19世纪英国女性意识的觉醒与萌发英语本科毕业论文

19世纪英国女性意识的觉醒与萌发英语本科毕业论文本科毕业论文题目中文 19世纪英国女性意识的觉醒与萌发外文The Awakening and Germination of Feminist Consciousness in the 19th Century in Britain 系别英语翻译系专业英语年级学生姓名指导教师结稿日期 ____________________________The Awakening and Germination of Feminist Consciousness in the 19thCentury in BritainAbstractThere are many great litterateurs and famous novelists in Englandduring the 19th century Many women novelists welled up and broke the complexion with controlled by men in literature These women novelists described the new image of women with the sharp writing style and sagacious language Jane Austen the Bronte sister Mrs Gaskell and George Eliot are representative of them This new image is different from the traditionalpattern in men novel The traditional pattern was tamable and sentiment which was described by men However feminine patter was strong and unattached which showed the strong feminist consciousness Consciousness of women was as great a contribution to literatureThis paper tries to analyze feminist consciousness and profoundly discuss a historical process of evolution in these women novels The paper is made up of four sections Section one introduces concept of feminist consciousness Section two describes the awakening and germination of feminist consciousness in the 19th century in Britain First feminist consciousness has primary awakening in early 19th century Then I tried to analyze the feminist consciousness of Charlotte Bronte Finally I described Mrs Gaskell and her works Section three analyzes the reasons for the awakening and germination of feminist consciousness in the 19th century in Britain Section four describes the value orientation and historical status of feminist consciousnessKey words feminist consciousness 19th century Charlotte Bronte Jane Austen George EliotThe Awakening and Germination of Feminist Consciousness in the 19th Century in BritainOutlineThesis Statement This paper tries to analyze Feminist Consciousness and profoundly discuss a historical process of evolution in these womennovelsI IntroductionA Concept of Feminist ConsciousnessB Summarizing the Feminist Consciousness in the 19th Century in BritainII The Awakening and Germination of Feminist Consciousness in the 19th Century in BritainA the Awakening of Feminist Consciousness by Jane Austen in the early 19th century1 Jane Austens Major Characteristics of Consciousness of Women2 Jane Austens Feminist Consciousness Viewed in Pride and PrejudiceB The Germination of Feminist Consciousness by Charlotte Bronte in the mid 19th Century in BritainC The Feminist Consciousness in Latter 19th Century on the Base of Analysis of Cultural Background in Victorian Age1 Mrs Gaskell and Her Works2 George Eliot and MiddlemarchIIIThe Reasons for the Awakening and Germination of Feminist Consciousness in the 19th Century in BritainIVConclusionI IntroductionA Concept of Feminist ConsciousnessFeminist consciousness refers to the consciousness that female regard themselves as subjectConcretely feminist consciousness surrounds the focus which is established in the consciousness of women as human beings their feelings experience about life and the world their desire pursuit and values In the human society the differences in physiologic al structure divide people into men and women With the forming of the group consciousness of the social roles of the two sexes men and women mean the difference of the social sexes at the same time Therefore human societies were all patriarchy societies for a long time Though men and women all had self-consciousness the voices from men were too strong and the voices from women were flooded so were the social identification of womenA new movement of global women entrepreneurs that actively resurging the promotion of the triplet aspirations of inalienable rights life liberty and the pursuit of happiness all over again but this time as a learning process for feminine prosperity around the word rather than as a political revolution to reduce inequities and improve lives though the meaning is the same It grew out of the consciousness leaping of women as a group in society with subservient roles to men to that of equals Now instead the questions are How do I unstoppable How do I multiply my influence effectiveness How do I lead an inspired life And how can I get and sustain a balanced lifeB Summarizing the Feminist Consciousness in the 19th Century in BritainThe Victorian Age was period of society turbulence with crossing swords between new value and old value With the changing of society women started to gain some powers and entered into the public to join all kinds of society activities The disintegration of absolute power of male became the fact 1There are many great litterateurs and famous novelists in England during the 19th century Many women novelists welled up and broke the complexion with controlled by men in literature These women novelists described the new image of women with the sharp writing style and sagacious language Jane Austen the Bronte sister Mrs Gaskell and George Eliot are representative of them This new image is different from the traditional pattern in men novel The traditional pattern was tamable and sentiment which was described by men However feminine patter was strong and unattached which showed the strong feminist consciousness II The Awakening and Germination of Feminist Consciousness in the 19th Century in BritainThere appeared sex discrimination against women since patriarchal period Writers artists and social activists all over the world have been making their efforts to promote womens liberation Because of the historical reasons in the-19th-century England literature about womenblossomed There appeared a series of women images struggling for their independence and equal rights with menA the Awakening of Feminist Consciousness by Jane Austen in the early 19th centuryJane Austen was not merely an outstanding cross-century novelist but she created the new page of women literature with outstanding authoresses such as Charlotte Bronte and George Eliot An authoress before the other two writers Austen expressed her consciousness of women in her novels Her achievements made in this respect especially attract peoples attention Jane Austen began her own literary creation in the background that consciousness of women was awakened gradually in the late of the 18th century She was a writer who attempted to understand women and seek for the value of women in society Her works reflected her consciousness of women Her novels that centered on women have an important impact on the development of English literature Six novels were written by Austen in a crucial social environment All her novels were finished probably in ten years Sense and Sensibility 1811 Pride and Prejudice 1813 Mansfield Park 1814 Emma 1816 Northanger Abbey 1818 Persuasion 18181 Jane Austens Major Characteristics of Consciousness of WomenThere are three major characteristics of feminist consciousness in Jane Austens work womens consciousness of freedom marriage and patriarchy She said what was in his mind Austen believed that women should regardthe equality of women with men as the ladder in their pursuit for freedom The marriage view of Austen was realistic She thought that marriage must be based on sense property and be well-matched in social and economic status In addition what we need to understand is that in Austens time verbal skills were controlled by men So females were defined with male sight and standard which occupied a leading status to come Austens patriarchy can be seen in the novels Cinderellas emotional tie 2 mode and other aspects Austen created true people with irony She was trying to understand women as human beings but not as perfect women Austens consciousness of women is realistic Its value exists in the fact that she established womens characteristics and womens identity Through an analysis of the value orientations of Austens consciousness of women we can see that Austen paid her attention to the characters of in that time Austens consciousness of women emerged from the deep sea of male thinking mode Austens consciousness of women was not womens complete independence but womens waking senses and wisdom that sprouted in real socialize not womens pursuit for social value but womens selfrecognition and selfrealization As a writer who challenged traditional ideas Austens novels were full of new ideas But it was impossible for her to reject tradition and the influence of reality But her consciousness of women was as great a contribution to literature as Bronte and Eliots2 Jane Austens Feminist Consciousness Viewed in Pride and PrejudicePride and Prejudice is an enduringly popular novel published in 1813 by the famous English writer Jane Austen one of the most important novelists of the nineteenth century It is Jane Austens most popular and best-loved novel The plot of the story is very simple natural and intelligible but the characters were described very truly and vividly Jane Austen began her own literary creation in the background that consciousness of women was awakened gradually in the late of 18th century She was a female writer who attempted to understand women and seek for the value of women in society Her works reflected her consciousness of women through particular angle of view and unique manner of taste It could be seen that Jane Austen paid much attention on the society from her meticulous depiction of daily life With her keen feminism vision Jane Austen pushed the female which were in the marginal and inferior status into peoples field of viewIn Pride and Prejudice the author figured different kinds of female characters and prominently represented the feminism consciousness of the heroine which has the self-respect and independence to strive for equal and the freedom Consequently it highlighted the awakening of female consciousness of AustenFirst of all Jane Austen believed that lifetime blessedness of women is marital blessedness This is recognized in male society and also this is female fortunes wheel in that time Pride and Prejudice talks about fivesisters in MrBennet looking for the husband MrsBennet tried to her best to marry her daughter before the neighbor girl in despite of whom This description with full of cynical shows the realistic society However Jane Austens attitude is difference from the traditional marriage She believed marriage was made up of love So Elizabeth raised superior to Darcys courtship because he was arrogant and was lack of loveMarriage is the central topic in Austens Pride and Prejudice the plots of the novels and the actions of the characters revolve around marriage For Austens characters marriage does not mean the act of ungoverned passion but a complex engagement between the marrying couple and society Austens characters are completely integrated into society and play out the stories within the social rules They realize that marriage can provide opportunities of class mobility and financial support money and classier thus closely connected in their decision of marital partners Based on Socialist-feminism this thesis examines social background in Austen s time and explores how social conditions influence females psychological struggle and anxiety toward marriage For Socialist-feminists material factors shape womens marital consciousness in determinate ways The discussions of male class and female status in the end of the eighteenth century are helpful for understanding why marriage is the central topic in Austens novels In a sense marriage is regarded as a market place to exchange upward classmobility and financial support for Austens characters In order to achieve the goal of marriage females are good at transforming themselves into commodities by displaying their appearances and accomplishments to appeal to male gazers Women at the time were encouraged by the social value of performing manners of femininity to win husbands However when Austens female characters face mate selections an unconscious apprehension toward marriage can be observed From the social consideration of Austens time this thesis will reveal female marital perspectives anxieties and inner struggle in Pride and Prejudice It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife The first sentence of the novel Pride and Prejudice highlights the importance of marriage within the world of the novel The sentence suggests that the sole purpose for marriage was to increase the characters social and financial ranking The quote mentions nothing of love yet it provokes the feeling in the minds of the readers that the purpose of marriage is to merely create security Finding a suitable marriage for the female characters that lived in a patriarchal society often became the solace of their livesThe character of Elizabeth is a fascinating one and her personality only adds to the readers interest in her because she has many different sides and constantly changes opinions and ideas Towards the beginning of the book we are given many different descriptions of Elizabeth rangingfrom "She had a lively cheerful disposition which delighted in anything ridiculous" to "hardly a good feature in her face We can see that different people has varying views on her However through the course of the book we come to make our own opinion and I came to know her as being spontaneous high-spirited and intelligent and above all a complex young woman Elizabeth is a literary device used by Jane Austen to represent her values and attitudes on the importance of marrying for love We often see the world through Elizabeths eyes and we are positioned to empathize with her opinion on the absurdity of marrying for reasons other than love Elizabeth is a free-spirited individual who differs substantially from the other female characters of the novel Elizabeth refuses to be wed to a man to whom she does not love Elizabeth although often guilty of prejudice attitudes always acknowledges and learns from her mistakes She is a heroineB The Germination of Feminist Consciousness by Charlotte Bronte in the mid 19th Century in BritainJane Eyre is called the magnum opus of feminist literary in Britain The author Charlotte Bronte profundity models a new female-- Jane Eyre with strong treachery consciousness and opposes consciousness Through Jane Eyre the author expressed the awakening feminist consciousness and blazoned forth the au pair idea between love and marriage Then she put forward ideal of struggling for paddling ones own canoe and maintainingdignityThe 19th century in Britain is regard as the age of female novelist Charlotte Bronte was one of the best outstanding novelists Jane Eyre is representation of feminine literary because the topic shows the ideal of freedom equality and paddling their canoe Jane Eyre figures this kind of new female who can dare to struggle for fortune go in for the equal love and maintain their dignity Feminist consciousness refers to the consciousness that female regard themselves as subject Feminist consciousness surrounds the focus which is established in the consciousness of women as human beings their feelings experience about life and the world their desire pursuit and values The author lived in Britainthe original place of womans rights which is very important for authors feminist consciousness awakening And also this is a sign of the true awakening of feminist consciousness in Britain The feminist consciousness of Charlotte Bronte exceeds the others in the same time In Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte described that womans desperate struggle to attain her identity in isolation and impossible odds Although she processes a strong soul she must fight not only the forces of passion and reason within herself but others wills constantly imposed on her In its first publication it outraged many for its realistic portrayal of life during that time Ultimately the controversy of Brontes novel lied in its realism challenging the role of women religion and mortality in theVictorian societyJane Eyre tells the story of a woman progressing on the path of acceptance Throughout her journey Jane encounters many obstacles to her intelligence Male dominance proves to be the biggest obstruction at each stop of Janes journey Gateshead Hall Lowood Institution Thornfield Manor Moor House and Ferndean Manor As she grows though Jane slowly learns how to understand and control repressionIn the beginning of Jane Eyre Jane struggles against Bessie the nurse at Gateshead Hall and says I resisted all the way a new thing for me3 This sentence foreshadows what will be an important theme of the rest of the book that of female independence or rebelliousness Jane is here resisting her unfair punishment but throughout the novel she expresses her opinions on the state of womenSoon after Jane is settled at Lowood Institution she finds the enjoyment of expanding her own mind and talents She forgets the hardships of living at the school and focuses on the work of her own hands She is not willing to give this up when she is engaged to Rochester She resists becoming dependent on him and his money She does not want to be like his mistresses with their fancy gowns and jewels but even after she and Rochester are married she wants to remain as Adeles governess She is not willing to give up her independence to Rochester and tries to seek her own fortune by writing to her uncleJane not only shows the reader her beliefs on female independence through her actions but also through her thoughts Jane desires to see more of the world and have more interaction with its people While she appreciates her simple life at Thornfield she regrets that she does not have the means to travel She relates her feelings to all women not just those of her class sayingWomen are supposed to be very calm generally but women feel just as men feel they need exercise for their faculties and a field for their efforts as much as their brothers do they suffer from too rigid a restraint too absolute a stagnation precisely as men would suffer and it is narrow-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings to playing on the piano and embroidering bags 4It is also important here to talk about Bertha for she is a female character who is often seen resisting It may be wondered why Jane seems to have little sympathy for her and part of the reason for this may be seen with how Bertha is portrayed While Bertha is a woman she is not presented as such She is described in animal-like terms and is called it not even she in the beginning Jane describes her meeting with Bertha as suchIn the deep shade at the farther end of the room a figure ran backwards and forwards What it was whether beast or human being one could not atfirst sight tell it groveled seemingly on all fours it snatched and growled like some strange wild animal but it was covered with clothing and a quantity of dark grizzled hair wild as a mane hid its head and face 5 In essence Brontes novel became a direct assault on Victorian morality Controversy based in its realistic exposure of thoughts once considered improper for a lady of the 19th century Emotions any respectable girl would repress Women at this time were not to feel passion nor were they considered sexual beings To conceive the thought of women expressing rage and blatantly retaliating against authority was defiance against the traditional role of women Jane Eyre sent controversy through the literary community For not only was it written by a woman but marked the first use of realistic characters Janes complexity lied in her being neither holy good nor evil She was poor and plain in a time when society considered "an ugly woman a blot on the face of creation" It challenged Victorian class structure in a strictly hierarchal society A relationship between a lowly governess and a wealthy nobleman was simply unheard of Bronte drew criticism for her attack on the aristocracy who she deemed as hypocritical "showy but not genuine" She assaulted individuals already established morals by presenting a plausible case for bigamy Notions should have evoked disgust and outrage from its reader Yet its most scandaless aspect was its open treatment of love Passionate love scenes which were for their day extremely explicit but by todays standardsare less than tameDo you think because I am poor obscure plain and little I am soulless and heartless You think wrong I have as much soul as you and full as much heart And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth I should have made it as hard for you to leave me as it is now for me to live you I am not talking you now through the medium of custom conventionalities nor even of mortal flesh it is my spirit that address your spirit just as if both had passes the grave and we stood at Gods feet equal we are 6Bronte implies "the importance of women having useful and creative existence" To no longer be forced into the servitude of one man nor enslaved to the social constrictions of the time As Jane so eloquently says "Women feel just as men"Jane Eyre is the main character in the novel named Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte She is but a fictional character and in our hearts she will stay This incredible lady in her beloved story has carried on through the centuries to inspire all its readers Jane is a cherished woman with whom everyone can find a bit of themselves inC The Feminist Consciousness in Latter 19th Century on the Base of Analysis of Cultural Background in Victorian AgeMrs Gaskell and Her WorksMrs Gaskell whose original name was Elizabeth born in 1810 died in1865 Her father is a pastor with considerable culture When Elizabeth was 22 years old she came to Manchester and married with the vice chair in the Manchester Church of GodThis is important for her She engaged in parish work with her husband at the same time she insisted in writing Mrs Gaskell has published many poetries and novels including the novel Mary Barton Cranford North and South Ruth and wife and daughter and other excellent works "Mary Barton" is the Mrs Gaskells first Budget who is the mid-nineteenth century English writer According to the female concept "Mary Barton" extols the virtues of the working women and describes the importance of women in our life Mrs Gaskell one of the female writers in Victoria time can comprehensively analyze womens labor force in this subject Therefore the novel was published with a very far-reaching social significance"Mary Barton" reflected the concept of female practitioners The publication of the novel encouraged women from home to society and encouraged to improve the social status of women which made a great contribution In Victorian time people thought that womens duty is being his wife and mother Then Mrs Gaskell wrote lot of novels for opposition this concept Most of the female protagonist can change their living environment in Mrs Gaskells novels She gave her female dramatis personae power to enable them to choose their own life In Mary Barton Gaskellfigured a young womens image - Mary Mary was full of happiness in the workplace The image of working women is rare in the Victorian era "Mary Barton" emphatically described the young women with lively intelligent confident personality The first impression of Marry is a positive attitude to life Gaskell showed that Mary arranged home affairs in order When her mother passed away she did all the house works and learnt how to make good use of money Mary must deal with various matters Mary didnt only do house works but also looked for work in society The descriptions of these circumstances show the importance of occupations And they should choose their occupations by themselvesWhen Mary Barton published it had tremendous impact on society Although this book was strongly criticized by the capitalists but Charles Dickens and other influential writers supported so it became a best-selling novel Critics began to re-evaluate Mary Barton and affirmed the importance of this novel in 20th century Mrs Gaskell was called a typical image of women in Victorian era and now she is a new image for fighting against female issue Todays women are still trying to resolve these similar problems In short because of Mary Barton Mrs Gaskell can establish the solid status of the critical realism literature in the United KingdomGeorge Eliot and MiddlemarchGeorge Eliot is the Victorian famous writer She works with a wide rangeof social content and the concerns of women living in that world Her works shows a very strong feminist consciousness Therefore studying for her feminist consciousness in-depth has an important significance for understanding of female writers in the creative contributions At the same time it has a great significance for observing the writers feminism for thinking about women s status and futureGeorge Eliot describes in her masterpiece Middlemarch how Dorothea the heroine with great enthusiasm and noble ideals accepts the marginalized role of her lot and is restricted in the trivial domestic sphere after a fruitless struggle against the conventional feminine life through marriage However feminists tend to misinterpret this compromised ending in Middlemarch They charge Eliot with lacking positive presentation of women with her not identifying the fictional life with her radical and fruitful life and with denying aspirant women every chance Critics somehow fail to perceive Eliots unique representation of feminine awareness of self in the text the stifling men-dominated social environment enslaves women into a tragic existence with suppressed souls and marginal place meanwhile women should be personally responsible for their wreck of ideals because of stigmatic female deficiencies and limitations Womens prosaic existence and Eliots exhausting experiences suggest that there are no readily options for aspirant women except the designated wifely life for the time being In her monumental representationof Dorothea Eliot aims to arouse the female consciousness to struggle out of tragedy by making women realize and overcome their gender deficiencies rather than take the radical meansIIIThe Reasons for the Awakening and Germination of Feminist Consciousness in the 19th Century in BritainWomen were oppressed in history in west Female was considered coarseness citizen According to Christian theology the condition of sin that marks all human beings as a result of EVE acts of disobedience7 Aristotle believed that because of lacking some idiosyncrasies women were called women 8 Kant held the opinion that woman was short of rational logic and the aesthetic ability And women should submit to man family is womens responsibility 9The origin of female literary traced back to middle ages and Revival of letters For changing womens society actuality and appealing to attach importance to female problem female literary had new breach in east Virginia Woolf said middle class women began to write in later of 18th century10 in A Room of Ones Own Marry The originator of world women movement appealed that man and women should equality women should independent in economy in A Vindication of the Rights of Women Babala Smith and Bessy Renault organize the first feminism movementInequality between man and women is the root cause of the right to private ownership and make social repression Human society entered the19th century as modern Western industrial civilization development feudal society and culture of the human spirit gradually loosened the shackles In this social context women in the family requests have equal status with men are increasing the feminist movement began to grow Womens movement was to natural and legal right and the Creator are fair whether male or female Women in the life liberty and the pursuit of happiness have the same right as men World womens rights movement originated Europe and the United States The feminist movement was closely with development of the industrial revolution in human progress Each time the industrial Revolution had brought about the feminist movement leaps and bounds End of the 19th century the first industrial revolution brought the budding feminist movement the1869 United States Womens Suffrage Association The early 20th century the second industrial revolution when the feminist movement in Europe and United States launched extensively 1914 London outbreak of the famous feminist movement attacked Buckingham Palace to the King George V petition The incident marked the feminist movement has entered a rapid development period As a social and cultural phenomenon the feminist movement firmly established in the corresponding social material on the basis of it also contributed to social culture especially the development of the human rights movementBefore 19th century English literature exclude female Charlotte Bronte gave up the ideal of becoming writer because the famous Lakers said。