫flea 跳蚤imago 成虫invertebrate 无脊椎动物larva 幼虫metamorphosis 变形，蜕变predation 捕食，捕食行为pupa 蛹segment（昆虫的）节sensory 感官的，感觉上的thorax（昆虫的）胸（节）wasp 黄蜂Mammal哺乳动物bear 熊carnivora 食肉类descend 继承下来evolution 进化（论）extinction 灭绝，绝种flock 畜群four-chambered 四室的（心脏）hibernation 冬眠limb 肢mammalian 哺乳动物的mammary 乳房的marsupial 有袋动物mate（动物的）配偶migrate（鸟兽的）移栖，迁徙…placental 有胎盘哺乳动物pregnancy 怀孕（期），妊娠（期）rodent 啮齿动物spine 脊柱，脊椎vertebrate 脊椎动物warm-blooded 温血的，恒温的| . 2010 外语教学与研究出版社新托福考试高分突破——阅读Mollusk软体动物clam 蛤，蛤蜊endoskeleton 内骨骼external shell 外壳filter 过滤fresh water 淡水gastropod 腹足动物helical 螺旋状的internal 体内的jet 喷射muscular mantle 肌膜mussel 贻贝，壳菜octopus 章鱼，八爪鱼oyster 牡蛎，蚝radular 齿舌scallop 扇贝snail 蜗牛squid 鱿鱼sucker 吸盘sucker-bearing 长有吸盘的tentacle（海洋动物如章鱼等的）触手，触须Moth蛾camouflage 伪装；保护色chrysalis 蛾蛹；蝶蛹degeneration 退化feeler 触角，触须forewing 前翅habitude 习性natural enemy 天敌pile up 堆积scale 鳞sense of hearing 听觉sense of smell 嗅觉silk thread 丝线specialization 专门化常见话题领域的词汇. 2010 外语教学与研究出版社|Anatomy of the Universe宇宙结构astronomer 天文学家expand 扩大explosion 爆炸particle 粒子protogalaxy 原星系Galaxy星系air resistance 空气阻力antimatter 反物质apogee 远地点collision 碰撞distort（使）变形elliptical 椭圆的，椭圆形的emit 散发，发出interstellar 星际的；恒星之间的light year 光年mass 大量oval 椭圆形perigee 近地点radiation 辐射radio 无线电通讯spiral 螺旋线；螺旋式过程Nebula and star cluster星云和星团comet 彗星constellation 星座dark nebula 暗星云galactic nebula 银河星云glow 发出柔和稳定的光gravity 重力，引力heavenly body 天体interstellar matter 星际物质luminous 发光的lunar eclipse 月蚀magnetic storm 磁暴meteor 流星neutron star 中子星obscure 遮蔽，使朦胧；使听不清polestar 北极星pulsar 脉冲星reflection nebula 反射星云super giant star 超巨星supernova 超新星variable star 变星visible 看得见的，可见的white dwarf star 白矮星03 Astronomy 天文学10 | . 2010 外语教学与研究出版社新托福考试高分突破——阅读Solar system太阳系asteroid 小行星axis 轴celestial body 天体celestial sphere 天球circumlunar flight 绕月飞行earth 地球Jupiter 木星Mars 火星Mercury 水星meteoroid 流星体monsoon 季风，季候风moon 月球Neptune 海王星observatory 天文台observe 观察，观测orbit 轨道planet 行星proton 质子revolution 旋转rotation 旋转Saturn 土星solstice 至，至日space probe 航天探测器spin 快速旋转telemetry 遥感勘测thunderstorm 雷暴trade wind 信风Uranus 天王星Venus 金星Changing earth变化中的地球air pollution 空气污染a body of 大量的carbon dioxide 二氧化碳continent 洲；大洲；大陆dense 茂密的，密集的diameter 直径drought 旱灾，干旱evolve 进化；逐步发展fallout 放射性坠尘，辐射性尘埃frigid 寒冷的，酷寒的gale 大风icecap 冰盖，冰冠inundation 洪水leap year 闰年lightning-rod 避雷针location 地点，位置magnitude 巨大，庞大mountain range 山脉photochemical smog 光化烟雾pollutant 污染物pollution 污染reprocess 对（废弃物）进行再加工（再处理）salvage 抢救，救援toxic gas 毒气untreated 未经处理的waste water 废水常见话题领域的词汇. 2010 外语教学与研究出版社| 11water pollution 水污染其他wear away 磨损application satellite 应用卫星astrology 占星术astronaut 宇航员，太空人astronautics 航天学，宇宙航行学atmosphere 大气（层）atmospheric pressure 大气压satellite 卫星blackout 停电，断电blast-off 发射booster (rocket) 助推火箭broadcasting satellite 广播卫星12 | . 2010 外语教学与研究出版社新托福考试高分突破——阅读Cave洞穴calcium carbonate 碳酸钙carbonic acid 碳酸coastline 海岸线collapse 倒塌colliery 煤矿corrosion 腐蚀，侵蚀crack 裂缝，缝隙decay 腐烂，变坏dissolve 溶解earth’s axis 地轴earthquake 地震joint 联合的，共同的limestone 石灰石mason 石匠，石工molten 熔化的，熔融的passage 通道，通路rainwater 雨水sea cave 海蚀洞sedimentation 沉积（作用），沉积（过程）subsurface water 地下水surface water 地表水underground 地下的Desert沙漠arid climate 干旱气候，干燥气候chemical weathering 化学风化（作用）descending current 下降气流desert animal 沙漠动物desert climate 沙漠气候desertification 沙漠化dry climate 干燥气候erosion process 侵蚀过程evaporation loss 蒸发损失evapotranspiration 蒸散，土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量flat 平坦的latitude 纬度longitude 经度mountainous 多山的mushroom rock 蘑菇岩physical weathering 物理风化（作用）rocky desert 岩漠rugged 崎岖的，起伏的sand dune 沙丘stony 多石的；石质的04 Geology & Geography地质学和地理学常见话题领域的词汇. 2010 外语教学与研究出版社| 13subtropical high pressurebelt 副热带高压带wind erosion 风蚀Earth’s physical feature地球的物理特征desert 沙漠，荒漠mountain range 山脉Pacific Ocean 太平洋Fossil fuel矿物燃料alternative energy 替代能源carbon 碳combustion 燃烧combustion gas 燃气convert 使转变energy crisis 能源危机exhaustion 用光，耗尽external combustion engine外燃机fossilize（使）成化石，石化gulf 海湾internal-combustion engine内燃机liquefied petroleum gas 液化石油气main energy resource 主要能源marine animal 海洋动物nationalization 国有化natural gas 天然nitrogenous compound 氮化合物oil concession 石油开采权oil deposits 石油储量oil pipeline 输油管线oil well 油井oil (well) drilling 油井钻探organism 生物，有机体petrol 汽油petroleum 石油petroleum engine 石油发动机pollution 污染remains 剩余部分solar photovoltaic 太阳光电的Gemstone宝石abrasive 磨料；有研磨作用的amber 琥珀basalt 玄武岩carat 克拉clarity 清晰，清楚color 色泽，颜色coral 珊瑚crystallization 结晶cut 切成，割成durability 持久gem 宝石gravel 砾石，砂粒，石子industrial diamond 工业金刚石14 | . 2010 外语教学与研究出版社新托福考试高分突破——阅读magnifying glass 放大镜metamorphism 变质，变质作用mineral 矿物，矿产monochromator 单色器，单色仪optical quality 光学性能pearl 珍珠rarity 稀有，罕见refraction index 折射指数，折光指数refractometer 折射计sapphire 蓝宝石schist 片岩，页岩specific gravity balance 比重称Glacier冰川accumulate 堆积，聚集cirque 冰斗compress 压紧continental glacier 大陆冰川cross-section 横截面debris 碎片；残骸downhill 向山下erode 侵蚀，腐蚀firn 粒雪；万年雪fjord 湾峡fresh water 淡水freshwater lake 淡水湖glacial topography 冰川地质学global warming 全球变暖gorge 峡谷greenhouse effect 温室效应Holocene Epoch 全新世ice field 冰原ice sheet 冰原；冰盖；冰盾ice shelf 冰架iceberg 冰山icebound river 冰封的河流interglacial stage 间冰期mass 大量moraine 冰碛，冰川堆石mountain glacier 高山冰川Pleistocene Epoch 更新世snowfall 降雪；降雪量U-shaped U字行的valley glacier 山谷冰川Meteorology气象学avalanche 雪崩blast 一阵疾风；一股气流cloudburst 骤雨，大暴雨congeal 凝结drought 旱灾，干旱frigid 寒冷的，酷寒的gale 大风precipitation 降水，降水量sultry 闷热的常见话题领域的词汇. 2010 外语教学与研究出版社| 15tempest 暴风雨；暴风雪torrid 灼热的，炎热的tropical 热带的；（天气）湿热的westerly wind 西风wind velocity 风速Mineral矿物质composition 组成，构成mineral spring 矿泉mineral vein 矿脉streak 色条；条痕；斑纹substance 物质River feature河流特征bank 岸，堤clay 黏土delta（河口的）三角洲…deposit 沉积物，沉积层depositional plain 沉积平原distributary 支流downward 下降的erosion 侵蚀flood 洪水；水灾floodplain 泛滥平原，涝原，漫滩granite 花岗岩icecap 冰盖，冰冠inlet 水湾Karst topography 喀斯特地形，岩溶地形lagoon 湖，环礁湖levee（防洪）堤，堤岸meander 蜿蜒而行，迂回曲折natural levee 天然堤；冲击堤oxbow 牛轭湖，弓形湖rapid 激流，湍流river basin 流域sediment 沉淀物，沉积物source 发源地，水源steep 陡的，陡峭的sub-frigid 亚寒带的subterranean river 地下河subtropical 亚热带的swamp 沼泽（地）trench 沟渠tributary/feeder 支流valley 谷；山谷V-shaped V字型的waterfall 瀑布Rock cycle岩石循环cement 胶接剂，接合剂compress 压紧crustal movement 地壳运动erupt（火山）爆发，喷发igneous rock 火成岩interior 内部lithification 岩化magma 岩浆16 | . 2010 外语教学与研究出版社新托福考试高分突破——阅读metamorphic rock 变质岩sedimentary rock 水成岩solidify 变成固体transform 使变形，使转化volcanic activity 火山活动Valley山谷alluvial 冲积的，淤积的brine 盐水；海水bulge 凸起，鼓起部分canyon 峡谷fault 断层geographical position 地理位置gully 隘谷，沟壑metamorphosis 变态，变形steep-sided 陡边的stratum 岩层；地层unconformity 不一致，不符合upward 向上的wear 磨损，磨坏V olcano火山active volcano 活火山ash 灰，灰烬body wave 体波collapse earthquake 陷落地震crude oil 原油crust 地壳disaster 灾难，灾祸dormant volcano 休眠火山earthquake focus 震源elastic rebound 弹性反弹epicenter 震中eruption 爆发，喷发extinct volcano 死火山fissure 裂缝，裂隙geyser 间歇泉hot spring 温泉lava 岩浆，熔岩；火山岩lava bed 熔岩层repulsive force 斥力seismic wave 地震波submarine ridge 海岭surface wave 地面波tectonic earthquake 构造地震theory of continental drift大陆漂移学说vent 通风孔；排气道volcanic earthquake 火山地震Weathering风化chemical weathering 化学风化climatic change 气候变化climatic influence 气候影响composition 组成，构成lateral erosion 侧蚀作用opening 洞，缺口常见话题领域的词汇. 2010 外语教学与研究出版社| 17osmotic coefficient 渗透系数osmotic pressure 渗透压penetration 渗透physical weathering 物理风化temperature 温度，气温velocity of the wind 风速volcanic ash 火山灰weather 天气，气象18 | . 2010 外语教学与研究出版社新托福考试高分突破——阅读Alga & seaweed藻类和海草amino acid 氨基酸anabolism 合成代谢anaerobic 厌氧的asexual reproduction 无性生殖brown seaweed 褐海藻photosynthesis 光合作用pigment 色素plant-like 像植物的spermatophyte 种子植物sponge 海绵symbiotic 共生的tentacle 触手，触须trait 特征trunk 躯干unicellular plant 单细胞植物uniformity 不一致，不符合Ocean & sea海洋air mass 气团climate 气候continental climate 大陆气候current 水流，潮流downwelling (海洋在地壳板块压力下的)下降drift 漂移，漂流ebb 落潮，退潮full moon 满月gravitational 引力的；重力引起的gyre 涡流hailstorm 冰雹hurricane 飓风inclement 恶劣的；寒冷的；多雨的Indian Ocean 印度洋neap tide 小潮northern hemisphere 北半球ocean floor 海底；洋底saline 含盐的saline water 盐水salinity 盐分，盐度spring tide 涨潮；潮最高点者squall 飑（突起的狂风，尤指夹有雨和雪）subarctic climate 副极带气候thermocline 温跃层，温度突变层tidal energy 潮汐能tidal wave 海啸tide 海潮，潮汐05 Oceanography 海洋学常见话题领域的词汇. 2010 外语教学与研究出版社| 19trench 海沟tropical region 热带地区sponge, jellyfish & seaanemone海绵、水母和海葵ascidian 海鞘coelenterate 腔肠动物colony 群，群体，群落marine 海洋的；海生的metabolism 新陈代谢microbe 微生物nervous tissue 神经组织organ 器官plankton 浮游生物protozoan 原生动物saliferous 含盐的sense organ 感觉器官specialization 专门化20 | . 2010 外语教学与研究出版社新托福考试高分突破——阅读Civilization文明ancient 古代的archaeology 考古学archeologist 考古学家artifact 手工艺品，人工制品burial mound 古坟excavate 发掘，挖出feudal age 封建时代flourish 繁荣，兴旺hieroglyphic 象形文字hominoid 似人的Iron Age 铁器时代mummy 木乃伊prehistoric times 史前时代prehistory 史前时期；史前史primitive 原始的，远古的progenitor（人或动物的）祖先pyramid 金字塔record 记录，记载ruins 残垣断壁，废墟savage 未开化的，原始的，野蛮的tribe 部落ups and downs 盛衰，沉浮Stone Age石器时代artifact 手工艺品，人工制品Bronze Age 青铜器时代chipped stone tool 打制石器digging 挖掘excavation 发掘extinct 绝迹的，消亡的fossil 化石hieroglyphic 象形文字Homo erectus 直立人Ice Age/glacial epoch 冰河时代Mesolithic Age 中石器时代Microlith 细石器mural 壁画New Stone (Neolithic) Age新石器时代Paleolithic era 旧石器时代postglacial age 冰后期pottery 陶器residential area 住宅区06 Archeology 考古学常见话题领域的词汇. 2010 外语教学与研究出版社| 21Hunter & gatherer猎人和采集者climatic influence 气候影响cave 洞穴，山洞，岩洞cave painting 石洞壁画excavation 发掘game 猎物hunting and gathering 打猎和采集Primates 灵长类relics 遗物；遗迹shelter 栖身之地specimen 样本，标本stratum 社会阶层unearth 发掘，掘出Native American美洲的原住民anachronism 不合时宜的人（事物）approve 赞成，同意armistice 停战，休战chase 驱逐，赶走confined 有限的，狭窄的congress 代表大会enforce 执行，实施（法律）expansion 扩张flowering 繁荣时期holocaust 大灾难，浩劫infant nation 新兴国家migrate 移居，迁移mixed blood 混血儿mounted party 骑兵队policy 政策，方针regulate 控制，管理removal 移动；搬迁reservation 居留地，保留地right 权利slavery 奴隶制度sweeping 影响大的；范围广的；彻底的treaty 条约turmoil 混乱，骚乱，动乱uprising 起义，暴动Steam locomotive蒸汽机车charcoal 木炭coach 旅客车厢coal 煤delay 推迟，延期departure 出发destination 目的地07 History 历史22 | . 2010 外语教学与研究出版社新托福考试高分突破——阅读dining car 餐车double tracking 铺设双轨；双轨行车efficiency 效率；效能engineman 火车司机extra train service 加开列车服务invention 发明on time 准时passenger train 客车potential 潜力，可能性railway 铁路，铁道single track 单轨single-track operation 单向运行state carriage 州际运输steam engine 蒸汽机thermal efficiency 热效率train operation 列车运行train timetable 列车时刻表transport 运输，运送two-track line 双轨线wagon 铁路货车车厢，车皮Massproduction批量生产construction 建造，建筑conveyer belt 传送带factory cost 工厂成本，出厂价handmade 手工做的improvement 改善，改进individually 分别地，各自地introduce 首次引入，使传入manufacturer 制造商mechanic 技工，机械工，机修工procedure 步骤，手续process 过程，进程production 生产quality control 质量管理，质量控制quality guaranteed 质量保证rationalization 合理化restructuring 调整skilled 有技能的，熟练的standardization 标准化standardize 使…标准化stock 存货，现货time-consuming 耗费时间的unit 一件常见话题领域的词汇. 2010 外语教学与研究出版社| 23Benjamin FranklinAmerican Revolution 美国独立战争contribution 贡献diplomat 外交家founder 创立者inventor 发明者，发明家political activist 政治活动家Edgar Allan Poeanecdote 轶事，趣闻critic 评论家，批评家detective story 侦探小说genre 类型，体裁great figure 重要人物prosperous 繁荣的，兴旺的psychological thriller 心理惊悚小说satire 讽刺touring actor 巡演演员Thomas Jeffersonacquisition 获得，得到amendment 修订，修正constitution 宪法declaration 宣告；宣言electoral 选举的expedition 短途出行federal 联邦的presidency 总统的职位（任期）provision 规定，条款ratify 批准，正式签署08 Famous Americans 美国名人24 | . 2010 外语教学与研究出版社新托福考试高分突破——阅读Acrylic丙烯画acrylic paint 丙烯酸漆consistency 密实度；平滑度；粘稠度contour line 轮廓线copperplate print 铜版画glossy 有光泽的，光滑的insoluble 不能溶解的matt 表面无光泽的，亚光的sculpture 雕像，雕塑作品，雕刻品special effect 特效synthetic resin 合成树脂Calligraphy书法cuneiform script 楔形文字手迹Egyptian script 埃及文字手迹epigraphy 碑文epitaph 墓志铭feather 羽毛formative art 造型艺术illustration 插图interpretation 演绎，处理方法letter 字母linguistics 语言学lithograph 平板印刷画paleography 古文书学；古字体philology 语文学plaster cast 石膏模型quill 羽毛笔rendering 灰泥wood carving 木刻writing tool 书写工具Drawing绘画art form 艺术形式chalk 白垩；粉笔charcoal 木炭creativity 独创性，创造性，创造力effect 作用；结果eraser 橡皮instrument 器械，器具manner 方式，方法material 材料mural/wall painting 壁画painting 绘画（作品）piece 作品portrait 肖像09 Fine Arts 艺术常见话题领域的词汇. 2010 外语教学与研究出版社| 25rub 擦，摩擦still picture 静止图像visual art 视觉艺术work 作品Oil painting油画abstract painting 抽象画brushwork 笔触，画法；绘画风格canvas 油画；油画布coat 涂层detail 细节，细微之处frame 框架，边框gloss 光泽，光亮grind 磨碎，碾碎lacquer 漆mix 混合，拌和oil paint 油画颜料recoat 重涂solvent 溶剂texture 手感；神韵thickly 厚厚地tool 工具turpentine oil 松节油varnish 清漆，罩光漆Tempera & fresco蛋彩画和湿壁画absorb 吸收adhesive 黏合剂apply 使用，应用brightener 增白剂，抛光剂，光亮剂brushstroke 一笔dough 生面团emulsion paint 乳胶漆etching 刻板画；蚀刻画fine 精美的flake (off) 剥落gesso 石膏粉glue 胶，胶水gypsum 石膏hog hair brush 猪鬃刷intonaco 湿壁画的最后一层灰泥lime-plaster 石灰泥luster 光泽method 方法mixture 混合物oiticica oil 奥蒂油paint 颜料parging（薄）泥灰层permanent 永久的pigment 颜料plaster 灰泥plasticity 可塑性sable 黑色的；深色的secco 干壁绘画法smooth 平滑的surfactant 表面活性剂temper 使缓和tensile strength 抗张强度thin 薄的26 | . 2010 外语教学与研究出版社新托福考试高分突破——阅读Watercolor水彩画body color 水彩；水彩画；水彩颜料composition 构图depth 深度dilute 稀释lighten（使）变亮luminous 发光的；色彩鲜艳的modify 修改，更改opaque 不透明的overlying 上覆的soak 浸，泡sponge 用湿布吸掉stroke 笔画synthetic 合成的，人造的thicken 加厚；使变浓transparent 透明的wash drawing 淡水彩画常见话题领域的词汇. 2010 外语教学与研究出版社| 27American poet美国诗人anonymously 无名地，不署名地concept 概念，观念conscious 有意识的，意识到的drive 干劲；动力extrovert 性格外向的人，性格活泼的人hermetic 密封的introvert 性格内向的人，不爱交际者lyric 抒情诗lyrical 抒情的motivation 动力pedagogue 严格且自以为博学的教师portrait 描绘，描述prose 散文publish 出版repression 克制，压抑resistance 反抗，抗拒rhyme 押韵短诗unconventional 非常规的，不落俗套的universal 通用的；万能的verse（诗的）一节；诗Literature文学antagonist 对手，敌手author 作者，作家awareness 认识，意识comedy 喜剧commentator 评论员convey 表达，传递，表达ego 自我，自我意识epic 长篇叙事性小说episode 一段经历essay 小品文，散文feedback 反馈意见fiction 小说identity（区别人或群体的）特征identity crisis 身份危机inconsistency 反复无常，变化不定language acquisition 语言习得narrative 叙述，记叙nonverbal communication非语言沟通norm 标准；准则；规范pedagogy 教学（法）10 Literature 文学28 | . 2010 外语教学与研究出版社新托福考试高分突破——阅读performance 表现poem 诗self-fulfillment 自我实现stereotype 模式化的思想；老一套stimulus 刺激therapy 治疗；疗法tragedy 悲剧其他abnegation 自制，克己adamant 固执的；坚定不移的anthology 选集bibliography 书目，文献目录censorship 审查（制度）compendium 手册，大全copyright 版权deduction 推论，演绎demonstration 示范，演示dialectic 辩证法egocentrism 自我中心（主义）fable 寓言foresight 先见之明，预见humanism 人文主义hypothesis 假设，假说induction 归纳法inference 推论literacy 有读写能力，有文化orthodox 传统的，正统的parallelism 平行；相似prelude 序幕（前奏，开端）premise 前提proofread 校对protagonist 主要人物，主角pseudonym 笔名，假名scoop 独家新闻skeptic 持怀疑态度的人stenography 速记（法）structuralism 结构主义syllogism 三段论法theology 神学utilitarianism 功利主义；实用主义常见话题领域的词汇. 2010 外语教学与研究出版社| 29Jazz爵士乐accompaniment 伴奏ad lib 即兴发挥African-Americancommunity美国黑人社区amplifier 扩音器compose 作（曲）convert 使转变electronic 电子的electronic instrument 电子乐器harmoniously 和谐地，悦耳地harpsichord 古键琴（类似于钢琴的一种乐器，尤用于古时）improvisation 即席创作（作品）inventiveness 有创造力loudspeaker 扩音器，喇叭magnify 放大major 大音阶的，大调的migrate 大音阶的，大调的perform 表演，演出rhythm and blues 节奏布鲁斯signal 信号synthesizer（电子）音响合成器，电声合成器vitality 生机，生命力Musical notation音乐符号arrange 编曲，改编（乐曲）conventional 传统的，常规的duration 持续时间five-line stave 五线谱indicate 标志着，代表movement 乐章musical literature 音乐著述musical notation 音乐符号notation 符号note 单音；音调；音符pitch 音高pluck 拨（弦），弹奏polyphony 复调音乐（作品）position 立场，态度radical 激进的；前卫的read music 读乐谱rest 休止；休止符scale 音阶score 乐谱silence 无声，寂静solemn 严肃的sound（某个歌手或乐队特有的）嗓音，音乐风格symphonic 交响乐的system 体系tune 调子，曲调，旋律10 Music 音乐30 | . 2010 外语教学与研究出版社新托福考试高分突破——阅读upbeat 乐观的；积极向上的variation 变奏（曲）word 歌词Orchestra管弦乐队balance 平衡bassoon 巴松管，低音管blow 吹奏brass 铜管乐器cello 大提琴clarinet 单簧管，黑管conductor 指挥cymbals 铙钹，镲钹double bass 低音提琴flute 长笛harmony 和声harp 竖琴hole 孔hollow 空（心）的，中空的instrument 乐器maracas 沙球，响葫芦（一种乐器）melody 歌曲，曲调oboe 双簧管orchestra 管弦乐队percussion 打击乐器（组）play 演奏，弹奏recorder 竖笛；直笛rhythm 节奏saxophone 萨克斯管section（乐队中的不同乐器）组shake 摇动strike 打，击string（乐器的）弦string quartet 弦乐四重奏stringed 有弦的symphony 交响乐，交响曲tempo（音乐演奏的）速度tube 圆管，管子tune 调子，曲调，旋律vibration 颤动viola 中提琴woodwind 木管乐器常见话题领域的词汇. 2010 外语教学与研究出版社| 31Medieval church中世纪教堂adopt 采用，采取architectural design 建筑设计atmosphere 魅力；情调bell tower 钟楼Christian 基督教的church choir 教堂唱诗班classical 古典的column 柱，圆柱creativity 独创性，创造性，创造力cupola 穹顶，圆屋顶Dark Ages 黑暗时代dome 穹顶，圆屋顶Gothic 哥特式的massive 巨大的Middle Ages 中世纪observation tower 瞭望塔quadrangle（周围有建筑物的）方形中庭religious 宗教的Renaissance 文艺复兴Roman 罗马的showy pattern 华丽的式样underground tunnel 地下隧道vault 拱顶，穹窿Early 20th centuryarchitecture20世纪早期建筑beam 梁，横梁bullet-proof glass 防弹玻璃concrete 混凝土construct 建造，构筑earthquake-proof building防震建筑物earthquake-resistant design抗震设计fireproof building 防火建筑物modernism 现代主义multistory 多层的pioneer 先驱，先锋，创始人postmodernism 后现代主义rationalism 理性主义rent 租用residential and commercial住宅的和商业的complex 综合楼群safety glass 安全玻璃skyscraper 摩天大楼story 楼层technique 技巧；手法user-oriented 面向用户的widespread 分布广的12 Architecture 建筑32 | . 2010 外语教学与研究出版社新托福考试高分突破——阅读Atom & molecule原子和分子charge 充电opp. discharge 放电compound 化合物diameter 直径electrode 电极electromagnetic wave 电磁波electron 电子electronic 电子的element 元素fluctuation 波动，起伏fluid 液（体）meson 介子negative 阴极的，负极的neutron 中子nucleus 核子pendulum 摇摆不定positive 正的，正极的property 属性proton 质子quantum 量子structure 结构Chemical reaction化学反应bond 键burning reaction 燃烧反应carbon 碳catalyze 催化chemical equation 化学方程式chemical symbol 化学符号composition 组成，构成deposit 沉积物，沉积层hydrogen 氢，氢气neutralize（使）中和nitrogen 氮（气）oxidize（使）氧化oxygen 氧，氧气reduction 减少，下降release 释放，放出solid 固体的solution 溶液stable 稳定的sulfuric acid 硫酸tin 锡uranium 铀zinc 锌13 Chemistry 化学常见话题领域的词汇. 2010 外语教学与研究出版社| 33Light光线electromagnetic 电磁的emission 散发exothermic 放热的fission（原子的）裂变incandescent 白热的，白炽的infrared rays 红外线naked/bare eye 裸眼particle 粒子photon 光子，光量子radiation 辐射radio wave 无线电波reflect 反射refract 折射spectrum 光谱sunbeam 一道日光，阳光光束ultraviolet ray 紫外线visible 可见的visible ray 可见光wavelength 波长white light 白光Periodic table（元素）周期表arrange 排列atom 原子atomic 原子的chart 图表chemical 化学的chemical equilibrium 化学平衡concentrated solution 浓缩液concentration 浓度saturated solution 饱和溶液solubility 可溶性，溶解性substance 物质unstable 不稳定的34 | . 2010 外语教学与研究出版社新托福考试高分突破——阅读Ecosystem生态系统carnivore 食肉动物decompose 变坏，腐烂fertile 肥沃的，富饶的food chain 食物链herbivore 食草动物omnivore 杂食动物predator 掠食动物，捕食性动物Pollution污染air pollution 空气污染carbon 碳carbon dioxide 二氧化碳emission 排放fertilizer 肥料global warming 全球变暖hydrogen 氢气industrial pollution 工业污染infection 感染；传染leach 滤掉，过滤mercury 汞，水银Minamata disease 水俣病noise pollution 噪音污染oxygen 氧气pesticide 杀虫剂，农药pollutant 污染物，污染物质pollute 污染release 释放，放出route of infection 传染途径severe 很严重的soil contamination 土壤污染sulfur 硫，硫磺toxic 有毒的waste 废弃物water contamination 水污染14 Ecology 生态学常见话题领域的词汇. 2010 外语教学与研究出版社| 35Constitution宪法amendment 修订，修正article 条款authentic interpretation 权威解释Bill of Rights 人权法案；权利法案breach 违背，违反civil rights 公民权constitutional assembly 立宪会议customary constitution 惯例法diplomacy 外交；外交活动enactment 制定；法令feasible 可行的federal system 联邦体制institution 机构，团体maintain 保持representative 代表suffrage 选举权，投票权tax 税，税款the Constitutional Court 立宪法院the House of Representatives众议院the Senate 参议院the Supreme Court 最高法院union 联邦Human right人权administration of justice 司法attorney 律师authorities 当权者，当局，官方autonomy 自治barbarism 野蛮，未开化barrister 诉讼律师，大律师bureaucracy 官僚civic movement 公民运动civil suit 民事诉讼collective behavior 集体行为complaint/accusation（投诉）控告defendant 被告due process of law 正当法律程序ethnicity 种族划分illegal 违法的indemnity 赔偿金judicial 法庭的；法官的；裁决的15 Sociology & Psychology社会学和心理学36 | . 2010 外语教学与研究出版社新托福考试高分突破——阅读judiciary 司法部；司法系统jury 陪审团lawsuit 诉讼legislate 制定法律，立法legislature 立法机关life imprisonment 终生监禁plaintiff 起诉人，原告plea/defense 陈述，辩护prosecution 刑事起诉public prosecutor 公诉人，检察官reconciliation 和解sovereignty 最高权威trial 审判，审理。
哲学家关于天狼星的诗歌
哲学家关于天狼星的诗歌英文回答：In the vast expanse of the cosmos, where celestial bodies dance in an eternal ballet, there lies a star that has captivated the human imagination for millennia: Sirius, the Dog Star. Its brilliant radiance has been a source of wonder and inspiration for civilizations across the globe, and its name has been etched into the annals of history, mythology, and literature.From the ancient Egyptians, who revered Sirius as the embodiment of the goddess Isis, to the Greek astronomers who named it after the companion of the hunter Orion,Sirius has held a place of prominence in human consciousness. Its appearance in the night sky heralded the annual flooding of the Nile, bringing life-giving water to the arid lands of Egypt. In Greek mythology, Sirius was associated with the faithful hound of Orion, who was transformed into a star after his death.Throughout history, philosophers have contemplated the nature of Sirius and its significance in the grand scheme of things. In the writings of the ancient Greek philosopher Anaxagoras, Sirius was described as a fiery stone larger than the Peloponnese. The Roman philosopher Seneca the Younger marveled at the star's brilliance, reflecting onits vast distance from Earth and the mysteries it held.In modern times, astronomers have discovered thatSirius is a binary star system, consisting of a primary star, Sirius A, and a white dwarf companion, Sirius B. Sirius A is a blue-white main-sequence star, approximately twice the mass of our Sun. Sirius B, on the other hand, is a dense, Earth-sized object that orbits Sirius A with a period of about 50 years.The Sirius system has been the subject of numerous scientific studies, and it continues to fascinate astronomers and astrophysicists alike. Its binary nature has provided valuable insights into the evolution of stars, and its proximity to Earth has made it an ideal target fordetailed observations.Beyond the realm of science, Sirius has also captured the imagination of poets and writers throughout the ages. In his poem "To Sirius," the 19th-century American poet Emily Dickinson praised the star's "great face" and "bright forehead," marveling at its celestial presence in the night sky. The 20th-century Chilean poet Pablo Neruda wrote of Sirius in his poem "Ode to the Dog Star," describing it as a "burning eye" that "watches over the world."The legacy of Sirius continues to inspire awe and wonder in the hearts of people around the globe. It is a testament to the enduring power of human curiosity and the eternal fascination with the mysteries of the cosmos. As we continue to explore the vast expanse of the universe,Sirius will undoubtedly remain a beacon of light, reminding us of our place in the grand cosmic tapestry.中文回答：在浩瀚的宇宙中，天狼星如同一位舞者，在星空中演绎着一场永恒的芭蕾。
星辰和大海用作文英语的
星辰和大海用作文英语的英文回答：The vast expanse of the cosmos, resplendent with shimmering stars, has captivated human imagination for millennia. These celestial bodies, scattered across the unfathomable depths of space, have inspired countless works of art, literature, and scientific inquiry. From the earliest stargazers to modern astronomers, humans have marveled at the beauty and mystery of the starry sky.The stars that twinkle above us are mammoth celestial spheres, powered by nuclear fusion reactions that unleash unimaginable amounts of energy. Their light, which traverses interstellar distances to reach our eyes, carries with it a rich history of cosmic evolution. Each star represents a unique stage in the life cycle of a celestial body, from its birth in a swirling nebula to its eventual demise as a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole.Gazing up at the night sky, we are confronted with the sheer scale of the universe. The stars we behold are but a tiny fraction of the countless trillions that populate our galaxy, the Milky Way. And our galaxy is just one among countless others, scattered across the vastness of space. This humbling realization serves as a reminder of our place in the grand scheme of the cosmos.The stars have played a vital role in human history. They have guided navigators across the oceans, inspired poets and philosophers, and provided a source of wonder and awe for generations. In the modern era, stars have become essential tools for astronomers, who use them to study the age, structure, and evolution of the universe.Just as the stars captivate us with their celestial splendor, so too does the boundless expanse of the sea. The oceans that cover our planet hold a wealth of secrets, from the teeming life that inhabits their depths to the mysteries concealed beneath their waves.The sea has always been a source of sustenance andinspiration for humans. We rely on the oceans for food, trade, and recreation. But the sea also represents a realm of the unknown, a place where danger and beauty coexist. From the earliest seafarers to modern oceanographers, humans have ventured into the vast unknown of the sea, seeking to unravel its secrets and explore its hidden depths.The sea is a dynamic and ever-changing environment. Its currents, tides, and waves shape the coastlines and influence the planet's climate. The ocean is also home to an astonishing diversity of life, from microscopic plankton to massive whales. This marine biodiversity plays a vital role in maintaining the health of our planet.Just as the stars remind us of our place in the cosmos, so too does the sea humble us with its immense size and power. The vast expanse of the ocean, stretching beyond the horizon, serves as a reminder of the interconnectedness of all life on Earth. The sea connects us to each other, to our past, and to the future.In conclusion, the stars and the sea are two of themost awe-inspiring and enigmatic wonders of the natural world. They have inspired countless works of art,literature, and scientific inquiry. And they continue to captivate our imaginations, reminding us of our place inthe universe and the interconnectedness of all life on Earth.中文回答：星辰。
基于中子星和白矮星双星系统的探究
基于中子星和白矮星双星系统的探究中子星和白矮星組成的系统属于致密双星系统，是天文界中很重要的双星系统，本研究通过双星演化程序（BSE）演化探究了在Hubble时间内，白矮星伴星可以充满洛希瓣以及不能充满洛希瓣的情况，并探讨它们可能的性质。
标签：双星系统；演化程序；洛希瓣Abstract：Neutron stars and white dwarfs are dense binary star systems，which are very important binary star systems in astronomy. In this study，the evolution of binary stars within the Hubble time has been studied by means of binary star evolution （BSE）. White dwarf companion stars may or may not be filled with Roche lobes，and their possible properties are discussed.Keywords：binary star system；evolution program；Roche lobe1 理论概要1.1 速度“踢”1.2 非稳定的质量转移在中子星和白矮星组成的双星系统中，物质通过洛希瓣溢流吸积方式进行转移，当白矮星充满它的洛希瓣后，吸积物质通过内拉格朗日点转移到中子星上，在质量转移的过程中，伴星的质量和中子星的质量比为q，在我们的工作中，我们采用了Hurley等人2002年给出的临界质量比：2 方法我们的工作运用了快速双星演化程序BSE，2002年，Hurley等人在单星演化程序的基础上给出了快速双星演化（BSE）程序。
在双星演化过程中他们考虑了复杂的双星作用。
3 讨论在双星系统中，初始质量较大的恒星称为主星，用M1来表示，初始质量较小的星为伴星，用M2表示。
英语作文描写鲨鱼的句子初一上册
英语作文描写鲨鱼的句子初一上册Sharks - The Rulers of the OceanSharks are one of the coolest animals on the planet, at least in my opinion! They have been swimming in the oceans for over 400 million years, way before even the dinosaurs existed. Can you imagine that? They're like living fossils that have survived through all the major extinction events on Earth.There are over 500 different species of sharks and they come in all sorts of shapes and sizes. The biggest ones are the whale sharks which can grow over 40 feet long! That's almost as big as a school bus. The smallest are the dwarf lantern sharks which are only about 6 inches long when fully grown. I wouldn't want one of those in my fish tank!Sharks don't have any bones, except in their jaws. Their skeletons are made of cartilage, the same bendy stuff that our ears and noses are made of. This makes them lighter and faster swimmers compared to bony fish. Their skin is covered intooth-like scales called denticles that make them super sleek and streamlined in the water.But sharks' most famous feature has to be their jaws packed full of razor-sharp teeth! The great white shark can have up to300 teeth at once in several rows. Whenever one of their teeth falls out, another one simply rotates forward from the row behind to replace it. How cool is that? It's like they have unlimited teeth! Those serrated edges are perfect for slicing through prey like seals and dolphins.Speaking of prey, sharks have a very keen sense of smell that allows them to detect even the tiniest particle of blood in the water from over a mile away. Their eyes are also specially adapted to see well in the low-light ocean depths. Some species like the hammerhead shark even have 360 degree vision to spot prey from all angles.Not all sharks are huge maneaters though. Many species like the nurse shark are completely harmless to humans and only eat tiny fish and shrimp. The biggest threat sharks actually face is from humans through overfishing and habitat loss. Every year, millions of sharks are killed just for their fins to make shark fin soup.At the top of the ocean food chain, sharks play a vital role in maintaining the balance in marine ecosystems. Getting rid of too many sharks causes the populations of their prey like stingrays and smaller fish to explode out of control. This can have damaging effects that ripple throughout the whole ecosystem.We need sharks just as much as they need a healthy ocean to live in.Despite their fearsome reputation in movies, sharks aren't really the bloodthirsty maneaters they're made out to be. Most shark attack incidents are simply a case of mistaken identity. We look a lot like seals thrashing around in the water from a shark's perspective! As long as we leave them alone in their ocean home, sharks generally want nothing to do with humans.To me, sharks are the true lords and masters of the seas. From the massive whale shark filter-feeding on plankton to the infamous great white patrolling the deep for seals, they are superbly adapted hunters finely tuned by over 400 million years of evolution. We may have mastered travelling across the lands, but the oceans will forever belong to the sharks.。
世界上最大的蚂蚁英语谜语
世界上最大的蚂蚁英语谜语The World's Largest Ant RiddleImagine a world where the laws of nature were turned upside down, where the smallest of creatures could grow to colossal proportions. In this realm, the humble ant, a familiar sight in our everyday lives, would become a towering behemoth, commanding awe and wonder. This is the premise of the world's largest ant riddle, a captivating enigma that has captured the imagination of scientists and curious minds alike.At the heart of this riddle lies a fascinating question – what if the world's largest ant truly existed? What would it look like, and how would it function in a world designed for much smaller beings? The answers to these questions are shrouded in mystery, yet the pursuit of unraveling this enigma has led to some intriguing speculations.Firstly, let us consider the sheer size of this hypothetical ant. Imagine an insect the size of a house, with mandibles capable of crushing boulders and a body mass that could rival that of a small elephant. Such a creature would defy the conventional understanding of ant biology, challenging our preconceptions about the limits of insectgrowth and development.One can envision this colossal ant navigating its environment with a grace and power that would be both awe-inspiring and terrifying. Its footsteps would shake the ground, and its shadow would darken the sky as it moved. Imagine the sight of this titanic insect traversing the landscape, its compound eyes scanning the world with an alien intelligence.But the challenges faced by such a creature would be immense. The very laws of physics that govern the natural world would pose significant obstacles to its survival. The strength of its exoskeleton, the efficiency of its respiratory system, and the limitations of its sensory organs would all be tested to the extreme.Imagine the sheer amount of food this ant would require to sustain its massive frame. Would it be capable of hunting and gathering on a scale that would dwarf the efforts of any human civilization? Would it develop complex social structures and communication systems to coordinate the gathering of resources and the defense of its territory?The riddle of the world's largest ant also raises intriguing questions about the evolution of such a creature. How could it have arisenfrom the comparatively small ants we are familiar with? What environmental pressures or genetic adaptations could have led tothe development of such a colossal form? The answers to these questions could shed light on the remarkable diversity and resilience of the natural world.As we delve deeper into this enigma, we are confronted with the limitations of our own understanding of the natural world. The world's largest ant, if it existed, would challenge our preconceptions and force us to rethink the boundaries of what is possible in the realm of biology. It would be a testament to the incredible adaptability and ingenuity of life, a reminder that there is still so much to discover and explore in the vast and wondrous tapestry of our planet.In the end, the world's largest ant riddle is not just a fanciful thought experiment, but a gateway to a deeper understanding of the natural world and the extraordinary diversity of life that surrounds us. As we ponder the mysteries of this enigmatic creature, we are reminded of the boundless potential of the natural world and the endless fascination it holds for those willing to explore its secrets.。
繁星71英语作文200字
繁星71英语作文200字英文回答：The twinkling stars in the night sky have always fascinated humans, inspiring poets, philosophers, and astronomers alike. They have been the subject of countless scientific studies, mythological tales, and artistic masterpieces.Stars are vast, luminous balls of plasma that emittheir own light and heat through nuclear fusion reactions. They range in size from small, faint red dwarfs to massive, brilliant blue supergiants. The closest star to Earth is the Sun, which is a medium-sized yellow dwarf star.Stars can be classified into different types based on their spectral characteristics, which are determined by their temperature and chemical composition. The main spectral types, in order of decreasing temperature, are O, B, A, F, G, K, and M. The Sun is a G-type star.Stars are also classified by their position on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, which plots the luminosity of stars against their surface temperature. The main regions of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram are the main sequence, the red giant branch, the white dwarf branch, and the blue supergiant branch. The Sun is located on the main sequence, which is the region where most stars spend the majority of their lives.Stars have a life cycle that begins with their formation from interstellar gas and dust clouds. As a star ages, it undergoes a series of nuclear fusion reactionsthat change its composition and structure. Eventually, the star will exhaust its nuclear fuel and die, leaving behind a remnant such as a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.Stars play a crucial role in the evolution of galaxies and the formation of planets and life. They are the source of all the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, which are essential for the formation of complex molecules andstructures. Stars also emit vast amounts of energy, which can be harnessed by humans for various purposes.中文回答：繁星闪烁的夜空一直令人类着迷，激发了诗人、哲学家和天文学家的灵感。
城市人口比例随年增长的图表 英文作文
城市人口比例随年增长的图表英文作文Title: The Growing Urban Imprint: A Graphical Tale of Cities and Their PeopleIn the grand tapestry of human progress, cities stand as beacons of development, their lights casting long shadows on the landscape of our world. These urban centers, once mere villages hugging the river bends or nestled in verdant valleys, have transformed over the years into sprawling metropolises that pulse with life and vibrancy. The story they tell is one of growth, not just in physical size but in the proportion of people they embrace within their boundaries.Imagine a line graph, its x-axis marking the passage of years and its y-axis depicting the percentage of the population residing in cities. As we trace the line from left to right, it climbs steadily, like a mountaineer scaling a peak. The slope is gentle at first, mirroring a time when cities were few and rural life prevailed. But with each decade, the incline steepens, reflecting an era where urban centers became the new Promised Land.This ascent is more than just numbers on a graph; it's a narrative of human migration—a movement driven by the allure of opportunity, the promise of a better life. Cities, withtheir towering skyscrapers and bustling streets, become characters in this tale, each with its unique personality. Some are paved with gold, metaphorically speaking, attracting fortune seekers from far and wide. Others are havens of culture and learning, drawing those thirsty for knowledge and artistic inspiration.As the plot thickens, we see the emergence of mega-cities, giants that dwarf their historical counterparts. They grow not just horizontally but vertically, reaching towards the heavens. The chart shows a spike here, a leap there, each jump corresponding to a milestone in urban evolution. It's as if the graph is alive, pulsing with the heartbeats of millions.But this rise comes with its own set of plot twists. The urbanization storyboard is fraught with challenges—overcrowding, environmental strain, and the polarizingrich-poor divide. These issues add layers of complexity to the narrative, sowing seeds of discontent and prompting a reevaluation of urban planning paradigms.Yet, amidst these challenges lies potential for a sequel—a story of sustainable cities. This is where the graph takes on a new hue, moving beyond mere population statistics to reflect quality of life. Green spaces, public transport, and renewableenergy become the protagonists, heralding a chapter where livability isn't compromised by numbers.The tale of city growth is a testament to humanity's relentless pursuit of a better life. It mirrors our aspirations, our resilience, and our adaptability. Like any good story, it has its highs and lows, its heroes and villains. But above all, it's a narrative that continues to unfold, waiting for the next chapter to be written. And as we pen this story, let us ensure that it's a chapter that celebrates not just the quantity of life in our cities but the quality of it. For in the end, it's not the size of the population that matters, but how we choose to live together within those ever-expanding urban boundaries.。
阅读理解white weasel
阅读理解white weaselWhite-furred animals are in danger of dying out. Climate （天气） change is causing a fall in snow cover, leaving them exposed （暴露的）, a new study suggests.Scientists in Poland have been following the worrying case of the white-coated weasel （白鼬）, which sheds （褪去） its brown covering in the winter for a milky coat in order to blend easily into its icy environment.But researchers have discovered that between 1997 and 2007 the number of days with snow cover was from 80 to 40 in bialowiezas Forest, Poland. It means that the little animals are caught out in a completely unsuitable environment, where they can be caught by foxes and crows. Scientists found that on days when there was little winter snow cover. The number of white-coated weasels they managed to catch fell to as low as 20 percent of the total. It meant that the rest had been killed.The problem is likely to affect other white-furred animals such as the Arctic fox when the snow cover increasingly gives way to alandscape （风景） of greens and browns.In the near future white weasels may disappear completely from many areas of Northern Europe and America. They will either be replaced by brown ones or they will evolve （进化）.Researchers also carried out tests using toys of brown and white-coated weasels to see if the colors were actually making a difference to predators （捕食者）. They found lots of animals had come near to the white toys, but none had shown interest in the brown toys.The researchers are hopeful the animals will learn to adapt （适应）, but say they cannot rule out the animals disappearing completely.（1）写出划线单词them指代的内容。
The mysteries of the animal kingdom Evolution
The mysteries of the animal kingdomEvolutionThe mysteries of the animal kingdom evolution have captivated the human imagination for centuries. From the majestic diversity of species to the intricate web of ecological relationships, the evolution of animals is a topic of endless fascination and wonder. As humans, we are constantly seeking to understand the origins and development of the creatures with whom we share the planet. The study of animal evolution provides us with valuable insights into the natural world and our place within it. One of the most intriguing aspects of animal evolution isthe process of adaptation. Over millions of years, animals have evolved a remarkable array of physical and behavioral traits that allow them to thrive in diverse environments. From the camouflage of a chameleon to the speed of a cheetah, these adaptations are the result of countless generations of natural selection. It is awe-inspiring to consider the ways in which animals have evolved to survive and reproduce in their respective habitats. Furthermore, the study of animalevolution sheds light on the interconnectedness of all living beings. Through the process of evolution, animals have developed complex relationships with oneanother and with their environments. For example, the coevolution of flowering plants and their pollinators has resulted in a delicate balance of mutual dependence. Similarly, the predator-prey relationships that have evolved over time have shaped the behaviors and physical characteristics of countless species. The study of these relationships provides us with a deeper understanding of theintricate web of life on Earth. Moreover, the study of animal evolution offers valuable insights into the history of life on our planet. By examining the fossil record and comparing the anatomical and genetic similarities of different species, scientists have been able to reconstruct the evolutionary history of animals. This has allowed us to trace the origins of modern-day animals back to their ancient ancestors, providing a fascinating glimpse into the deep history of life on Earth. The study of animal evolution also helps us to understand the processes that have shaped the diversity of life that we see today. On a more personal level, the study of animal evolution can evoke a sense of wonder and appreciation for thenatural world. As we learn about the incredible adaptations and relationships that have evolved over millions of years, we gain a deeper respect for the resilience and ingenuity of the animal kingdom. This can inspire a sense of humility and awe at the complexity of life on Earth, and a desire to protect and preserve the wondrous diversity of species that have evolved through the ages. In conclusion, the mysteries of animal kingdom evolution continue to captivate and inspire us. Through the study of adaptation, interconnectedness, history, and personal appreciation, we gain a deeper understanding of the natural world and our place within it. The study of animal evolution provides us with valuable insights into the processes that have shaped life on Earth, and offers a profound appreciation for the diversity and resilience of the animal kingdom. As we continue to unravel the mysteries of animal evolution, we are constantly reminded of the awe-inspiring beauty and complexity of the natural world.。
星星的英语作文
Stars have always been a source of fascination and inspiration for humans.They light up the night sky,guiding travelers and sparking the imagination of poets and astronomers alike.Heres an essay on the topic of stars,exploring their beauty, significance,and the scientific understanding of these celestial bodies.The Beauty of StarsThe night sky is a canvas painted with countless stars,each a distant sun in its own right. Their twinkling lights are a sight to behold,especially in areas far from city lights where the full majesty of the Milky Way can be seen.The stars come in various colors,from the cool blue of hotter stars to the warm red of cooler ones.This visual spectacle is not just a treat for the eyes but also a reminder of the vastness of the universe we inhabit.Cultural SignificanceThroughout history,stars have held significant roles in various cultures.They have been used for navigation,as seen in the ancient Polynesian tradition,where navigators used the stars to cross vast oceans.In mythology,stars are often personified as gods or celestial beings,and constellations tell stories of heroes,creatures,and myths.For example,the constellation Orion is a hunter in Greek mythology,while Ursa Major represents a great bear.Scientific UnderstandingAstronomy has advanced our understanding of stars immensely.We now know that stars are massive celestial bodies composed mostly of hydrogen and helium.They generate energy through nuclear fusion at their cores,where hydrogen atoms combine to form helium,releasing a tremendous amount of light and heat.The life cycle of a star,from its birth in a nebula to its eventual death as a white dwarf,neutron star,or supernova,is a fascinating journey that spans millions to billions of years.The Role of Stars in Life on EarthStars,including our own Sun,play a crucial role in supporting life on Earth.The Suns light and warmth are essential for photosynthesis,the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy,forming the basis of Earths food chain.Without stars,life as we know it would not exist.The Future of Star StudyWith the advent of modern technology,our ability to study stars has increased exponentially.Telescopes,both groundbased and spacebased,allow us to observe stars in unprecedented detail.Future missions,such as the James Webb Space Telescope, promise to reveal even more about the formation and evolution of stars,and potentially, the search for extraterrestrial life.ConclusionStars are more than just distant points of light they are the building blocks of the universe, each with its own story.They inspire awe,guide our way,and sustain life.As we continue to explore the cosmos,the stars will remain a beacon of knowledge and a symbol of humanitys eternal quest for understanding the universe.。