2015年全国职称英语考试 理工类新增文章汇总 考试重点内容 word版 全网独一份
2015职称英语(理工A)真题及答案(完整文字版)2015年4月2日发布
2015年职称英语考试《理工A》真题及答案(完整文字版) 第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.A. controlB. observeC. regulateD. Accept【答案】D2. She showed a natural aptitude for the work.A. senseB. talentC. flavorD. Taste【答案】B3. Most people find rejection hard to accept.A. excuseB. clientC. refusalD. Destiny【答案】C4. The organization was bold enough to face the press.A. pleasedB. powerfulC. braveD. Sensible【答案】C5. They were locked in mortal combat.A. deadlyB. openC. actualD. Active【答案】A6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money.A. amountB. supplyC. temptD. Sum【答案】C7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent.A. clearB. necessaryC. specialD. Correct【答案】A8. The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling.A. ServiceB. dangerC. disorderD. threat【答案】C9. He believes that Europe must change or it will perish.A. surviveB. lastC. dieD. Move【答案】C10. There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next build.A. fairB. full C .coexisting D. Public【答案】C11. They promote assimilation of ethnic groups into the main-stream culture.A. policyB. value C .equality D. Integration【答案】D12. A salesman’s cardinal rule is to satisfy customers.A. principalB. officialC. simpleD. Legal【答案】A13. I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situationA. silenceB. praise C .assure D. Complain【答案】B14. We lived for years in a perpetual state of fearA. emotionalB. nervousC. terribleD. Continuous【答案】D15. The starving children were a pathetic sight.A. commonB. unexpectedC. unforgettableD. Pitiful【答案】D第2部分阅读判断Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on EarthScientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn’t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth’s surface.Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen?Well,it seems the air wasn’t so great then, after all.Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the ‚boring billion‛ period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth’s atmosphere couldn’thave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancementswere poised to occur.‚There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,‛ said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherReinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. ‚We’re providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.‛Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earth’s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow,iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen.Oxygen’srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.‚We were missing the right approach until now,‛Planavsky said. ‚Chromium gaveus the proxy.‛ Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today’sconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life.Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were ‚highlydynamic‛in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, ‚It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surface Cr cycling‛ before and after the rise of animals.‚If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,‛ saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. ‚This could be agame changer.‛Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation’s Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons.Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; Thomas Johnson, of the University of Illinois;Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology.16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earth’s continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned第3部分概括大意与完成句子FirstImage-recognition Software1.Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial 1 ,software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far gre jthan ever before.2.The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to , Ishows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm (运算法则)or ,ma9e I recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough toimprove large seaie , document searches online. The system uses pixel (像素)data in images and potentia y video — rather than just text — to locatedocuments. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase bystudying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledgegleaned (收集) from those results can then beapplied to other photos without tags or captions making for more accuratedocument search results.3."Over the last 30 years," says Associate Professor Lorenzo Torresani,a co-author of the study, "the Web has evolved from a small collection ofmostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia dataset,where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a personlooks at a Web page, he immediately gets the gist (主旨)of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, allexisting popularsearch engines, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained inthe photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the documentretrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systemsare accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the informationcontained in image pixels to improve document search."4.The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system — a type ofartificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitlyprogrammed —that extracts semantic (语义的) information from thepixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich thedescription of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. Theresearchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries (查询)on a database of 50 million Web pages. They selected the text-retheval searchengine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additionalsemantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Webpages. They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision overthe original search engine purely based on text.23. Paragraph 1 __B__24. Paragraph 2 __C__25. Paragraph 3 __E__26. Paragraph 4 __D__A.Popularity of the new systemB.Publication of the new discoveryC.Function of the new systemD.Artificial intelligence software createdE.Problems of the existing search enginesF.Improvement in document retrieval27. The new system does documentretrieval by __C__.28. The new system is expected toimprove precision in __B__.29. When performing documentretrieval the existing search engines ignore __A__30. The new system was found moreeffective in document search than the __E__rmation in imagesB.current popular search enginesing photosD.machine vision systemsE.document searchF.description of the HTML page第4部分阅读理解Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat,More LightSolar photovoltaic thermal energy systems,or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’ta very efficient way to gather heat.That’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it’s also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, anassociate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from Thin Silicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada.Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon,they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cellsare vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.‚That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light — pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,‛ Pearce explains,which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film siliconin a new type of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector,they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they boosted the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.31. PVTs are not efficient inA. creating electricity.B. cooling silicon solar cells.C. generating heat.D. powering solar thermal collectors.32. One of the problems PVTs have is thatA. their thermala pplications are costly.B. they are too expensive to afford.C. it is hard to fix them on the roof.D. they occupy too much space.33. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells?A. They are flexible.B. They are less expensive.C. They are electrically efficient.D. They are environment friendly.34. Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market becauseA. they do not work well if exposed to light.B. their advantages are not well-recognized.C. they need improving in appearance.D. they are not advertised.35 Which of the following statements is true?A. New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon.B Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature.C Thin-film silicon's electrical efficiency improves when heated up.D Anew material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created.译文：第十三篇更有效的太阳能系统：更多热量，更强灯光太阳能光伏热能系统，也叫PVT，能够生成热量和电能。
职称英语理工类新增文章篇目实务知识资料
词汇：
threshold/‘θre?h?uld/ｎ 起点,开端；
门槛neutral/'nju：tml/aｄj.中性的；中立的
strive/stralv/v.努力,力求；斗争
disposal/dｉs’paool/ｎ.处理,处置；配置
motive/mzotlv/ｎ．动机,目的
注释：
1．Our senses aren’t just delivering a strict view of…in our heads：这个句子的大概意思是：我们的五官感觉不仅仅让我们感知世界；五官感觉还受大脑活动的影响.
B. An experiment with hungry and non—hungry participants is not reliable.
C. Our thinking processes are independent of our senses.
D. Humans call perceive what high—level thinking processes
+第四十八篇：Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright
2015年职称英语《理工A》真题及答案(完整文字版)
2015年职称英语《理工A》真题及答案(完整文字版)第1 页：词汇选项第2 页：阅读判断第3 页：概括大意与完成句子第4 页：阅读理解第一篇第5 页：阅读理解第二篇第6 页：阅读理解第三篇第7 页：补全短文第8 页：完形填空第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. I will not?tolerate?that sort of behavior in my class.A. controlB. observeC. regulateD. Accept【答案】D2. She showed a natural?aptitude?for the work.A. senseB. talentC. flavorD. Taste【答案】B【解析】aptitude 天赋have a aptitude for=have a gift /talent for3. Most people find?rejection?hard to accept.A. excuseB. clientC. refusalD. Destiny【答案】C4. The organization was?bold?enough to face the press.A. pleasedB. powerfulC. braveD. Sensible【答案】C5. They were locked in?mortal?combat.A. deadlyB. openC. actualD. Active【答案】A【解析】A.deadly 致死的;B.open打开的;C.actual实在的;D.Active积极的。
mortal致命的、致死的;immortal 不朽的题干：他们被锁起来进行致命的战争。
6. We were attracted by the?lure?of quick money.A. amountB. supplyC. temptD. Sum【答案】C7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less?transparent.A. clearB. necessaryC. specialD. Correct【答案】A【解析】A.clear清楚的;B.necessary必要的;C.special特殊的;D.Correct正确的transparent 明显的、显然的题干：这些过程被认为是复杂的且没有那么清楚的。
2015年综合类职称英语新增文章
2015年综合类职称英语新增文章注释1. …create a film over the eye ’s surface ：……在眼睛的表面形成一层薄膜。
2. …get it back …：……恢复……3. …act out the whole situation again …：……整个场景重现…… 练习A It may explain why people who are afraid to cry often suffer more h eart attacks than people cry more freely.BIts good to hold back tears during a tense business discussion.C Crying has good effects on the body.D Even when you're not crying, your eyes produce tears.E They practice crying so that they can get used to expressing emotio n.F As children we were sometimes punished for shedding tears or expres sing anger.答案与题解1. D 此空的上一句讲到眼泪很有用，后一句讲到眼泪的具体用处，并且句首是these，所以所填的这句应该有眼泪，根据上下文只有选项D最适合。
选项C与前一句话意思重复。
综合群385443831；理工群385448628；卫生群3854190922. F 下文提到作为成人，我们仍然害怕流泪，所填的这句应该讲我们还是孩子时对流泪的恐惧。
所以，答案是选项F。
3. A 上文讲到哭能够帮助我们发泄心中的强烈情感，所以经常哭的人会比不常哭的人获得某种益处，根据上下文，只有选项A比较贴切。
2015年新教材全国职称英语考试理工a重要文章字典版
34Batteries Built by Viruses病毒电池 What do chicken pox, the common cold，the flu，and AIDS have in common? They're all disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. It’s no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of2 viruses is what's on people's minds. 水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病 有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引 起的疾病。
病毒是能够在人与人之间传染 的微生物。
难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首 先想到的是如何躲避病毒。
Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though3.In Cambridge ， Massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work，teaching them to build some of the world’s smallest rechargeable batteries. 然 而， 并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带 者。
在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有 些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。
他们使病 毒开始工作， 使病毒构成世界上最小的充 电电池。
Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge，she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virusbuilt batteries，the scientists combine what they know about biology ， technology and production techniques. 病毒和电池的搭档 似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉 拉·贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。
2015职称英语(理工A类)真题及答案(文字版)更新
2015年职称英语考试《理工A》真题Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on EarthScientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn‟t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth‟s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoi c period, about 800 million years ago —but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen?Well,it seems the air wasn‟t so great then, after all.Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth‟s atmosphere couldn‟thave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advance mentswere poised to occur.“There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherRein hard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We‟re providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.”Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earth‟s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen.Oxygen‟srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.“We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gaveus the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today‟sconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life.Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highlydynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surfa ce Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals.“If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be agame changer.”Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation‟s Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons.Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; ThomasJohnson, of the University of Illinois; Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology.16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earth‟s continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned据网友提供信息，2015年职称英语考试理工A概括大意与完成句子真题及答案，广大考生可以参考本帖，对照答案。
2015理工A级职称英语新增文章(费尽心血整理版)
Small But WiseOn December 14,NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space. The telescope is called WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan. Don't let its small size fool you:WISE has a powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects2 in the known universe,including asteroids,faint stars,blazing galaxies3 and giant clouds of dust where planets and stars are born. "I'm very excited because we're going to be seeing parts of the universe that we haven't seen before,"said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project. Since arriving in space,the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth,held by gravity in a polar orbit4(this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap5).Its camera is pointed outward,away from the Earth,and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky every 11 minutes. After six months it will have taken pictures across the entire sky. The pictures taken by WISE won't be like everyday digital photographs,however. WISE stands for"Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer."As its name suggests,the WISE camera takes pictures of features that give off infrared radiation6.Radiation is energy that travels as a wave. Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of light7 that becomes visible in a rainbow,is an example of radiation. When an ordinary digital camera takes a picture of a tree,for example,it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off the tree. When these waves enter the camera through the lens,they're processed by the camera,which then puts the image together. Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras don't see them,and neither do the eyes of human beings. Although invisible to the eye,longer infrared radiation can be detected as warmth by the skin.That's a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other telescopes can't. Not everything in the universe shows up in visible light. Asteroids,for example,are giant rocks that float through space 一but they absorb most of the light that reaches them. They don't reflect light,so they're difficult to see. But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will be able to produce images of them. During its mission WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids.Brown dwarfs8 are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISE's pictures. These objects are"failed" stars 一which means they are not massive enough to jump start9 the same kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun. Instead,brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down. They're so dim that they're almost impossible to see with visible light, but in the infrared spe ctrum they glow.小而聪明12月14日，美国国家航空航天局发射了一个体积小而威力大的望远镜，它的名字叫“WISE”(聪明)，大约只有一个垃圾盒子那么宽。
2015年全国职称英语考试 综合类新增文章汇总 考试重点内容 word版 全网独一份 改
2015年全国职称英语考试综合类新增文章汇总word版全网独一份注：押题皇后王老师授意，新增文章仍然是考试热门文章，务必掌握。
2015年职称英语教材综合类的变动比较小，一共只有6篇新增文章。
2015年职称英语教材综合类新增的6篇文章，分布在阅读判断、阅读理解和补全短文：阅读判断综合C新增一篇文章；阅读理解综合C和综合B各新增一篇文章；补全短文综合A、B和C各新增一篇文章。
完形填空综合类整体都没有新增文章。
2015年职称英语教材新增文章的对比目录如下：综合C阅读判断新增文章第三篇Across the DesertsThe Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa from Senegal to Egypt. The Sahara Desert is an unfriendly environment. During the day it's very hot, and at night it’s sometimes very col d. It is also difficult to find water in the Sahara.In 2006, Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided to do something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the Sahara Desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.On the morning of November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charlie started their trip across the Sahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00. At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was the same thing. They got up and ran. They listened to music on their iPods, and they ran and ran.Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed to eat a lot of food during their trip. Most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. That's a lot of food! They also needed to drink a lot of water.The three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. It was often very hot (140°F/60°C) during the day, and the heat made them sick. Their legs and feet hurt. Sometimes it was very windy, and they couldn't see. One time they got lost. But they didn't quit. After 111 days, Kevin, Ray; and Charlie successfully finishedtheir trip across the Sahara Desert. They hugged each other and put their hands in the water of the Red Sea. Then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower.词汇stretch v. 延伸，伸展calorie n. 卡（路里)，小卡，大卡quit v. 停止，放注释1. ... made the decision to run across ...：......决正跑步横跨......练习1. It’s not always hot m the Sahara Desert.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned2. Each day the men ran for approximately eight hours.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned3. In the middle of the day: the men usually stopped running.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned4. They sometimes felt sick because it was so hot.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned5. Sometimes they couldn't see the road because it was windy.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned6. Luckily, they never got lost.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned7. On their trip across the desert: the three men ran through five countries.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned答案与题解1. A文中提到撒哈拉沙漠白天很热晚上有时很冷，所以不是总是很热。
2015年职称英语综合类教案资料新增文章(汇总整编)
2015年职称英语综合类教材新增第二部分阅读判断第九篇What Is a Dream？（B级）For centuries，people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact，many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person‘s mind and emotions.Before modern times，many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist，Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book，The interpretation of Dreams （1900），Freud wrote that dreams are an e xpression of a person‘s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings，thoughts，and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freud‘s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example，people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand，people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example，psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California，Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person‘s daily life，thoughts，and behavior. A criminal，for example，might dream about crime.Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff，dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example，t he people in men‘s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world，including both modern and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves？Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However，one thing they agree on this：If you dream that something terrible is going to occur，you shouldn‘t panic. The dream may have mean ing，but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It’s important to remember that the worldof dreams is not the real world.词汇：psychologist n.心理学家psychiatrist n.精神病学家（医生）Austrian adj.奥地利的gender n.性别注释：1.Sigmund Freud西格蒙德弗洛伊德（1856—1939），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。
2015年职称英语新增文章
第三篇Across the Deserts(阅读判断)The Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa from Senegal to Egypt. The Sahara Desert is an unfriendly environment. During the day it's very hot, and at night it’s sometimes very cold. It is also difficult to find water in the Sahara.In 2006, Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided to do something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the Sahara Desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.On the morning of November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charlie started their trip across the Sahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00. At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was the same thing. They got up and ran. They listened to music on their iPods, and they ran and ran.Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed to eat a lot of food during their trip. Most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. That's a lot of food! They also needed to drink a lot of water.The three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. It was often very hot (140°F/60°C) during the day, and the heat made them sick. Their legs and feet hurt. Sometimes it was very windy, and they couldn't see. One time they got lost. But they didn't quit. After 111 days, Kevin, Ray; and Charlie successfully finished their trip across the Sahara Desert. They hugged each other and put their hands in the waterof the Red Sea. Then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower.词汇：stretch v. 延伸，伸展calorie n. 卡(路里)，小卡，大卡quit v. 停止，放注释：1. ... made the decision to run across ...：......决正跑步横跨......练习：1. It’s not always hot m the Sahara Desert.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned2. Each day the men ran for approximately eight hours.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned3. In the middle of the day: the men usually stopped running.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned4. They sometimes felt sick because it was so hot.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned5. Sometimes they couldn't see the road because it was windy.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned6. Luckily, they never got lost.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned7. On their trip across the desert: the three men ran through five countries.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned答案与题解：1. A文中提到撒哈拉沙漠白天很热晚上有时很冷，所以不是总是很热。
2015年职称英语理工B级概括大意整理版(背诵版)
第一篇More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing（每晚只需8个小时，睡眠过多非益事）1、Paragraph 2 (E Sleep Problems of Long and Short Sleepers)段落2(长、短睡者的睡眠问题)2、Paragraph 4 (B Dangers of Habitual Shortages of Sleep)段落4(B习惯性睡眠短缺的危险)3、Paragraph 5 (A Kripke’s Rese arch Tool)段落5 (A克里普克的研究工具)4、Paragraph 6 (D A Way of Overcoming Insomnia)段落6 (D克服失眠的一种方式)5、To get a good night's rest, people may not need to(F sleep more than 8 hours)一夜好休息,人们可能不需要(F睡眠超过8小时)6、Long sleepers are reported to be more likely to(E suffer sleep problems)长睡眠者更有可能(E遭受睡眠问题)7、One of the sleep problems is waking in the middle of the night, unable to(A fall asleep again)睡眠问题之一是在半夜醒来,无法(再次入睡)8. One survey showed that people who habitually ____ each night have a higher risk of dying. (C sleep less than 7 hours confirm those serious)一项调查显示,人们习惯性地每天晚上有更高的死亡风险。
2015年职称英语 理工A 完型填空考试重点文章
【1】Captain Cook Arrow Legend(库克船长弓箭的 传说)It was a great legend while it lasted, but DNA testing has finally ended a twocenturyold story of the Hawaiian arrow carved from the bone of British explorer Captain James Cook who died in the Sandwich Islands in 1779.“There is no Cook in the Australian Museum,” museum collection manager Jude Philip said not long ago in announcing the DNA evidence that the arrow was not made of Cook’s bone. But that will not stop the museum from continuing to display the arrow in its exhibition, “Uncovered: Treasures of the Australian Museum,” which does include a feather cape presented to Cook by Hawaiian King Kalani’opu’u in 1778.Cook was one of Britain’s great explorers and is credited with discovering the “Great South Land,” now Australia, in 1770. He was clubbed to death in the Sandwich Islands, now Hawaii.The legend of Cook’s arrow began in 1824 when Hawaiian King Kamehameha on his deathbed gave the arrow to William Adams, a London surgeon and relative of Cook’s wife, saying it was made of Cook’s bone after the fatal fight with islanders.In the 1890s the arrow was given to the Australian Museum and the legend continued until it came facetoface with science.DNA testing by laboratories in Australia and New Zealand revealed the arrow was not made of Cook’s bone but was more likely made of animal bone, said Philp.However, Cook’s fans refuse to give up hope that one Cook legend will prove true and that part of his remains will still be uncovered, as they say there is evidence not all of Cook’s body was buried at sea in 1779. “On this occasion technology has won,” said Cliff Thornton, president of the Captain Cook Society, in a statement from Britain. “But I am sure that one of these days …one of the Cook legends will prove to be true and it will happen one day.”【2】Avalanche and Its Safety(雪崩和安全问题) An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a mountainside. Avalanches are among the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.All avalanches are caused by an overburden of material, typically snowpack, that is too massive and unstable for the slope that supports it. Determining the critical load, the amount of overburden which is likely to cause an avalanche, is a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low risk of avalanche. Snow does not gather significantly on steep slopes; also, snow does not flow easily on flat slopes. Humantriggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow’s angle of rest is between 35 and 45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is 38 degrees. The rule of thumb is :A slope that is flat enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle. Additionally, avalanche risk increases with use; that is , the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, thd more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.Due to the complexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry is never 100% safe. Good avalanche safety is a continuous process, including route selection and examination of the snowpack, weather conditions, and human factors. Several wellknown good habits can also reduce the risk. If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid attention to. Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations; snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made. Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are missing or damaged. Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.【5】 Singing Alarms Could Save the Blind(警报器救 盲人)If you cannot see, you may not be able to find your way out of a burning building – and that could be fatal. A company in Leeds could change all that with directional sound alarms capalbe of guiding you to the exit.Sound Alert, a company run by the University of Leeds, is installing the alarms in a residential home for blind people in Sommerset and a resource centre for the blind in Cumbria. The alarms produce a wide range of frequencies that enable the brain to determine where the sound is coming from.Deborah Withington of Sound Alert says that the alarms use most of the frequencies that can be heard by humans. “It is a burst of white noise that people say sounds like static on the radio,” she says. “Its lifesaving potential is great.”She conducted an experiment in which people were filmed by thermalimaging cameras trying to find their way out of a large smokefilled room. It took them nearly four minutes to find the door without a sound alarm, but only 15 seconds with one.Withington studies how the brain processes sounds at the university. She says that the source of a wide band of frequencies can be pinpointed more easily than the source of a narrow band. Alarms based on the same concept have already been installed on emergency vehicles.The alarms will also include rising or falling frequencies to indicate whether people should go up or down stairs. They were developed with the aid of a large grant from British Nuclear Fuels.【3】Giant Structures(巨型建筑)It is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modern world since every year more wonderful constructions appear. Here are three giant structures which are worthy of our admiration although they may have been surpassed by some more recent wonders.The Petronas Twin TowerThe petronas Towers were the tallest buildings inthe world when they were completed in 1999.With aheight of 452 metres，the tall twin owers, like two thinpencils, dominate the city of Kuala Lumpur. At the 41floor, the towers are linked by a bridge, symbolizing agateway to the city. The American architect Cesar Pellidesigned the skyscrapers.Constructed of highstrength concrete, the buildingprovides around 1800 square metres of office space onevery floor. And it has a shopping centre and a concerthall at the base. Other features of this impressivebuilding include doubledecker lifts, and glass and steelsunshades.The Millau BridgeThe Millau Bridge was opened in 2004 in the TarnV alley, in southern France. At the time it was built, itwas the world’s highest bridge, reaching over 340m atthe highest point. The bridge is described as one of themost amazingly beautiful bridge in the world. It wasbuilt to relieve Millau’s congestion problems. Thecongestion was then caused by traffic passing from Paristo Barcelona in Spain. The bridge was built to withstandthe most extreme seismic and climatic conditions.Besides, it is guaranteed for 120 years!The Itaipu DamThe Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is one of thelargest constructions of its kind in the world. It consistsof a series of dams across the River Parana, which formsa natural border between Brazil and Paraguay. Started in1975 and taking 16 years to complete, the constructionwas carried out as a joint project between the twocountries. The dam is wellknown for both its electricityoutput and its size. In 1995 it produced 78% ofParaguay’s and 25% of Brazil’s energy needs. In itsconstruction, the amount of iron and steel used wasequivalent to over 300 Eiffel Towers. It is a trulyamazing wonder of engineering.【4】Animal’s “Sixth Sense”(动物的”第六感”)A tsunami was triggered by an earthquake in theIndian Ocean in December, 2004. It killed tens ofthousands of people in Asia and East Africa. Wildanimals, however, seem to have escaped that terribletsunami. This phenomenon adds weight to notions thatthey possess a “sixth sense” for disasters, experts said.Sri Lankan wildlife officials have said the giantwaves that killed over 24000 people along the IndianOcean island’s coast clearly missed wild beasts, with nodead animals found.“No elephants are dead, not even a dead rabbit. Ithink animals can sense disaster. They have a sixth sense.They know when things are happening,” H.D.Ratnayake, deputy director of Sri Lanka’s WildlifeDepartment, said about one month after the tsunamiattack. The waves washed floodwaters up to 2 milesinland at Yala National Park in the ravaged southeast, SriLanka’s biggest wildlife reserve and home to hundredsof wild elephants and several leopards.“There has been a lot of apparent evidence aboutdogs barking or birds migrating before volcaniceruptions or earthquakes. But it has not been proven,”said Matthew van Lierop, an animal behavior specialistat Johannesburg Zoo.“There have been no specific studies because youcan’t really test it in a lab or field setting,” he toldReuters. Other authorities concurred with thisassessment.“Wildlife seem to be able to pick up certainphenomenon, especially birds… there are many reportsof birds detecting impending disasters,” said CliveWalker, who has written several books on Africanwildlife.Animals certainly rely on the known senses such assmell or hearing to avoid danger such as predators.The notion of an animal “sixth sense” – or someother mythical power – is an enduring one which theevidence on Sri Lanka’s ravaged coast is likely to add to.The Romans saw owls as omens of impendingdisaster and many ancient cultures viewed elephants assacred animals endowed with special powers orattributes.【6】 Car Thieves Could Be Stopped Remotely(远程制止偷车贼)Speeding off in a stolen car, the thief thinks he hasgot a great catch. But he is in a nasty surprise. The car isfitted with a remote immobilizer, and a radio signal froma control center miles away will ensure that once thethief switches the engine off, he will not be able to startit again.For now, such devices are only available for fleetsof trucks and specialist vehicles used on constructionsites. But remote immobilization technology could soonstart to trickle down to ordinary cars, and should beavailable to ordinary cars in the UK in two months.The idea goes like this. A control box fitted to thecar incorporates a miniature cellphone, a microprocessorand memory, and a GPS satellite positioning receiver. Ifthe car is stolen, a coded cellphone signal will tell theunit to block the vehicle’s engine management systemand prevent the engine being restarted.There are even plans for immobilizers that shutdown vehicles on the move, though there are fears overthe safety implications of such a system.In the UK, an array of technical fixes is alreadymaking life harder for car thieves. “The pattern ofvehicles crime has changed,” says Martyn Rand all ofThatcham, a security research organization based inBerkshire that is funded in part by the motor insuranceindustry.He says it would only take him a few minutes toteach a novice how to steal a car, using a bare minimumof tools. But only if the car is more than 10 years old.Modern cars are a far tougher proposition, as theirengine management computer will not allow them tostart unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out bythe ignition key. In the UK, technologies like this havehelped achieve a 31 per cent drop in vehiclerelatedcrime since 1997.But determined criminals are still managing to findother ways to steal cars. Often by getting hold of theowner’s keys in a burglary. In 2000, 12 per cent ofvehicles stolen in the UK were taken by using theowner’s keys, which doubles the previous year’s figure.Remotecontrolled immobilization system wouldput a major new obstacle in the criminal’s way bymaking such thefts pointless. A group that includesThatcham, the police, insurance companies and securitytechnology firms have developed standards for a systemthat could go on the market sooner than the customerexpects.【7】An Intelligent Car(智能汽车)Driving needs sharp eyes, keen ears, quick brain,and coordination between hands and the brain. Manyhuman drivers have all these and can control afastmoving car. But how does an intelligent car controlitself?There is a virtual driver in the smart car. Thisvirtual driver has “eyes”, “brains”, “hands” and “feet”,too. The minicameras on each side of the car are his“eyes”, which observe the road conditions ahead of it.They watch the traffic to the car’s left and right. There isalso a highly automatic driving system in the car. It isthe builtin computer, which is the virtual driver’s“brain”. His “brain” calculates the speeds of othermoving cars near it and analyzes their positions. Basingon this information, it chooses the right path for theintelligent car, and gives instructions to the “hands” and“feet” to act accordingly. In this way, the virtual drivercontrols his car.What is the virtual driver’s best advantage? Hereacts quickly. The minicameras are sending imagescontinuously to the “brain.” It completes the processingof the images within 100 milliseconds. However, theworld’s best driver at least needs one second to react.Besides, when he takes action, he needs one moresecond.The virtual driver is really wonderful. He canreduce the accident rate considerably on expressways. Inthis case, can we let him have the wheel at any time andin any place? Experts warn that we cannot do that justyet. His ability to recognize things is still limited . Hecan now only drive an intelligent car on expressways.【8】 Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures(印度为什么需要濒临灭亡的秃鹰)The vultures in question may look ugly andthreatening, but the sudden sharp decline in three speciesof India’s vultures is producing alarm rather thancelebration. and it presents the world with a new kind ofenvironmental problem. The dramatic decline in vulturenumbers is causing widespread disruption to peopleliving in the same areas as the birds. It is also causingserious public health problems across the Indiansubcontinent．While their reputation and appearance may beunpleasant to many Indians, vultures have long played avery important role in keeping towns and villages allover India clean. It is because they feed on dead cows. InIndia, cows are sacred animals and are traditionally leftin the open when they die in their thousands uponthousands every year.The disappearance of the vultures has led to anexplosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on theremains of these dead animals. There are fears thatrabies may increase as a result．And this terrifyingdisease may ultimately affect humans in the region,since wild dogs are its main carriers．Rabies could alsospread to other animal species, causing an even greaterproblem in the future．The need for action is urgent, so an emergencyproject has been launched to find a solution to thisserious vulture problem. Scientists are trying to identifythe disease causing the birds deaths and, if possible,develop a cure.Largescale vulture deaths were first noticed at theend of the 1980s in India. A population survey at thattime showed that the three species of vultures had.Declined by over 90percent. All three species are nowlisted as “critically endangered”. As most vulture layonly single eggs and take about five years to reachmaturity, reversing their population decline will be along and difficult exercise.【9】Wonder Webs(奇妙的网)Spider webs are more than homes, and they areingenious traps. And the world’s best web spinner maybe the Golden Orb Weaver spider. The female OrbWeaver spins a web of fibers thin enough to be invisibleto insect prey, yet tough enough to snare a flying birdwithout breaking.The secret of the web’s strength? A type ofsuperresilient silk called dragline. When the femalespider is ready to weave the web’s spokes and frame, sheuses her legs to draw the airy thread out through ahollow nozzle in her belly. Dragline is not sticky, so thespider can race back and forth along it to spin the web’strademark spiral.Unlike some spiders that weave a new web everyday, a Golden Orb Weaver reuses her handiwork until itfalls apart, sometimes not for two years. The silky threadis five times stronger than steel by weight and absorbsthe force of an impact three times better than Kevlar, ahighstrength humanmade material used in bulletproofvests. And thanks to its high tensile strength, or theability to resist breaking under the pulling force calledtension, a single strand can stretch up to 40 percentlonger than its original length and snap back as well asnew. No humanmade fiber even comes close.It is no wonder manufacturers are clamoring forspider silk. In the consumer pipeline: highperformancefabrics for athletes and stockings that never run. Thinkparachute cords and suspension bridge cables. A steadysupply of spider silk would be worth billions of dollars– but how to produce it? Harvesting silk on spiderfarms does not work because the territorial arthropodshave a tendency to devour their neighbors.Now, scientists at the biotechnology companyNexia are spinning artificial silk modeled after GoldenOrb dragline. The first step: extract silkmaking genesfrom the spiders. Next, implant the genes into goat eggcells. The nanny goats that grow from the eggs secretedragline silk proteins in their milk. “The young goatspass on the silkmaking gene without any help fromus,” says Nexia president Jeffrey Turner. Nexia is stillperfecting the spinning process, but they hope artificialspider silk will soon be snagging customers as fast asthe real thing snags bugs.【10】Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort FoodFights Loneliness （心灵鸡汤： 爽心食品排解孤独感）Mashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may bebad for your arteries， but according to a study inPsychological Science, they’re good for your heart andemotions ．The study focuses on “comfort food” andhow it makes people feel．"For me personally ,food has always played a bigrole in my family,” says Jordan Troisi, a graduatestudent at the University of Buffalo, and lead author onthe study．The study came out of the research programof his co—author Shira Gabriel．It has looked atnonhuman things that may affect humanemotions．Some people reduce loneliness by bondingwith their favorite TV show, building virtualrelationships with a pop song singer or looking atpictures of loved ones．Troisi and Gabriel wondered ifcomfort food could have the same effect by makingpeople think of their nearest and dearest.In one experiment, in order to make participantsfeel lonely, the researchers had them write for sixminutes about a fight with someone close tothem． Others were given an emotionally neutral writingassignment. Then, some people in each group wroteabout the experience of eating a comfort food andothers wrote about eating a new food．Finally ,theresearchers had participants complete questions abouttheir levels of loneliness．Writing about a fight with a close person madepeople feel lonely．But people who were generallysecure in their relationships would feel less lonely bywriting about a comfort food．"We have found thatcomfort foods are consistently associated with thoseclose to us． "says Troisi． "Thinking about or consumingthese foods later then serves as a reminder of thoseclose others．"In their essays on comfort food, manypeople wrote about the experience of eating foodwith family and friends.In another experiment, eating chicken soup inthe lab made people think more about relationships, butonly if they considered chicken soup to be a comfortfood．This was a question they had been asked longbefore the experiment, along with many other questions,so they wouldn’t remember it.Throughout everyone’s daily lives they experiencestress, often associated with our connections withothers," Troisi says．"Comfort food Can be an easyremedy for loneliness．【11】Climate Change Poses Major Risks forUnprepared Cities （气候变化给不备城市带来重大风险）A new examination of urban policies has beencarried out recently by Patricia Romero Lankao．She isa sociologist specializing in climate change and urbandevelopment．She warns that many of the world’sfastgrowing urban areas，especially in developingcountries．will likely suffer from the impacts ofchanging climate．Her work also concludes that mostcities are failing to reduce emissions of carbon dioxideand other greenhouse gases．These gases are knownto affect the atmosphere．”Climate change is a deeplylocal issue and poses profound threats to the growingcities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But too fewcities are developing effective strategies to protect theirresidents."Cities are major sources of greenhousegases．And urban populations are likely to be amongthose most severely affected by future climate change.Lankao’s findings highlight ways in whichcityresidents are particularly vulnerable, and suggestpolicy interventions that could offer immediate andlongerterm benefits．The locations and dense construction patternsof cities often place their populations at greater risk fornatural disasters. Potential threats associated withclimate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather.Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hotweather can heat heavily paved cities more thansurrounding areas．The impacts of such natural eventscan be more serious in an urban environment．Forexample，a prolonged heat wave can increase existinglevels of air pollution，causing widespread health problems．Poorer neighborhoods that may lack basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing without access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.Local governments, therefore, should take measures to protect their residents.” Unfortunately， they tend to move towards rhetoric rather than meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes, ” They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don't emphasize mass transit and reduce automobile use. In fact, many local governments are taking a handsoff approach.” Thus, she urges them to change their idle policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities..【12】Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk (快餐加免费降胆固醇药物可以降低罹患 心脏病的风险)Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of charge so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London suggest in a new study．Statins reduce the amount of unhealthy “LDL” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart attack risk .In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is enough to offset the increase in heart attack risk from eating a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake． Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:“Statins don’t cut out a11 of the unhealthy effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of your possibility of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same degree as a fast food meal increases it.”“It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets as they like, but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make riskreducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are provided free of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per customer 一 not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis said． When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’re encouraged to take measures that lower their risk, 1ike wearing a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of lowering some of the risks of eating a fatty meal．【13】Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light （更有效的太阳能系统：更多热量，更 强灯光）Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heatgenerating part compared to a standalone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.That’s a problem of economics. Good solar hotwater systems can harvest much more energy than a solarelectric system at a substantially lower cost. And it’s also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from Thin Silicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada.Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thinfilm silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately, thinfilm silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some badnews physics in the form of the StaeblerWronski effect.“That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light—pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains, which is one of the reasons thinfilm solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the StaeblerWronski effect by incorporating thinfilm silicon in a new type of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thinfilm silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solarthermal operating temperatures, near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the StaeblerWronski effect. When they applied the thinfilm silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector, they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they boosted the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.【14】Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters （鲨鱼有益于地球水系）It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy1. They are thought to attack people frequently. But these fish2 perform a valuable service for earth's waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing3 are threatening their existence Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from EarthWarm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas because of their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas, where people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person for a sea animal, such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. Those are the times when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack.A shark has an extremely good sense of smell4' It can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and chemicals produced by animals. These powerful senses help sharks fred their food. Sharks eat fish, any other sharks, and plants that live in the ocean.Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark's body defense, and immune systems against disease. Researchers know that sharks recover quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.Sharks are important for the world's oceans They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too great This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.【15】“Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage （“液化”是日本地震破坏的关 键）The massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil "liquefaction" that has surprised researchers with its widespread severity, a new analysis shows."We've seen localized examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and extent of damage in Japan were unusually severe," said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering at Oregon State University. "Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments," Ashford said. "The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to function. We saw some places that sank as much as four feet."Some degree of soil liquefaction is common in almost any major earthquake. It's a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their strength and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or collapse .But most earthquakes are much shorter than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this."With such a longlasting earthquake, we saw how structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes," he said. "And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on recently filled ground, are much more vulnerable."The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil phenomenon and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, before damage was removed in the recovery efforts."There's no doubt that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar events," Ashford said. "Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns."Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The "young" sediments, in geologic terms, may be those deposited within the past 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities.Anything near a river and old flood plains is a suspect, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to prevent collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction standards helped prevent many buildings from collapse even as they tilted and sank into the ground.。
2015年全国职称英语考试 理工类新增文章汇总 考试重点内容 word版 全网独一份
2015年全国职称英语考试理工类新增文章汇总word版全网独一份注：押题皇后王霞老师授意，新增文章仍然是考试热门文章，务必掌握。
2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。
2015年职称英语教材理工类新增的5篇文章，分布在阅读理解和补全短文：阅读理解理工C和理工B各新增一篇文章；补全短文理工A、B和C各新增一篇文章。
完形填空理工类整体都没有新增文章。
理工C阅读理解新增文章第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allowscarbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.词汇：nutrient n.营养物organism n.生物体，有机体carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳chloroplast n.叶绿体molecule n.分子vapor n.水蒸气oxygen n.氧气photosynthesis n.光合作用chlorophyll n.叶绿素glucose n.葡萄糖cease v.停止注释：1．Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。
2015年职称英语增加篇小抄
A record-breaking rover 破纪录的漫游车美国宇航局的火星漫游车“机遇号”到达了其他任何漫游车都没有到达的地方--至少从距离上来说是如此。
自2004年“机遇号”到达火星以来，它已经行驶了25.01英里，比任何外星漫游车走的距离都长。
在火星上行驶数年之后，到7月27日，如高尔夫球那么大的“机遇号”已经行驶了超过24英里，打败了之前的记录保持者----一辆1973年被送上月球的苏联漫游车。
“这是一项不同寻常的成就，因为“机遇号”并不是为了长途行驶而设计的，它本来预定只能行驶大约一千米。
”约翰.卡拉斯这样解释。
他是火星探测漫游车项目的负责人，在加州帕萨迪纳市的美国宇航局喷射推进实验室工作。
“但是最重要的不是漫游车行进了多少距离，而是在这个距离上我们进行了多少探索和发现。
”“机遇号”“机遇号”依靠太阳能提供能量。
十年前，它和另一辆漫游车“勇气号”一起在火星着陆，完成一项预期三个月的任务，目前是帮助科学家进一步了解火星，并且搜寻生命迹象，比如可能存在的水的迹象。
“勇气号”后来陷入沙坑中，三个月后，在2010年3月，它与地面失去联系，只有“机遇号”继续收集和分析火星土壤和岩石的信息。
在执行这次任务的过程中，“机遇号”利用自带的照相机拍摄了大约18700张火星的全景和微观影像并传回地球，还给科学家提供了火星的大气、土壤、岩石以及地形等信息。
马拉松漫游车漫游车的战绩不会止步于此。
如果“机遇号”能够继续行驶的话，在它行驶到26.2英里的时候，它就会到达另外一个重要的研究场地，科学家将这个场地命名为马拉松谷，因为当漫游车到达这个地点的时候，它在火星上行驶的距离正好和马拉松比赛的距离相等。
研究人员认为，马拉松谷附近的黏土物质含有与火星早期环境有关的线索。
“机遇号”接下来的工作能帮助研究人员实施人类最终移居火星的计划。
其他几篇我都有哦，请下载。
2015年职称英语真题：理工A（文字版部分）
2015年职称英语真题：理⼯A(⽂字版部分) 第2部分阅读判断 Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth Scientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn’t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth’s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen? Well,it seems the air wasn’t so great then, after all. Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth’s atmosphere couldn’thave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancementswere poised to occur. “There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherReinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We’re providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.” Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earth’s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere. Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen. Oxygen’srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.“We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gaveus the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today’sconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life. Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highlydynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals. “If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be agame changer.” Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation’s Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons. Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; Thomas Johnson, of the University of Illinois; Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology. 16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned 18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned 21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earth’s continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise ofanimals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 第3部分概括⼤意与完成句⼦ FirstImage-recognition Software 1.Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial 1 ,software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far gre jthan ever before. 2.The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to , Ishows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm (运算法则)or ,ma9e I recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough toimprove large seaie , document searches online. The system uses pixel (像素)data in images and potentia y video — rather than just text — to locatedocuments. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase bystudying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledgegleaned (收集) from those results can then beapplied to other photos without tags or captions making for more accuratedocument search results. 3."Over the last 30 years," says Associate Professor Lorenzo Torresani,a co-author of the study, "the Web has evolved from a small collection ofmostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia dataset,where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a personlooks at a Web page, he immediately gets the gist (主旨)of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popularsearch engines, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained inthe photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the documentretrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systemsare accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the informationcontained in image pixels to improve document search." 4.The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system — a type ofartificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitlyprogrammed — that extracts semantic (语义的) information from thepixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich thedescription of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. Theresearchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries (查询)on a database of 50 million Web pages. They selected the text-retheval searchengine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additionalsemantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Webpages. They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision overthe original search engine purely based on text. 23. Paragraph 1 __B__ 24. Paragraph 2 __C__ 25. Paragraph 3 __E__ 26. Paragraph 4 __D__ A.Popularity of the new system B.Publication of the new discovery C.Function of the new system D.Artificial intelligence software created E.Problems of the existing search engines F.Improvement in document retrieval 27. The new system does documentretrieval by __C__. 28. The new system is expected toimprove precision in __B__. 29. When performing documentretrieval the existing search engines ignore __A__ 30. The new system was found moreeffective in document search than the __E__ rmation in images B.current popular search engines ing photos D.machine vision systems E.document search F.description of the HTML page 第4部分阅读理解 Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat,More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems,or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’ta very efficient way to gather heat. That’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it’s also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications. In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, anassociate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from Thin Silicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada. Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon,they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect. “That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light— pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains,which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market. However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film siliconin a new type of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector,they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they boosted the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent. 31. PVTs are not efficient in A. creating electricity. B. cooling silicon solar cells. C. generating heat. D. powering solar thermal collectors. 32. One of the problems PVTs have is that A. their thermala pplications are costly. B. they are too expensive to afford. C. it is hard to fix them on the roof. D. they occupy too much space. 33. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells? A. They are flexible. B. They are less expensive. C. They are electrically efficient. D. They are environment friendly. 34. Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market because A. they do not work well if exposed to light. B. their advantages are not well-recognized. C. they need improving in appearance. D. they are not advertised. 35 Which of the following statements is true? A. New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon. B Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature. C Thin-film silicon's electrical efficiency improves when heated up. D Anew material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created. 译⽂： 第⼗三篇更有效的太阳能系统：更多热量，更强灯光 太阳能光伏热能系统，也叫PVT，能够⽣成热量和电能。
2015年职称英语考试理工类阅读理解新增内容
Graphene's Superstrength1Big technology comes in tiny packages.New cell phones and personal computers get smaller every year，which means these electronics require even smaller components on the inside.Engineers are looking for creative ways to build these components，and they've turned their eyes to graphene，a superthin2material，made of carbon，that could change the future of electronics.This year's Nobel Prize for Physics3has been awarded to Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov from the University of Manchester4，UK.for the discovery of graphene.Graphene isn't just small,it's"the thinnest possible material in this world，"says Novoselov.He calls it a"wonder material."It's so thin that you would need to stack about25,000sheets just to make a pile as thick as a piece of ordinary white paper.If you were to hold a sheet of graphene in your fingers5，you'd have no idea because you wouldn't be able to see it.Carbon is one of the most abundant elements in the universe. Every known kind of life contains carbon.Graphene is a sheet of carbon，but only one atom thick.You don't have to look far to find grapheme-it's all around you.If you want this high-tech wonderstuff6，all you need is a pencil，paper and a little adhesive e the pencil to shade a small area on the paper,and then apply a small piece of adhesive tape over the area7.When you pull up the tape，you'll see that it pulls up a thin layer of some of the shading from your pencil.That layer is called graphite，one of the softest minerals in the world.Now stick the same piece of tape on another sheet of paper and pull the tape up-there should be an even thinner layer，this time left on the paper.Now imagine that you do this over and over，until you get the thinnest possible layer of material on the paper.This layer would be only one atom thick，and you wouldn't be able to see it.Graphite is made of layers of graphene，so when you get to the thinnest possible layer，you've found graphene.词汇：graphene n.石墨烯abundant adj.丰富的，充裕的atom n.原子adhesive n.胶粘剂;adj.黏着的stack v.使成堆，堆放graphite n.石墨注释：1.superstrength：超强的力量。
2015职称英语考试真题理工类C级试题（文字版）
第⼀部分：词汇选项1、 The weather last summer was awful.A badB fairC dryD hot2、 The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison.A messageB guiltC obligationD punishment3、 My piano playing has improved significantly since I had a new teacher.A definitelyB generallyC certainlyD greatly4、 There is a need for radical changes in education.A revolutionaryB long-termC short-termD systematic5、 It frustrates me that I’m not able to put any of my ideas into practice.A discouragesB showsC surprisesD frightens6、 I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present.A limitB fearC powerD fool7、 He tried to assemble his thoughts.A gatherB clearC shareD spare9、 The doctors did not reveal the truth to him.A hideB handleC discloseD establish10、 Railways are the most important mode of transport for the economy.A wayB factorC objectiveD source11、 He said some harsh words about his brother.A properB unkindC normalD unclear12、 Under the terms of the contract, you must give 3 months’ notice before you leave.A subjectsB expressionsC wordsD rules13、 Don’t tempt thieves by leaving valuables clearly visible.A alarmB catchC spotD attract14、 1. When did you first encounter these difficulties?A createB presentC experienceD resolve15、 We need to identify the potential problems.A possibleB mainC immediateD common 第⼆部分：阅读判断ADHD Linked to Air PollutantsChildren have an increased risk of attention problems，seen as early as grade school , if their moms inhaled(吸⼊)a certain type of air pollution when they were pregnant. That's the finding of a new study. Released when things aren't burned completely, this pollution is known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs. The biggest sources of these PAHs: the burning of fossil fuels, wood and trash.Frederica Perera works at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health in New York City. She researches how exposure to things in the environment affects children's health. In a new study , she and her team studied the exposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregnant women in New York City. Because burning tobacco can spew(排放) PAHs into the air and lungs, Perera's team focused on nonsmokers. The researchers wanted to probe(探查) other sources of PAHs, ones that would have been hard for an individual to avoid.The team started by testing the blood of each woman during pregnancy. The reason: Any PAHs in a woman's blood would also be available to the baby in her womb. Nine years later, the researchers investigated signs of attention problems in these children, now age 9. They asked each child's mother a series of questions. These included whether her child had problems doing things that needed sustained(长期的) mental effort, such as homework or games with friends. The scientists also asked if the kids had trouble following instructions or made frequent, careless mistakes. All of these can be symptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD. About one in 10 U.S. children has ADHD.Among the women studied, traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pollution exposure, Perera and her team suspect. Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their blood. Others had high levels. Those with high levels were five times as likely to have children who showed attention problems by age 9. The new findings were published November 5 in the journal PLOS ONE.16. Perera and her team chose nonsmoking pregnant women all over AmericaA. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17. The main purpose of the research was to find out how exposure to PAHs played a role in harming the subjects' physical health.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned18. Nonsmoking mothers were selected because the effect of smoking on PAHs was unclear.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. The blood of each women was tested once a month during pregnancy.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. Kids with ADHD commonly fail in school.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21. The women with high levels of PAHs in their blood were more likely to have kids with ADHDA. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. Traffic and home heating were considered to be the biggest sources of PAHs for the subjects in the research.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 第三部分：概况⼤意与完成句⼦New research lights the way to super-fast computers1)New research published today in the journal Nature Communications, has demonstrated how glass can be manipulated to create a material that will allow computers to transfer information using light. This development could significantly increase computer processing speeds and power in the future.2)The research by the University of Surrey, in collaboration with the University of Cambridge and the University of Southampton, has found it is possible to change the electronic properties of amorphous chalcogenides, a glass material integral to data technologies such as CDs and DVDs. By using a technique called ion doping, the team of researchers have discovered a material that could use light to bring together different computing functions into one component, leading to all-optical systems.3)Computers currently use electrons to transfer information and process applications. On the other hand, data sources such as the internet rely on optical systems; the transfer of information using light. Optical fibres are used to send information around the world at the speed of light, but these signals then have to be converted to electrical signalsonce they reach a computer, causing a significant slowdown in processing.4)"The challenge is to find a single material that can effectively use and control light to carry information around a computer. Much like how the web uses light to deliver information, we want to use light to both deliver and process computer data," said project leader, Dr Richard Curry of the University of Surrey.5)"This has eluded researchers for decades, but now we have now shown how a widely used glass can be manipulated to conduct negative electrons, as well as positive charges, creating what are known as 'pn-junction' devices. This should enable the material to act as a light source, a light guide and a light detector - something that can carry and interpret optical information. In doing so, this could transform the computers of tomorrow, allowing them to effectively process information at much faster speeds."6)The researchers expect that the results of this research will be integrated into computers within ten years. In the short term, the glass is already being developed and used in next-generation computer memory technology known as CRAM, which may ultimately be integrated with the advances reported.概括⼤意：23【题⼲】Paragraph 2 _____A.Expectation of the discoveryB.the problem of current computersC.A new findingD.The purpose of the researchE.Public reaction to the discoveryF.The use of the new material24【题⼲】Paragraph 3 _____A.Expectation of the discoveryB.the problem of current computersC.A new findingD.The purpose of the researchE.Public reaction to the discoveryF.The use of the new material25【题⼲】Paragraph 4 _____A.Expectation of the discoveryB.the problem of current computersC.A new findingD.The purpose of the researchE.Public reaction to the discoveryF.The use of the new material26【题⼲】Paragraph 5 _____A.Expectation of the discoveryB.the problem of current computersC.A new findingD.The purpose of the researchE.Public reaction to the discoveryF.The use of the new material完成句⼦：27.【题⼲】The result of the research can help computers to increase _____A.optical informationB.processing speedsC.electronsD.positive chargesE.data technologiesF.all-optical systems28.【题⼲】Current computers transfer information using _____【选项】A.optical informationB.processing speedsC.electronsD.positive chargesE.data technologiesF.all-optical systems29.【题⼲】The new glass material makes it possible to ful f i l l d i f f e r e n t c o m p u t i n g f u n c t i o n _ _ _ _ _ / p > p b d s fi d = " 2 1 1 " > A . o p t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 2 " > B . p r o c e s s i n g s p e e d s / p > p b d s f i d = "2 13 " > C . e l e c t r o n s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 14 " > D . p o s i t i v e c h a r g e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 15 " > E . d a t a t e ch n o l o g i e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 6 " > F . a l l - o p t i c a l s y s t e m s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 7 " > 3 0 . / p >。
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2015年全国职称英语考试理工类新增文章汇总word版全网独一份注：押题皇后王霞老师授意，新增文章仍然是考试热门文章，务必掌握。
2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。
2015年职称英语教材理工类新增的5篇文章，分布在阅读理解和补全短文：阅读理解理工C和理工B各新增一篇文章；补全短文理工A、B和C各新增一篇文章。
完形填空理工类整体都没有新增文章。
理工C阅读理解新增文章第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allowscarbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.词汇：nutrient n.营养物organism n.生物体，有机体carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳chloroplast n.叶绿体molecule n.分子vapor n.水蒸气oxygen n.氧气photosynthesis n.光合作用chlorophyll n.叶绿素glucose n.葡萄糖cease v.停止注释：1．Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。
练习：1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” meansAheavy.Bextra.Cgreen.Dliquid.2．Which of the following does not move through a plant’s stomata?ACarbon dioxide.BWater vapor.COxygen.DFood.3．In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers toAphotosynthesis.Bthe formation of glucose.Cglobal warming.Dwater getting to the roots of plants.4．This passage is primarily developed byAexplaining a process.Btelling a story.Ccomparing and contrastingDconvincing the reader of plants’ importance.5．Another good title for this passage would beAOxygen and Carbon Dioxide.BPlants and Their Roots.CHow Photosynthesis Works.DWhy Our Earth Needs Water.答案与题解：1．B 前文讲到，植物产生的氧气一部分被植物自身消耗了，但植物消耗的氧气量远小于它们产生的氧气，因此可以推测这句话的意思应该是剩余的氧气对于动物以及其他生物体的生存是至关重要的。
excess在句中的意思是“超额的”，与extra“额外的”意思相近。
2．D 从第三段的第一、二句得知，二氧化碳、氧气和水蒸气都能从气孔中通过，唯一一个没有提到的是food“养分、食物”，因此该题选D项。
3．A 文章通篇都在讲Photosynthesis，即光合作頌钠作用和重要性，文章结尾又重申了Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet，因此选A项。
B项是光合作用的一个部分，C、D项则毫不相干。
4．A 文章先是介绍了进行光合作用所需的原料和组织，又介绍了光合作用的过程，因此整个逻辑应该是解释过程，而不是讲故事或比较对比。
D项是“向读者说明植物的重要性”，这确实是文章的一个目的，但不是文章的组织方式。
5．C 文章的主题是光合作用的基本原理，因此选项C。
A、B项在文中有提及，但不是主旨，D项与本文无关。
理工C补全短文新增文章：第五篇A Record-Breaking RoverNASA’s Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. ____1____On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart-sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holder—a Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.“This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for distance,” says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover ProjectManager.____2____ “But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.” OPPORTUNITYThe solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. ____3____Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. ____4____MARATHON ROVERThe rover doesn’t seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. ____5____ Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars’s ancient environment1. Opportunity’s continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.词汇：Mars rover n.火星车panoramic adj.全景的odometer n.里程计rack up v.积累microscopic adj.微观的注释：1．could hold clues to Mars’s ancient environment：含有与火星早期环境有关的线索。