Development第八组第二篇
人的成长与发展
四 个 阶 段
前运动思维阶段（2-7岁）
具体运动思维阶段（7-12岁）
形式运动阶段（12-15岁）
五、皮亚杰的理论对教育的作用
（一）强调活动的重要性 （二）强调兴趣和需要的重要性 （三）强调儿童心理发展的连续 性和阶段性的重要作用 （四）强调智力是一种积极、主 动的结构
皮亚杰理论在护理中的应用
问：这个丈夫该这么做吗？为什么？
利用这类两难故事，科尔伯格研究了75 名10～16岁的被试。以后每隔三年重复一次， 直至22～28岁。他让被试听了故事后判断是 非，然后提出一系列的问题让他们回答，再 根据他们的回答划分道德判断发展的水平。 同时又根据一系列的回答，编制了各种不同 水平的量表，再来测定其他儿童的道德发展 水平。
根据不同年龄思维的特点，采取不同的 沟通和护理方式：
科尔伯格的道德发展理论
劳伦斯·科尔伯格 [Lawrence Kohlberg 1927.10.25－ 1987.01.?]， 美国教育心理学家，出生于美 国纽约州的布隆维尔市 （Bronxville）的一个富商家 庭，逝于美国马萨诸塞州波士 顿。
(一)Freud的性心理 发展学说
弗洛伊德的性心理发展学说：
心理结构：意识、潜意识、前意识
主要内容
人格结构：本我、自我、超我
人格发展：口欲期、肛欲期、性蕾期、潜伏 期、生殖期
Freud的性心理发展学说
奥地利精神病医学家，1856－1939 认为人类是倾向自卫、享乐和求生存的， 其原动力是原欲或性本能冲动。 弗洛伊德将人的精神分为3个独立的范畴： 本我、自我、超我 弗洛伊德将人的性心理发展分为5个阶段： 口欲期、肛门期、性蕾期、潜伏期、生殖 期
2023年职称外语b级试卷
2023年职称外语b级试卷第一部分：词汇选项（每题1分，共15分）1. The old concerns lose importance and some of them vanish altogether.A. develop.B. disappear.C. link.D. renew.2. In the process, the light energy converts to heat energy.A. changes.B. reduces.C. leaves.D. drops.3. Many economists have given in to the fatal lure of mathematics.A. error.B. function.C. attraction.D. miracle.4. The development of the transistor and integrated circuits revolutionized the electronics industry by allowing components to be packaged more densely.A. quickly.B. economically.C. compactly.D. carefully.5. The high - speed trains can have a major impact on our lives.A. effort.B. problem.C. influence.D. concern.6. His long - term goal is to set up his own business.A. idea.B. energy.C. aim.D. order.7. The study also notes a steady decline in the number of college students taking science courses.A. relative.B. continuous.C. general.D. sharp.8. They converted the spare bedroom into an office.A. reduced.B. moved.C. reformed.D. turned.9. Mr. Henley has accelerated his sale of shares over the past year.A. held.B. increased.C. expected.D. offered.10. We need to extract the relevant financial data.A. store.B. save.C. obtain.D. review.11. The decision to invade provoked storms of protest.A. ignored.B. organized.C. caused.D. received.12. She found me very dull.A. dirty.B. sleepy.C. lazy.D. boring.13. His shoes were shined to perfection.A. cleared.B. polished.C. washed.D. mended.14. The book took ten years of thorough research.A. basic.B. careful.C. social.D. major.15. She is a highly successful teacher.A. fairly.B. rather.C. very.D. moderately.第二部分：阅读判断（每题1分，共7分）阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。
八b-Development of new drugs
• 6 Marketing and Promotion • The rationale (基本原则)for the development of new drugs should be to provide better drugs; better in the sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper. • Drug development is expensive. This is borne by the pharmaceutical industry, which justifiably expects to recoup (补偿) the cost of development when the product is finally marketed. In some therapeutic areas where drugs are widely used, e. g. antibiotics(抗生 素), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(非甾体抗炎药), analgesics(止痛药), antihypertensives(抗高血压药), heavy investment in marketing and promotion has led to the use of undistinguished (不突出的,不优秀的) new drugs in place of equally effective, cheaper and established alternatives whose side effect profile is well known. Therapeutic fads and fashions should be avoided and prescribing practices changed only when good evidence of improved efficacy or resuced toxicity is available.
Development Report08-2
2.04Development Report - How to Do It: Making Paper by HandThis is the VOA Special English Development Report.The earliest process of making paper was done almost five thousand years ago in Egypt and the Nile Valley. In those days, paper was made from strips of the papyrus plant.Modern paper-making began in China about two thousand years ago. This process produced paper from cloth, straw, wood or the bark of trees. The raw materials are struck over and over until they become loose. Then they are mixed with water.After the water has been removed, the flat, thin form remaining is permitted to dry. This becomes a sheet of paper.Large machines started to be used for making paper near the end of the sixteenth century. Today, paper-making is a big business. But it is still possible to make paper by hand, since the steps are the same as using big machines.You should choose paper with small amounts of printing. Old envelopes are good for this reason. Colored paper also can be used, as well as small amounts of newspaper. Small pieces of rags or cloth can be added. These should be cut into pieces about five centimeters by five centimeters.Everything is placed in a container, covered with water, and broughtto a boil. It is mixed for about two hours with some common chemicals and then allowed to cool. Then it is left until most of the water dries up. The substance left, called pulp, can be stored until you are ready to make paper.When you are ready, the pulp is mixed with water again. Then the pulp is poured into a special box or mold. The mold is made of small squares of wire that hold the shape and thickness of the paper. To help dry the paper, the mold lets the water flow through the small wire squares.After several more drying steps, the paper is carefully lifted back from the mold. It is now strong enough to be touched.The paper is smoothed and pressed to remove trapped air. You can use a common electric iron used for pressing clothes.There are many other technologies for people making paper using small machines.You can order more information about making paper from EnterpriseWorks/VITA. The address of the group2.11Development Report - Measuring Star Power as a Force for ActivismThis is the VOA Special English Development Report.Some actors and rock stars use their star power for social activism.But how much power do they really have?Daniel Drezner is a professor of international politics at the Fletcher School at Tufts University in Massachusetts. He says measuring the effects of celebrity activism can be difficult.He thinks perhaps the most successful example is Princess Diana's campaign against landmines in the nineteen nineties. Yet in the end, he says, it was her death in a car crash that brought more attention to her work and to the issue.Professor Drezner says celebrity activism can have influence. Star power can bring public attention, donations and pressure for action on important issues. It can also educate fans through stories in the entertainment media.But at the same time there are risks. Most people will grow tired of an issue, the professor says. And they might also grow tired of a celebrity who keeps talking about it, especially if they think governments are already taking action. Also, when star power is directed at one crisis, others could be forgotten.Some people or governments could feel that celebrities are misusing their fame and wealth to influence policy. They might think an entertainer should stick to entertaining.Actor George Clooney speaks to reporters at the United Nations headquarters in New YorkDaniel Drezner says professional policy experts might feel deeper hostility. Facing competition, they begin to question their own influence.George Clooney, the Academy Award-winning actor, is no stranger to celebrity activism. For more than four years he has campaigned to end the conflict in Darfur, in western Sudan.Now, he is a newly appointed United Nations messenger of peace. He just returned from a two-week trip to Darfur, Chad and the Democratic Republic of Congo with a U.N. peacekeeping official. They also went to India, a big provider of U.N. peacekeepers.Yet when George Clooney visited U.N. headquarters in New York, not everyone was excited to see him. Fans clearly were. But he was prevented from reporting on his trip at a meeting of countries that provide peacekeeping troops. Diplomats told news agencies it was because of objections from several countries, including Russia.But a U.N. spokeswoman said it was because of rules -- procedural reasons. She added that the Department of Peacekeeping Operations hoped to have him talk to the countries in the future.And that's the VOA Special English Development Report, written by Jill Moss.2.25Development Report - A Business Plan for Social ChangeThis is the VOA Special English Development Report.Starting a business is never easy. But an organization like TechnoServe can make it easier. A businessman in the American state of Connecticut, Ed Bullard, launched this nonprofit group forty years ago. The name comes from the idea of technology in the service of mankind.TechnoServe looks for business solutions to rural poverty. Or, as it says on its Web site, "social change has a business plan." The group has helped create or improve more than two thousand businesses in about thirty countries.Luba Vangelova works for TechnoServe in Washington, D.C. She tells us the group has an estimated budget this year of about forty-five million dollars. She says much of that will support business training and development programs in Latin America, Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe.In parts of Central America, for example, TechnoServe is helping coffee producers become competitive in new and growing markets. In rural India the group is assisting farmers with crop production. And in Mozambique, TechnoServe is helping develop the travel and tourism industry.Some finalists of the 2007 Believe Begin Become competition in TanzaniaOne way it identifies promising entrepreneurs is through a businessplan competition called Believe Begin Become. This is an intensive program that provides technical training and expert advice.Winners receive money to bring their business plans to reality. TechnoServe has held nine national competitions in Central America since two thousand two. Five competitions have been held in Africa, including one in Tanzania last year.SPEAKER: "B.B.B. has been a breakthrough for me. Finally I am going to own my own business. And I am going to employ people."A TechnoServe channel on YouTube describes Believe Begin Become and some of the winning business plans. Luba Vangelova says TechnoServe also supports entrepreneurship programs for teenagers and young adults.Charity Navigator, an independent group that rates American charities, has given TechnoServe its highest rating.And that's the VOA Special English Development Report, written by Jill Moss. A link to TechnoServe can be found at , along with transcripts, MP3s and podcasts of our reports.。
Development Report08-8
With integrated farming, the women raise animals and different crops on one piece of land. Animal waste provides fertilizer. Some of the crops can be used as animal feed. In Rwanda, the women have been able to grow traditional crops like bananas and sorghum grain along side higher-value crops, such as pineapples. A hectare of farmland in Rwanda used to earn about four hundred twenty dollars a year. But a family using integrated farming techniques on the same piece of land can earn as much as three thousand five hundred dollars a year.
Development Report 08-5
5.05Development Report - : A Place for Teachers to Share Materials By Jill MossThis is the VOA Special English Development Report.Wikis are Web sites designed for cooperative work. Users can easily create or change the content. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit, is the best known wiki.A newer example is Curriki, a curriculum wiki. is a learning community for developing and sharing educational materials for free. It says it has forty thousand members in two hundred countries The materials are for kindergarten through grade twelve. The subject areas are mathematics, science, technology, reading, language arts and languages.In addition to English, there are some materials in French, German, Hindi, Portuguese and Spanish.A curriculum-building tool helps educators create lesson plans on the site. The idea is for members to donate resources that represent best practices.Curriki's partners include Sesame Workshop, which has created videos and lesson plans to teach children about cultural differences. Another company, Atomic Learning, has provided videos for teaching about technology.Members who donate materials are listed on the site. Comments and criticisms about materials are also posted.Anyone can use to teach others or themselves. The materials can be printed or saved to a CD.Curriki is also working on several international projects. One of them involves teacher training for Indonesia. In South Africa, Curriki has been working on a research project on the process of building free and open curriculum.In two thousand four, the Sun Microsystems company launched the Global Education and Learning Community. Two years later, Sun established it as an independent nonprofit organization and changed the name to Curriki.Bobbi Kurshan is the executive director. She says a team of experts rates material on Curriki on a scale of one to three. The volunteers judge if the information is complete, if it is right for the age level and if it is written well.The name "wiki" comes from a Hawaiian word for "quick." But Bobbi Kurshan says she recognizes that many teachers may not be quick to trust free, open-source materials. She says people should trust the educational community on Curriki to do the right thing. In her words, "We're changing the way we build curriculum."And that's the VOA Special English Development Report, written byJill Moss.5.13Development Report - Secret of DEET Could Lead to New Insect ProductsThis is the VOA Special English Development Report.There are new findings about an old method for keeping away insects. Scientists have uncovered the molecular workings of DEET.DEET is the most widely used product for preventing insect bites. The scientists say their findings could lead to better insecticide products.Fifty years ago, the United States Army and the Department of Agriculture developed DEET to protect soldiers from disease-carrying insects. Since then, it has been used to guard against blood-sucking insects, like mosquitoes carrying malaria. DEET has been shown to work on almost all insects, including ticks, which spread Lyme disease.Until recently, no one had explained exactly how the product keeps insects away from skin. Some people thought that because DEET's strong smell is not pleasing to human beings, it also smelled bad to insects. But the new study shows that DEET temporarily interferes with an insect's ability to smell.Leslie V osshall is a professor of neurogenetics at Rockefeller University in New York. She was the lead investigator of the study.Her team carried out experiments with mosquitoes and fruit flies. She says they discovered proteins in the antennae of both insects that identify several smells. The antennae help the insects identify smells, including those of human breath and sweat. As a result, the insects are able to identify human beings as food.Professor V osshall says DEET works by stopping some of the smell proteins, or receptors, in the antennae. When insects come in contact with DEET, they are no longer able to guide themselves to their target. She says the insects do not bite people wearing DEET because they cannot smell them. Other studies have suggested that DEET affects the smelling abilities of insects. But the new study is the first to identify DEET's molecular targets.DEET is widely used and found in more than one hundred products. It is not considered dangerous when placed on clothing and unprotected arms and legs. But DEET is not advised for young children, especially those under two months old. Concerns about possible health risks have led scientists to work on improvements.Professor V osshall says the new information about DEET could help in the development of other, safer products. She says such products could even be used on babies.And that's the VOA Special English Development Report, written by Brianna Blake.5.19Development Report - Feeding the Hungry, but Not With PigeonsThis is the VOA Special English Development Report.The Venice government has banned feeding pigeons in the city famous St. Mark's SquareSaint Mark's Square in Venice, Italy, is known for its historic buildings and its pigeons. Tourists have long enjoyed feeding the birds. As a result, the pigeon population has grown and grown. But local officials say all those droppings are not good for the buildings or the people in the square. As of this month, police will fine people who feed the pigeons.But a listener named Phillip Ghee has another thought about how to control pigeon populations. He asks, why not catch the birds and export them to crisis areas to supply protein to people in danger of starvation?He says good farming and science could probably breed out any diseases that may be harmful to humans. "No offense against pigeons but they seem, in their current numbers, such an unnecessary bird," he says.Others may disagree with his opinion. In any case, we put the question to two squab producers. After all, young pigeons, called squab, have been raised for centuries for food.Tony Barwick is president of the Palmetto Pigeon Plant in SouthCarolina. He says that aside from any questions about health risks, including from pollution, adult pigeons are not that easy to catch.And, he says, exporting them would not be as cost-effective as exporting other forms of protein, such as chicken. Suppose you have a dollar, he says. Half that dollar would be spent catching the pigeon and the other half processing it. With that same dollar, he says, you could buy a processed chicken that offers more meat.Bob Shipley is president of the Squab Producers of California. These producers are a group of seventy-seven independent squab farms in northern California. They process about one million birds a year.Bob Shipley says exporting smoked squab would not be a solution either. In the smoking process, squab meat becomes very soft, almost like paste. The meat also breaks down if it is overcooked.Squab from the United States is generally exported frozen, so there would be a need for refrigeration. And there is something else to consider about raising pigeons as a food source. Both men said it takes a lot of food to raise squab. Generally it takes more than three and a half kilograms of grain to get half a kilogram of meat.And that's the VOA Special English Development Report.5.26Development Report - Three Water and Sanitation Projects in IndiaWin Online SearchThis is the VOA Special English Development Report.A billion people live without a safe water supply. Two and a half billion, or more than forty percent of all people, have no place to use a safe toilet. Recently on the Internet there was a competition to look for creative local solutions to water and sanitation needs.Two organizations, Ashoka's Changemakers and Global Water Challenge, organized the worldwide search. Global Water Challenge is a coalition of twenty-two groups working for change in water and sanitation.Ashoka is a group for social entrepreneurs, people who look for creative solutions to social problems. Its Web site is an online community where competitions are held. Anyone can vote or provide ideas and resources.The search for water and sanitation projects received more than two hundred fifty proposals from fifty-four countries. Judges chose nine finalists in April. Then, visitors to the site voted for three winners. All three are from India. Each will receive five thousand dollars from Global Water Challenge.Himanshu Parikh Consulting Engineers won for a sanitation project called Slum Networking. It involves looking for natural solutions like gravity-based, house-to-house water and sanitation connections in poorareas.The project began in the cities of Indore, Baroda, Ahmedabad and Bhopal. Now the aim is to extend it to rural areas.The Naandi Foundation won for a project for safe drinking water in two states, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab. Villagers get clean water at purification centers. Then they sell the bottled water within their communities for small amounts of money.The third winner is a group leading a sanitation project in Maharashtra and Gujarat states. Swayam Shikshan Prayog works with local governments and women's groups to change local behaviors and improve sanitation.Tanvi Nagpal heads the water and sanitation program at Global Water Challenge. She says the Coca Cola Company has given one million dollars to expand several of the proposals in the competition.This was the first time Global Water Challenge has been involved in an online search. Tanvi Nagpal says the organization may hold another competition in the coming years to look for other inventive ideas.And that's the VOA Special English Development Report.。
Further Development-Unit 8 Book 2
Part Three: Further Development >> Vocabulary Review
fact
factor
factor when we decide to buy A. Money will be the key _______ a new house. facts about American B. The book is full of interesting _______ history. factor in professional sport is C. The most important ________ psychology.
1. Vocabulary Review
Directions: Work in pairs to chose an appropriate
word to complete each of the following sentences. Change the form if necessary.
all but
Part Three: Further Development >> Talking About Lencho
2. Talking About Lencho
Directions: Discuss in groups the following question. What do you think of Lencho? Support your ideas with the evidence from the passage.
Part Three: Further Development >> Vocabulary Review
conscience
英语a级考试优秀范文(优选12篇)
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Development Report08-3
3.03Development Report - Questioning a Popular Approach to Lasting DevelopmentThis is the VOA Special English Development Report.M.I.T.'s Jameel Poverty Action Lab does economic research to help the poorIf you give something to someone for free, will that person value it and use it? Development experts have debated this question for decades. Some say the act of paying causes people to value something and use it more. Others argue that selling necessary health treatments may deny them to the people who need them the most.Consider, for example, chemically treated bed nets. These bed nets kill mosquitoes and protect people against malaria while they are sleeping. New York University economist William Easterly says this is one example of development gone wrong. In a recent book, Professor Easterly suggests bed nets given freely in Africa are often used for the wrong purpose.Yet, the World Health Organization recommends bed nets be given out freely and used by whole communities. The success of a large free bed net campaign in Kenya led the W.H.O. to announce this recommendation last August.This debate will likely influence social programs in the developingworld. Many non-governmental organizations support the creation of self-sustaining programs in poor countries. Goods and services are sold for a price to help these programs survive.Rachel Glennerster runs the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The research lab does development and poverty studies. Its goal is to improve the effectiveness of anti-poverty programs in the United States and other countries.Miz Glennerster tells us that several studies by the research group's economists have proven that small price changes have a big influence on the number of people who use a product. A price change will reduce the total amount of use of the product as well, she says. The economists have also found no evidence that the very act of paying for something changes how people use it.Finally, some development experts argue that pricing is useful when targeting a product among special populations. When it comes to bed nets, Miz Glennerster says research shows no evidence of this. People are just as likely to use a bed net if they paid for it or not.And that's the VOA Special English Development Report.3.10Development Report - Simple Technology to Get to the Nut of aProblemThis is the VOA Special English Development Report.Peanuts, or groundnuts, are an important crop in many developing countries. But getting them out of their shell is tiring without a machine.In two thousand one, a Canadian inventor, Jock Brandis, designed a hand-powered peanut sheller for a village in Mali. In one hour it can shell about fifty-six kilograms of peanuts.In one hour, the Universal Nut Sheller can shell about 56 kilograms of groundnutsBy the end of this year, twenty countries will be using the Universal Nut Sheller and other technologies from the Full Belly Project.This nonprofit group was established in North Carolina in two thousand three. The aim is to fight hunger and help rural economies with labor-saving agricultural devices that can be reproduced locally.Former Peace Corps volunteer Jeff Rose heads the Full Belly Project. He says a village in Malawi used a single sheller to process thirty tons of peanuts over two months.Selling them raised sixteen thousand dollars. The United States Agency for International Development also provided money, and the village was able to build a water well.That single machine, says Jeff Rose, cost the village just twenty-eight dollars to make.As described at , the Universal Nut Sheller is basically a cement cone within a cone. The top and bottom are open. The user turns a handle and the peanuts fall between the surfaces and are rolled and squeezed. The peanuts and broken shells drop through the bottom and are separated by hand.The machine can also shell coffee, jatropha, shea nuts and neem nuts.There are two main ways that the group provides its technologies. One is where individuals or groups based in the United States donate seven hundred dollars. In return, they take a kit and build the sheller in a developing country.The kit contains fiberglass molds and enough metal pieces to build three machines. With the molds an unlimited number of machines can be built with locally purchased metal parts. The sheller generally costs about fifty to seventy-five dollars to make.The second way the group distributes its machines is through partnerships with nongovernmental organizations.The Full Belly Project also has a pedal-powered sheller. Now, volunteers are designing a pedal-powered grain crusher. Goals for the future include all the simple technologies needed to make ready-to-use therapeutic foods to treat malnutrition.And that's the VOA Special English Development Report.3.17Development Report - Building a Better Cook Stove for the World’s PoorThis is the VOA Special English Development Report.Breathing smoke from cooking stoves or open fires is a common cause of lung infections in developing countries. Indoor air pollution is blamed for an estimated four thousand deaths every day, mostly women and children.A nonprofit group based in the American state of Colorado is working to save lives. Researchers at Envirofit International have developed a clean-burning cook stove that uses less fuel and reduces smoke.They say it cuts the smoke and dangerous gases by up to eighty percent compared to open fires or simple traditional stoves. The cook stove was designed to produce the greatest amount of heat in the shortest amount of time and with the least amount of fuel. It can burn wood, animal waste or crop waste.The Shell Foundation has formed a partnership with Envirofit to market the cook stoves. The British charity, established by the Shell Group in the year two thousand, has invested ten million dollars in a pilot project for India.Martha Kohlhagen at Envirofit tells us that as many as ten million stoves will be sent to southern India by the end of this year. She says the stoves are being manufactured in China and will begin arriving in May. The stoves are designed to have a lifetime of up to three years at a cost of about fifteen dollars.After India, the plan is to market them to China and Brazil, and to other countries around the world. Envirofit expects twenty-five million dollars from the Shell Foundation and other donors over the next five years to support its efforts.Nongovernmental organizations and local stores, in some cases, will sell the stoves in villages. The price in different countries will be based on demand and local economic conditions.Martha Kohlhagen says Envirofit will also work with local micro lending organizations to help support the sale of the stoves.Envirofit says it will use any future profits from the stoves for further research and development. The group wants to develop combination technology, to be able use energy from the cook stove to provide things like heat or light.Two students at Colorado State University, Tim Bauer and Nathan Lorenz, started Envirofit International in two thousand three. The group has ties to the university. Envirofit developed from research work in the Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory at Colorado State.And that's the VOA Special English Development Report, written by Jill Moss.3.24Development Report - HIV and Life for Rural Women in South AfricaThis is the VOA Special English Development Report.A child looks on as she is fed by her mother during an AIDS march in South Africa. The Treatment Action Campaign organized the march in Cape Town.South Africa has the highest number of H.I.V. cases of any country in the world. An estimated five and a half million people are infected with the virus that causes AIDS. Fifty-five percent of them are women.Last May, the cabinet of President Thabo Mbeki approved a five-year plan to guide efforts against AIDS in South Africa. For the plan to succeed, officials agreed that the nation had to deal with poverty, violence and discrimination facing women.Now, a report from Amnesty International looks at the struggles of poor rural women living with H.I.V. in South Africa. The human rights group says the women face oppression and human rights abuses. And it says other women who feel socially and economically weak are at a higher risk of becoming infected with H.I.V.Amnesty researcher Mary Rayner says rural women have little control in their relationships with men. Amnesty gathered statements from thirty-seven women in Mpumalanga and KwaZulu Natal provinces. They said that sometimes, when they tried to ask their sexual partners to use protection, they might experience verbal aggression or violence.The report says many rural women with H.I.V. do not have enough money to travel to health centers for treatment. They might not even have enough money for food. Unemployment is a major problem.Amnesty International released its report in London last week. Also in London, Scottish singer Annie Lennox promoted her new charity single called "Sing." The aim is to raise money for the Treatment Action Campaign, an H.I.V./AIDS organization in South Africa.(MUSIC)And that's the VOA Special English Development Report.3.31Development Report - The Future of a Vaccine, and New Warnings for AsiaThis is the VOA Special English Development Report.Seven-year-old AIDS patient in Bangkok, ThailandA new study says Asia must do more to prevent AIDS, or the number of people infected with H.I.V. could double by two thousand twenty.Today about five million people in Asia are living with the virus that causes AIDS.An estimated three hundred thousand people died of H.I.V.-related diseases in Asia last year. At current rates, that number could rise to almost five hundred thousand.The United Nations program on H.I.V./AIDS requested the study, led by Indian economist Chakravarthi Rangarajan.The report says three main groups are driving the spread of AIDS in Asia. One group is sex workers and the men who use them. Another is injection drug users who share needles. And the third group are men who have unprotected sex with other men.Researchers estimate that as many as ten million women in Asia sell sex. At least seventy-five million men buy on a regular basis. In many Asian countries, these men, and their female partners, represent the largest group of people living with H.I.V.The study found that AIDS is the most likely cause of death and lost work days for people in Asia between the ages of fifteen and forty-four.The report says prevention programs can be effective if governments invest at least thirty cents a year per person.For more than twenty years, scientists have been trying to develop a vaccine to prevent H.I.V. infection. The latest failures came last September. Researchers halted two studies of an experimental AIDSvaccine from the drug company Merck.Early results showed that the vaccine not only failed to protect, it appeared to put some people at higher risk of infection.Last Tuesday, several hundred researchers and activists met in Bethesda, Maryland, for a Summit on H.I.V. Vaccine Research and Development. They debated what to do now.Many of the scientists agreed that experimental vaccines should continue to be tested on humans. But many said there should be less dependence on human trials.Anthony Fauci is head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, which called the meeting. He and others said there should be more tests on animals, to add to discoveries from human studies.There also were calls for a return to more basic science, first identifying and answering major scientific questions. But Doctor Fauci said the search for an AIDS vaccine will not stop.And that's the VOA Special English Development Report, written by Jill Moss.。
(career-development)职业生涯规划解析
员 能够给予支持和帮助
化
同事
1、是否有下级、同级的赞赏；2、 是否有上级的肯定和表彰；3、是否 有职权范围的扩大；4、是否有工资 待遇的提高。
根据公司文 化及其总体 经营结果
社会舆 1、是否有社会舆论的支持和好评； 根据社会文 论组织 2、是否有社会组织的承认与奖励。 明程度
影响个人职业形成和发展的因素有哪些?
喜欢竞争、敢冒 人、精力充沛、 乐观自信、善交 队、能说会道、 具领导才能；喜 爱权利、地位与 物质财富；不善 科学研究，对系 统而复杂的思维 工作很不耐烦。
精力旺盛的、好 出风头的、乐观 的、大胆的、自 信的、外向的、 合群的、野心勃 勃的、滔滔不绝 的、盛气凌人的 。
推销员、旅馆经 量、律师、政治 家、零售商等。
第一篇 关于职业生涯的基本概念和理论
何谓职业?
• 职业的社会学概念 职业是社会劳动分工发展的必然产物 ，其涵义包括：
– 是社会分工体系中的一种社会位置； – 是与专门工作相关的人群关系和社会关系； – 职业拥有垄断权和经济收益权； – 职业是国家确定和认可的。
• 职业的经济学概念：人们为了获取经常性收入而从事连 续性的特殊活动
复杂的、不切实 际的、目无法纪 的、不守常规的 、易冲动的、有 独创性的、善表 达的、敏感的、 独立的、理想主 义的。
对应职业
室内装饰专家、 摄影师、音乐教 师、作家、演员 、记者、诗人、 作曲家、雕刻家 、漫画家。
职业性向与职业类型的对应
劳动者类型
社会型 (Social)
劳动者特点
喜欢从事为人服 务和教育他人的 工作，参与解决 人们共同关心的 社会问题；热情 慷慨，善于交际 ，关心他人；渴 望发挥自已的社 会作用，喜与人 接触；缺乏技术 特长，不喜需劳 动工具的工作。
sustainable development发表
sustainable development发表全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：可持续发展是当今社会发展的重要理念，是指经济、社会和环境的协调发展，旨在满足当前世代的需求，同时又不损害后代的发展机会。
可持续发展强调促进资源的合理利用、保护生态环境、推动经济发展、促进社会公平以及维护人类的健康和福祉。
通过可持续发展，我们才能实现经济的长期稳定和社会的和谐发展。
可持续发展主张经济、社会和环境之间的协调发展，不断追求三者的平衡。
在经济层面，可持续发展强调促进经济增长的降低资源消耗和环境污染，实现资源的可持续利用。
在社会层面，可持续发展倡导追求社会公平和正义，实现贫富差距的缩小，提高人民的生活水平。
在环境层面，可持续发展要求保护生态环境，减少污染排放，保护自然资源，确保可持续的生态系统。
实现可持续发展需要政府、企业和社会各方共同努力。
政府在政策制定和管理方面起着重要的作用，需要加强对资源利用、环境保护和社会公平的监管和引导，推动企业实施可持续发展战略。
企业作为经济发展的主体，应当承担社会责任和环境责任，积极推动绿色生产、循环经济和节能减排。
社会各界也应积极参与，关注可持续发展的重要性，倡导绿色消费，支持环保行动，推动可持续发展的实现。
在全球范围内，可持续发展也成为国际社会的共识和共同努力的目标。
联合国可持续发展议程提出了17个可持续发展目标，涵盖经济、社会和环境的各个方面，旨在2030年前实现全球可持续发展。
各国应当加强合作，共同应对气候变化、生态破坏、资源枯竭、贫困等全球性挑战，促进全球绿色发展和可持续繁荣。
可持续发展是人类社会发展的必然选择，是推动社会进步的重要动力。
唯有实行可持续发展，我们才能实现经济的长期繁荣、社会的和谐发展和环境的可持续利用。
让我们共同努力，为实现可持续发展的目标而努力奋斗！第二篇示例：可持续发展是指在满足当前需求的不损害未来代际的生存和发展能力。
这一概念在现代社会中变得越来越重要，因为人类活动对环境和资源的消耗已经到了危险的程度。
高中英语范文十篇
高中英语范文十篇第一篇：My Favorite SeasonAmong the four seasons, autumn is my favorite. The crisp air, colorful leaves, and comfortable temperature make it the perfect season for me. I love walking through the park and hearing the crunch of leaves beneath my feet.第二篇：My Dream JobMy dream job is to become a veterinarian. I’ve always had a love for animals, and I believe that being a veterinarian will allow me to combine my passion with my career. I want to help animals in need and make a difference in their lives.第三篇：The Importance of EducationEducation is crucial for personal and societal development. It provides individuals with the knowledge and skills needed to succeed in their chosen fields. Without education, progress and innovation would be stifled.第四篇：The Impact of Social MediaSocial media has revolutionized the way we communicate and connect with others. It has both positive and negative impacts on society, influencing how we interact, share information, and perceive the world around us.第五篇：The Benefits of ReadingReading is a valuable activity that enriches the mind and expands our knowledge. It improves vocabulary, critical thinking skills, and imagination. Reading allows us to explore different worlds and perspectives.第六篇：The Advantages of TravelingTraveling broadens the mind and exposes us to new cultures, ideas, and experiences. It promotes personal growth, self-discovery, and a greater appreciation for diversity. Traveling helps us break out of our comfort zones and learn about the world.第七篇：The Importance of Healthy EatingHealthy eating is essential for maintaining a balanced lifestyle and preventing diseases. It provides the body with the necessary nutrients to function properly and maintain overall well-being. A balanced diet is key to a healthy body and mind.第八篇：The Significance of FriendshipFriendship is a valuable bond that provides support, companionship, and joy. Friends play an important role in our lives, offering understanding, empathy, and encouragement. Strong friendships contribute to our happiness and well-being.第九篇：The Impact of TechnologyTechnology has drastically transformed the way we live, work, and communicate. It has revolutionized industries, created new opportunities, and connected people across the globe. However, it also raises concerns about privacy, security, and ethical implications.第十篇：The Power of Positive ThinkingPositive thinking can uplift our spirits, improve our outlook on life, and enhance our overall well-being. It cultivates resilience, optimism, and a sense of gratitude. Embracing positive thinking can lead to personal growth and a more fulfilling life.以上是本文提供的十篇高中英语范文，各个主题涵盖重要的生活和社会议题，希望能激发读者的思考和讨论。
Development
Prenatal Development
Prenatal development refers to the process in which a baby develops from a single cell after conception into an embryo and later a fetus. The average length of time for prenatal development to complete is 38 weeks from the date of conception. During this time, a single-celled zygote develops in a series of stages into a full-term baby. The three primary stages of prenatal development are the germinal stage, the embryonic stage, and the fetal stage.
Week 3: Beginning development of the brain, heart, blood cells, circulatory system, spinal cord, and digestive system. Week 4: Beginning development of bones, facial structures, and limbs (presence of arm and leg buds); continuing development of the heart (which begins to beat), brain, and nervous tissue. Week 5: Beginning development of eyes, nose, kidneys, lungs; continuing development of the heart (formation of valves), brain, nervous tissue, and digestive tract. Week 6: Beginning development of hands, feet, and digits; continuing development of brain, heart, and circulation system. Week 7: Beginning development of hair follicles, nipples, eyelids, and sex organs (testes or ovaries); first formation of urine in the kidneys and first evidence of brain waves. Week 8: Facial features more distinct, internal organs well developed, the brain can signal for muscles to move, heart development ends, external sex organs begin to form.
Chapter02 ERP Development
Figure 2-3 Information and material flows in a process business model
Concepts in Enterprise Resource Planning, Third Edition 11
ERP Software Emerges: SAP and R/3
sectors do not wish to with others in the same company. This type of mentality will reduce the of the overall, reduce, and may to the demise of a productive company culture.
• 1972: five former IBM systems analysts in Mannheim, Germany formed Systemanalyse und Programmentwicklung (Systems Analysis and Program Development, or SAP) • SAP’s goals:
Concepts in Enterprise Resource Planning, Third Edition
2
Introduction
• Efficient, integrated information systems are very important for companies to be competitive • An Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system can help integrate a company’s operations
Development第八组第一篇
如果真正的发展意味着社会给每个公民提供高水平 的经济、物质、智能及精神生活，同时保护地球的 健康，那么没有一个国家是完全“发达”的。
Complex sentences
Others don’t like the idea of an impersonal hightech society and believe that the “greening” of society—an appreciation for nature, human community, and sustainable economics—should become the new goal of development. ( paragraph 6 line 11)
Common phrasesห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
1. In terms of
2. Depend on 3. Fall into
1. 落入;分成
2. 例如 3. 以...为基础;基于
4. Divide…into
5. For instance 6. Based on
4. 代替;不是…而是
5. 换句话说 6. 依据;按照;
海洋、空气和土地的污染通过影响我们的健康来降 低我们的生活质量。更严重的是未来可能使地球和 人类生命的终结。我们可能会变得很“发达”以致 于我们扼杀自己。
Complex sentences
If real development means that a society provides a high level of economic, physical, intellectual, and spiritual life to each citizen while protecting the health of the Earth, then no country is perfectly “developed” yet. ( paragraph 6 line 1)
关于蝴蝶成长的词语英文
关于蝴蝶成长的词语英文蝴蝶成长的词语英文：metamorphosis、caterpillar、chrysalis、butterfly、growth、transformation、development、insect、life cycle、wings、cocoon、pupa、budding、evolution、instinct、nymph、molt等。
第一篇：蝴蝶的成长之旅蝴蝶是一种美丽的昆虫，它们经历了一个奇妙的成长过程，从幼虫到成长为美丽的蝴蝶。
这个过程被称为“蝶变”，它充满了奇迹和变化。
蝴蝶的成长始于一个小小的卵，这个卵孵化出来的是一只毛茸茸的幼虫，我们称之为“毛毛虫”。
幼虫需要大量的食物来满足快速的生长，它们吃的食物一般是植物的叶子。
毛毛虫会在食物上不断地啃咬，并通过摄入的养分来提供自己生长所需的能量。
毛毛虫的生活并不长久，通常只有几周的时间。
在这段时间里，它们会进行多次蜕皮，每次蜕皮后都会长得更大。
蜕皮是幼虫成长的一个重要过程，它代表着幼虫的进化和发展。
当毛毛虫成长到一定的阶段时，它会寻找一个安全的地方，将自己包裹在一个坚硬的外壳里，我们称之为“蛹”。
在蛹的外壳中，幼虫的身体会逐渐发生神奇的变化。
它的组织和器官会逐渐转化为蝴蝶的形态。
在蛹内部，幼虫会发生一系列的变化。
它的身体会渐渐变得透明，蛹的外形也会逐渐展现出蝴蝶的特征。
这个过程被称为“蜕变”。
蜕变过程中，幼虫的身体内部会完全重构，一幅全新的模样正在形成。
在蛹内部的改变会持续一段时间，具体的时间取决于不同的蝴蝶品种。
当一切变化完成后，一个美丽的蝴蝶就诞生了。
蝴蝶会努力挣扎出蛹壳，展开它的翅膀，并迅速学会如何飞翔。
蝴蝶的成长之旅是一个充满挑战和奇迹的过程。
从一个小小的卵开始，经历了各种变化和发展，最终成长为一个美丽的蝴蝶。
这个过程告诉我们，成长需要经历一系列的努力和改变，只有经历了这些，我们才能真正成长和蜕变。
第二篇：蝴蝶的生命周期蝴蝶的成长过程可以被称为一个奇妙的生命周期，它体现了大自然的美妙和无穷的智慧。
重视个人发展 英文
重视个人发展英文全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：重视个人发展In today's fast-paced and competitive world, it is more important than ever to prioritize personal development. Personal development is the continuous process of improving oneself through learning, acquiring new skills, setting goals, and working towards self-improvement. It is about investing in yourself and taking the necessary steps to reach your full potential. Here are some reasons why it is important to prioritize personal development:第二篇示例：在现代社会中，个人发展越来越受到重视。
越来越多的人意识到，个人的发展是一个持续的过程，它不仅影响着个人的生活质量，还对整个社会的发展起着重要作用。
我们应该重视个人发展，并主动去追求和实现自己的理想和目标。
个人发展对于个人的自我实现非常重要。
每个人都有自己的梦想和追求，而实现这些梦想和追求正是个人发展的关键。
只有不断地提升自己的能力和素质，才能让人们更好地发挥自己的潜力，实现自己的理想和目标。
这不仅能够给个人带来成就感和幸福感，更重要的是能够让人们真正意义上实现自我。
个人发展也对社会的发展具有重要意义。
一个国家或地区的发展，离不开每个个人的努力和贡献。
只有更多的人注重个人发展，努力提升自己的素质和能力，才能够为社会的进步做出更大的贡献。
个人的发展不仅可以提升整个社会的生产力和创造力，还能够促进社会的繁荣和稳定。
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Gaviotas 是一个可持续发展的卓越的成就。
remarkable
Dictionary: a) unusual or striking ; worthy of notice
adj. 卓越的；非凡的；值得注意的
Common phrases:
① remarkable quality 卓越的品质 ; 品质卓越 ② remarkable features 显著特点 ; 显著的特征 ;
Common phrases:
① desolate living 世俗苍凉 ② everywhere desolate 满目凄凉
Sample sentence:
These travelers had expected it was a desirable travel, but now they lost their ways in the desolate desert.
Lugari 预测，到21世纪，日益增长的人口将不得不 生活在不适宜于居住的地方。他想看看能否把非生 产性的热带草原恢复成一个人类可居住的地方。
Complex sentences
Besides providing a sustainable living, the pines have also created what biologists call a miracle： After several years of healthy growth, a 25000acre tropical forest developed on the once dry savanna. ( paragraph 6 line 1)
Crossword
i s o p h i c s o t m i b c i a n e s t e h y d v i m i p l e t r r y a n n d u s t i t i i m o p n e r s h o n i c a l i s t i m e n o v e r c r o w d e d
Sample sentence:
Medicinal plant use is the most common medication tool in traditional medicine and complementary medicine worldwide. 在世界各地，使用药用植物是传统医学和补充疗法中最常见的 治疗工具。
Deห้องสมุดไป่ตู้elopment
Vocabulary & Phrase & Sentence
Nothing Wasted, Everything Gained
Vocabulary
overcrowd [əʊvə'kraʊd]
By the end, the majority of the population lived in cities, and these cities were overcrowd and polluted.
Sample sentence:
It is far from perfect, but that it is held together by the goodwill of its people, and not by dictatorial forces, is remarkable. 这个国家远不完美，但值得注意的是，它通过人民彼此的善意结合 在一起，而不是依靠独裁的力量。
o n a t i
o s a v a n n a a r s b
i
a
l
i
o p o i m p
c
s e l f s u f f i c i e n t
Common phrases
1. Turn out
2. A variety of 3. A handful of 4. Live in 5. At the same time 6. Cut down 7. Turn into 8. By the end
(paragraph 1 line 6) Guess from context: vt. 使过度拥挤
最后，大多数人居住在城市，并且这些城市变得 过度拥挤和污染。
overcrowd
Dictionary: a) cause to crowd together too much
vt. 使过度拥挤；把…塞得过满 b) crowd together too much vi. 过度拥挤；塞得太满
这些旅游者原本以为这是次称心的旅游，但现在他们在荒凉的沙漠里迷了 路。
Vocabulary
sustainable [sə'steɪnəb(ə)l]
Gaviotas, a rural area in Colombia, is an example of how even desolate places in the countryside can be developed for sustainable human use. (paragraph 1 line 13)
Guess from context:
adj. 可持续的
Gaviotas，哥伦比亚的一个农村地区，是即便 荒凉的农村也可以被建设成人类可持续使用的 地方的例子。
sustainable
Dictionary: a) capable of being sustained
adj.①支撑得住的；能承受的; ②能保持的，能维持的，能持续的; ③能保持在一定水平上的，能保持一定发展速度的
Vocabulary
medicinal [mɪ'dɪsɪn(ə)l]
The 250 plant species identified so far have been studied in the Gaviotan’s research lab for possible medicinal uses. (paragraph 1 line 13) Guess from context: adj. 药用的
二十一世纪面临着人口危机,来自从工程到农业的各 个领域的专家聚集在一起,为了在主要城区外创造一 个更加可持续的生活环境。
Complex sentences
Lugari predicted that by the twenty-first century, expanding populations would have to live in “unlivable” places. He wanted to see if it would be possible to restore the unproductive savanna to a place where humans could live well. (paragraph 3 line 7)
目前有250种已识别的植物被Gaviotan研究 所进行能否药用研究。
medicinal
Dictionary: a) having the properties of medicine
adj. 药的；药用的；治疗的；有益的
Common phrases:
① medicinal materials药材 ② chinese medicinal herb中草药
Vocabulary
desolate ['des(ə)lət]
Gaviotas, a rural area in Colombia, is an example of how even desolate places in the countryside can be developed for sustainable human use. (paragraph 1 line 13) Guess from context: adj. 荒凉的
除了提供一种可持续的生活，松树也创造了一个生 物学家称之的奇迹：经过数年的健康成长，曾经的 干草原变成了一个25000英亩的热带森林。
Q＆A
Do you think what is the sustainable city? Consider energy, food, technology, transportation and so on.
Vocabulary
remarkable [rɪ'mɑːkəb(ə )l]
Gaviotas is a remarkable accomplishment of sustainable development. (paragraph6 line 4)
Guess from context:
adj.卓越的，非凡的；
Common phrases:
① overcrowd city 拥挤的城市 Sample sentence: The manager of that theatre created a dangerous situation by allowing people to overcrowd the balcony. 那家剧场的经理让过多的人拥挤在楼厅里，造成了一种危险的情形。
1. 一把；少量的；一小部分
2. 居住在 3.同时 4. 结果是；证明是 5. 各种各样的 6. 变成；进入 7. 到…末尾；到…为止 8. 削减；砍倒
Complex sentences
The twenty-first century faces a population crisis, and specialists from a variety of fields from engineering to agriculture are meeting to create more sustainable living environments outsides of the major urban areas. (paragraph 1 line 9)