初中英语中考百题精讲

初中英语冀教版中考复习（4）之词汇
名词
1．名词的种类
名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类.可数名词有单复数形式的变化，而不可数名词没有单复数变化.
（1）可数名词
复数形式主要变化规则
(a)一般在词尾后加-s，如：dog—dogs.
(b)以-s、-x、-ch、-sh结尾的加-es，如：watch--watches。

(c)以‘‘辅音字母+y’’结尾的，变y为i加-es，如：country--countries。

区别：元音字母+y结尾的，则直接加-s, 如：monkey--monkeys。

(d)以-f（e）结尾的，变f(e)为v,再加-es，如：knife--knives。

(e).不规则变化的：(1).变元音字母的tooth--teeth，foot—feet，goose-geese ，man--men，woman--women，policeman--policemen,
（区别：German—Germans ）(2).单复数形式相同的：
sheep—sheep,fish--fish ,deer--deer ,Chinese--Chinese，Japanese--Japanese
(3).child—children （4）.mouse-- mice
(f).集合名词只有复数形式：people，clothes，trousers, glasses 等.
(g).有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数.如：news，maths，physics等. No news is good news.
(h)可用how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any等来修饰可数名词复数.
（2）不可数名词
1.不可数名词如果要表示量的概念，可以用以下两种方法：
（1）用how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,any等表示多少.
（2）用a piece of,a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。

如：两片面包two pieces of bread
区别：可数名词也可用量来表示. 如：三箱苹果three boxes of apples
（3 ）名词所有格
表示人和物的所有关系.其形式一般表示为sb’s.
(1)有生命的名词所有格，其单数形式是在该词后加-’s ,其复数形式是加-‘.
(2)无生命的名词所有格则用of结构来表示.
(3)表示时间，距离，长度，重量，价格，世界，国家等名词的所有格要用’s,复数形式用’.如：ten minutes’ walk
（4）双重所有格.如：a teacher of my sister’s
冠词
1.不定冠词的用法
不定冠词有a和an两种形式，用于单数可数名词前，表示泛指，说明其名称和种类.注意：单词hour,honest等词以及以f,h,l,m,n,r,s,x 等辅音字母开头，但发音是以元音音素开头的，当他们前面需加不定冠词时要用an；相反单词one,useful,university,European等词的发音却以辅音音素开头，当他们前面需加不定冠词时要用a.
This is __ interesting book and it is also__ useful one.
A.a;a
B.an;an
C.an;a
D.a;an
2.定冠词的用法
定冠词the和名词连用，特指某人或某物，或指谈话双方都知道的人或物，还指世界上独一无二的事物，以及用于乐器名称，序数词和形容词，副词最高级前.
3.不用冠词的几种情况
国名，人名和一些专有名词前；月份，星期等表示时间的名词前；三餐，球类运动和娱乐运动的名词前通常不用冠词.
--Will you get there by __ bus ?
--No, I’ll take __ taxi.
A.a;the
B.the;a
C./;a
D./;/
4.固定搭配中的冠词的用法
要准确记忆固定词组.如：a few , have a rest 等.
在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，注意区别：
in front of 在…前面in the front of 在…范围内的前部in the hospital 在医院里围内的前部in hospital (生病)住院
三、数词
1. 基数词的构成1－20，30，40，50，60，70，80，90，100，1000，1000000.
注意：英语中没有“万”，如：一万ten thousand
2.确定数目与不确定数目基数词表示具体数目时，hunderd,thousand,million等词用单数形式。

在表示“数百”，“数千”，“数百万”等不确定数目时，要用“hundreds/thousands/millions of ”表达，等基数词前面不可用具体数字修饰，但可加many或several等词。

3.合成形容词的构成
1)“基数词＋连字符＋单数名词”可构成合成形容词，该类词常作定语。

如：two-month holiday
2)“基数词＋度量单位（复数）＋形容词（old/long/wide/deep/high/…）”常作表语.
4.序数词的构成和用法
1）多数由“基数词＋th”构成，少数构成不规则，需要特别记忆.
2）the +序数词，在句中作定语放在被修饰的名词前.
3）a/an＋序数词，表示“再一；又一”.如：Try a second time.
4)给事物编号时，数字在名词前用序数词，数字在名词后用基数词.如：The fifth unit/ Unit Five
5.分数与倍数
1）分数表示法基数词/序数词.分子过一，分母用复数形式.如：one fourth; three fifths
2）倍数表示法通常借助half,double,twice,three times 等词来表示.
代词
人称代词 1.人称代词由主格和宾格组成.主格作主语，宾格作动词和介词的宾语.
2.注意“动词＋（宾格）＋副词”
3. 人称代词的排列顺序：单数为you,he/she,I.复数为we,you,they.
不定代词 1.some 一些；某些；某个.多用在肯定句中和表邀请或者对方可能给予肯定回答的疑问句中等.
2.any 一些；任何.多用在否定句或疑问句中.用在肯定句中表“任何”.
3.none 无人；无物；无东西.在句中代替不可数名词作定语时，谓语动词用单数形式.代替可数名词谓语动词用复数形式.
4.many,much 许多.many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词.
5.a few,a little, few, little 少量；不多；几个.a few, few 修饰可数名词，a little ,little修饰不可数名词.
形容词副词
1.形容词修饰等不定代词时，须放在其后.
2.貌似副词的形容词：friendly友好的；lonely孤独的；lively生动的；lovely可爱的.
3.（1）as …as …和...一样（中间用原级）（2）not as(so) …as 和...不一样（中间用原级）
（3）…than …. ..比...（用比较级）（4）…倍数＋比较级＋than ………几倍
（5）…比较级＋than＋any other＋单数名词…………最……（6）比较级＋and＋比较级越来越……
（7）The＋比较级＋…，the＋比较级＋…. 越……，越…….
4.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略.
5.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级.
6.在比较级中为了避免重复，在than后常用one,that,those等词来替代前面提到过的名词.
如:The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.
7.掌握三种同义句转换：
1）He is taller than any other student in his class. =He is the tallest (student)in his class.
2）This film is less interesting than that one. =This film isn't as interesting as that one.
=That film is more interesting than this one.
3）I prefer maths to English. =I like maths better than English.
介词
表时间的1.（1）at表示钟点；夜里；中午及某些词组中.（2）on表示具体的某一天或某一天的某个时候.
(3) in表示在年，月，季，在上午，下午，晚上，白天等.
2.till/until 到……为止（肯定句，用延续性动词）；直到……才……（否定句，瞬间性动词）
3.during 在……期间（强调自始至终）
4.for＋时间段；since＋时间点
注：在表时间时next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all等前不用介词.
表方位的 1.at / in 在……(注：in the fields / on the farm) 2.between /among 在……之间
3.in /on /to 位于(in在某范围内，on相邻接壤,to在某范围外)
4.above /over /on 在……上面
5.by /beside /near 在……附近
6.across / through 穿（通）过
注：介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式如：Thank you for teaching us so well.
连词
并列连词 1.but等表转折关系（和though不连用）.
2.neither…nor…,either…or…,not only…but also…,他们连接主语时，谓语动词和最近的主语一致.
3.so表因果关系(和because不连用)；and表联合关系；or表选择关系.
从属连词 1.引导时间状语从句：when,while,before,after,as soon as,until, since…
2.引导条件状语从句：if
3.引导让步状语从句：although /though (和but不连用)
4.引导结果状语从句：so /such…that…(so+adj /adv ;such+n.) 区别：so that
时态和语态
1.一般现在时
1）意义：表现在的特征或状态；表经常性或习惯性的动作. 2）结构：be / do (动词的原形.注：当主语是第三人称单数时除外)
4）主要动词：动词的第三人称单数形式（其构成规则和规则的名词复数变化形式相同）4）常见时间状语：often,sometimes,usually, every day, on Tuesdays…. 5）否定句的谓语由“助动词don’t / doesn’t＋动词原形”构成.一般疑问句将do /does提到句首.
2.一般过去时
1）意义：表过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态.2）结构：be (was /were ) / did 3) 主要动词：过去式
规则动词过去式的构成：一般在词尾加—ed ；以字母－e 结尾的，加－d ；少双；“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，变“y”为“I”再加－ed. 不规则的须特殊记忆. 4）常见时间状语：yesterday,last night ,in 2002,two days ago….
3.一般将来时
1）意义：表将要发生的动作或存在的状态.2）结构：will (第一人称用shall )/ be going to ＋动词原形
3) 常见时间状语：tomorrow,next week ….
4.现在进行时
1）意义：现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行的动作.2）结构：助动词be + 现在分词（即：v—ing ）
3）主要动词：现在分词构成：一般在词尾加－ing ; 以不发音的字母－e 结尾的，去－e ，再加－ing ;“少双”
5.现在完成时
1）意义：表过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响；或表某一动作过去已开始，并持续到现在，也许还要持续下去.
2）结构：助动词have /has +过去分词3）主要动词：过去分词构成：规则动词的过去分词和过去式的构成相同；不规则的须特殊记忆. 4）常见时间状语：already,yet,never,ever….;for +时间段，since +时间点.
6. 过去进行时
1）意义：表过去某一时刻或某阶段正在发生的动作. 2）结构：was /were +现在分词（即：v—ing ）
7. 过去完成时
1）意义：过去的过去. 2）结构：助动词had +过去分词
8.过去将来时
1）意义：表从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作. 2）结构：would / was ,were going to + 动词原形
被动语态1）结构：助动词be ＋及物动词的过去分词2）掌握情态动词，带双宾语，短语动词和某些动词（如：make ,hear ,see….）的被动语态
情态动词
情态动词无人称和数的变化，后接动词原形，否定式是在其后面加not.
1.can 能；会；可能；可以. can’t 可以表否定推测.如：She can’t be in Paris because I saw her here just now.
2.may 表请求，许可；表推测；
3.must 必须；表肯定推测；注意：Must I/we …? Yes,you must./No, you needn’t .
动词不定式（短语）
1.结构：（to）＋动词原形，否定式：not (to) ＋动词原形.
2.作主语或宾语时用形式主语，形式宾语代替.结构：It be + 形容词（for / of sb.）+ to do .
主语＋谓语＋it ＋补足语＋to do .如：It’s important for us to learn English well .
Most young people find it exciting to watch a football game .
3.作某些动词（如：want,refuse,decide,hope…）的宾语.
4.作宾语补足语.在ask ,tell ,allow ,expect ,teach 等动词后面常用不定式作补足语；但let ,make ,see ,hear 等动词后常用
不带to 的不定式作补足语.（注意：变被动语态时要带to ）
如：The boy was often seen to steal things in the shop
5.“疑问词＋to do”作宾语. 如：I don’t know what to do .
现在分词 1.作主语.如：Watching TV too much is bad for your health . 2.作某些动词（如：enjoy ,finish ,keep ,mind ,practice , give up等）的宾语.（注意：现在分词在一些短语中作宾语，常见的有：stop /keep /prevent …from doing…
阻止…做…,feel like doing…想要做…，spend…(in)doing…花费…做…，succeed in doing…成功做…，be good at doing…,擅长于做…，be interested in doing…,对做…感兴趣，be busy doing…,忙于做…，have fun / difficult /
trouble / problem (in) doing…,做…感到愉快/做…有困难等. 如：I have trouble understanding the English poems.
3.与不定式的区别1）stop to do 停下来去做；stop doing 停止做.2）try to do 尽力做；try doing 试着做.3）forget /
remember to do 忘记/记得去做；forget / remember doing 忘记/记得做过.4）see/ hear/…sb do 看见/听见某人做（表动作的全过程）；see / hear /…sb doing 看到/听到某人正在做（表动作正在进行）等
情景交际
1.问候：⑴A:Good morning/afternoon/evening. Hello/Hi. How do you do ? Nice to meet you. B:回答相同
⑵A:How are you? B:Fine, thank you.And you? Very well,thank you.
2.介绍：⑴This is Mr/Mrs/Miss...⑵I'd like you to meet my parents.⑶My name is....I'm a student.
3.告别A:Goodbye.See you later/tomorrow. Good night.
B:回答相同4.感谢和应答表示感谢通常回答
Thank you very much. Not at all. Thanks a lot. That's OK. Many thanks. That's all right.
Thanks for helping me. You're welcome.
5.祝愿、祝贺和应答
⑴A:Good luck! Best wishes to you. Have a nice/good time/journey. Congratulations! B:Thank you.
⑵A:Happy New Year! Merry Christmas! B:The same to you.
⑶A:Happy birthday to you. B:Thank you.
6.道歉和应答A:I'm sorry.I'm sorry to trouble you. B:It doesn't matter.
It's not important. That's nothing.
7.遗憾和同情What a pity!I'm sorry to hear that.
8.邀请和应答A:Would you like to … ?B:Yes, I'd love to.
9.提供帮助和应答
A:Can I help you?=What can I do for you?Here, take this/my bike.
Let me do it for you.B:Thanks for your help. Yes, please. No, thanks.
That's very kind of you.
10.请求允许⑴A:May I...? Can I/Could I...? B:Yes/Certainly/Of course. Yes, do please. OK/All right. ⑵A:Do you mind if
I open the window? B:No, not at all. 或Never mind.
11.表示同意和不同意
(1):Certainly/Sure/Of course.Yes, please. Yes, I think so. All right/OK.
That's a good idea. I agree with you.
(2):No, I don't think so. I'm afraid not. I really can't agree with you.
12.表示肯定和不肯定1: I'm sure. I'm sure that... 2: I'm not sure. I'm not sure whether/if... Maybe.
13.喜欢和厌恶1: I like /love...(very much) I like /love to... 2: I don't like to... I hate to ...
14. 问时间、日期的应答A:What day is it?
B:It's Monday.A:What's the date?B:It's Jan. 10th.
A:What's the time,please? B:It's five o'clock/half past five... It's time to ...
15.请求(1): Can/could you...for me? Will/would you please do sth.? May I have...?
(2): Please give/pass me... Please wait (here/a moment). Please wait for your turn. Please stand in line.
(3): No smoking, please. No noise, please.
16.劝告和建议1:You'd better... You should... You need to...
2:Shall we do sth. ? Let's do sth. . What/How about doing sth. ? 回答: OK. Good idea.
17.禁止和警告1:You mustn't play on the road. If you ... you'll ...
2:Take care.=Be careful.
18.表示感情A:喜悦Great!That's nice.
I'm glad/pleased/happy to...B:焦虑What's wrong? What's the matter with you?I'm/He's/She's worried. Oh, what shall I do? C:惊奇Really?Oh, dear!Is that so?
19.约会A:Are you free this afternoon? What/How about tomorrow morning?
Shall we meet at 4:30 at the school gate?
B:Yes, that's all right. Yes, I'll be free then. All right.See you then.
20.语言困难Pardon?Please say that more slowly again.
What do you mean by...?I'm sorry I know only a little English.
21.表示称赞：A:Oh, how nice! Your dress is beautiful.B:It's nice of you to say so. 或Thank you.
22.常见的标志和说明
BUSINESS HOURS营业时间NO PHOTOS禁止拍照OFFICE HOURS 办公时间THIS SIDE UP 这边向上。