综合教程第四册Unit 11 Text I--The Story of An Eyewitness 词汇

THE STORY OF AN EYEWITNESS
Jack London
1 The earthquake shook down in San Francisco hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of
walls and chimneys. But the conflagration that followed burned up hundreds of millions of dollars worth of property. There is no estimating within hundreds of millions the actual damage wrought.
◆conflagration: n. (formal) a very large fire that destroys a lot of land or buildings
大火灾；大火
◆wrought: v. (formal or literary) (used only in the past tense) caused sth to happen, especially a
change 使发生了，造成了（尤指变化）
e.g. This century wrought major changes in ouor society.
本世纪给我们的社会带来了重大变革。

The storm wrought havoc in the south.
这场暴风雨在南方造成了巨大的灾害。

2 Not in history has a modern imperial city been so completely destroyed. San Francisco
is gone. Nothing remains of it but memories and fringe of dwelling houses on its outskirts.
Its industrial section is wiped out. Its business section is wiped out. Its social and residential section is wiped out. The factories and warehouses, the great stores and newspaper buildings, the hotels and the palaces of the nabobs, are all gone. Remains only the fringe of dwelling houses on the outskirts of what was once San Francisco.
◆imperial: adj. (only before noun) 1) connected with an empire 帝国的；皇帝的
e.g. the imperial family/palace/army 皇室家族；皇宫；皇家陆军
imperial power/expansion 皇权；帝国的扩张
2) connected with the system for measuring length, weight and volume using pounds, inches,
etc. (度量衡)英制的
◆wipe out: 1) wipe sb out: (informal) to make sb extremely tired 使疲惫不堪
e.g. All that travelling has wiped her out.
一路舟车辛劳让她疲惫不堪。

2) wipe sb/sth out: (often passive) to destroy or remove sb/sth completely
彻底毁灭；全部摧毁
e.g. Whole villages were wiped out by the earthquake.
地震把整座整座的村庄夷为平地。

Last year’s profits were virtually wiped out.
去年的利润几乎全都赔光了。

a campaign to wipe out malaria
消灭疟疾的运动
◆nabob: n. 1) a Muslim ruler or officer in the Mogul empire
(印度莫卧儿帝国时代的)穆斯林官员，穆斯林地方行政长官
2) a rich or important person 富豪；要人
3 Within an hour after the earthquake shock, the smoke of San Francisco’s burning was a
lurid tower visible a hundred miles away. And for three days and nights this lurid tower
swayed in the sky, reddening the sun, darkening the day, and filling the land with smoke.
◆lurid: adj. (disapproving) 1) too bright in color, in a way that is not attractive
俗艳的；花哨的
2) (especially of a story or piece of writing) shocking and violent in a way that is deliberate
(故意地)骇人听闻的，令人毛骨悚然的
e.g. lurid headlines 骇人的标题
The paper gave all the lurid details of the murder.
这份报纸对这起凶杀案骇人听闻的细节描述得淋漓尽致。

4 On Wednesday morning at quarter past five came the earthquake. A minute later the
flames were leaping upward. In a dozen different quarters south of Market Street, in the working class ghetto and in the factories, fires started. There was no opposing the flames.
There was no organization, no communication. All the cunning adjustments of a twentieth-century city had been smashed by the earthquake. The streets were humped into ridges and depressions, and piled with the debris of fallen walls. The steel rails were twisted into perpendicular and horizontal angles. The telephone and telegraph systems were disrupted. And the great water mains had burst. All the shrewd contrivances and safeguards of man had been thrown out of gear by thirty seconds’ twitching of the earth-crust.
◆quarters: n. (pl.) rooms that are provided for soldiers, servants, etc. to live in
(士兵、服务人员等的)营房，宿舍，住房
e.g. We were moved to more comfortable living quarters.
我们搬进了较舒适的住处。

married quarters 已婚军人的宿舍
◆ghetto: n. (pl. –os/-oes) 1) an area of a city where many people of the same race or background
live, separately from the rest of the population. Ghettos are often crowded, with bad living conditions (相同种族或背景人的)聚居区；贫民区
e.g. a poor kid growing up in the ghetto
在贫民区长大的穷孩子
The south coast of Spain has become something of a tourist ghetto.
西班牙南海岸可以说已经成为旅游者的聚居区。

2) the area of a town where Jews were forced to live in the past
(昔日城市中的)犹太人居住区
◆cunning: adj. 1) (disapproving) able to get what you want in a clever way, especially by
tricking or cheating sb 狡猾的；奸诈的；诡诈的syn: crafty, wily
e.g. a cunning liar 花言巧语的骗子
He was as cunning as a fox. 他像狐狸一样狡猾。

2) clever and skilful 灵巧的；精巧的；巧妙的syn: ingenious
e.g. It was a cunning piece of detective work.
那是一篇构思巧妙的侦探作品。

◆smash: v. 1) to break sth, or to be broken, violently and noisily into many pieces
(哗啦一声)打碎，打破，破碎
e.g. Several windows had been smashed. 几扇窗户噼里啪啦打碎了。

He smashed the radio to pieces. 他啪的一声把收音机摔得稀巴烂。

The glass bowl smashed into a thousand pieces.
玻璃碗咣的一声摔了个粉碎。

2) to move with a lot of force against sth solid; to make sth do this
(使)猛烈撞击，猛烈碰撞
e.g. the sound of waves smashing against the rocks
浪涛猛烈撞击礁石的声音
The car smashed into a tree. 汽车猛地撞到了树上。

Mark smashed his fist down on the desk. 马克狠狠地把拳头砸在桌上。

3) to hit sth very hard and break it, in order to get through it
(用力)撞开，击穿，闯过
e.g. They had to smash holes in the ice. 他们只好奋力在冰上凿洞。

The elephant smashed its way through the trees. 大象横冲直撞，闯过树丛。

We had to smash the door open. 我们只得用力把门撞开。

They had smashed through a glass door to get in.
他们砸破一道玻璃门进去了。

4) to hit sth/sb very hard 猛击syn: slam
e.g. He smashed the ball into the goal.
他一记劲射，球进了。

5) to destroy, defeat or put an end to sth/sb 捣毁；打败；粉碎；使结束
e.g. Police say they have smashed a major drugs ring.
警方说他们摧毁了一个大贩毒集团。

She has smashed the world record (=broken it by a large amount).
她大破世界纪录。

6) ~ sth (up): to crash a vehicle 撞毁（车辆）
e.g. He’s smashed (up) his new car. 他把自己的新车撞毁了。

7) to hit a high ball downwards and very hard over the net 打高压球；扣球
Phrasal verbs:
1 smash sth down: to make sth fall down by hitting it hard and breaking it
(用力)击倒，打翻
e.g. The police had to smash the door down. 警察不得不破门而入。

2 smash sth in；to make a hole in sth by hitting it with a lot of force
(用力)打破，撞坏
e.g. Vandals had smashed the door in. 破坏分子把门撞破了。

(informal)
I wanted to smash his face in (=hit him hard in the face).
当时我真想把他的脸打瘪。

3 smash sth up: to destroy sth deliberately (蓄意)捣毁，破坏
e.g. Youths had broken into the bar and smashed the place up.
一群年轻人闯进酒吧，把里面砸了个乱七八糟。

◆hump: v. 1) (BrE) to carry sth heavy 背负（重物）
e.g. I’ve been humping furniture around all day. 我扛了一整天的家具。

2) (taboo, slang) to have sex with sb
◆ridge: n. 1) a narrow area of high land along the top of a line of hills; a high pointed area near
the top of a mountain 山脊；山脉
e.g. walking along the ridge 沿着山脊行走
the north-east ridge of the Matterhorn 马特峰的东北部
◆depression: n. 1) (U) a medical condition in which a person feels very sad and anxious and
often has physical symptoms such as being unable to sleep, etc. 抑郁症；精神忧郁
e.g. clinical depression 临床抑郁症
She suffered from severe depression after losing her job.
她失业后患了严重的抑郁症。

2) (U, C) the state of feeling very sad and without hope 抑郁；沮丧；消沉
e.g. There was a feeling of gloom and depression in the office when the news of the job cuts
was announced.
裁员消息宣布时办公室里一片忧郁和沮丧的气氛。

3) (C, U) a period when there is little economic activity and many people are poor or without
jobs 萧条期；经济衰退；不景气
e.g. The country was in the grip of (an) economic depression.
当时国家处于经济萧条期。

the great Depression of the 1930s 20世纪30年代的经济大萧条
4) (C) (formal) a part of a surface that is lower than the parts around it
洼地；凹地；坑syn: hollow
e.g. Rainwater collects in shallow depressions on the ground. 雨水积在地上的浅坑里。

5) (C) (technical) a weather condition in which the pressure of the air becomes lower, often
causing rain 低气压；气压降低
◆debris: n. (U) 1) pieces of wood, metal, brick, etc. that are left after sth has been destroyed
残骸；碎片；破片
e.g. Emergency teams are still clearing the debris from the plane crash.
各抢救小组仍在清理失事飞机的残骸。

2) (formal) pieces of material that are not wanted and rubbish/garbage that are left somewhere
残渣；垃圾；废弃物
e.g. Clear away leaves and other garden debris from the pond.
把池塘里的树叶和其他庭院垃圾清除干净。

◆perpendicular: adj. 1) ~ (to sth) (usually technical) forming an angle of 90° with another line
or surface; vertical and going straight up 垂直的；成直角的
e.g. Are the lines perpendicular to each other? 这些直线相互垂直吗？
The staircase was almost perpendicular (=very steep).
楼梯几乎成垂直的了。

2) Perpendicular (architecture) connected with a style of architecture common in England in
the 14th and 15th centuries, that makes use of vertical lines and wide arches
垂直式的（英国14、15世纪盛行的建筑风格，以使用垂直线和大拱为特征）
◆disrupt: v. 1) to make it difficult for sth to continue in the normal way 扰乱；使中断；打乱
e.g. Demonstrators succeeded in disrupting the meeting.
示威者成功地扰乱了会议。

Bus services will be disrupted tomorrow because of the bridge closure.
明日公共汽车将因大桥停止通行而受影响。

disruption: n. (U, C)
e.g. We aim to help you move house with minimum disruption to yoursel
f.
我们的宗旨是帮您搬家，并尽量减少它给您带来的不便。

disruptions to rail services 对铁路交通的干扰
The strike caused serious disruptions.
罢工造成了严重的混乱。

◆shrewd: adj. 1) clever at understanding and making judgements about a situation
精明的；敏锐的；有眼光的；精于盘算的syn: astute
e.g. a shrewd businessman 精明的商人
She is a shrewd judge of character. 她看人看得很准。

2) showing good judgement and likely to be right 判断得准的；高明的
e.g. a shrewd move 高招
I have a shrewd idea who the mystery caller was.
这个神秘的来访者是谁，我能猜个八九不离十。

◆contrivance: n. (formal) 1) (C, U) (usually disapproving) something that sb has done or written
that does not seem natural; the fact of seeming artificial
非自然之物；人工产物；矫揉造作
e.g. The film is spoilt by unrealistic contrivances of plot.
这部电影被不实际的牵强情节给毁了。

The story is told with a complete absence of contrivance.
这故事讲得毫不矫揉造作。

2) (C) a clever or complicated device or tool made for a particular purpose
精巧（或复杂）的装置；专用工具
3) (C, U) a clever plan or trick; the act of using a clever plan or trick
计谋；圈套；计谋的（或圈套的）采用
e.g. an ingenious contrivance to get her to sign the document without reading it
使她未经过目就签署文件的妙计
◆twitch: v. 1) if a part of your body twitches, or if you twitch it, it makes a sudden quick
movement, sometimes one that you cannot control 痉挛；抽搐；抽动
e.g. Her lips twitched with amusement. 她忍俊不禁地颤动着嘴唇。

The cats watched each other, their tails twitching.
两只猫晃动着尾巴彼此对视着。

2) to give sth a short sharp pull; to be pulled in this way 急拉；猛拽；猛地被扯动
e.g. He twitched the package out of my hands.
他猛地从我手中拽走了包裹。

The curtains twitched as she rang the bell.
她按铃时窗帘被猛地拉动了一下。

5 By Wednesday afternoon, inside of twelve hours, half the heart of the city was gone. At
that time I watched the vast conflagration from out on the bay. It was dead calm. Not a flicker of wind stirred. Yet from every side wind was pouring in upon the city. East, west, north, and south, strong winds were blowing upon the doomed city. The heated air rising made an enormous suck. Thus did the fire of itself build its own colossal chimney through the atmosphere. Day and night this dead calm continued, and yet, near to the flames, the wind was often half a gale, so mighty was the suck.
◆flicker: n. (usually sing.) 1) a light that shines in an unsteady way
(光的)摇曳，闪烁，忽隐忽现
e.g. the flicker of a television/candle 电视画面的闪动；烛光的摇曳
2) a small, sudden movement with part of the body
(身体部位的)小而快的动作
e.g. the flicker of an eyelid 眼睑的跳动
3) a feeling or an emotion that lasts for only a very short time
(情感、情绪的)闪现，一闪而过
e.g. a flicker of hope/doubt/interest 希望/怀疑/兴趣的闪现
A flicker of a smile crossed her face. 她脸上闪过一丝微笑。

◆doom: n. 1) (U) death or destruction; any terrible event that you cannot avoid
死亡；毁灭；厄运；劫数
e.g. to meet your doom 死亡
She had a sense of impending doom (=felt that sth very bad was going to happen).
她预感厄运已经逼近。

Idioms: 1 doom and gloom/gloom and doom: a general feeling of having lost all hope, and of pessimism (=expecting things to go badly)
悲观失望；无望；前景暗淡
e.g. Despite the obvious setbacks, it is not all doom and gloom for the England team.
尽管明显受挫，但对英格兰队来说绝非胜利无望。

2 prophet of doom/doom merchant: a person who predicts that things will go very badly
末日预言者
e.g. The prophets of doom who said television would kill off the book were wrong.
认为电视会扼杀书籍的悲观预言家完全错了。

v. ~ sb/sth (to sth): to make sb/sth certain to fail, suffer, die, etc.
使…注定失败（或遭殃、死亡等）
e.g. The plan was doomed to failure. 这个计划注定要失败。

The marriage was doomed from the start. 这桩婚姻从一开始就注定要破裂。

◆gale: n. 1) an extremely strong wind 大风；飓风
e.g. The gale blew down hundreds of trees. 大风吹倒了数百棵树。

gale-force winds 七级以上的大风
(BrE) It’s blowing a gale outside (=a strong wind is blowing).
外面在刮大风。

2) gale(s) of laughter: the sound of people laughing very loudly
一阵（阵）大笑声
e.g. His speech was greeted with gales of laughter.
人们对他的演讲报以阵阵笑声。

6 Wednesday night saw the destruction of the very heart of the city. Dynamite was
lavishly used, and many of San Francisco’s proudest structures were crumbled by man himself into ruins, but there was no withstanding the onrush of the flames. Time and again successful stands were made by the firefighters and every time the flames flanked around on either side, or came up from the rear, and turned to defeat the hard won victory.
◆dynamite: n. (U) 1) a powerful explosive 黄色炸药；甘油炸药；达纳炸药
e.g. a stick of dynamite 一根达纳炸药
2) a thing that is likely to cause a volent reaction or a lot of trouble
具有爆炸性的事物；（可能）引起轰动的事物；具有隐患的事物
e.g. The abortion issue is political dynamite.
堕胎问题在政治上是个爆炸性的议题。

3) (informal, approving) an extremely impressive or exciting person or thing
轰动一时的人（或事物）
e.g. Their new album is dynamite. 他们的新唱片引起轰动。

◆lavish: adj. 1) large in amount, or impressive, and usually costing a lot of money
大量的；给人印象深刻的；耗资巨大的syn: extravagant, luxurious
e.g. lavish gifts/costumes/celebrations
丰厚的礼品；昂贵的服装；规模盛大的庆典
They lived a very lavish lifestyle. 他们过着挥霍无度的生活。

They rebuilt the house on an even more lavish scale than before.
他们重造了房子，规模甚至比以前更大。

2) ~ (with/in sth) giving or doing sth generously 慷慨的；大方的
e.g. He was lavish in his praise for her paintings.
他大力赞扬她的绘画。

◆crumble: v. 1) to break or break sth into very small pieces （使）破碎，成碎屑
e.g. Rice flour makes the cake less likely to crumble.
这种糕饼用米粉做不那么容易碎。

Crumble the cheese over the salad.
把干酪弄成碎屑撒在色拉上。

2) if a building or piece of land is crumbling, parts of it are breaking off
坍塌；损坏；崩裂
e.g. buildings crumbling into dust 渐渐坍塌的建筑物
crumbling stonework 不断破裂的石材建筑
The cliff is gradually crumbling away. 峭壁正在逐渐崩塌。

3) ~ (into/to sth)/~ (away) to begin to fail or get weaker or to come to an end
(开始渐渐)衰退，衰弱；崩溃；瓦解；消亡
e.g. a crumbling business/relationship 逐渐衰败的企业；日益恶化的关系
All his hopes began to crumble away. 他所有的希望开始化为泡影。

The empire finally crumbled into dust. 这个帝国最终崩溃了。

◆withstand: v. 1) (formal) to be strong enough not to be hurt or damaged by extreme conditions,
the use of force, etc. 承受；抵住；顶住；经受住
syn: resist, stand up to
e.g. The materials used have to be able to withstand high temperatures.
所使用的材料必须能够耐高温。

They had withstood siege, hunger and deprivation.
他们经受了围困、饥饿和贫穷。

◆onrush: n. (sing.) a strong movement forward; the sudden development of sth
猛然而来；突如其来
◆stand: n. 2) (usually sing.) a strong effort to defend yourself or your opinion about sth
保卫；捍卫；维护；抵抗
e.g. We msut make a stand against further job losses.
我们必须采取措施，防止进一步裁员。

the rebels’ desperate last stand 反叛者最后的疯狂抵抗
◆flank: v. 1) be flanked by sb/sth to have sb/sth on one or both sides
e.g. She left the courtroom flanked by armed guards.
她在武装警卫护送下离开法庭。

2) to be placed on one or both sides of sth 位于…的侧翼；在…侧面
e.g. They drove through the cotton fields that flanked Highway 17.
他们驾车穿过了17号公路边上的棉田。

7 An enumeration of the buildings destroyed would be a directory of San Francisco. An
enumeration of the buildings undestroyed would be a line and several addresses. An enumeration of the deeds of heroism would stock a library and bankrupt the Carnegie medal fund. An enumeration of the dead ― will never be made. All vestiges of them were destroyed by the flames. The number of the victims of the earthquake will never be known.
South of Market Street, where the loss of life was particularly heavy, was the first to catch fire.
◆enumerate: v. 1) (formal) to name things on a list one by one 列举；枚举
Derivations: enumeration: n.
◆directory: n. 1) a book containing lists of information, usually in alphabetical order, for
example people’s telephone numbers or the names and addresses of businesses in a particular area 名录；电话号码簿；公司名录
e.g. a telephone/trade directory 电话号码簿；商行名录
a directory of European Trade Associations 欧洲同业公会名录
2) a file containing a group of other files or programs in a computer
(计算机文件或程序的)目录
◆vestige: n. (formal) 1) a small part of sth that still exists after the rest of it has stopped existing
残留部分；遗迹syn: trace
e.g. the last vestiges of the old colonial regime 旧殖民制度最后的残余
2) usually used in negative sentences, to say that not even a small amount of sth exists
(通常用于否定句)丝毫，一点儿
e.g. There’s not a vestige of truth in the rumor.
这个谣传毫无真实可言。

8 Remarkable as it may seem, Wednesday night, while the whole city crashed and roared
into ruin, was a quiet night. There were no crowds. There was no shouting and yelling. There was no hysteria, no disorder. I passed Wednesday night in the path of the advancing flames, and in all those terrible hours I saw not one woman who wept, not one man who was excited, not one person who was in the slightest degree panic-stricken.
◆hysteria: n. (U) 1) a state of extreme excitement, fear or anger in which a person, or a group of
people, loses control of their emotions and starts to cry, laugh, etc.
歇斯底里；情绪狂暴不可抑止
e.g. There was mass hysteria when the band came on stage.
乐队登台时观众一片疯狂。

A note of hysteria crept into her voice.
她的声音听来有点歇斯底里。

2) (disapproving) an extremely excited and exaggerated way of behaving or reacting to an
event 大肆鼓吹；狂热夸张；大惊小怪
e.g. the usual media hysteria that surrounds royal visits
媒体对于王室成员访问的惯常的大肆渲染
public hysteria about AIDS 公众对艾滋病谈虎色变
3) (medical) a condition in which sb experiences violent or extreme emotions that they cannot
control, especially as a result of shock 癔病；歇斯底里
◆panic-stricken: adj. extremely anxious about sth, in a way that prevents you from thinking
clearly 惊慌失措的syn: hysterical
9 Before the flames, throughout the night, fled tens of thousands of homeless ones. Some
were wrapped in blankets. Others carried bundles of bedding and dear household treasures.
Sometimes a whole family was harnessed to a carriage or delivery wagon that was weighted down with their possessions. Baby buggies, toy wagons and go-carts were used as trucks, while every other person was dragging a trunk. Yet everybody was gracious. The most perfect courtesy obtained. Never, in all San Francisco’s history, were her people so kind and courteous as on this night of terror.
◆harness: v. 1) ~ sth (to sth) to put a harness on a horse or other animal; to attach a horse or
other animal to sth with a harness 给（马等）上挽具；用挽具把…套到…上
e.g. to harness a horse 给马上挽具
We harnessed two ponies to the cart.
我们把两匹矮种马套到了车上。

(figurative)
e.g. In some areas, the poor feel harnessed to their jobs.
有些地区的穷人感觉终身被套牢在他们的工作上。

2) to control and use the force or strength of sth to produce power or to achieve sth
控制，利用（以产生能量等）
e.g. attempts to harness the sun’s rays as a source of energy
利用日光作为能源的尝试
We must harness the skill and creativity of our workforce.
我们必须尽量发挥全体职工的技能和创造力。

◆baby buggy 1) (BrE) =buggy(2): (also Baby Buggy TM) (both BrE) (NAmE stroller) a type of
light folding chair on wheels in which a baby or small child is pushed along
婴儿车；童车
2) (old-fashioned, NAmE)=pram: (BrE) (NAmE baby carriage) a small vehicle on four wheels
for a baby to go out in, pushed by a person on foot 婴儿车
◆go-cart: (NAmE) =go-kart: 1) a vehicle like a small low car with no roof or doors, used for
racing (无蓬无门的)微型赛车
◆gracious: adj. 1) (of people or behavior) kind, polite and generous, especially to sb of a lower
social position (尤指对社会地位较低者)和蔼的，慈祥的，有礼貌的，宽厚的
e.g. a gracious lady 好心的女士
a gracious smile 慈祥的微笑
He has not yet learned how to be gracious in defeat.
他还没有学会怎样豁达大度地面对失败。

2) (usually before noun) showing the comfort and easy way of life that wealth can bring
富贵安逸的
e.g. gracious living 豪华安逸的生活
3) (only before noun) (formal, BrE) used as a very polite word for royal people or their actions
(对王族及其行为的敬语)仁慈的，宽厚的
e.g. her gracious Majesty the Queen 仁慈的女王陛下
4) ~ (to sb) (of God) showing kindess and mercy 仁慈的；慈悲的；宽大的
e.g. a gracious act of God 上帝的慈悲
5) (becoming old-fashioned) used for expressing surprise (表示惊讶)天哪，老天爷，啊呀
e.g. Goodness gracious! 老天爷啊！
“I hope you didn’t mind my phoning you.”“Good gracious, no, of course not.”
“我希望你不会介意我给你打电话。

”“啊呀，当然不会。

”
◆courtesy: n. 1) (U) polite behavior that shows respect for other people
礼貌；谦恭；彬彬有礼syn: politeness
e.g. I was treated with the utmost courtesy by the staf
f.
我受到了工作人员极有礼貌的接待。

It’s only common courtesy to tell the neighbors that we’ll be having a party (=the sort of behavior that people would expect)
告诉邻居我们要举行聚会，这是起码的礼貌。

2) (C, usually pl.) (formal) a polite thing that you say or do when you meet people in formal
situations (正式场合见面时的)客气话，礼貌
e.g. an exchange of courtesies before the meeting 会议开始前互相问候
Idioms:
1 courtesy of sb/sth: 1) (also by sourtesy of sb/sth) with the official permission of sb/sth and as
a favor 承蒙…的允许（或好意）
e.g. The pictures have been reproduced by courtesy of the British Museum.
承蒙大英博物馆惠允，复制了这些画。

2) given as a prize or provided free by a person or an organization 蒙…提供；赞助；赠送
e.g. Win a weekend in Rome, courtesy of Fiat.
赢了就可以获得菲亚特公司提供的到罗马度周末的机会。

3) as a result of a particular thing or situation 作为…的结果
e.g. Viewers can see the stadium from the air, courtesy of a camera fastened to the plane.
由于飞机上安装有摄影机，电视观众可从空中鸟瞰体育场。

2 do sb the courtesy of doing sth to be polite by doing the thing that is mentioned
(做提及的事)对某人表示礼貌
e.g. Please do me the courtesy of listening to what I’m saying.
请耐心听一听我的话。

3 have the sourtesy to do sth to know when you should do sth in order to be polite
知道何时该做…(以示礼貌)
e.g. You think he’d at least have the courtesy to call to say he’d be late.
谁都会觉得他至少应该懂得打个电话说一声他要晚来。

courteous: adj. 1) polite, especially in a way that shows respect
有礼貌的；客气的；（尤指）恭敬的；谦恭的
e.g. a courteous young man 彬彬有礼的年轻人
The hotel staff are friendly and courteous.
旅馆服务人员友好而有礼貌。

10 All night these tens of thousands fled before the flames. Many of them, the poor people
from the labor ghetto, had fled all day as well. They had left their homes burdened with possessions. Now and again they lightened up, flinging out upon the street clothing and treasures they had dragged for miles.
◆lighten up: (informal) used to tell sb to become less serious or worried about sth
别那么严肃；别担忧
e.g. Come on. John. Lighten up! 约翰，加油，别紧张。

◆fling: v. 1) to throw sb/sth somewhere with force, especially because you are angry
(尤指生气地)扔、掷、抛、丢syn: hurl
e.g. Someone had flung a brick through the window.
有人把一块砖扔进了窗户。

He flung her to the ground. 他把她推倒在地。

The door was suddenly flung open. 门突然被推开了。

He had his enemies flung into prison. 他把敌人投进了监狱。

2) to move yourself or part of your body suddenly and with a lot of force
猛动(身体或身体部位)
e.g. She flung herself onto the bed. 她扑倒在床上。

He flung out an arm to stop her from falling.
他猛伸手臂扶她，她才没有跌倒。

3) ~ sth (at sb) to say sth to sb in an aggressive way
粗暴地（向某人）说；气势汹汹地（对某人）说syn: hurl
e.g. They were flinging insults at each other.
他们互相辱骂。

11 They held on longest to their trunks, and over these trunks many a strong man broke his
heart that night. The hills of San Francisco are steep, and up these hills, mile after mile, were the trunks dragged. Everywhere were trunks, with across them lying their exhausted owners, men and women. Before the march of the flames were flung picket lines of soldiers. And a block at a time, as the flames advanced, these pickets retreated. One of their tasks was to keep the trunk-pullers moving. The exhausted creatures, stirred on by the menace of bayonets, would arise and struggle up the steep pavements, pausing from weakness every five or ten feet.
◆picket: n. 1) a person or group of people who stand outside the entrance to a building in order
to protest about sth, especially in order to stop from entering a factory, etc. during a strike;
an occasion at which this happens
(罢工期间纠察妥协分子的)纠察员，纠察队；罢工警戒
e.g. Five pickets were arrested by police.
五名纠察队员被警方逮捕。

I was on picket duty at the time. 当时我正执行罢工的纠察任务。

a mass picket of the factory 工厂的大规模罢工纠察队
2) a soldier or group of soldiers guarding a military base (军营的)警戒哨，警戒队，哨兵
3) a pointed piece of wood that is fixed in the ground, especially as part of a fence
(尤指栅栏的)尖木桩，尖板条
e.g. a picket fence 尖板条栅栏
picket line: a line or group of pickets 纠察线；纠察队人墙
e.g. Fire crews refused to cross the picket line. 消防人员拒不冲破围厂队伍人墙。

◆stir: v. 1) ~ sth (into sth)/~ sth (in): to move a liquid or substance around, using a spoon or sth
similar, in order to mix it thoroughly 搅动；搅和；搅拌
e.g. She stirred her tea. 她搅了搅茶。

The vegetable are stirred into the rice while it is hot.
趁米饭热时把蔬菜拌进去。

Stir in the milk until the sauce thickens. 把牛奶搅进去，直到酱汁变稠为止。

2) to move, or to make sth move, slightly (使)微动
e.g. She heard the baby stir in the next room. 她听见婴儿在隔壁动弹。

A light breeze was stirring the branches. 微风吹动着树枝。

A noise stirred me from sleep. 响声把我从睡梦中惊醒。

3) to move, or to make sb move, in order to do sth (使)行动，活动
e.g. You haven’t stirred from that chair all evening. 你坐在那把椅子上一晚上没动了！
Come on, stir yourself. You’re late! 快，快走吧。

你要迟到了！
Their complaints have finally stirred him into action. 他们的抱怨最终促使他采取了行动。

4) ~ sb (to sth): to make sb excited or make themselves feel sth strongly 打发；激发
e.g. a book that really stirs the imagination
很能激发人的想象力的书
She was stirred by his sad story. 他那悲惨的故事打动了她。

5) (of a feeling or a mood) to begin to be felt
开始感到；逐渐产生；萌动；被唤起
e.g. A feeling of guilt began to stir in her. 她心里渐渐生出了内疚感。

6) (BrE, informal, disapproving) to try to cause trouble 拨弄是非
e.g. You’re just stirring it. 你这不是搬弄是非吗！
Idioms:
1 stir the blood: to make sb excited 使人兴奋；激起热情
2 stir your stumps: (old-fashioned) (BrE, informal) to begin to move; to hurry 起身走；赶
快
Phrasal verbs:
1 stir sb up: to encourage sb to do sth; to make sb feel they must do sth 激励；鼓动
2 stir sth up: 1) to make people feel strong emotions 激起（感情）
e.g. to stir up hatred 激起仇恨
2) to try to cause arguments or problems 挑起，煽动（争执或事端）
e.g. to stir up a debate 挑起争论
Whenever he’s around, he always manages to stir up trouble.
什么时候只要有他在，他就总要挑起点事来。

We’ve got enough problems without you trying to stir things up.
我们麻烦事儿已经够多的了，你就别再挑拨是非了。

3) to make sth move around in water or air (水或空气中)搅起；吹起
e.g. The wind stirred up a lot of dust. 风吹起大量尘土。

◆menace: n. 1) (C, usually sing.) ~ (to sb/sth) a person or thing that causes, or may cause,
serious damage, harm or danger 威胁；危险的人（或物）syn: threat
e.g. a new initiative aimed at beating the menace of illegal drugs
旨在打击非法毒品威胁的新举措
2) (U) an atmosphere that makes you feel threatened or frightened
令人恐怖的氛围；危险气氛
e.g. a sense/an air/a hint of menace in his voice
他的话音里的威胁语气/腔调/意味
3) (C, usually sing.) (informal) a person or thing that is annoying or causes trouble
烦人的人（或事物）；引起麻烦的人（或事物）
syn: nuisance
4) menaces (pl.) (law) (BrE) threats that sb will cause harm if they do not get what they are
asking for 恐吓；威胁
e.g. to demand money with menaces 勒索钱财
v. 1) (formal) to be possible danger to sth/sb 对…构成危险；危及；威胁到syn: threaten
e.g. The forests are being menaced by major development projects.
大型开发项目正在危及森林。

◆bayonet: n. 1) a long, sharp knife that is fastened onto the end of a rifle and used as a weapon
in battle 枪刺；刺刀
v. 1) to push a bayonet into sb in order to kill them 用刺刀刺
12 Often, after surmounting a heart-breaking hill, they would find another wall of flame
advancing upon them at right angles and be compelled to change anew the line of their retreat. In the end, completely played out, after toiling for a dozen hours like giants, thousands of them were compelled to abandon their trunks. Here the shop-keepers and soft members of the middle class were at a disadvantage. But the working-men dug holes in vacant lots and backyards and buried their trunks.
◆surmount: v. (formal) 1) to del successfully with a difficulty 克服；解决
syn: overcome
e.g. She was well aware of the difficulties that had to be surmounted.
她很清楚必须克服哪些困难。

2) (usually passive) to be placed on top of sth
处于（某物）上面；置于（某物）顶端
e.g. a high column surmounted by a statue
顶端立着一尊雕像的高大的柱子
◆compel: v. (formal) 1) to force sb to do sth; to make sth necessary
强迫；迫使；使必须
e.g. The law can compel fathers to make regular payments for their children.
这项法律可强制父亲定期支付子女的费用。

I feel compelled to write and tell you how much I enjoyed your book.
我觉得必须写信告诉你我是多么欣赏你的书。

Last year ill health compelled his retirement.
去年他因身体不好被迫退休了。

2) (not used in the progressive tenses) to cause a particular reaction
引起（反应）
e.g. He spoke with an authority that compelled the attention of the whole crowd.。