旅游的基本概念及其测度(The basic concept of tourism and its measure)

旅游的基本概念及其测度（The basic concept of tourism and its
measure）
The basic concept of tourism and its measure
Ceng Bowei
How to grasp the basic concept of tourism
Tourism concept is an important part of the research of tourism basic theory. From different angles, researchers can define different definitions of travel. The concept that people agree on what is called "improper name" is the basic premise of tourism research. But at the moment of "tourism", "visitors", "tourism" the three basic concept, has been a lack of consensus, it become a big difficulty in tourism research, and so a lot of problems in the study. Name and reality problem, belongs to the category of language philosophy, in the tourism industry, people often use the "tourism", "visitors", "tourism", usually have a common "name", but no common "solid", the so-called "actuality". It is important to note that the difficulties do not lie in the lack of relevant definitions of tourism; It is the researchers who, from their own point of view, randomly use relevant concepts to create confusion. A basic understanding of tourism related concepts helps to create a clear discussion environment for tourism research. Need special, due to the statistical data is the direct basis of quantitative study tourism economy, so from the perspective of statistics to define the basic concept of tourism for the tourism economy research has important significance.
1. The definition of the basic concept of tourism from the perspective of statistics
From a statistical perspective, the extension of the basic concept of tourism should be consistent in order to obtain the consistency of tourist data. In this way, the definition of "tourism" and "tourist" is the premise of the concept of "tourism". According to the world tourism organization and the United Nations statistical commission recommended, the definition of "tourism" means "for leisure, business or other purposes to leave his/her usual environment, to a certain place and stay there, but no more than one year in a row." And put forward the purpose of the trip and visit includes six categories: "leisure, entertainment, holiday", "to visit friends and relatives", "business, professional access", "health care", "religious/worship", "other". And "tourists" refers to "any one to him/her to travel outside their usual environment, not more than 12 months in a row, and the main purpose of the trip is not from access to paid by activities engaged in by people." According to this definition, there are three basic criteria that distinguish "tourists" from other travelers: (1) travel should be outside the usual environment;
(2) the duration of the visit shall not exceed 12 consecutive months; (3) the main purpose of the visit is not to obtain payment from access. On the basis of the above definition, can clearly know the various definitions related to "tourists", this also indicates that the outer boundary of tourist statistics only include "tourists" tourism activities, not including other travelers travel activities. In the national tourism administration formulated and approved by the national bureau of statistics (NBS) the statistical investigation
system in the magazine, "is the concept of" tourists "means any for leisure, entertainment, sightseeing, holiday, visiting friends, medical rehabilitation, shopping, to attend the meeting or in economy, culture, sports, religious activities, leave the resident countries (or local) to other countries (or local),
It lasts for no more than 12 months, and the main purpose of other countries (or other places) is not to get paid for the activities they engage in. "At the same time, specially pointed out that" tourists "does not include due to work or study. Back and forth in both regular visitors according to the inbound tourists and domestic tourists travel to points. According to the tourists travel time points (overnight visitors) and a day-trip visitors (not overnight visitors).
Oddly, the idea of "tourism" and "tourist" has not made the definition of "tourism" a logical place for the world tourism organization and the UN statistical commission. The main reason may be whether there is no consensus on whether "tourism" is an industry or not. But the tourism satellite account (TSA), which is actively promoted by the world tourism organization, can generally infer that "tourism" is "a collection of industries that provide goods and services for tourism activities." It should be noted that in general, the industry in the collection provides not only goods and services for tourists, but also goods and services for non-tourists. Only the goods and services provided to tourists can be collected into the statistical category of "tourism". For example, in the catering industry, only parts of the catering industry can be returned to "tourism".
2. Define the advantages and disadvantages of the basic concept of tourism from a statistical perspective
The basic concept of tourism from statistical point of view is the definition of economic category, and the essential feature is to view tourism activities from the perspective of demand. As one of many concepts, its advantage has three: (1) the concept launched by the world tourism organization and the United Nations statistics committee, equivalent to an international standard, national tourism according to the concept of the statistics in data to a comparable basis, using the concept of tourism statistics, can make China's tourism figures in line with international standards; (2) the scope of this concept can provide a broader space for tourism research.
(3) the definition of this concept provides the possibility for statistical tourism activities in theory, while relevant statistics are available, and the quantitative tourism economic research can be relied on.
Besides, there are three main disadvantages: (1) this concept is too large to accurately grasp the characteristics and laws of different tourists. (2) in some people's minds, "tourism" should be on vacation, sightseeing, entertainment for the purpose, should not include a business meeting and to visit friends and relatives, so this concept is not accord with some general understanding of "tourism"; (3) due to the "tourism" is derived from the concept of a collection of industry that cannot use the travel agency, also cannot use tourist hotel data to reflect the panorama of tourism, so to give an accurate and comprehensive statistics of tourism overall data is difficult.
3. Further explanation of the basic concept of tourism from the perspective of statistics
One of the main differences between tourism concepts and other definitions in the statistical perspective is that the same "name", "real" scope is different. But it doesn't matter if it is more than 50 meters or more than 100 meters. It is important to refer to "high-rise buildings" with uniform standards. If more than 50 meters of buildings are built as high-rise buildings;
It does not preclude the special needs of the high-rises of more than 200 meters. In the same way, the concept of tourism in the statistical perspective is relatively broad, but it can be divided into more detailed research objects from this definition. For example, the purpose of the trip can be separated from sightseeing, meeting tourism, sports tourism and other specialized research. It can also be classified into a more detailed beach leisure holiday travel category from leisure vacation tourism. If the tourism economy problem is studied, the basic concept of tourism as a basis for defining tourist boundaries can avoid many misunderstandings. For example, the study of leisure studies is in the ascendant, but it is a headache to grasp the research scope of leisure economy and tourism economy. It is certain that the scope of the two studies is different, but there will be partial overlap. If the definition of tourism is based on statistical perspective, the theoretical boundaries are clear: only economic activities involving travel activities in the leisure economy can be included in the study of tourism economy. Before there are many
articles make the concept of mice tourism complex, actually with tourism statistics concept, can see clearly: the problem of the mice tourism, to participate in exhibition out-of-town businessmen in general, belongs to the category of tourists, merchants in mice after sightseeing, holiday activities, due to its main purpose is to participate in business activities, should be classified into "business travel"; Visitors to the exhibition should also be counted as "tourists" if they are not "normal".
It is not easy to accurately grasp the "normal environment" in the definition of tourist statistics and "get paid without access". However, it is not considered that the statistics based on this concept cannot reflect the increase and decrease of tourism. It should be seen that most statistics, from abstract concepts to specific data, face similar difficulties. For example, there are three conditions for the definition of "unemployment" : the ability to work, to work, but not to work. Each of these conditions is hard to say. Taking "willing to work" as an example, the minimum wage is acceptable; The same job, the monthly income of 500 yuan, may be a migrant worker willing to do, he/she is employed; A doctor doesn't want to do it. Instead, he or she becomes unemployed. Countries "unemployment" is affected by the legal minimum wage standard, so its reflect unemployment nature also impossible is absolutely true, but there is no denying the fact that on the basis of the statistics of "unemployment" also to grasp the specific period of employment has an important role. Although the statistical concept of tourism is still imperfect, we do not need to give up the concept of choking. In fact, the statistics of this concept can reflect the overall appearance
of China's tourism development better.
In the travel world, "big travel" is a word that is often mentioned. In fact, the tourism definition of "big tourism" is consistent with the definition of tourism. Viewed with "big tourism", on the longitudinal, cannot consider travel only in the tourist destination of visit and tour activities, and should consider tourism contains "food, accommodation, transportation, traveling, shopping, entertainment," the six elements of activity;
Due to the comprehensive tourism activities, it is necessary to coordinate and cooperate with various industries and departments to ensure the smooth progress of tourism activities. And from the horizontal point of view, the "big tourism" activities, except for leisure, entertainment, sightseeing, holiday and to visit friends and relatives, medical rehabilitation, shopping, to attend the meeting as well as economy, culture, sports, the content of the religious activities, etc.
How to measure tourism
Statistical perspective, the measure of tourism industry in China is actually the problem of how to reflect the status of China's tourism development of the statistical data, and this problem is directly related to how to understand the status of tourism industry in the national economy.
1. The basic situation of tourism statistics in China
According to the scope of tourism activities, tourism can be divided into inbound tourism, domestic travel and outbound travel. For a country, the first two correspond to income; The latter corresponds to expenditure. China's tourism statistics also cover all three aspects. At present, the statistics of inbound tourism and domestic tourism are published by the tourism management departments at all levels and are recognized by the statistics bureau at all levels. The national foreign exchange administration is responsible for the statistics on outbound travel expenditure at the national level, and at the local level, there is generally no statistics on outbound travel expenditure.
Since tourism statistics are reflected from the demand side, China's tourism revenue is also calculated through the survey of tourists' expenses. In particular, the number of inbound tourists comes from the number of inbound arrivals from the ministry of public security's entry-exit administration; In addition, the average cost of inbound tourists is obtained through sampling survey; The total cost of entry for inbound tourists is based on the average cost of entry and inbound tourists, i.e., China's inbound tourism revenue. The domestic tourism revenue data comes from the survey of household survey of urban residents and rural residents in China by the national bureau of statistics and the national bureau of statistics. Through this way, we can calculate ChuYouLv of residents in our country domestic tourism and domestic travel cost per person, based on the calculated total expenses for the Chinese citizens domestic tourism, the Chinese domestic tourism income.
2. The main features and difficulties of tourism statistics in
China
Tourism statistics are more complex and difficult than other "pure" industry statistics due to their own characteristics. Overall, China's tourism statistics is based on the world tourism organization and the United Nations statistical commission recommended by the definition of "tourism" survey statistics, on the main method used is the world tourism organization and the United Nations statistical commission recommended method, in accordance with international practice.
The main characteristics of China's tourism statistics displays in: (1) China's tourist statistics although mainly borne by the tourism administrative departments at different levels, but at the same time a lot with the help of the power of the statistical departments at all levels. Because now from the country to the city level, basically have independent tourism management department, even some of the more developed counties (district) have special tourism management agencies; On the other hand, the whole country's statistical system also covers the county (district) level, which creates favorable conditions for the statistical tourism data of the classification survey. The characteristics of this administrative system can bring a lot of convenience to tourist statistics and save a lot of cost.
It also helps to establish a complete tourism statistics system.
(2) due to the system safeguard, the governments at all levels to obtain travel data comprehensive, basically reflect the statistics from the aspects of travel demand of the number of inbound tourism and domestic tourism, income; In addition, the
administrative departments of tourism at various levels can also calculate the main data of tourist supply enterprises, such as travel agencies, star hotels and some tourist attractions, through existing management methods. (3) due to reflect the overall size of the data only from tourism demand, and in the actual statistical impossible for every visitors travel to conduct a comprehensive investigation, therefore sampling investigation in a large part in the whole tourism survey statistics. In fact, in the most important data of the tourism industry, in addition to the number of inbound tourists, the statistics of inbound tourism revenue, domestic tourism and income data are inseparable from the sampling survey.
China tourism statistics difficulties on the one hand is caused by statistical perspective the concept of "tourism" inherent difficulties, it is hard to overcome this difficulty itself, only by as much as possible detailed explain some degree of improvement. On the other hand, the investigation methods caused by the restriction of restricted conditions have also caused the difficulties of tourist statistics. When tourism survey statistics, need to use many different ways, and the method itself easy to cause some error, it is difficult to completely overcome, this problem also exists in the national economic census. For example, in the statistics of tourism expenditure, the recall type survey is a more advanced method, which is also widely used in the economic survey of urban residents and rural residents in China. But there is no denying the fact that the investigation is inevitably influenced by the problem of forgetting and memory overlap. In addition, with the booming tourism industry in China, tourism contributes to the national economy. To reflect the status of China's tourism
industry in the national economy, it is urgent to calculate the share of tourism in gross domestic product (GDP). But since China now has no data on the value-added of tourism, it can only use the word "equivalent" to associate "tourism revenue" with gross domestic product. At present some countries in the world has been through the added value of tourism satellite account to calculate, so to establish a set of suitable for the situation of China tourism satellite account system will be measured from the point of view of economy contribution of tourism industry.
3. Tourist satellite account
Statistics under the perspective of "tourism" is by reflecting the demand point of view, the concept of tourism revenue in tourism statistics is the total cost of the visitors to reflect, and the cost of the tourists involve "food, accommodation, transportation, traveling, shopping, entertainment," and so on all aspects of content; Corresponding to this is a good supply of these scattered in various industries in the national economy, so we need a way out of the various industries in the collection corresponding output caused by tourism activities, in order to make tourism supply and tourism demand match each other. A tourist satellite account is one way to do that.
After more than 20 years of development, the tourism satellite account has developed a mature theoretical framework.
In particular, it was approved by the United Nations statistical commission in March 2001 as a new international statistical standard, which marked a new high in the promotion
and application of tourism satellite accounts. It should be pointed out that in the United Nations statistics released by the national economic accounting system SNA93 (China's current national economic accounting is also used in the system), a special mention for some special economic and social phenomena, such as culture, education, tourism, environmental protection, etc., because there is no fully describe and measure in the national accounts, can reflect in functional analysis as the main satellite account. This indicates that the tourism satellite account is in line with the national economic accounting requirements. The characteristics of tourism satellite account from the "dig" out in the national economic accounting system output caused by tourism activities, to reflect the overall tourism industry to the national economy and the influence of various sectors of national economy, there is no problem with other departments for contributions. In general, the establishment of China's tourism satellite account not only conforms to the practice of international tourism statistics, but also can scientifically reflect the status of tourism in China's national economy.
3. Opinions and Suggestions on related issues
1. There is no "tourism" in the new national economic classification.
In 2002, in the new national economy industry classification in China without a "tourism", many people feel loving tourism was bad, think, for such an important tourism in recent years, how suddenly they don't have a place in the national economy industry classification? This is a big misunderstanding.
Indeed, there is a "tourism" category in the national economic sector, but that "tourism" refers only to the travel agency industry. And the travel agency industry to replace the entire tourism industry obviously doesn't make sense. According to the traditional definition, "industry" refers to "the collection of all single enterprises that produce the same products". The classification of China's national economic industry is based on this concept, which is characterized by the view of the national economy from the perspective of supply. However, the tourism industry from the perspective of statistics is reflected from the perspective of demand, so there is no possibility of tourism in the classification of national economy. This is because there is no way in a national economic sector classifying the use of supply as a basis for the use of supply. It is conceivable that if both the "tourism" in the classification of the national economy, at the same time still retain the current "travel industry", then they can only is a kind of parallel and mutual contain between relations, this is obviously not true. Can approximate with computing examples illustrate the problem: the computer can be either a manufacturer brand product, also can use a computer parts assembly, the two together to form the totality of the entire computer industry, brand computer alone reflects only part of the computer industry. In the same way, "travel agency" reflects the only team in the tourism industry tourism, travel cost but not through a travel agency and a large number of individual income to reflect, therefore, the scale of the tourism boom than travel. The former national economy classification used "travel agency industry" to refer to "tourism",
It actually underestimates tourism. Under the new national economy classification, what we need to do is to "dig" the tourism industry from the supply department of the national economy through the means of tourist satellite accounts.
2. Using expenditure method to measure the value added value of tourism is not scientific.
There are three methods of calculation for gross domestic product, namely production, income and expenditure, respectively reflecting the value form, income form and product form of gross domestic product. The production method and income method are used to calculate the added value of the industry. The expenditure method can only be used to calculate the national economic level of a country or region to reflect its use, but it can not be used to calculate the value added value of the industry.
Because the existing system of tourism statistics and can't calculate the added value of tourism, and tourism satellite account on the operation is complicated, plus spending method of operation is relatively simple, just slightly to the existing data processing, so the researchers hope that by spending this seemingly "simple" approach to calculate the added value of tourism. In addition, the value added by the expenditure method will be greater, which seems to be a "good" way to improve the status of tourism in the national economy. But it must be noted that this approach is feasible.
Gross domestic product calculated by expenditure is the ultimate consumption plus capital formation plus net exports.
Because tourism income is calculated through tourist consumption data. Tourism consumption corresponds to the final consumption, while the left-hand side of the equation is the gross domestic product, and tourism consumption is equal to the value added to the tourism industry. But this reasoning ignores a basic question: spending method to calculate the amount of gross domestic product, but only through the "terminal" to reflect, and a lot as the intermediate input "unsung heroes" of "contribution" will be written off. If this is used as the basis for the "awards" of various industries, it will undoubtedly be unfair. For example, the expenditure method is used to measure the contribution of wholesale and retail to the national economy. But in this way, the contribution of mass production enterprises is nowhere to be seen. In fact, the value added value of the wholesale and retail industry should be the value added after the sales link deducted the cost of the product. By the same token, the added value of tourism is in the process of tourism value-added part of the produce, and the value of only by tourism activities provide the added value of products and service industry related aggregation, and this is also a basic idea of tourism satellite account.
3. The contribution of tourism to the national economy should be judged mainly by the industry directly providing products and services for tourism activities.
With the rapid development of tourism in recent years, the proportion of tourism in the national economy is increasing gradually. And because the tourism industry involves a lot of industries, the belt is very big. But it is important to measure the contribution of tourism to the national economy by the
industry that provides products and services directly to tourism. In the travel satellite account framework,
In order to delineate the limits of tourists' consumption and tourism output, the concept of tourism feature products, related products and non-tourism specific products is proposed. In the national economy industry classification provide characteristic products and related products industry are mostly about accommodation, food and beverage service, passenger service, travel tour service, culture, art and other travel service (such as finance, insurance, etc. The contribution of the tourism industry, whether calculated value-added or employment, should be accounted for further in the above range and cannot be carried out in a continuous "retrospective" calculation. For example, we can only in the hotel industry within the scope of computing the contribution of accommodation in the tourism industry, cannot because hotel industry involves the hotel building, the hotel building and involve the steel production, steel production also involves iron ore mining, and all the related construction, mining, iron and steel industry as the contribution of tourism industry. In addition, the concept of multipliers is commonly used to reflect the contribution of tourism to the national economy. However, because the base of the multiplier is not clear, the multiplier on this basis also loses significance.
4. When using travel statistics, it is important to make sure that the data is consistent with the research and analysis of the objects.
Currently, in tourism planning and tourism research, tourism
statistics as the basic basis of quantitative analysis are widely used. However, the misuse of tourist data in this process is very common. For example, in many places, it may be considered that the level of tourism natural and human scenic spots and the number of tourists will have a great impact on the number of tourists and tourism revenue, but it is not quite so. Because in nature, the humanities scenic area as the main tourist attractions tourism or leisure travel is just one of those in the tourism activities, and data statistics under the perspective of tourism is the sum of various purposes tourism data, not only is tourism leisure tourism. In 2003, the number of tourists visiting China was only 38%. In 2003, the domestic tourism of Chinese urban residents accounted for 63 percent of sightseeing and vacation leisure. In the rural residents' domestic overnight tour, the proportion of sightseeing and leisure was only 16%, while the proportion of visiting relatives and friends reached 61%. This is true in other countries too: in 2002, for example, 26 per cent of inbound and 24 per cent of UK travel were visiting relatives and friends. In addition, when analyzing tourism development level in China, it is difficult to understand the actual situation of local tourism development. Generally speaking, economically developed areas have relatively developed tourism. On the one hand, the tourist facilities are relatively complete due to the good economic foundation of these regions. Traffic conditions on the other hand is the economy developed areas generally pretty good also, convenient for people to travel, but also should see the convenience is not only convenient travel sightseeing holiday travel, at the same time also convenient for other purposes of travel; Moreover also cannot ignore, it is economically developed area of tourists in the guest。