美语听力与发音技巧

美语听力与发音技巧第1期
Welcome to Daily tips on Learning English.Today's tip is on distinguishing “can” and “cannot” inspoken American English.
“Cannot” is usually contracted to “can't”. So manylearners of English assume that in order to distinguishbetween “can” and “can't”, one must listen for the final“t” sound /t/. And when speaking, one must pronounce final ‘t’ sound /t/ clearly.However, this is not in fact how native speakers distinguish “can” and “can't”. Peopledo not say ‘I `can drive a car, but I can’t drive a motorcycle.’ People say ‘I can `drivea car', but I `can't drive a motorcycle.’The difference between “can”and “can't”is instress. “Can” is not stressed, the verb after it is. “Can't” is stressed. The verb after itis not.
Also since ‘can’ is not stressed, the vowel is reduced to /a/, so “can”is actuallypronounced “can”. Listen to another example. “I `can't go on Saturday, but I can`go on Sunday.” Did you hear the 't' sound? Did you notice the difference wordsbeing stressed? Listening again. “I `can't go on Saturday, but I can `go on Sunday.”If you want to understand whether someone is saying he can or can't do something,you have to be listening for a stressed “can't”or a verb stressed after “can”. Whatdoes this mean? “I can `speak Japanese, but I `can't speak Taiwanese.”That's right,I can speak Japanese, but I cannot speak Taiwanese. When you are speaking it isvery important that you follow this rule too. When learners of English say I `can helpyou, native speakers often unsure what is meant because of improper stress. Soremember, you can stress “can't”, but you `can't stress “can”. This has been today's tip on learning English. Tune in tomorrow for another tip.
美语听力与发音技巧第2期
Welcome to Daily Tips on Learning English. Today’s tip is onhow syllable stress can affect the meaning of words.
Remenber that stressed syllables are said louder and arelengthened, and unstressed syllables are pronounced moresoftly, and often have the vowel sounds reduced. Sometimes, this difference can be the difference between a verband a noun, or an adjective. There are at least 14 pairs of words in which syllable stress alone makes this difference. Someexamples include `addict, a`ddict, `convict, con`vict, `perfect, per`fect. Each time the secondsyllable is stressed, the word is a verb. When the first syllable is stressed, the word is either a nounor an adjective. Let’s look some examples more closely. `Permit, per`mit, a `permit is a noun, it isa piece of paper which authorizes you to do
something. For instance, a fishing `permit allows youto go fishing. Per`mit is a verb. It means to allow. For instence, fishing isn’t per`mitted herewithout a `permit. Another example is `perfect, per`fect. `Perfect is an adjective. It means 100% correct, nomistakes or errors. The verb is per`fect, it means to make something perfect. For example, “I wantto per`fect my English” means “I want to make my English perfect”. Make sure you stress theright syllable. It can be the differece between different parts of speech. This has been today’s dailytip. Till then, tomorrow, for another tip on learning English.
美语听力与发音技巧第3期（清浊辅音结尾对元音的影响）
Welcome to Daily Tips on Learning English. Today’s tip is onhow different vowel lengths are used to differentiate wordsending in voiced and voiceless consonants. Let’s take an example. There’s something in my eyes. There’ssomething in my ice. The last words in the examples, eyes andice differ in 2 ways. One difference is the word eyes end with thesound “z”, and ice end with the sound “s”. The other differencein the pronunciation of “eyes” and “ice” is how the vowel sound “ai” is pronounced. In the word“eyes”, it is longer. In the word “ice”, it is very short. Listen to the examples again, and note that the final consonant sound is not as clear as thedifference in the length of the vowel. There’s something in my eyes. There’s something in my ice.Listen again. There’s something in my eyes. There’s something in my ice. Listen to some otherexamples of words that are identical except for the final consonants and the vowel length. Cap,cab, plate, played, seat, seed. Today’s tip is to pay more attention to the length of vowels, as thisdifference is very important in distinguishing some words. Till then, tomorrow, to another tip onlearning English.
美语听力与发音技巧第4期（连音）
Welcome to daily tips on learning English. Today’s tip is onsound linking.Although in written English, there’re spaces between everyword, in spoken English there’re always never (1)pausesbetween words. In order to understand spoken English, it is(2)essential to understand how this linking is done. Today let’s(3)concentrate on the most common sound linking situation.Whenever a word ending in a consonant sound is followed by a word beginning with a vowelsound, the consonant sound is linked to the vowel sound as if they were part of the same word.Let’s look at some examples. I’d like another bowl of rice, please. First, note that although there’resix words in the sentence, all the words are linked together without pause. Listen again. I’d likeanother bowl of rice, please. Now listen to how the words “like”and “another”are linked. “Likeanother”, “like-another”. “Like”ends in a consonant sound, and “another”begins with a vowelsound. So the “k” from “like” is linked to the “a” from “another” to produce “kanother”. Listen tothe example sentence again. I’d like another bowl of rice, please. In the sentence there is anotherexample of a consonant being linked to a vowel. A bowl of,
a bowl-of. It sounds like that you’resaying the word “love”. Here’s another example. I’d love a bowl of rice. I’d love a bowl of rice. Thissound linking is probably the biggest problem for learners of English when they try to understandnative speaker’s talking. We’ll talk more about sound linking in future daily tips, as this is anextremely import feature of spoken English. Today’s tip is to link consonants to vowels which comeafter them. Till then, tomorrow, for another daily tip.
美语听力与发音技巧第5期（“h”音的略读）
Welcome to Daily Tips on Learning English. Today’s tip is onsound linking.Remember that although written English has spaces betweenevery word, spoken English doesn’t have pauses after everyword. As a matter of fact, long strings of words are all linkedtogether. And it is this linking, which often makes it difficult forlearners of English to understand native speaker’s talking.Today’s tip is to notice how the “h” sound is often dropped in personal pronouns such as “he”, “him”, “his” and “her”. And when it is dropped, what is left is a vowel sound, and the vowel soundis always linked to the preceding word.Let’s look at an example. Give her a book. Giv-er a book. Notice how the “h” is dropped and how“give her” become “giv-er”. Look at another example. Tell him to ask her. Tell-im to ask-er. Didyou notice that “tell him” became “tell-im” and “ask her” became “ask-er”? This happens veryfrequently in spoken English, especially when “he” follows an auxiliary verb. For example, “what willhe do?” becomes “What will-i do?”“Where will he go?”becomes “Where will-i go?”“When will hecome?”becomes “When will-i come?”“Who will he meet?” becomes “Who will-i meet?”“How willhe know?” becomes “How will-i know?”“Has he gone?” becomes “Has-i gone?”“Had he done itbefore?” becomes “Had-i done it before?”“Must he go?”becomes “Must-i go?”“Can he do it?”becomes “Can-i do it?”“Should he leave?”becomes “Should-I leave?” it’s important to accustomyourself to the dropped “h”sound in sound linking. This has been today’s daily tip. Tune intomorrow for another tip on learning English.
美语听力与发音技巧第6期（辅音连续）
Welcome to Daily Tips on Learning English. Today’s tip is onsound linking.
When 2 identical or similar consonants are in a row, mostsounds are not pronounced. For example, stop Peter. “stop”ends in the sound “p”, and “Peter” begins in the same sound.Together the words are linked as “sto-peter”. The words aren’tpronounced stop Peter. To pronounce two identical sounds oneafter another, would sound like someone stuttering. English words are always linked smoothly.Similar but not identical sounds such as voiced and voiceless pairs of consonants are also linked inthis way. For example, it’s a big cake. “big” begins in the sound “g”, cake begins with the sound“k”. “k” and “g” differ only in that “k” is voiceless and “g” is voiced. When they are next to
eachother in a phrase they’re linked smoothly by not aspirating or pronouncing fully the first of the 2sounds. Listen carefully as I read the example again. It’s a big cake. Notice how the first sound “g”is not released. If the pair of sounds is reversed, like in “I like goats.” it is the “k” sound which is notpronounced. Listen closely. I like goats. I like goats.
There’re 8 pairs of consonants that differ only in the presence or lack of vocal cord vibration. Listenas I give one example of sound linking for each pair.
v, f : I love France.
δ,θ: Let’s bathe three times.
z, s : She is Susan.
з,∫: The garage should be cleaned.
dз,t∫: He has a huge chin.
b, p : Put the cap back on.
d, t : Dad told me.k, g : I like Gavin. (? )It is important to include this type of sound linking in your speech if you want to achieve fluency. Itis also important to be aware of how this linking affects how spoken English sounds. Otherwise youmay not understand native speaker’s speech. This has been today’s daily tip. Tune in tomorrow foranother on learning English.
美语听力与发音技巧第7期（冠词“a”）
Welcome to Daily Tips on Learning English. Today’s tip is on using or omitting the English article “a”correctly.
There’s no single rule that explains how to choose whether you should use “a”, use “the”or not use any article at all. Sometimes there’s only one correct choice, and in other cases, different choices change the meaning of the sentence. Today let’s discuss the most frequently occurring differences between using the article “a”and using no article. All English nouns can be divided into 2 classes: those that are countable and those that are uncountable.
It is the meaning of a noun as it is used in a sentence which determines whether it is countable or uncountable. For instance, in the sentence “She has long hair.”, “hair”is uncountable. But in the sentence “There’s a hair in my soup.”,”hair”is countable. This can create some interesting mistakes. For example, “I like a dog”does not mean 我喜欢狗, that should be “I like dogs.”If you say “I like dog”, that means you like to eat dog meat. If you say “I ate a hamburger”, that means 我吃了一个汉堡, but if you say “I ate hamburger”, that means you ate raw ground beef. If you say “I ate a cake’, that means you ate a whole cake, which is very unlikely. You should have said, “I ate cake”, then it means you ate some cake.
Notice how the use of the article “a”means that the noun it precedes is countable, and therefore you’re talking about a whole one, an entire one. If you omit the article “a”, then it means that you can’t count the noun it precedes, and therefore you are talking about a piece or a quantity or something. So remember to pay careful attention to whether nouns are being used to a countable or uncountable meaning, and be sure to use or omit the article “a”accordingly. This has been today’s daily tip. Tune in tomorrow for another tip on learning English.
美语听力与发音技巧第8期（冠词的用法与读音）
Welcome to Daily Tips on Learning English. Today’s tip is onusing the articles “a”, “an” and “the” correctly.
Every student of English has my sympathy in his struggles withthe English articles. They are one of the most difficult parts oflearning English. First of all, I urge you to do this. Listen to nativespeakers. When you listen, listen carefully, since the articles“the” and “a”are almost never emphasized, they do not standout prominently in speech, but they’re pronounced. You will have to train your ears so that youwill recognize that the little sounds before certain words are articles, and not meaningless noises.Also, get in the habit of pronouncing the articles in the way native speakers do. As little sounds thatare part of the word they precede. For instance, think of and say “the boy”as one word. Listen tothis short sentence. The boy likes the girl. Say it naturally, the boy likes the girl. Did you notice howthe articles are just small sounds linked to the nouns? Listen to another example. There is a pen ona desk in the classroom. Say it naturally, there is a pen on a desk in the classroom. Did you noticehow all the sounds, especially articles are linked together? The article “an” is used before nounsbeginning with a vowel sound, such as “an apple”. Notice how the “n” sound is linked to the wordwhich follows it. Also notice that words that spelled with the letter “h” in the beginning such as“hour” also use the article “an”because the “h”isn’t pronounced. So we say, “an-our”, not “ahour”. And some words spelled with the letter “u”in the beginning such as “unicycle” use thearticle “a” because the first sound is the “y” sound “j”. So we say, a unicycle, not an unicycle.It’s also important to note that the pronunciation of the article “the” changes to “δi :” beforewords beginning with a vowel sound. So we say “δi :”elevator, not “δэ”elevator.Another tip is, do not be misled by newspaper headlines, advertisements and titles of book and soforth. They frequently omit articles which are necessary in complete sentences in both spoken andwritten English. Knowing when to use “a”, when to use “the”, and when not to use any article at allis undoubtably one of the most difficult aspects of learning English. We will talk about this topicmore in an upcoming daily tip. Tune in tomorrow for another tip on learning English.美语听力与发音技巧第9期（句子中的重音）
Welcome to Daily Tips on Learning English. Today’s tip is onword stress on sentences. In general, it is true that content words are stressed whereasfunction words are not stressed. Content words usually conveythe meaning of the sentence. Function words make thesentence grammatically correct. Content words are: nouns,main verbs, adjectives, adverbs, this, that, these, those, and“wh-“ words, who, what, when, why, how, which. Function words are: articles, such as “a” and“the”; possessive adjectives, such as “his”, “my”, “your”; prepositions, such as “in”, “on”, “of”;conjunctions,
such as “and”, “but”; personal pronouns, such as “I”, “he”, “she”; the “be” verb, “am”, “is”, “are”, “was”, “were”; and auxiliaries, such as “do”, “does”, “did”.
Take for example the sentence “Andrew brushes his teeth every morning.” The content wordalone can convey the meaning of the sentence, namely “Andrew brushes teeth every morning.”The functional word “his” only makes the sentence grammatically correct. So “his” is unstressed,the other words are stressed. Why isn’t “his” stressed? Because of course he brushes his teeth,not your teeth, or my teeth. This we would naturally assume. If, however, Andrew brushessomeone else’s teeth beside his own, then it would be very important to let your listener know thatby stressing whose teeth he brushes.So, what words should be stressed? The simple answer is whatever words are important to themeaning you are trying to convey. if someone write the sentence on the board out of contextand asks, “Which words are important? Which words should you stress?” You should answer, “That depends on the context.” Stress is used to let your listener know what is important to yourmessage. If you stress words properly, your listener will have an easy time understanding yourmessage. If you stress every word equally, then your listener will have to listen very carefully andtry to guess the main point of your message. If your stress the wrong words, the listener willmisunderstand your message or just feel very confused. So remember to stress the importantwords to your massage.This has been today’s daily tip. Tune in tomorrow for another tip on learning English.
美语听力与发音技巧第10期（断句）
Welcome to Daily Tips on Learning English. Today’s tip is on theuse of pauses in English speech.
Although written English has spaces between every word,spoken English doesn’t have pauses between each word, ratherwords are linked together. However, people do not normallyspeak without pausing at all. We do pause in speech. While inwritten English, there are periods, commas, semicolons andquestion marks. But we also pause in long sentences without punctuation marks. Let’s look atsome examples. My mother listens to the radio in the evening. This sentence can be said withoutpausing, because it isn’t very long. But if I were to pause, I would say, “My mother/ listens to theradio/ in the evening.” Why? Because pauses come between thought groups----groups of wordsthat express one thought.For example, “in the evening” is a thought group. Let’s make the sentence longer. My motherlistens to the radio in the evening, plays tennis in the afternoon, and cleans the house in themorning. Now it is necessary to pause because the sentence is very long. Pauses come betweenthought groups, and help the listeners organize the information they hear. Listen to sentenceagain. My mother listens to the radio in the evening, plays tennis in the afternoon, and cleans thehouse in the morning. If you pause in
the wrong places, listeners will have a harder time organizingthe information. Listen to the sentence read again with improper pausing. My mother listens to theradio in/ the evening, plays tennis in /the afternoon, and cleans the/ house in the morning. Nowthe sentence is almost impossible to understand, so remember to pause between thought groups,to help your listeners easily organize what they hear.This has been today's tip on learning English. Tune in tomorrow for another tip on learning English.
美语听力与发音技巧第11期（定语从句前的停顿）
Welcome to Daily Tips on Learning English. Today’s tip is onwhen to use pauses before adjective clauses.
Let’s take an example. In the sentence “My sister who lives inSan Francisco is a doctor”, the adjective clause is “who lives inSan Francisco”. It describes my “sister”. There’s no pause beforethe adjective clause. So, it means that I have more than onesister, and the one who lives in San Francisco is doctor. There’sa pause after an adjective clause because it is a long sentence. But there can be no pause in thegroup of words “my sister who lives in San Francisco”. Because this is one idea or thought group.Listen to the sentence again. “My sister who lives in San Francisco is a doctor.” The same wordsused in that sentence have a different meaning if there’s a pause before the adjective clause “wholives in San Francisco”. Listen to the new sentence. “My sister, who lives in San Francisco, is adoctor.”Now there’s a pause before, and a pause after the adjective clause, and in writing, therenow is a comma before and a comma after the adjective clause. This sentence means that I haveonly one sister. She is a doctor, and by the way, she lives in San Francisco. The informationconveyed by who lives in San Francisco is not necessary to understand whom I am talking about,as I only have one sister. I just added it in passing.If you say, “My girl friend who drives a BMW is a good dancer.” You’re saying that you have morethan one girl friend. “My boss who is very generous gives me a raise every year” means I havemore than one boss. “Hawaii which is an island in the Pacific is a poplar tourist spot” means there’sanother Hawaii not in the Pacific. So remember to pause before and after adjective clauses onlywhen it is referring to something or someone of which there’s only one.This has been today’s daily tip on learning English.
美语听力与发音技巧第12期（问句的语调）
Welcome to Daily Tips on Learning English. Today’s tip is on theintonation of questions. Remember that intonation is the rising and falling of the pitch ofyour voice. So “she’s here.”is a statement, but “she’s here?”isa question. But it isn’t true that all questions have a risingintonation. Today, let’s just look at the intonation of three typesof questions: “Yes/No” questions, “Wh-” questions and choicequestions.
“Yes/No” questions have a rising intonation. “Wh-”qusetions have a falling intonation. And choicequestions have a rising intonation for every choice except the last choice, which
has a fallingintonation.“Yes/No” questions such as “Do you like Taiwan?”“Can you speak Chinese?”have a risingintonation. The listener must answer either “yes”or “no”. “Wh-”questions start with the words“who”, “what”, “where”, “when”,” why”, “which” and “how”. “Wh-” questions have a falling tone.For example, “What time is it?↘”“Where do you live?↘” Don’t say “What time is it?↗”“Wheredo you live?↗” In choice questions, the listener is expected to choose one item from several. Forexample, “Would you like juice, Coke, Tea or coffee?” A rising tone is used for every choice exceptthe last, which has a falling tone. Listen to another example. “Do you like basketball, baseball,soccer or football?”. So remember that “Yes/No” questions, “Wh-” questions, and choice questionhave different intonation patterns, and make sure to intone them properly.This has been today’s daily tip on learning English. Tune in tomorrow for another tip.
美语听力与发音技巧第13期（是YES还是NO）
Welcome to Daily Tips on Learning English. Today’s tip is onanswering “Yes/No”questions correctly.
In English, “Yes”is always followed by affirmative statements. “No”is always followed by negative statements. This means you can’t say, “Yes, I haven’t eaten dinner yet.” Or“No, I did my home work.” Chinese allows this, but English doesnot. There’re different kinds of “Yes/No” questions. Simple“Yes/No” questions such as “Do you speak English?”“Are you hungry?” pose no problem. Butnegative questions such as “Don’t you speak English?”“Aren’t you hungry?”require the sameanswers. “Yes, I do.”“No, I don’t.”or “Yes, I am.”“No, I’m not.”Chinese learners of English areoften misled by negative questions, and answer, “Yes, I don’t speak English.”Or “Yes, I’m nothungry.”by accident. Another type of “Yes/No” questions is to use a rising intonation with astatement. For example, you ask a Chinese person, “Did you eat dinner?” and he says, “No, Ididn’t.” You’re surprised, so you ask, “You didn’t eat dinner?”and he answers, “Yes.”instead of“No”. Don’t use “yes”to mean “是的”. You should say, “That’s correct.”In the example above, “Yes” means “Yes, I ate dinner.” Not “Correct, I didn’t eat dinner. Let’s look at another example. Ithink that all Chinese people like to eat rice. So, when my Chinese friend tells me that he never eatsrice, I was very surprised, and I ask, “You don’t like to eat rice?” and he answers, “Yes.” This iswrong. Because in English, you can not say, “Yes, I don’t like to eat rice.” He should answer, “No.”or “That’s correct.”So remember, “Yes”must be followed by affirmative statements, and “No”must be followed by negative statements. This has been today’s daily tip on learning English. Tune in tomorrow for another tip.
美语听力与发音技巧第14期（“t”的发音）
Welcome to Daily Tips on Learning English. Today’s tip is on thepronunciation of the letter “t”.
Of course the letter “t” is usually pounced “t”. But you mayhave noticed that in fluent speech, native speakers sometimespronounced the “t” as “d”. That happens when the “t” comesbetween two voiced sounds.
Do you know what sounds in English are voiced? Well, there’re15 voiced consonant sounds in English. b, d, g, m, n, ɡ, z,δ, l, r, dз,з,j,w. Also, all vowel anddiphthong sounds in English are voiced. So let’s look at some examples of words in which the “t”may be pronounced “d”.
No.1 “matter”. “matter”is often pronounced “mader”as in “What’s the matter?”
No.2 “atom”. “atom” is often pronounced “adom” as in “The first atom bomb was dropped onHiroshima.”
No.3 “twenty”. “twenty” is often pronounced “twendi” as in “That will be twenty dollars, please.”
No.4 “little”. “little” is often pronounced “liddle” as in “He got a little angry.”No.5 “city”. “city” is often pronounced “cidi” as in “Did you grow up in the city or the country?”
No.6 “butter”. “butter”is often pronounced “buder”as in “Pass the butter, please.”When people speak slowly or emphatically, however, they usually pronounce the “t” like “t”, notlike “d”. Also, a “t” does not sound like “d” when it comes before a stressed vowel as in “return”.This has been today’s daily tip on learning English. Tune in tomorrow for another tip.
美语听力与发音技巧第15期（助动词的强调）
Welcome to Daily Tips on Learning English. Today’s tip is onwhen to stress auxiliary verbs. Although auxiliary verbs are not usually stressed, when we wantto strongly emphasize a verb, we stress the auxiliary verb. And ifthere’s no auxiliary verb, we add one. These sentences arecalled emphatic sentences. For example, compare the sentences“He’s done his home work”and “He has done his home work.”Usually we would say, “He’s done his homework.” And the auxiliary verb “has” would not bestressed. But if we want to emphasize the meaning of “has done”, we stress the auxiliary verb “Hehas done his homework.” This is an emphatic sentence. Sentences which don’t usually contain anauxiliary verb has an auxiliary verb in emphatic sentences, and it is always stressed. Emphaticsentences are usually used after someone has expressed the opposite meaning. For example, “-You didn’t finish your homework.”“-I did finish my homework.”“-Maybe she doesn’t know how todrive.”“-On the contrary, he does know how to drive.”“-You don’t speak Chinese, do you?”“I dospeak Chinese. I just
wanted to give you some practice speaking English.”
Did you notice how I said “I did finish” instead of “I finished”, and “she does know”instead of “sheknows”, “I do speak”instead of “I speak”. The auxiliary verbs “did”, “does” and “do” were addedto make the sentence more emphaticBe careful though not to use emphatic sentences unless you have a reason. Don’t think that youcan not learn the past tense of every verb and just say “I did eat”, “I did go” instead of “I ate” and“I went”. If you do this, your listeners will be confused. Your listeners will be thinking, “Why is thatso important?”“Why is he stressing that so much?” This is not just another way of saying “I ate”and “I went”. You can only say “I did eat” and “I did go” when there’s a reason for stressing this.So remember that although auxiliary verbs are not usually stressed, in emphatic sentences theyare. This has been today’s daily tip on learning English. Tune in tomorrow for another tip.
美语听力与发音技巧第16期（附加问句的语调）
Welcome to Daily Tips on Learning English. Today’s tip is on theintonation of tag questions.
Tag questions are used in two very different ways, and thedifference depends on whether you use a rising or falling pitch atthe end of the tag question. One way tag questions are used isto get your listener to agree with you about something youthink is a fact, or must be true.
If you think a lady is beautiful, you say, “She is beautiful, isn’t she?↘” You expect the listener tosay, “Yes, she is.” If you know a man is not rich, you say, “He isn’t rich, is he?↘” You expect thelistener to say, “No, he isn’t.” When you use a tag question to get your listener to agree, you mustuse a falling intonation. “She is beautiful, isn’t she?↘”“He isn’t rich, is he?↘”
The other way tag questions are used is to ask for information. You don’t know the answer, soyou ask in a question. “She is beautiful, isn’t she?↗”“He isn’t rich, is he?↗” when you really don’tknow the answer, you should use a rising intonation. So, “He isn’t rich, is he?↘” you know that heisn’t rich. But, “He isn’t rich, is he?↗”you don’t know whether he is rich or not.
Listen to another example. “You like Taiwan, don’t you?↗”“You like Taiwan, don’t you?↘”So remember to use the proper intonation when you use tag questions.This has been today’s daily tip on learning English. Tune in tomorrow for another tip.
美语听力与发音技巧第17期（自然的连续）
Welcome to Daily Tips on Learning English. Today’s tip is onsound linking.
When certain sounds are linked together, the resulting sound ismerely the combination of the two original sounds. For example, “one apple” is pronounced “one-napple”, and “four apples” ispronounced “four-rapples”. However, when other sounds arelinked,。