初中英语教师资格证英语语音知识补充
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初中英语教师资格证英语语音知识补充
语音教学(读音规则)
1、重音(Stress)(初高中):指的是读音节的时候的发声程度。
(Stress refer to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.)分为单词重音和句子重音。
单词重音:(stress at word level) (初高中)
基本规则(basic rules)就是:
1.首先包含两个以上音节的单词才有重音。
(Stress only applies to words with at least two syllables)
2.其次
①包含两个音节的词,重读在第一个音节,例如:'apple。
②包含三个音节及三个音节以上的词,重读在倒数第二个音节上。
③双音节词(也就是包含两个音节的词)中有一部分词做名词和做动词时具有不
同的重读音节。
做名词时,重读在第一个音节;做动词时,重读在第二个音节。
句子重音:(stress at sentence level)
结构重音(structural stress):句与句之间的对比产生的某一个单词重音的变化或某一个一般不重读的单词的重读,(The comparison between sentences result in the structural stress).如Thirteen girls and thirty boys 中teen重读。
强调重音(contrastive stress) :指纯粹出于交际需要对句中的任意部分进行强调,句中的任意音节都可能成为重读音节。
(We can stress any part of a sentence for the purpose of communication)语法重音(grammatical stress ):约定俗成的语法成分功能决定的重音,如重读实词,轻读虚词等。
(The prescribed grammatical function would contribute to the stress of a sentence)
2、语调(Intonation)(初高中):说话的腔调。
(The intonation is the way that your voice rises and falls as you speak.) 英语基本语调:升调(rising intonation 或者rising tone)、降
调(falling intonation 或者falling tone).
升调用于一般疑问句(general question),选择疑问句的前一部分(the former
part of the alternative sentence ),第一人称并列句(the first-have
compound sentence)中
1、一般疑问句:Is that your pen?↗
2、选择疑问句的前一部分:Is he your father ↗or your uncle↘?
3、第一人称并列句:I have a pen↗, a pencil↗, and an eraser ↘in my pencil-box. 降调用于陈述句(declarative sentence)、祈使句(imperative sentence)、特殊疑问句(special question)和感叹句(exclamatory sentence)。
I am a student.↘
Please open the door. ↘
Where are you from? ↘
What a nice day! ↘
3、连读(Liaison)(小初高)
在连贯地说话或朗读时,在同一个意群(即短语或从句)中,如果相邻的两个词前者以辅音音素结尾,后者以元音音素开头,就要自然地将辅音和元音相拼,构成一个音节,这就是连读。
When you are speaking or reading a sentence constantly, if there are two words are connected, and the first word end with a consonant, the following word start with a vowel, then the consonant and the vowel will constitute a new syllable, this is how liaison happened.
例如:
I’m ~an ~English boy.
Let me have~ a look~ at ~it
Not~at~all.
4、失去爆破(unreleased stop)(小初高)
失去爆破指的是当/b/,/p/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/连贯出现在同一单词内部或者连贯出现在前一单词结尾与后一单词开头,前一个要戛然而止,只做口型不发音。
The unreleased stop refer to that when /b/,/p/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/show up in a word together ,or when one of these letters shows up in the prior word as last letter, while one of these letters shows up in the following word as the first letter, the prior letter isn’t pronounced.
例如:
Big boy
sharp pencil
suitcase
goodbye
5、同化(assimilation)
音的同化就是两音相邻,相互影响,有时变为相同或相似的音,有时读成一个新音。
The assimilation refer to when one word is next to another word, the two
words might have change in their pronounce because they influenced each
other.例如:have to 的发音会变成/ h ? f tu/
His pen 的发音从/hiz pen/变成了/his pen/ (浊辅音变为清辅音)
6、意群(sense group)(高中)
意群指的是一组或一些列表达某种特定含义的词,意群中的一组词通常有类似或相关的意思。
Sense group refer to a group or sequence of words conveying a particular meaning or idea; a group of words with similar or related senses.
意群可以是一个词,一个词组或短语,也可以是并列句的一个分句或复合句的一个主句、从句等等,我们可用“/”来划分句子的意群。
理解意群的关键在于停顿。
(the clue to understand the sense
group is the pause)
例:After school,/my classmates and I/are going to play basketball.放学后,我和我的
同学们去打篮球。
补充知识:句子划分意群的一般原则:
1.名词词组
1)冠词+名词,例:a country
2)名词+名词,例:comrade Li
3)指示代词+名词,例:this book
4)形容词+名词,例:natural science
5)作形容词用的名词或分词+名词,例:New Year’s Day the worki ng class
6)数词+名词,例:thirty-two note-books
7)数词+数词,例:223--two hundred and twenty-three
8)不定代词+名词,例:some ink
2.介词短语,例:from now on with an effort
3.副词短语,例:day and night first of all
4.副词+介词短语,例:early in the morning far into the night
5.副词+动词,或动词+副词,例:quite understand study hard
6.一些固定的动词词组,例:to take a rest to have a meeting to get ready
7.联系动词+表语,例:be at school grow quite well
8.主语+谓语,这种句型用于简短语句时,一般划分为一个意群,例:He stands up.They are very happy.
9.主语+谓语+宾语,这种句型用于简短语句时,划分为一个意群,例:
I can speak English.He gave me a book.
10.简短的名词性从句,包括主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句,
例:That he will come here /is certain.
(主语从句)This is/how he studies English.
(表语从句)He told me/where I could find my book.(宾语从句)
11.简短的定语从句,例:This is a factory/that makes cloth.12.简短的状语从句,状语从句可以放在句首或句末。
放在句首时,从句后通常要用逗号;放在句末时,从句一般不用逗号,每个简短的状语从句分为一个意群,例:I waited/till he come back.He can’t come/because he is ill.We worked fast/so that we finish our plan.
自我追求版:
《American Accent Training》,语音纠正界里的宝书。