Questionnaire——调查问卷
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Questionnaire
What is a questionnaire?
Criteria for a good questionnaire
➢ For questionnaire items
➢ Valid, reliable and clear
➢ For questionnaire format
Considerations in Questionnaire Design
Advantages of open or closed foห้องสมุดไป่ตู้mat
• 1) Open format • Allows exploration of the range of possible themes
arising from an issue • Can be used even if a comprehensive range of
following items which correspond to how you have answered degree examination questions in the past." In the list of items, include "copy from other students" as one of many items. • 3. Everybody approach: "As we all know, many students have copied other students' answers in degree exams. Do you happen to be one of them?" • 4. Other people approach. "John copies answers in a degree exam from Jean. Do you feel John is wrong, what penalty should be imposed for John, and have you done or would you consider doing the above?"
Leading Questions
• A leading question is one that forces or implies a certain type of answer.
• A closed format question must supply answers that not only cover the whole range of responses, but that are also equally distributed throughout the range. All answers should be equally likely.
➢ Reader-friendly ➢ Having a professional outlook
Types of questions
➢ 1. Factual questions ➢ gender / age /name /date of birth
➢ 2. Behavior questions (What does a respondent do? ➢ Actions / feelings
• The negative response covers too wide a range of opinions. A better way would be to ask the same question but supply the following choices:
• 1. Totally Agree • 2. Partially Agree • 3. Neither Agree or Disagree • 4. Partially Disagree • 5. Totally disagree
Background information first General questions first Easy questions first Questions of the same category
must be spread out
Question format
Multiple-choice questions Dichotomous questions Scales
Phrasing/Wording
• Most adjectives, verbs, and nouns in English have either a positive or negative connotation.
• Examples can be made with verbs that have neither strong negative or positive overtones:
• 4.Rarely
• 5.Never
• It is better to quantify the choices, such as:
1.Every Day or More
•
2.2-6 Times a Week
•
3.About Once a Week
•
4.About Once a Month
•
5.Never
Possible Solutions
• 1. Casual approach: "By the way, do you happen to have copied other students' answers in a degree exam?"
• 2. Numbered card approach: "Please tick one or more of the
Sensitive issues
• What do you think of the following question?
• "Have you ever copied other students' answers in a final exam?"
• It is likely to produce either no response or negative responses.
➢ 3. Attitudinal questions (What does a responde think?) ➢ opinions / beliefs /preferences/reasons ➢ 4.Format ➢ open format or closed
• Individual-item-based questionnaire
Double question
• "Are your teacher’s lectures and tutorials enjoyable and easy to understand?"
• 1. Yes
• 2. No
• Students may find the lectures in a subject easy but the tutorials more difficult, or find both easy to understand but do not enjoy them.
alternative choices cannot be compiled • 2) Closed (forced choice) format • Easy and quick to fill in • Easy to code, record, and analyze results
quantitatively • Easy to report results
• They will likely produce different data. It is impossible to predict how the outcomes will vary.
• A method to counter this is to be aware of different ways to word questions and provide a mix in your questionnaire.
1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Uncertain 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly agree
Semantic differential scale How much do your parents encourage you to study French? Not at all __: __: __: __: __: __: __ Very much
Structure of a questionnaire
• A general explanation • Background information • Instructions/directions • Questionnaire items • Thanks
Order of the questions
Clarity
• In asking a question about frequency, rather than supplying choices that are open to interpretation such as: 1.Very Often
• 2.Often
• 3.Sometimes
Pilot study
To check whether there is any ambiguity or misunderstanding
– describe the frequency and mean of one isolated item
• Category-based questionnaire
– describe the mean of a category that contains three or more questionnaire items
• What is the problem for the following? • A) Superb • B) Excellent • C) Great • D) Fair • E) Not so Great •
Or
• Q: Is this the best CAD interface you have every used?
We also use a similar method to find out the subject's impressions of French people from France:
Interesting __: __: __: __: __: __: __ Boring Brave__: __: __: __: __: __: __ Cowardly Handsome__: __: __: __: __: __: __ Ugly
Do you guess the meaning of new words when reading English novels for pleasure?
1 = Never 2 = Occasionally 3 = Sometimes 4 = Often 5 = Very often
Degree of agreement scale
Scaling techniques
Likert scales are widely used in questionnaire design
simple, reliable and versatile
3, 5, or 7 options form a continuum.
Frequency scale
• 1. Do you agree with the Dean's plan to oppose increased learning hours of electives?
• 2. Do you agree with the Governor's plan to support decreased learning hours of electives?
What is a questionnaire?
Criteria for a good questionnaire
➢ For questionnaire items
➢ Valid, reliable and clear
➢ For questionnaire format
Considerations in Questionnaire Design
Advantages of open or closed foห้องสมุดไป่ตู้mat
• 1) Open format • Allows exploration of the range of possible themes
arising from an issue • Can be used even if a comprehensive range of
following items which correspond to how you have answered degree examination questions in the past." In the list of items, include "copy from other students" as one of many items. • 3. Everybody approach: "As we all know, many students have copied other students' answers in degree exams. Do you happen to be one of them?" • 4. Other people approach. "John copies answers in a degree exam from Jean. Do you feel John is wrong, what penalty should be imposed for John, and have you done or would you consider doing the above?"
Leading Questions
• A leading question is one that forces or implies a certain type of answer.
• A closed format question must supply answers that not only cover the whole range of responses, but that are also equally distributed throughout the range. All answers should be equally likely.
➢ Reader-friendly ➢ Having a professional outlook
Types of questions
➢ 1. Factual questions ➢ gender / age /name /date of birth
➢ 2. Behavior questions (What does a respondent do? ➢ Actions / feelings
• The negative response covers too wide a range of opinions. A better way would be to ask the same question but supply the following choices:
• 1. Totally Agree • 2. Partially Agree • 3. Neither Agree or Disagree • 4. Partially Disagree • 5. Totally disagree
Background information first General questions first Easy questions first Questions of the same category
must be spread out
Question format
Multiple-choice questions Dichotomous questions Scales
Phrasing/Wording
• Most adjectives, verbs, and nouns in English have either a positive or negative connotation.
• Examples can be made with verbs that have neither strong negative or positive overtones:
• 4.Rarely
• 5.Never
• It is better to quantify the choices, such as:
1.Every Day or More
•
2.2-6 Times a Week
•
3.About Once a Week
•
4.About Once a Month
•
5.Never
Possible Solutions
• 1. Casual approach: "By the way, do you happen to have copied other students' answers in a degree exam?"
• 2. Numbered card approach: "Please tick one or more of the
Sensitive issues
• What do you think of the following question?
• "Have you ever copied other students' answers in a final exam?"
• It is likely to produce either no response or negative responses.
➢ 3. Attitudinal questions (What does a responde think?) ➢ opinions / beliefs /preferences/reasons ➢ 4.Format ➢ open format or closed
• Individual-item-based questionnaire
Double question
• "Are your teacher’s lectures and tutorials enjoyable and easy to understand?"
• 1. Yes
• 2. No
• Students may find the lectures in a subject easy but the tutorials more difficult, or find both easy to understand but do not enjoy them.
alternative choices cannot be compiled • 2) Closed (forced choice) format • Easy and quick to fill in • Easy to code, record, and analyze results
quantitatively • Easy to report results
• They will likely produce different data. It is impossible to predict how the outcomes will vary.
• A method to counter this is to be aware of different ways to word questions and provide a mix in your questionnaire.
1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Uncertain 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly agree
Semantic differential scale How much do your parents encourage you to study French? Not at all __: __: __: __: __: __: __ Very much
Structure of a questionnaire
• A general explanation • Background information • Instructions/directions • Questionnaire items • Thanks
Order of the questions
Clarity
• In asking a question about frequency, rather than supplying choices that are open to interpretation such as: 1.Very Often
• 2.Often
• 3.Sometimes
Pilot study
To check whether there is any ambiguity or misunderstanding
– describe the frequency and mean of one isolated item
• Category-based questionnaire
– describe the mean of a category that contains three or more questionnaire items
• What is the problem for the following? • A) Superb • B) Excellent • C) Great • D) Fair • E) Not so Great •
Or
• Q: Is this the best CAD interface you have every used?
We also use a similar method to find out the subject's impressions of French people from France:
Interesting __: __: __: __: __: __: __ Boring Brave__: __: __: __: __: __: __ Cowardly Handsome__: __: __: __: __: __: __ Ugly
Do you guess the meaning of new words when reading English novels for pleasure?
1 = Never 2 = Occasionally 3 = Sometimes 4 = Often 5 = Very often
Degree of agreement scale
Scaling techniques
Likert scales are widely used in questionnaire design
simple, reliable and versatile
3, 5, or 7 options form a continuum.
Frequency scale
• 1. Do you agree with the Dean's plan to oppose increased learning hours of electives?
• 2. Do you agree with the Governor's plan to support decreased learning hours of electives?