精品PPT课件----生物专业英语词汇共24页
生物专业英语(共62张PPT)
光合作用以二氧化碳和水为原材料并经历两步化学反应。
第一步，称光反应，水分子裂解 (被氧化)，释放氧气，并形成ATP和 NADPH（还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸）。
此反应必须在存在光能的条件下进行。
2022/9/25
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Introduction
光合作用只发生在含有叶绿素的绿色植物细胞、藻类、某些原生生 物和细菌之中。
总体来说，这是一个将光能转化成化学能的过程，其能量以分子 键形式贮存。
从化学和能量学角度来看，它是细胞呼吸作用的逆反应。
但是细胞呼吸作用是高度放能，释放能量的过程，而光合作用需 要能量, 并且是高度吸能的过程。
在光合作用的光反应中，当捕光分子回到基态时，额外的激发能 被转移到其它分子中并且以化学能的形式贮存。
•All photosynthetic organisms contain various classes of
chlorophylls and one or more carotenoid pigments that also contribute to photosynthesis.
captured by biological molecules to do constructive work.
生物分子能捕获可见光谱中光子的能量。
The pigment chlorophyll in plant cells absorbs photons within a particular absorption spectrum—a statement of the amount of light absorbed by chlorophyll at different wavelengths.
(完整版)生物学专业英语词汇
Botany植物学Cell theory细胞学说cell membrane细胞膜nucleus 细胞核Organelle 细胞器cell wall细胞壁cytoplasm细胞质protoplast原生质体cell cycle细胞周期mitochondrion 线粒体photosynthesis光合作用unit membrane 单位膜chloroplast 叶绿体chlorophyll叶绿素xanthophyll叶黄素carotene胡萝卜素golgiosome高尔基体ribosome 核糖体lysosome溶酶体microfilament微丝nuclear fission核分裂reproduction繁殖primary wall初生壁secondary wall次生壁plasmodesma胞间连丝mitosis有丝分裂amitosis无丝分裂meiosis减数分裂cytokinesis胞质分裂interphase间期prophase前期metaphase中期anaphase后期telophase末期tissue组织pistil 雌蕊stamen雄蕊ovary子房pollination传粉pollen tube花粉管porogamy珠孔受精chalazogamy合点受精mesogamy中部受精apomixis无融合生殖apogamy无配子生殖patrogenesis孤雄生殖parthenogensis 孤雌生殖apospory无孢子生殖pericarp果皮life history生活史root system根系main root主根lateral root侧根taproot system直根系fibrous root system须根系cortex皮层vascular cylinder 维管柱pericycle中柱鞘xylem ray 木射线vascular ray 维管射线phloem ray韧皮射线root cap根冠Casparian strip凯氏带primary xylem初生木质部primary phloem初生韧皮部vascular ray 维管射线xylem ray 木射线phelloderm栓内层phloem ray韧皮射线embryo胚homologous organ同源器官analogous organ同功器官endosperm胚乳seed coat种皮radicle胚根plumule胚芽hypocotyl下胚轴cotyledon子叶dormancy休眠seed germination种子萌发eukaryote真核生物prokaryote原核生物algae藻类blue-green algae蓝藻trichogyne受精丝mucopolysaccharide黏多糖gelatinous sheath 胶质鞘exospore外生孢子heterosexual cell异性细胞green algae绿藻isogamy同配生殖anisogamy 异配生殖anisogamy 卵式生殖zygogamy 接合生殖haploid单倍体diploid二倍体polyploid多倍体carposporophyte孢子体brown algae褐藻sea-tangle海带agar琼脂fungi菌类parasitism寄生saprophytic腐生的lichen地衣archegonium颈卵器antheridium精子器antiphyte孢子体gametophyte配子体protonema原丝体bryophyta 苔藓植物cruciferae十字花科vascular plants微管植物aquatic plant水生植物salicaceae杨柳科angiosperm被子植物endoplasmic reticulum内质网vegetative reproduction营养繁殖intercellular layer胞间层phellogen& cork cambium木栓形成层asexual reproduction无性繁殖sexual propagation有性繁殖tetradynamous stamen四强雄蕊didynamous stamen二强雄蕊monodelphous stamen单体雄蕊diadelphous stamen二体雄蕊triadelphous stamen三体雄蕊polyadelphous stamens多体雄蕊synantherous stamen聚药雄蕊primary wall cells初生壁细胞vegetative cell营养细胞male sterility雄性不育filiform apparatus丝状器meristem zone 分生区elongation zone伸长区maturation zone成熟区embryophyte有胚植物specific parasitism专性寄生specific saprophyte专性腐生facultative parasitism兼性寄生facultative saprophyte兼性腐生sexual generation有性世代asexual generation无性世代Zoology动物学cell细胞prokaryotic cell原核细胞eukaryotic cell真核细胞protein蛋白质nucleic acid核酸carbohydrate糖lipid脂质protoplasm原生质inclusion内含物cell cycle细胞周期pulmonary alveolus肺泡flagellum鞭毛food vacuole食物泡pinocytosis胞饮作用fission裂体生殖microgamete小配子zygote合子microtubule微管contraction silk 收缩丝merogenesis 卵裂blastocoele 囊胚腔complete cleavage完全卵裂layering分层cynapse突触myoneme肌丝myocyte肌细胞mesoglea中胶层monoecism雌雄同体dioecism雌雄异体velum缘膜radial symmetry辐射对称nerve net神经网planula 浮浪幼虫bilateral symmetry两侧对称mesoderm中胚层tubule cell 管细胞osmoregulation渗透调节acetabulum 腹吸盘oral sucker口吸盘metacercaria囊蚴pseudocoel假体腔cuticle角质膜cloacal pore泄殖孔renette腺肾细emunctory排泄管resting egg休眠卵metamere体节metamerism分节现象sense organ 感觉器periostracum壳皮层prismatic layer壳层nacreous layer珍珠层veliger 面盘幼虫glochidium 钩介幼虫adductor闭壳肌segmentation异律分节linear animal线形动物pericardial cavity围心腔cervical vertebra颈椎sacral vertebra荐椎pulmonary vein肺静脉precaval vein 前腔静脉bladder气囊middle ear中耳tympanum cavity中耳腔amnion羊膜neopallium新皮层lagena 瓶状囊wishbone叉骨postcaval vein后腔静脉glandular stomach腺胃air sac气囊salt gland盐腺sclerotic ring 巩膜骨viviparity胎生placenta胎盘allantois尿囊rumen瘤胃bursa of fabricius 腔上囊masticatory stomach肌胃reticulum网胃omasum瓣胃abomasum皱胃cochlea耳蜗earthworm蚯蚓internal naris内鼻孔amniota羊膜动物arthropod节肢动物coelenterate腔肠动物annelid环节动物cell membrane&plasma membrane细胞膜epithelial tissue上皮组织connective tissue结缔组织cartilage tissue软骨组织osseous tissue骨组织muscular tissue肌肉组织cardiac muscle心肌intercalated disc闰盘Nissl's body尼氏小体colony &group群体meroblastic cleavage不完全卵裂colonial theory 群体说gastrovascular cavity消化循环腔muscle system肌肉体系excretory system排泄系统reproductive system生殖系统digestive system消化系统archinephric duct原肾管basal lamina & basal membrane基膜cross-fertilization异体受精self-fertilization自体受精final host终寄主first intermidate host第一中间寄主semicircular canal半规管second intermediate host第二中间寄主Genetics遗传学heredity 遗传variation 变异gene 基因pisum sativum 豌豆segregation 分离gamete 生殖细胞zygote 合子allele 等位基因genotype 基因型phenotype 表现型test cross 测交oryza sativa 水稻diploid 二倍体haploid 单倍体centromere 着丝粒satellite 随体linker 连丝mitosis 有丝分裂mesoblast中胚层spindle 纺锤体interphase 间期spindle fiber 纺锤丝vicia faba蚕豆nucleoplasm 核质spermatogenous 精原细胞oogonium 卵原细胞spermatid 精细胞Phenocopy 拟表型epistasis上位效应mutant突变型gametic lethal配子致死zygotic lethal合子致死autosome 常染色体dominant lethal显性致死carrier 携带者homozygote 纯合体heterozygote 杂合体genotype 基因型phenotype 表现型linkage group 连锁群interference 干涉coincidence 并发率genetic map 遗传学图wild type野生型mutation 突变heterokaryon 异核体auxotroph 营养缺陷型strain 菌株recipient 受体donor 供体fragment 片段induction 诱导prophage 原噬菌体transduction 转导Mendel’s laws 孟德尔定律law of segregation 分离定律first filial generation 子一代parental generation 亲代dominant character 显性性状recessive character 隐性性状hereditary determinant 遗传因子parental combination 亲组合recombination 重组合punnett square 棋盘法Mendelian character 孟德尔性状primary constriction 初级缢痕secondary constriction 次级缢痕nucleolar organizer 核仁形成区first polar body 第一极体second polar body 第二极体sister chromatids 姐妹染色单体female gametic nucleus 卵核multiple alleles 复等位基因sex-chromosome性染色体sex-linked inheritance 伴性遗传primary constriction 初级缢痕secondary constriction 次级缢痕complementary gene互补基因homologous chromosome 同源染色体sister chromatids 姐妹染色单体secondary oocyte 次级卵母细胞three-point testcross 三点测交primary spermatocyte 初级精母细胞secondary spermatocyte 次级精母细胞first division segregation 第一次分裂分离second division segregation 第二次分裂分离law of independent assortment 自由组合定律Biochemistry 生物化学essential element必需元素trace elements微量元素proteoglycan蛋白聚糖amino acid氨基酸primary structure 一级结构random coil无规卷曲structural domain 结构域subunit亚基degeneration变性adenine腺嘌呤guanine鸟嘌呤cytosine胞嘧啶thymine胸腺嘧啶uracil尿嘧啶nucleoside 核苷nucleotide核苷酸base pairing碱基配对base pair碱基对数base碱基数gyrase旋转酶nucleosome核小体complementary DNA互补DNA plasmid质粒transposons转座子repetitive sequence重复序列exon外显子intron内含子variable loop可变环ribonuclease核糖核酸酶renaturation复性hyperchromic effect增色效应base stacking force碱基堆积力annealing退火melting-out temperature熔解温度hypochromic effect减色效应maltose麦芽糖sucrose蔗糖lactose乳糖starch淀粉glycogen糖原cellulose纤维素cellulase纤维素酶selectivity选择性substrate底物holoenzyme全酶cofactor辅因子coenzyme辅酶oxidase氧化酶metabolism新陈代谢assimilation同化作用catabolism异化作用metabolite代谢产物biological oxidation 生物氧化cytochrome细胞色素rotenone鱼藤酮amytal阿密妥antimycin A抗霉素A cyanide氰化物glycolysis糖酵解ethanol乙醇citrate柠檬酸cis-aconitate 顺乌头酸succinic acid琥珀酸oxaloacetic acid草酰乙酸acetyl-coenzyme乙酰辅酶fumarate延胡索酸glyoxylate cycle 乙醛酸循环malate苹果酸fatty acid 脂肪酸carbon unit一碳单位replicon复制子core enzyme 核心酶primosome引发体Okazaki fragment冈崎片段leading chain 前导链lagging strand后随链terminator终止子telomere端粒telomerase端粒酶replication fork复制叉vector载体promoter启动子terminator终止子operon操纵子codon密码子degeneracy简并性hormone激素citric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环deamination脱氨基作用urea cycle尿素循环euchromatin常染色质messenger RNA信使RNAtransfer RNA转移RNA ribosome RNA核糖体RNA metabolic regulation代谢调节feedback regulation反馈调节structural gene结构基因promoter gene启动基因operator gene操纵基因regulator gene调节基因termination factor终止因子triplet code三联体密码initiator codon起始密码termination codon终止密码semiconservative replication半保留复制ornithine cycle鸟氨酸循环ketogenic amino acid生酮氨基酸glucogenic amino acid生糖氨基酸oxidative deamination氧化脱氨作用transamination转氨基作用reverse transcription逆转录decarboxylation脱羧作用semidiscontinuous replication半不连续复制reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶missense mutation错义突变synonymous mutation同义突变neutral mutation中性突变nonsense mutation无义突变phosphatidic acid 磷脂酸essential amino acids 必需氨基酸dihydrouracil loop二氢尿嘧啶环anticodon loop反密码子环double-strand circular DNA 双链环形DNA superhelical DNA 超螺旋DNA open circular DNA 开环DNA linear DNA 线形DNAbase stacking force 碱基堆积力secondary structure二级结构super-secondary structure超二级结构tertiary structure三级结构quaternary structure四级结构negative supercoil DNA负超螺旋DNA positive supercoil DNA正超螺旋DNAGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphate甘油醛-3-二磷酸glucogenic and ketogenic amino acid生糖兼生酮氨基酸restriction endonuclease限制性内切酶polymerase chain reaction聚合酶链反应Microbiology微生物学living creatures 生物culture medium 培养基lawn菌苔culture plate 培养平板bacteria 细菌archaea 古生菌eukaryote真核生物prokaryote 原核生物protozoan 原生动物hypha 菌丝mycoplasma 支原体yeast 酵母菌plasmolysis 质壁分离Escherichia Coli大肠杆菌murein胞壁质peptidoglycan 肽聚糖mucopeptide黏肽outer membrane外膜chromosome染色体nucleolus 核仁nucleoid 拟核chromatin 染色质centromere 着丝粒telomere 端粒protoplast 原生质体mycoplasma 支原体glycoprotein 糖蛋白mesosome 间体cytoplasm细胞质megnetosome磁小体nucleoid拟核glycocalyx 糖被capsule 荚膜flagellum 鞭毛lysosome 溶酶体chloroplast 叶绿体thylakoid类囊体inorganic salt 无机盐peptone 蛋白胨sulfur bacteria 硫细菌beef extract牛肉膏vitamin 维生素inclusion body 内含物lithotroph 无机营养型medium 培养基agar 琼脂organotroph 有机营养型antiport 逆向运输active transport 主动运输pinocytosis 胞饮作用catabolism 分解代谢passive transport 被动运输uniport 单向运输anabolism 合成代谢fermentation发酵batch culture 分批培养log phase 对数生长期stationary phase 稳定生长期lag phase 迟缓期decline phase衰亡期aerobe 好氧菌antibiotic 抗生素antigenome 反基因组transformation 转化genome 基因组plasmid 质粒transforming factor 转化因子diploid 二倍体haploid 单倍体transposable element 转座因子conjugation接合作用transposon转座子phenotype 表型genotype基因型auxotroph营养缺陷型wild-type野生型transition 转换transversion 颠换spontaneous mutation 自发突变reverse mutation 回复突变sexduction 性导transduction 转导promoter 启动子operon 操纵子recombination repair 重组修复repressor 阻遏蛋白corepressor辅阻遏物clone 克隆denaturation 变性annealing 退火extension 延伸cloning vector 克隆载体replicon 复制子telomere 端粒cohesive end 黏性末端promoter 启动子terminator 终止子gene therapy 基因治疗phylogeny 系统发育ammonification 氨化作用nitrification 硝化作用denitrification 反硝化作用expression vector 表达载体aerobic respiration有氧呼吸anaerobic respiration无氧呼吸origin of replication 复制起始点incompatibility 不亲和性gene mutation 基因突变synonymous mutation 同义突变chromosomal aberration 染色体畸变missense mutation 错义突变frame-shift mutation 移码突变lactose operon 乳糖操纵子negative transcription control 负转录调控tryptophan operon 色氨酸操纵子cytoplasmic inheritance 细胞质遗传genetic engineering 基因工程recombinant DNA technology 重组DNA技术palindromic structure 回文结构spread plate method 涂布平板法pour plate method 倾注培养法streak plate method 平板划线法shake tube method 稀释摇管法continuous culture 连续培养。
生物专业英语上传PPT精选文档
Professional Words and Phrases
(Continued)
classification [klæsifi'keiʃən] n. 分类，类别
biochemistry ['baiəu'kemistri] n. 生物化学
molecular biology 分子生物学
molecular level 分子水平
Chapter 1 Biology
1.1 What is Biology? 1.2 The Origin of Life 1.3 The Significance of Biology in Your Life 1.4 The History of Biology– Additional Reading
microorganism [maikrəu'ɔ:gənizəm] n. 微生物
well-being ['wel'bi:iŋ] n. 健康，福利
agriculture ['ægrikʌltʃə] n. 农业
livestock ['laivstɔk] n. 家畜，牲畜
ecology [i:‘kɔlədʒi] n. 生态学
1
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
1.1 What is Biology?
Biology is the study of life. Alongside physics and chemistry, biology is one of the largest and most important branches of science. At the highest level, biology is broken down based on the type of organism being studied: zoology, the study of animals; botany, of plants; and microbiology, of microorganisms. Each field has contributed to mankind or the Earth’s wellbeing in numerous ways. Most prominently: botany, to agriculture; zoology, to livestock and protection of ecologies; and microbiology, to the study of disease and ecosystems in general.
生物专业英语课件 Biology
Biology: The Science of Our Lives Biology literally means "the study of life". Biology is such a broad field, covering the minute workings of chemical machines inside our cells, to broad scale concepts of ecosystems and global climate change. Biologists study details of the human brain, the composition of our genes, and even the functioning of our reproductive system. Biologists recently all but completed the deciphering of the human genome, the sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) bases that may determine much of our innate capabilities and predispositions to certain forms of behavior and illnesses. DNA sequences have played major roles in criminal cases (O.J. Simpson, as well as the reversal of death penalties for many wrongfully convicted individuals), as well as the impeachment of President Clinton (the stain at least did not lie). We are bombarded with headlines about possible health risks from favorite foods (Chinese, Mexican, hamburgers, etc.) as well as the potential benefits of eating other foods such as cooked tomatoes. Informercials tout the benefits of metabolism-adjusting drugs for weight loss. Many Americans are turning to herbal remedies to ease arthritis pain, improve memory, as well as improve our moods.Can a biology book give you the answers to these questions? No, but it will enable you learn how to sift through the biases of investigators, the press, and others in a quest to critically evaluate the question. To be honest, five years after you are through with this class it is doubtful you would remember all the details of meatbolism. However, you will know where to look and maybe a little about the process of science that will allow you to make an informed decision. Will you be a scientist? Yes, in a way. You may not be formally trained as a science major, but you can think critically, solve problems, and have some idea about what science can and cannot do. I hope you will be able to tell the shoe from the shinola.Science and the Scientific MethodScience is an objective, logical, and repeatable attempt to understand the principles and forces operating in the natural universe. Science is from the Latin word, scientia, to know. Good science is not dogmatic, but should be viewed as an ongoing process of testing and evaluation. One of the hoped-for benefits of students taking a biology course is that they will become more familiar with the process of science.Humans seem innately interested in the world we live in. Young children drive their parents batty with constant "why" questions. Science is a means to get some of those whys answered. When we shop for groceries, we are conducting a kind of scientific experiment. If you like Brand X of soup, and Brand Y is on sale, perhaps you try Brand Y. If you like it you may buy it again, even when it is not on sale. If you did not like Brand Y, then no sale will get you to try it again.In order to conduct science, one must know the rules of the gameplay! Which is precisely what one does with some computer or videogames (before buying the cheatbook). The scientific method is to be used as a guide that can be modified. In some sciences, such as taxonomy and certain types of geology, laboratory experiments are not necessarily performed. Instead, after formulating a hypothesis, additional observations and/or collections are made from different localities.Steps in the scientific method commonly include:1.Observation: defining the problem you wish to explain.2.Hypothesis: one or more falsifiable explanations for theobservation.3.Experimentation: Controlled attempts to test one or morehypotheses.4.Conclusion: was the hypothesis supported or not? After thisstep the hypothesis is either modified or rejected, whichcauses a repeat of the steps above.After a hypothesis has been repeatedly tested, a hierarchy of scientific thought develops. Hypothesis is the most common, with the lowest level of certainty. A theory is a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested with little modification, e.g. The Theory of Evolution. A Law is one of the fundamental underlying principles of how the Universe is organized, e.g. The Laws of Thermodynamics, Newton's Law of Gravity. Science uses the word theory differently than it is used in the general population. Theory to most people, in general nonscientific use, is an untested idea. Scientists call this a hypothesis.Scientific experiments are also concerned with isolating the variables. A good science experiment does not simultaneously test several variables, but rather a single variable that can be measured against a control. Scientific controlled experiments are situations where all factors are the same between two test subjects, except for the single experimental variable.Consider a commonly conducted science fair experiment. Sandy wants to test the effect of gangsta rap music on pea plant growth. She plays loud rap music 24 hours a day to a series of pea plants grown under light, and watered every day. At the end of her experiment she concludes gangsta rap is conducive to plant growth. Her teacher grades her project very low, citing the lack of a control group for the experiment. Sandy returns to her experiment, but this time she has a separate group of plants under the same conditions as the rapping plants, but with soothing Led Zeppelin songs playing. She comes to the same conclusion as before, but now has a basis for comparison. Her teacher gives her project a better grade.Theories Contributing to Modern BiologyModern biology is based on several great ideas, or theories:1.The Cell Theory2.The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection3.Gene Theory4.HomeostasisRobert Hooke (1635-1703), one of the first scientists to use a microscope to examine pond water, cork and other things, referredto the cavities he saw in cork as "cells", Latin for chambers. Mattias Schleiden (in 1838) concluded all plant tissues consisted of cells. In 1839, Theodore Schwann came to a similar conclusion for animal tissues. Rudolf Virchow, in 1858, combined the two ideas and added that all cells come from pre-existing cells, formulating the Cell Theory. Thus there is a chain-of-existence extending from your cells back to the earliest cells, over 3.5 billion years ago. The cell theory states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, and that those cells have arisen from pre-existing cells.Figure 1. JamesWatson (L) andFrancis Crick (R),and the model theybuilt of thestructure ofdeoxyribonucleicacid, DNA. While amodel may seem asmall thing, theirdevelopment of theDNA model fosteredincreasedunderstanding of howgenes work. Imagefrom the Internet.In 1953, American scientist James Watson and British scientist Francis Crick developed the model for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a chemical that had (then) recently been deduced to be the physical carrier of inheritance. Crick hypothesized the mechanism for DNA replication and further linked DNA to proteins, an idea since referred to as the central dogma. Information from DNA "language" is converted into RNA (ribonucleic acid) "language" and then to the "language" of proteins. The central dogma explains the influence of heredity (DNA) on the organism (proteins).Homeostasis is the maintainence of a dynamic range of conditions within which the organism can function. Temperature, pH, and energy are major components of this concept. Theromodynamics is a field of study that covers the laws governing energy transfers, and thus the basis for life on earth. Two major laws are known: the conservation of matter and energy, and entropy. These will be discussed in more detail in a later chapter. The universe is composed of two things: matter (atoms, etc.) and energy.These first three theories are very accepted by scientists and the general public. The theory of evolution is well accepted by scientists and most of the general public. However, it remains a lightening rod for school boards, politicians, and television preachers. Much of this confusion results from what the theory says and what it does not say.Development of the Theory of EvolutionModern biology is based on several unifying themes, such as the cell theory, genetics and inheritance, Francis Crick's central dogma of information flow, and Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection. In this first unit we will examine these themes and the nature of science.The Ancient Greek philosopher Anaxiamander (611-547 B.C.) and the Roman philosopher Lucretius (99-55 B.C.) coined the concept that all living things were related and that they had changed over time. The classical science of their time was observational rather than experimental. Another ancient Greek philosopher, Aristotle developed his Scala Naturae, or Ladder of Life, to explain his concept of the advancement of living things from inanimate matter to plants, then animals and finally man. This concept of man as the"crown of creation" still plagues modern evolutionary biologists (See Gould, 1989, for a more detailed discussion).Post-Aristotlean "scientists" were constrained by the prevailing thought patterns of the Middle Ages -- the inerrancy of the biblical book of Genesis and the special creation of the world in a literal six days of the 24-hour variety. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland, in the late 1600's calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and Eve listed in the biblical book of Genesis. According to Ussher's calculations, the earth was formed on October 22, 4004 B.C. These calculations were part of Ussher's book, History of the World. The chronology he developed was taken as factual, and was even printed in the front pages of bibles. Ussher's ideas were readily accepted, in part because they posed no threat to the social order of the times; comfortable ideas that would not upset the linked applecarts of church and state.Figure 2. Archbishop JamesUssher. Image from the Internet.Often new ideas must "come out of left field", appearing as wild notions, but in many cases prompting investigation which may later reveal the "truth". Ussher's ideas were comfortable, the Bible was viewed as correct, therefore the earth must be only 5000 years old. Geologists had for some time doubted the "truth" of a 5,000 year old earth. Leonardo da Vinci (painter of the Last Supper, and the Mona Lisa, architect and engineer) calculated the sedimentation rates in the Po River of Italy. Da Vinci concluded it took 200,000 years to form some nearby rock deposits. Galileo, convicted heretic for his contention that the Earth was not the center of the Universe, studied fossils (evidence of past life) and concluded that they were real and not inanimate artifacts. James Hutton, regarded as theFather of modern geology, developed the Theorythe basis of modern geology and paleontology. According to Hutton's work, certain geological processes operated in the past in much the same fashion as they do today, with minor exceptions of rates, etc. Thus many geological structures and processes cannot be explained if the earth was only a mere 5000 years old.The Modern View of the Age of the EarthRadiometric age assignments based on the rates of decay ofsuggest the earth is over 4.5 billion years old. The Earth is thought older than 4.5 billion years, with the oldest known rocks being 3.96 billion years old. Geologic time divides into eons, eroas, and smaller units. An overview of geologic time may be obtained at /help/timeform.html.Figure 3. The geologic time scale, hilighting some of the firsts in the evolution of life. One way to represent geological time. Note the break during the precambrian. If the vertical scale was truly to scale the precambrian would account for 7/8 of the graphic.。
《生物专业英语》PPT课件
gene [dʒi:n] 基因
A unit of heredity located on a chromosome and composed a sequence of DNA nucleotides.
heredity [hə‘redɪti:] 遗传 nucleotide ['nu:kli:ə,taɪd] 核苷酸
dihybrid cross [dai‘haibrid]双因子杂种杂交
A cross between individuals that differ with respect to two specified gene pairs.
differ with 与...不一致 specified 指定的 respect 关系
particular 特殊的, 特别的 allelic 等位基因的
homozygous [,hɔmə'zaiɡəus] 纯合的
A diploid organism that has two identical alleles for particular characteristic.
identical 同一的, 同样的
incomplete dominance [, inkəm'pli:t 'dɔmənəns] 不完全显性
The condition in which two allelic genes have a different effect when
they are together as a heterozygote in a diploid cell than either of
germ plasm theory 种质学说
A substance thought to be transmitted in the gametes (germ cells) in an unchanged form from generation to generation. The germ plasm was believed to be unaffected by the environment and to give rise to the body cells.
《生物专业英语》核心词汇
《生物专业英语》专业词汇1. electron microscopy 电子显微镜2. chloroplast 叶绿体3. mitochondria 线粒体4. phospholipid 磷脂5. lipid bilayer 脂双层6. plasma membrane 质膜7. extracellular 细胞外的8. cellulose纤维素9. polysaccharides多糖10. vacuole液泡11. chromatin 染色质12. eukaryotic 真核的13. prokaryotic 原核的14. ribosomes核糖体15. thylakoids类囊体16. peroxisomes, 过氧物酶体17. hydrolytic enzyme 水解酶18. cytoskeleton 细胞骨架19. Chlorophyll 叶绿素20. Chromosome 染色体21. Glycolysis醣酵解22. Microtubule微管23. Organelle细胞器24. Prokaryotic cell 原核细胞25. apoptosis细胞凋亡26. endocytosis 细胞内吞作用27. graminaceous plant禾本科植物28. Pharmacology 药理学29. morphology形态学30. anatomy解剖学31. taxonomy 分类学32. binary nomenclature 双名法33. ontogenesis个体发生34. phylogenesis系统发生35. nanometer 纳米36. micrometer 微米37. millimeter 毫米38. centimeter 厘米39. decimeter分米40. flora植物志，植物群落41. homologous同源的42. plasmodesmata [植]胞间连丝43. plasmolysis质壁分离44. tonoplast液泡膜45. hydrodynamics流体力学, 水动力学46. leucoplast 白色体47. Proplastid 前质体, 原质体48. carotinoid 类胡萝卜素49. saprophytic腐生的50. parasitic寄生的51. endosperm 胚乳52. concentric同中心的53. eccentric偏心的，偏轴的，离心的54. vascular tissue维管组织55. lignin 木质素,56. Chromoplast 有色体57. Amyloplast 淀粉体58. Epidermis 表皮59. Saprophy 腐生60. histology 组织学61. cytology 细胞学62. bacteriology细菌学63. prototype原型64. tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)烟草花叶病毒65. The Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM)透射电子显微镜66. The scanning electron microscope(SEM)扫描电子显微镜67. solid phase 固相168. gas phase 气相69. liquid phase 液相70. ultraviolet light紫外光71. wave length 波长72. subcellular structure 亚细胞结构73. endoplasmic reticulum 内质网74. lipophilic亲脂性的75. assimilation tissue同化组织76. xylem木质部77. phloem韧皮部78. Meristem 分生组织79. embryogenesis胚胎发生80. symmetric对称的81. inflorescence 花, 花序82. apical meristem 顶端分生组织83. lateral meristem侧生分生组织84. intercalary meristem居间分生组织85. apical dominance[植]顶端优势86. gymnosperm 裸子植物87. angiosperm被子植物88. vascular cambium 维管形成层89. cork cambium木栓形成层90. annual rings年轮91. internode节间92. morphogenesis形态发生，形态建成,93. differentiate 分化94. dedifferentiate 去分化,反分化95. totipotency 全能, 全能性96. root cap根冠.97. leaf vein叶脉98. radical apex 根尖99. Procambium原始形成层100. c ross-section横截面101. p arenchyma 薄壁组织102. o rnamental plant观赏植物103. I sodiametric等直径的, 等轴的104. l ignify木质化105. p arasite寄生虫106. x erophyte旱生植物107. A quatic plant水生植物108. s hade plant阴生植物109. g uard cell 保卫细胞110. i ntercellular space细胞间隙111. p hotosynthesis 光合作用112. a naerobic厌氧的113. i nfrared light 红外光114. r edox氧化还原作用115. c ofactor辅助因素116. p hotosystem 光系统117. c ytochrome细胞色素118. A TP (adenosine triphosphate) 三磷酸腺苷119. c arboxylase羧化酶120. o xygenase 加氧酶121. p hotorespiration 光呼吸122. C arbohydrate 糖；碳水化合物123. M esophyll 叶肉124. P hotoinhibition n. 光抑制125. P lastoquinone 质体醌126. a ntioxidant 抗氧化剂127. d ecarboxylation脱羧128. a utotrophic organisms自养生物129. t hermodynamic热力学的130. b iodiversity 生物多样性131. s ymbiotic relationship共生关系132. e ndosymbiosis内共生133. h ydrophobic疏水的134. h ydrophilic亲水的135. n anotechnology纳米技术136. b iomedical生物医学的137. f luorescent荧光的, 莹光的138. p harmaceutical医药品139. n utraceutical营养品140. p romoter启动子2141. b ioremediation生物补救，生物修复142. b iological breakdown生物降解143. i nterdisciplinary学科间的144. e ntomology昆虫学145. w eed science草业科学146. e cosystem 生态系统147. T axonomy分类学148. c ompound eyes复眼149. F ungi 真菌150. i nvasive species 入侵种151. S cience Citation Index科学引文索引152. t he National Institutes of Health (美国)全国卫生研究所153. N euroscience. 神经系统科学154. I SSN（international standard serial number）国际标准期刊编号155. S emimonthly 半月的156. B imonthly 双月的157. Q uarterly 季度的，三月的158. E ngineering Index (EI) 工程(技术资料)索引159. d issertation (学位)论文160. B iophysics 生物物理学161. I mmunology 免疫学162. P athology病理学163. P hysiology 生理学164. V irology 病毒学165. S ystematic Biology 系统生物学166. a ntibiotic抗生素167. G enomics 基因组学168. p esticide杀虫剂169. l actic-acid乳酸170. r ecombinant重组体171. a llergic过敏的, 患过敏症的172. i nsulin 胰岛素173. i dentical twins同卵双生174. D olly the Sheep 多利羊175. z ygote合子，受精卵176. r eproductive cell 生殖细胞177. S omatic cell 体细胞178. S omatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) 体细胞核移植179. A rtificial embryo twinning 人工胚胎双生180. s urrogate mother替身母亲181. t rial-and-error反复试验182. I mplantation移植，培植183. T elomeric端粒的184. t elomere端粒185. l ifespan寿命186. i nfertility不育187. i n vitro体外，在生物体外188. i n vivo在活的有机体内189. g enotype 基因型190. p henotype 表现型，表型191. g ermination萌芽, 发生192. G rowth regulator生长调节剂193. a uxin生长素194. c ytokinin细胞分裂素195. m etabolite代谢物196. m icropropagation微繁197. d isinfection消毒，灭菌198. a utoclave高压灭菌器199. e xplant外植体200. V ector 载体201. c ancerous tissue癌组织的202. V accine疫苗203. E mbryonic tissue胚性组织204. h omogenize均质化205. b acteriophage 噬菌体206. s ticky end粘性末端207. b lunt end平末端208. l igase 连接酶209. c odon 密码子3210. b ovine牛的211. t ransgenic 转基因的212. p athogen病菌, 病原体213. g lucose isomerase葡萄糖异构酶214. s tarch saccharification淀粉糖基化215. r estriction endonuclease限制性内切核酸酶216. r ate-determining step限速步骤217. e nzymic catalysis 酶学催化反应218. s pecificity特异性219. h ydrogen bond氢键220. t hermostability热稳定性221. M utant 突变异种，突变体222. P enicillin 青霉素223. b iosensor生物传感器224. o ptical isomers光学异构体225. h ydrolysis水解226. h exokinase己糖激酶227. h exose己醣228. f ructose果糖229. n oncovalent非共价键的230. c oenzyme辅酶231. O xidoreductase氧化还原酶232. d ehydrogenases脱氢酶233. o xidase 氧化酶234. o xygenase加氧酶235. p eroxidase过氧(化)物酶236. T ransferase 转移酶237. H ydrolase 水解酶238. e sterase 酯酶239. g lycosidase 糖苷酶240. l ipase 脂肪酶241. p rotease 蛋白酶242. d ehydratase 脱水酶243. p ectinase 果胶酶244. I somerase 异构酶245. i somerisation 异构化246. e pimerase 差向(异构)酶247. s ynthetase 合成酶248. p ancreas胰腺249. i ntestine 肠250. r eceptor受体251. T erminator终止子252. a nticodon反密码子253. p eptide bond 肽键254. d etoxification解毒，脱毒255. s oybean大豆256. t rans反式257. c is 顺式258. c ardiovascular disease心血管疾病259. h omogeneous同类的, 相似的, 均一的260. h eterogeneous不同种类的261. c arcinogenic致癌物(质)的262. b ioethics生物伦理学263. m ultidisciplinary多学科的264. p esticide杀虫剂265. b ioreactor 生物反应器266. t he Royal Society (英国)皇家学会267. F AO=Food and Agriculture Organization (of the United Nations)(联合国)粮食及农业组织268. b road sense 广义的269. n arrow sense 狭义的270. g enetically modified organisms (GMOs) 遗传修饰生物271. f ishery渔业272. f orestry 林业273. M arker-assisted selection 标记辅助选择274. D NA fingerprinting DNA指纹275. q uantitative trait loci 数量性状位点276. a llergenic引起过敏的277. c ultivar栽培品种4278. B iosafety 生物研究安全性279. A mino acid 氨基酸280. A utofluorescence 自发荧光281. B ase pair 碱基对282. B iodiversity 生物多样性283. C arotinoid 类胡萝卜素284. C entromere 着丝点, 着丝粒285. C ytoplasm 细胞质286. D ifferentiation 分化287. E mbryo 胚胎, 胎儿, 胚芽288. E ntomology 昆虫学289. G enome 基因组/染色体组290. G lycosylate 使糖基化291. H ybridization 杂交, 杂种培植, 配种292. I nheritance 遗传293. K idney 肾脏294. L ysosome溶酶体295. M ammalian 哺乳动物296. M eiosis减数分裂297. M icronutrient 微量元素298. M itosis有丝分裂299. M onocotyledon单子叶植物300. d icotyledon 双子叶植物301. M utation 突变302. N ucleotide 核苷303. P hospholipid 磷脂304. P olymerase 聚合酶305. P olypeptide 多肽306. p olymorphism 多态性，多型性1. 界Kingdom2. 门Phylum3. 纲class4. 目Order5. 科family6. 属genus7. 种Species8. 品种variety5。
生物专业英语课件
Biology: The Science of Our LivesBiology literally means "the study of life". Biology is such a broad field, covering the minute workings of chemical machines inside our cells, to broad scale concepts of ecosystems and global climate change. Biologists study details of the human brain, the composition of our genes, and even the functioning of our reproductive system. Biologists recently all but completed the deciphering of the human genome, the sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) bases that may determine much of our innate capabilities and predispositions to certain forms of behavior and illnesses. DNA sequences have played major roles in criminal cases (O.J. Simpson, as well as the reversal of death penalties for many wrongfully convicted individuals), as well as the impeachment of President Clinton (the stain at least did not lie). We are bombarded with headlines about possible health risks from favorite foods (Chinese, Mexican, hamburgers, etc.) as well as the potential benefits of eating other foods such as cooked tomatoes. Informercials tout the benefits ofmetabolism-adjusting drugs for weight loss. Many Americans are turning to herbal remedies to ease arthritis pain, improve memory, as well as improve our moods.Can a biology book give you the answers to these questions? No, but it will enable you learn how to sift through the biases of investigators, the press, and others in a quest to critically evaluate the question. To be honest, five years after you are through with this class it is doubtful you would remember all the details of meatbolism. However, you will know where to look and maybe a little about the process of science that will allow you to make an informed decision. Will you be a scientist? Yes, in a way. You may not be formally trained as a science major, but you can think critically, solve problems, and have some idea about what science can and cannot do. I hope you will be able to tell the shoe from the shinola.Science and the Scientific MethodScience is an objective, logical, and repeatable attempt to understand the principles and forces operating in the natural universe. Science is from the Latin word, scientia, to know. Good science is not dogmatic, but should be viewed as an ongoing process of testing and evaluation. One of the hoped-for benefits of students taking a biology course is that they will become more familiar with the process of science.Humans seem innately interested in the world we live in. Young children drive their parents batty with constant "why" questions. Science is a means to get some of those whys answered. When we shop for groceries, we are conducting a kind of scientific experiment. If you like Brand X of soup, and Brand Y is on sale, perhaps you try Brand Y. If you like it you may buy it again, even when it is not on sale. If you did not like Brand Y, then no sale will get you to try it again.In order to conduct science, one must know the rules of the game(imagine and having to discover the rules as you play! Which is precisely what one does with some computer or videogames (before buying the cheatbook). The scientific method is to be used as a guide that can be modified. In some sciences, such as taxonomy and certain types of geology, laboratory experiments are not necessarily performed. Instead, after formulating a hypothesis, additional observations and/or collections are made from different localities.Steps in the scientific method commonly include:1.Observation: defining the problem you wish to explain.2.Hypothesis: one or more falsifiable explanations for theobservation.3.Experimentation: Controlled attempts to test one or morehypotheses.4.Conclusion: was the hypothesis supported or not? After thisstep the hypothesis is either modified or rejected, which causes a repeat of the steps above.After a hypothesis has been repeatedly tested, a hierarchy of scientific thought develops. Hypothesis is the most common, with the lowest level of certainty. A theory is a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested with little modification, e.g. The Theory of Evolution. A Law is one of the fundamental underlying principles of how the Universe is organized, e.g. The Laws of Thermodynamics, Newton's Law of Gravity. Science uses the word theory differently than it is used in the general population. Theory to most people, in general nonscientific use, is an untested idea. Scientists call this a hypothesis.Scientific experiments are also concerned with isolating the variables. A good science experiment does not simultaneously test several variables, but rather a single variable that can be measured against a control. Scientific controlled experiments are situations where all factors are the same between two test subjects, except for the single experimental variable.Consider a commonly conducted science fair experiment. Sandy wants to test the effect of gangsta rap music on pea plant growth. She plays loud rap music 24 hours a day to a series of pea plants grown under light, and watered every day. At the end of her experiment she concludes gangsta rap is conducive to plant growth. Her teacher grades her project very low, citing the lack of a control group for the experiment. Sandy returns to her experiment, but this time she has a separate group of plants under the same conditions as the rapping plants, but with soothing Led Zeppelin songs playing. She comes to the same conclusion as before, but now has a basis for comparison. Her teacher gives her project a better grade.Theories Contributing to Modern Biology Modern biology is based on several great ideas, or theories:1.The Cell Theory2.The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection3.Gene Theory4.HomeostasisRobert Hooke (1635-1703), one of the first scientists to use a microscope to examine pond water, cork and other things, referred to the cavities he saw in cork as "cells", Latin for chambers. Mattias Schleiden (in 1838) concluded all plant tissues consisted of cells. In 1839, Theodore Schwann came to a similar conclusion for animal tissues. Rudolf Virchow, in 1858, combined the two ideas and added that all cells come from pre-existing cells, formulating the Cell Theory. Thus there is a chain-of-existence extending from your cells back to the earliest cells, over 3.5 billion years ago. The cell theory states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, and that those cells have arisen from pre-existing cells.Figure 1. James Watson (L)and Francis Crick (R), andthe model they built of thestructure ofdeoxyribonucleic acid,DNA. While a model may seema small thing, theirdevelopment of the DNAmodel fostered increasedunderstanding of how geneswork. Image from theInternet.In 1953, American scientist James Watson and British scientist Francis Crick developed the model for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a chemical that had (then) recently been deduced to be the physicalcarrier of inheritance. Crick hypothesized the mechanism for DNA replication and further linked DNA to proteins, an idea since referred to as the central dogma. Information from DNA "language" is converted into RNA (ribonucleic acid) "language" and then to the "language" of proteins. The central dogma explains the influence of heredity (DNA) on the organism (proteins). Homeostasis is the maintainence of a dynamic range of conditions within which the organism can function. Temperature, pH, and energy are major components of this concept. Theromodynamics is a field of study that covers the laws governing energy transfers, and thus the basis for life on earth. Two major laws are known: the conservation of matter and energy, andbe discussed in more detail in a later chapter. The universe is composed of two things: matter (atoms, etc.) and energy.These first three theories are very accepted by scientists and the general public. The theory of evolution is well accepted by scientists and most of the general public. However, it remains a lightening rod for school boards, politicians, and television preachers. Much of this confusion results from what the theory says and what it does not say.Development of the Theory of EvolutionModern biology is based on several unifying themes, such as the cell theory, genetics and inheritance, Francis Crick's central dogma of information flow, and Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection. In this first unit we will examine these themes and the nature of science.The Ancient Greek philosopher Anaxiamander (611-547 B.C.) and the Roman philosopher Lucretius (99-55 B.C.) coined the concept that all living things were related and that they had changed over time. The classical science of their time was observational rather than experimental. Another ancient Greek philosopher, Aristotle developed his Scala Naturae, or Ladder of Life, to explain his concept of the advancement of living things from inanimate matter to plants, then animals and finally man. This concept of man as the "crown of creation" still plagues modern evolutionary biologists (See Gould, 1989, for a more detailed discussion). Post-Aristotlean "scientists" were constrained by the prevailing thought patterns of the Middle Ages -- the inerrancy of the biblical book of Genesis and the special creation of the world in a literal six days of the 24-hour variety. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland, in the late 1600's calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and Eve listed in thebiblical book of Genesis. According to Ussher's calculations, the earth was formed on October 22, 4004 B.C. These calculations were part of Ussher's book, History of the World. The chronology he developed was taken as factual, and was even printed in the front pages of bibles. Ussher's ideas were readily accepted, in part because they posed no threat to the social order of the times; comfortable ideas that would not upset the linked applecarts of church and state.Figure 2. Archbishop JamesUssher. Image from the Internet.Often new ideas must "come out of left field", appearing as wild notions, but in many cases prompting investigation which may later reveal the "truth". Ussher's ideas were comfortable, the Bible was viewed as correct, therefore the earth must be only 5000 years old.Geologists had for some time doubted the "truth" of a 5,000 year old earth. Leonardo da Vinci(painter of the Last Supper, and theMona Lisa, architect and engineer) calculated the sedimentation rates in the Po River of Italy. Da Vinci concluded it took 200,000 years to form some nearby rock deposits. Galileo, convicted heretic for his contention that the Earth was not the center of the Universe, studied fossils (evidence of past life) and concluded that they were real and not inanimate artifacts. James Hutton, regarded as the Father of modern geology, developed thepaleontology. According to Hutton's work, certain geological processes operated in the past in much the same fashion as they do today, with minor exceptions of rates, etc. Thus many geological structures and processes cannot be explained if the earth was only a mere 5000 years old.The Modern View of the Age of the Earth Radiometric age assignments based on the rates of decay ofnot discovered until the late 19th century, suggest the earth is over 4.5 billion years old. The Earth is thought older than 4.5 billion years, with the oldest known rocks being 3.96 billion years old. Geologic time divides into eons, eroas, and smaller units. An overview of geologic time may be obtained at .--Figure 3. The geologic time scale, hilighting some of the firsts in the evolution of life. One way to represent geological time. Note the break during the precambrian. If the vertical scale was truly to scale the precambrian would account for 7/8 of the graphic.--。
常用生物学专业英语词汇
常用生物学专业英语词汇1. 线粒体 - mitochondria2. 染色体 - chromosome3. 基因 - gene4. 蛋白质 - protein5. DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid6. RNA - ribonucleic acid7. 细胞核 - nucleus8. 细胞壁 - cell wall9. 细胞膜 - cell membrane10. 溶酶体 - lysosome11. 干细胞 - stem cell12. 基因编辑 - gene editing13. 遗传学 - genetics14. 进化论 - evolution theory15. 遗传多样性 - genetic diversity16. 生态系统 - ecosystem17. 植物生长素 - plant growth hormone18. 叶绿色素 - chlorophyll19. 光合作用 - photosynthesis20. 细胞呼吸 - cellular respiration21. 突变 - mutation22. DNA复制 - DNA replication23. RNA转录 - RNA transcription24. 翻译 - translation25. RNA干扰 - RNA interference26. 分子生物学 - molecular biology27. 生物进化 - biological evolution28. 遗传咨询 - genetic counseling29. 克隆 - cloning30. 基因组 - genome31. 转基因 - genetically modified32. 生物工程 - biotechnology33. 生物标记 - biomarker34. 原核生物 - prokaryote35. 真核生物 - eukaryote36. 细胞周期 - cell cycle37. 线粒体疾病 - mitochondrial disease38. 自然选择 - natural selection39. 种群遗传学 - population genetics40. 遗传突变 - genetic mutation41. 线粒体DNA - mitochondrial DNA42. 聚合酶链反应 - polymerase chain reaction43. 计算机辅助分析 - computer-aided analysis44. 转录因子 - transcription factor45. 逆转录酶 - reverse transcriptase46. 合成生物学 - synthetic biology47. 基因组学 - genomics48. 蛋白质组学 - proteomics49. 神经生物学 - neuroscience50. 生物多样性 - biodiversity。
生物专业英语ppt讲解材料
Review Articles
These articles synthesize and evaluate research on a particular topic, providing an overview of the current state of knowledge.
Technical Reports
01
introduction
Purpose and background
Purpose
To provide a comprehensive overview of the field of biology, focusing on key concepts, principles, and applications.
Sentence structure and expression
Active Voice
Using active voice, especially in scientific writing, makes sentences more direct and easier to understand.
The study of heredity and the variation of traits within and between species.
Evolutionary Biology
Ecology
Biotechnology
The study of the origin and development of species through natural selection and other mechanisms.
These are written to communicate technical information in a clear and concise manner, often including tables, figures, and appendices.
生物专业英语单词, (浓缩)
Lesson One 细胞器的结构和功能Actin：肌动蛋白basal body:基体centriole：中心粒chemotaxis：趋化性chloroplast：叶绿体chromosome：染色体cilia：纤毛cytoplasm：胞质cytoskeleton：细胞骨架dynein：动力蛋白endoplasmic reticulum：内质网flagella：鞭毛Golgi complex：高尔基复合体lysosome：溶酶体microfilament：微丝microtubule：微管mitochondrion：线粒体myosin：肌球蛋白nuclear envelope：核膜nucleoid：拟核nucleoli：核仁nucleus：细胞核phagocytosis：吞噬作用pinocytosis：胞饮作用plastid：质体polysome：多核糖体ribosome：核糖体stroma：基质tubulin：微管蛋白vacuole：液泡Lesson Two 光合作用absorption：吸收光谱Calvin-Benson cycle：卡尔文-本森循环carotenoid：类胡萝卜素chlorophyll：叶绿素cyclic photophosphorylation：环形光合磷酸化（作用），又称循环式光和磷酸化C3 plant：三碳植物C4 plant：四碳植物light-dependent reactions：光反应light-independent reactions：暗反应noncyclic photophosphorylation：非环形光合磷酸化（作用）photon：光子photophosphrylation：光合磷酸化（作用）photorespiration：光呼吸photosynthesis：光合作用photosystem：光合系统ribulose biphosphate：核酮糖二磷酸thylakoid：类囊体Lesson Three 有丝分裂和减数分裂anaphase：（分裂）后期cell plate：细胞板centromere：着丝粒chalone：抑素，chromatid：染色单体chromatin：染色质cytokinesis：胞质分裂diploid：二倍体haploid：单倍体histone：组蛋白homologous pair：同源染色体对interphase（cycle）：分裂间期（周期）karyotype：核型meiosis：减数分裂mitosis：有丝分裂metaphase：（分裂）中期metaphase plate：赤道板nucleosome：核小体prophase：（分裂）前期spindle：纺锤体telophase：（分裂）末期Lesson Four 遗传学基本原理allele：等位基因dominant：显性recessive：隐性的dihybrid cross：双因子杂合子杂交gene：基因genotype：基因型phenotype：表现型germ plasm theory：种质学说heterozygous：杂合的homozygous：纯合的incomplete dominance：不完全显性law of independentassortment：独立分配定律law of segregation：分离定律nondisjunction：不分离pangenesis：泛生论Punnett square：庞纳特方格test cross：测交Lesson Five 基因的化学性质purine：嘌呤pyrimidine：嘧啶adenine：腺嘌呤guanine：鸟嘌呤cytosine：胞嘧啶thymine：胸腺嘧啶DNA polymerase：DNA聚合酶double helix：双螺旋nucleoside：核苷Okazaki fragment：冈崎片段one-gene-one-enzymehypothesis：一基因一酶假说one-gene-one-polypeptidehypothesis：一基因一多肽假说replication fork：复制叉semiconservativereplication：半保留复制X-ray diffraction：X射线衍射Lesson Six 生命的起源和多样性Big Bang：大爆炸binomial system ofnomenclature：双名法clade：进化枝taxon：分类群taxonomy：分类学coacervate：团聚体continental drift：大陆漂移core：核心mantle：地幔crust：地壳ozone layer：臭氧层kingdom：界division：门class：纲order：目family：科genus：属species：种liposome：脂质体proteinoid：类蛋白（质）Lesson Seven 最大的分解者—真菌ascus：子囊ascomycetes：子囊菌conidium：分生孢子子实体basidium：担子basidiocarp：担子果basidiomycetes：担子果菌纲FungiImperfecti(Decteromycetes)：半知菌门sporangium：孢子囊gametangium：配子囊haustorium：吸器heterokaryon：异核体hyphae：菌丝lichen：地衣mycelium：菌丝体rhizoid：假根saprobe：腐生菌septate：有隔膜的Lesson Eight 动物发育acrosome reaction：顶体反应fertilization：受精cleavage：卵裂blastomere：（卵）裂球blastula：囊胚gastrula：原肠胚primitive streak：原条gastrulation：原肠胚形成ectoderm：外胚层endoderm：内胚层mesoderm：中胚层compensatory hypertrophy：代偿性肥大dedifferentiation：脱分化differentiation：分化gene amplification：基因扩增metamorphosis：变态morphogenesis：形态发生neurulation：神经胚形成oogenesis：卵（子）发生organogenesis：器官发生ovaries：卵巢oviduct：输卵管ovum：卵yolk：卵黄sperm：精子spermatogenesis：精子发生zygote：受精卵parthenogenesis：孤雌生殖regeneration：再生Lesson Nine 物种的起源allopatric speciation：异域物种形成sympatric speciation：同域物种形成analogy：同功cline：梯度变异convergent evolution：趋同进化divergent evolution：趋异进化extinction：灭绝homology：同源性hybrid sterility：杂种不育性macroevolution：宏观进化microevolution：微进化parallel evolution：平行进化phylogeny：种系发生punctuated equilibrium：间断平衡，Lesson Ten 种群生态学age structure：年龄结构allelopathy：异种相克相成现象carrying capacity：容纳量character displacement：特征替换density-dependent factors：密度制约因子density-independent factors：非密度制约因子exponential growth curve：指数生长曲线logistic growth curve：逻辑生长曲线interspecific competition：种间竞争intraspecific competition：种内竞争mortality：死亡率natality：出生率population density：种群密度survivorship curve：存活曲线。
生物学英汉词汇
生物学英汉词汇English-Chinese biology wordsGene 基因gene cloning 基因克隆gene control 基因控制gene conversion 基因转换gene expression 基因表达genetic code 遗传密码genome 基因组genomic DNA 基因组DNA genomics 基因组学genotype 基因型germ cell 生殖细胞germ line 种系helicase 解旋酶helix-loop-helix 螺旋-环-螺旋helix-turn-helix 螺旋-转角-螺旋Holliday structure 霍利迪结构Homeobox 同源异型框Homeosis 同源化homeotic gene 同源异型基因homologous chromosome 同源染色体homology 同源性homozygous 纯合的hybridization 杂交chromatography 色谱法cis –acting 顺式作用cistron 顺反子clone 克隆cloning vector 克隆载体codon 密码子complementary 互补的complementation 互补作用conformation 构象consensus sequence 共有序列constitutive mutant 结构型突变cosmid 黏粒crossing over 交换cyclin 周期蛋白degenerate 简并的determination 确定differentiation 分化DNA cloning 克隆DNADNA library DNA文库DNA polymerase/ DNA聚合酶Domain 域Dominant 显性的，优势的Downstream 下游elongation factor 延伸因子enhancer 增强子entropy（S）熵exon 外显子intron 内含子exoplasmic membrane 质膜expression cloning 表达克隆expression vector 表达载体footprinting 足迹法free energy（G）自由能Gprotein G蛋白Induction 诱导initiation factor/ 起始因子initiator 起始密码子gene knockin 基因敲入gene knockout 基因敲除lagging strand 后随链locus 基因座lysogenic cycle 溶原周期lytic cycle 裂解周期motif 基序motor protein 动力蛋白MPF（mitosis - promoting factor）促有丝分裂因子MTOC（microtubule - organizing center）微管组织中心Mutagen 诱变剂Mutation 突变Northern blotting RNA 印迹法nuclear envelope 核被膜nuclear proe complex（NPC）核孔复合体nuclear receptor 核受体Okazaki fragments 冈崎片段短的Oncogene 癌基因Operator 操纵基因Operon 操纵子PCR（polymerase chain reaction）聚合酶链反应pheromone 信息素point mutation 点突变positional cloning 定位克隆pre – mRNA 信使RNA 前体pre – rRNA 核糖体RNA 前体primary transcript 初级转录物probe 探针promotor 启动子proteasome 蛋白酶体promoter - proximal element 启动子近侧元件proto - oncogene/ 原癌基因reading frame 阅读框架recombinant DNA 重组DNAreplication origin 复制起点replicon 复制子restriction enzyme（endonuclease）限制性（内切核酸）restriction fragment 限制片段restriction poin 限制点retrotransposon 反转录转座子retrovirus 反转录病毒RNA polymerase RNA 聚合酶RNA processing RNA 加工RNA splicing RNA 剪接rRNA（ribosomal RNA）核糖体RNAMicroorganism 微生物Microbiology 微生物学Coccus 球菌Rod 杆菌Spirillum 螺旋菌Vibrio 弧菌Tetanus 破伤风Anthracnose 炭疽病Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Protoplast 原生质体Spheroplast 球形体Bacteria 细菌Nucleoid 拟核Flagellum 鞭毛Capsule 荚膜Colony 菌落Lawn 菌苔Schizogenesis 裂殖Heterocyst 异形胞Actinomycetes 放线菌Rickettsia 立克次氏体Chlamydozoan 衣原体Mycoplasma 支原体Cyanobacteria 蓝细菌Yeast 酵母菌Mold 霉菌Virus 病毒virion 病毒粒子budding 芽殖aflatoxin 黄曲霉毒素septum 隔膜arthrospore 节孢子conidium 分生孢子sporangiospore 孢囊孢子plasmogamy 质配karyogamy 核配meiosis 减数分裂oospore 卵孢子zygospore 接合孢子progametangium 原配子囊homothallism 同宗接合heterothallism 异宗接合ascospore 子囊孢子ascocarp 子囊果ascus 子囊basidiospore 担孢子capsomere 衣壳粒capsid 衣壳multiplication 增殖phage 噬菌体plague 噬菌斑rabies 狂犬病photoautotroph 光能自养生物photoheterotroph 光能异养生物chemoautotroph 化能自养生物chemoheterotroph 化能异养生物simple diffusion 单纯扩散facilitated diffusion 促进扩散active transport 主动运输group translocation 基团移位medium 培养基solid medium 固体培养基liquid medium 液体培养基semisolid medium 半固体培养基agar 琼脂potato dextrose agar medium PDA 培养基beef extract peptone medium 肉膏蛋白胨培养基Gause's No 1 synthetic medium 高氏1号合成培养基Czapek' s medium 察氏培养基malt extract medium 麦芽汁培养基eosin-methylene blue agar medium 伊红美兰琼脂培养基carbon source 碳源nitrogen source 氮源growth factor 生长因子mineral element 矿质元素metabolism 新陈代谢amylase 淀粉酶cellulase 纤维素酶ammonification 氨化作用proteinase 蛋白酶extracellular enzyme 胞外酶intracellular enzyme 胞内酶fermentation 发酵pasteur effect 巴斯德效应denitrification 反硝化作用desulfurization 反硫酸化作用methanogen 产甲烷细菌nitrobacteria 硝化细菌nitrification硝化作用nitrogen fixation固氮作用nitrogenase固氮酶Mo-Fe-protein钼铁蛋白Fe-protein铁蛋白alcohol fermentation酒精发酵fermention of lactic acid乳酸发酵acetic acid fermentation 醋酸发酵growth生长growth curve生长曲线lag phase延迟期log phase对数期stationary phase稳定期decline phase死亡期synchronous cultivation同步培养continuous cultivation连续培养continuous fermentation连续发酵antisepsis 防腐disinfection消毒sterilization灭菌boiling煮沸incineration焚烧baking烘烤autoclaving高压灭菌autoclave高压锅tyndallization间歇灭菌pasteurization巴斯德消毒photoreactivation光复活作用antimetabolites抗代谢物antibiotic抗生素penicillin青霉素nystatin制霉菌素streptomycin链霉素sulfonamide磺胺inoculate接种ultraviolet紫外线dye 染料formaldehyde甲醛Griffith格里菲斯transformation转化Hershey 侯喜Chase蔡斯Fraenkel-Conrat法郎克-康勒特Luria鲁里亚replica plating影印培养Lederberg莱德伯格mutagen诱变剂donor供体recipient受体transduction转导conjugation接合plasmid质粒gene engineering基因工程mycorrhiza菌根ectomycorrhiza外生菌根symbiosis共生lichen地衣rumen瘤胃parasitism寄生antagonium拮抗predation捕食competition竞争ctivated sludge活性污泥coli-index大肠菌群指数colititre大肠菌群值infection传染immunity免疫toxin毒素exotoxin外毒素endotoxin内毒素toxoid类毒素antitoxin抗毒素complement补体antigen抗原antibody抗体interferon干扰素immunoglobulin免疫球蛋白natural active immunity自然自动免疫natural passive immunity自然被动免疫artificial active immunity人工自动免疫artificial passive immunity人工被动免疫vaccine 疫苗Strain 菌株Cystose 泡沫状alvelar sphere泡球alveolar substance泡质bladdery 泡状的Anthracothecium皰果衣属(地衣)embryo胚embryo formation; embryogenesis胚〔胎〕形成embryonic induction胚〔胎〕诱导embryonic layer胚层embryo extract胚抽出液embryonic development胚的发育embryonomy胚的分類；胚发生律exoscopic胚端外生的blastogenetic胚构造形状blastogenic胚芽生殖embryonalisation胚化embryo grafting胚嫁接embryonic stem 胚茎embryo cap胚帽blastocyte胚母細胞；未分化胚細胞embryo sac胚囊central nucleus of embryo sac胚囊的中心核embryo sac tube胚囊管embryo sac nucleus胚囊核embryo sac mother cell胚囊母細胞embryo sac haustorium胚囊吸器embryo sac cell胚囊細胞embryo culture胚培养embryonic stage胚期embryokugel胚球endosperm胚乳albumen 胚乳蛋白endosperm nucleus胚乳核endosperm mother cell胚乳母細胞endosperm embryo胚乳胚endosperm anlage胚乳始原細胞endosperm initial cell胚乳始原細胞embryology胚胎学embryotrophy胚体营养embryophore胚托，胚柄embryo cell胚細胞embryogenesis; embryo formation胚形成胚形成 embryogenyembryogenetic process胚形成过程embryogenetic stage胚形成期embryonal diapause胚休眠epicotyl胚芽；上胚軸blastogenesis胚芽生殖embryo juice胚液embryo transplantation胚移植embryonic tissue胚组织；分生组织earthing up培土；作畦culture培养ectogenesis 培养繁殖culture flask培养瓶culture period培养期culture community培养群落established cell line培养细胞系统culture solution培养液culture alteration培养转化anisogamonty配子体异型eruption喷出dust atomizer喷粉器evagination膨出dilate膨大的；扩大的dilated septum膨大隔膜extension pressure; turgor; turgor pressure膨压distension膨胀；节间膨大distension water膨脹水cortex; cortical layer皮层dermal tissue皮膜组织A band A 带A site [核糖体]A 部位ABA 脱落酸abasic site 脱碱基位点，无碱基位点abaxial 远轴的abequose 阿比可糖，beta 脱氧岩藻糖aberrant splicing 异常剪接aberration 象差；畸变；失常abiogenesis 自然发生论，无生源论ablastin 抑殖素（抑制微生物细胞分裂或生殖的一种抗体）abnormal distrbution 非正态分布abnormality 异常，失常；畸形，畸变ABO blood group system ABO 血型系统aboriginal mouse 原生鼠abortin 流产素abortion 流产，败育abortive egg 败育卵皮膜组织系统dermal tissue system皮上层epitrichium枇把角斑病菌Cercospora eriobotryae Enjoji炭疽anthrax偏上生长epinasty偏上弯曲测验 epinastic curvature test偏向演替 deflected succession偏心的；离心的 eccentric偏心生长 eccentric growth偏倚的；偏向的；向下傾的 deflected偏倚的；傾垂的；反卷的 deflexed; reflexed品种(动)(植)(动) breed; variety; race平衡 equilibrium平衡常数 equilibrium constant; differential growth coefficient; growth ratio; relative growth coefficient平衡电位 equilibrium potential平衡淀粉粒说 amylostatolith theory平衡密度离心分离 equilibrium density centrifugation平衡系 equilibratory system平衡壓 equilibrium pressure平衡压 equilibrium liquid平衡状态 equilibrium condition平均差 average deviation平均过剩度 average excess平均密度 average density平均显性度 average dominance平野的；郊野的 campestrian瓶颈效果 bottle-neck effect瓶蓝花；瓶子花 Diospyros armata Hemsl.匍匐地表植物 Chamaephyta reptantia匍匐茎 creeping stolon蔓生植物 bine plants匍匐运动性细菌 creeping bacteria葡萄白粉病菌寄生菌 Cicinnobolus cesatii De Bary葡萄白粉病菌寄生菌属Cicinnobolus葡萄串狀的 botryoid葡萄糖胺; 2-胺基-D-葡萄糖聚糖 d-glucosamine; glycosamine 葡萄糖二酸;黏液酸 D-saccharic acid葡萄柚 Citrus paradisi Macf.; grape fruit; pomelo葡萄狀的 acinose，acinlus蒲公英 dandelion; Taraxacum等位基因性 allelism;allelonorphism对位基因中心 allele center (Reinig 1938)对应植物 corresponding plants对照实验 control experiment对照植物 control plant盾状的 clypeate多瓣的 choripetalous多核大胞子 coenomegaspore多核合子 coenozygote多核配子 coenogamete多核配子囊 coenogametangium多核体的 coenocytic多核細胞 apocyte ; coenocyte ; multinucleate cell多核游胞子 coenozoospore多片的 dialypetalous多肉高芥菜 Brassica juncea Coss.var.rugosa(Roxb.)Kit. 多肉叶地表植物 Chamaephyta succulenta多室乾果；（菌类的）孢子囊 carceruled多丝染色体 chromosome polytene多样性 diversity单倍体haploid萼calyx(pl. calyces)萼孔 calyx pore萼裂 calyx splitting萼裂片 calyx segment萼片 calyx lobe萼片有毛的 eriocalyx萼上花的 calyciflorous;calycifloral萼筒 calyx tube向阳的 apricus儿茶酚catecholase儿茶酚酸;2，3-羟(基)苯甲酸 0-pyrocatechnic acid 2，3-dihychoxy benzoic acid 儿茶素；儿茶酸 catechin耳形的 auriculate耳形天南星 Arisaema limbatum Nakai et Maekawa二胺 diamine二胺苯磺醯胺 disulfanil amide二胺次乙基四醋酸；四醋酸次乙基二胺 EDTA; ethyenediamine tetraacetate二胺二磷脂 diamino-diphosphatide二胺基酸 diamino acid二倍二价染色体 diplobivalent (Barber 1940)二倍基因型的性決定 diplogenotypic sexdetermination二倍及单倍交替植物 diplohaplont二倍染色体 diplochromosome二倍体染色体数 diploid number二倍体 diploid二倍体不亲合性 diploid incompatibility二倍体不孕性 diplontic sterility二倍体单性生殖 diploid parthenogenesis二倍体分离 diploid segregation二倍体合子 diploid zygote二倍体化 diploidization二倍体间性 diploid intersexuality二倍体期 diploid phase二倍体生物 diplont二倍体世代 diploid generation二倍体无配生殖 diploid apogamy二倍体异型合子 diploid heterozygote二倍体杂种 diploid hybrid二倍体植物 diplont plant二倍体种 diploid species二倍体状态 diploid state二倍体组织 diploid tissue二倍性 diploidy二倍性孢子体 diploid sporophyte二倍性核 diplokaryon二倍性菌丝体 diplomycelium二倍性配子体細胞形成的胚 apogamety (Renner 1916)二倍性体細胞核 diploid somatic nucleus 二倍性一价染色体 diplounivalent二苯胺 dibenzylamine二苯胺 diphenylamine二苯胺偶氮苯 diphenylamino-azobenzene 二苯基 dibenzyl二苯基 diphenyl二苯基乙二酮 benzil二苯甲醇 benzhydrol二苯甲烷 diphenylmethane二鞭毛的 biflagellate二丙烯基 dially1二列的 biseriate二叉 dichotomia二叉分的；二叉狀的 dichotomous二叉生的；二分歧的 dichotoma二叉状分枝 dichotomous branching二叉状假轴分枝 dichotomous sympodium 二唇形的 bilabiate二雌蕊的 digynous; digynian二次三出的 biternate二次三出叶 biternate leaf二次游泳性 diplanetism二次羽状的 bipinnate; bipenniform二次羽状复叶 bipinnately compound leaf 二次羽状裂叶 bipinnatifid leaf二次掌状的 bipalmate二次掌状复叶 bipalmately compound leaf 二碘化物 diiodide二碘甲烷；二碘化甲烯 diiodomethane二碘甲状腺素 diiodothyronine二碘酪胺酸 diiodotyrosine二分 bipartition二分法 dichotomic method二分检索表 dichotomous key二分型 dichotomic type二分子；二子 diad二甘油化合物；二甘油脂 diglyceride二果瓣的 dicarpellous二合子的（二卵雙生子） dizygotic二核孢子 dikaryospore二核的 dikaryotic二核相；二核期 dicaryophase二核相；双核期 dikaryophase二核性杂种 dicaryotic hybrid二化的 divoltine二化性 divoltinism二环纲状中柱 dicyclic dictyostele二磺苯胺 diiodoaniline二磺间苯二酚 diiodoresorcinol二回复叶 decompound leaf二基因的；二对偶基因的 diallelic (Atwood 1944) 二基因同型合子 double homozygote二基因遗传 digenetic inheritance二基因异型合子 diheterozygote二基因杂种分离比 dihybrid ratio二甲〔基〕胺 dimethylamine二甲〔基〕笨 dimethyl benzene二价染色體 bivalent chromosome二聚水 dihydrol二聚体 dimer二聚体形成 dimerization二列对生 distichous opposite二列生 distichy二列生的 distichous二裂的 bifid二磷甘油醛 1.3-diphosphoglyceraldehyde二硫化碳 carbon disulphide二硫化物 disulfide二硫化乙烷 ethyl bisuifide啤酒 beer啤酒酵母 beer yeast大气生物学 aerobiology大气中的氮的固定 azotification;N2 fixation 大野牡丹属 Astronia黛粉葉芋屬 Dieffenbachia丹頂草 Aceriphyllum rossii Engl.丹頂草屬（虎耳草科） Aceriphyllum丹馬樹脂 dammar; Dammara orientalis等單孢子亞科(不) Amerosporeae單胞藻科（綠） Chlamydomonadaceae單胞藻屬 Chlamydomonas單倍體及二倍體世代 antithetic generation單邊虎尾蕨 Asplenium unilaterale Lam.單耳柃 Eurya weissial chun單花翠雀花 Delphinum monanthum Hand.-Mazz.單價染色體；染色體單分體 chromosome monad單節莢假木豆；小葉山木豆 Desmodium dunnii Merr.單條脈鐵角蕨 Asplenium tenerum Forst.單位膜；單元膜 elementary membrane (Sitte 1961); unit membrane單矽鞭毛藻科 Dictyochaceae單細胞造子絲藻 Chylocladia japonica (Harv.) Okam.單細胞造子絲藻屬（紅） Chylocladia單性的；雌雄性分開的 diclinous單性生死產雌體 amictic female;female producer單葉豆；鬼荔枝 Ellepanthes glabrifolius Merr.單葉豆屬（牛栓藤科） Ellepanthes單葉雙遛飽F矛葉蹢遛飽F篦梳劍；小石劍 Diplazium lanceum (Thunb) Presl.單一寄主寄生 autoecism單一寄主菌 autoecious fungus單中節的 C1 monocentric單子紅豆 beadtree ormosa; Ormosia monosperma Urban儋丹皂帽花（蔣英） Dasymachalon trichophorum Merr.擔胞子；擔孢子 basidiospore擔子柄 basidiophore擔子柄期 basidial stage擔子果 basidiocarp擔子菌地衣亞綱；擔子菌地衣類 Basidiolichenes擔子菌綱；擔子菌類 Basidiomycetes擔子菌類 club fungi; Basidiomycota擔子菌門 Basidiomycota; club fungi擔子器；擔子柄 basidium膽固醇；膽脂醇 cholesterol膽烷酸 cholanic acid淡紅鰴 Cephalothecium roseum Corda淡紅鰴屬 Cephalothecium.淡灰色的；似灰的 cinereous， cinerus淡灰紫穗銀白葦 Cortaderia kermesina Hort淡竹花（H.C.）；寶鐸草（日本） Disporum sessile Don; Uvularia sessile Thunb. 蛋胺酸；阿伐胺基得他甲硫醇基（代）于酸；DL-2-胺基-r-甲硫醇基（代）于酸；甲硫胺酸 Dm-Methionine; αamino-δ-methyl-mercap-tobutyric acid蛋白桿菌 Bacillus albuminis蛋白化物;衍生蛋白素 albuminate;derived albumin蛋白類 albuminous matter蛋白素;白蛋白 albumin蛋白細胞 albuminous cell蛋白質的變性 denaturation of proteins蛋白質結晶 albumen crystal蛋白質鏈端基碼 chain-terminating codon蛋黃果 egg-fruit; canistel; Lucuma neryosa A.DC. 蛋樹 egg-tree; Garcinia xanthochymus Hook氮 azote;nitrogen氮的同化作用 assimilation of nitrogen氮的吸收 azotation氮定量計 azotometer彈力蛋白 elasticin; elastin彈力蛋白酶 elastinase彈力蛋白；彈力素 elastin彈力蛋白~59_2~ elastose彈器 elastes彈絲 elater彈絲柄 elaterophore彈性 elasticity彈性計 elastometer當地原產種；固有種 endemic species當歸(本經) Angelica sinensis Diels當量；等值 equirvalent當年生長；當年枝條 current growth黨參（Br.）（桔梗科） Campanumoea pil osula Franch.黨參（本草從新）（綱目拾遺） Codonopsis pilosula Nanfeldt刀豆素 canalin刀形 cultellate倒垂百合屬；寶鐸花屬（百合科） Disporum; fairy bells倒生的 anatropous倒生胚珠 anatropous ovule倒轉；逆解 antistrophe搗布屬（褐藻） Ecklonia導電常數 dielectric constant導電度 electrical conductivity導引植物在上生長的柱或架 espalier盜賊種 compilo species道耳吞 Dalton， John稻黑腫病菌 Entyloma oryzae Sydow稻胡麻葉炫f菌 Cochliobolus miyabeanus(Ito-et Kurib.)dreshsler 稻苗腐敗病菌 Achlya flagellata Coker稻苗腐敗病菌 Achlya oryzae Ito et Nagai稻熱病 blast; riceblast; neck-rot; Piricularia oryzae Cavara稻熱病菌族 Dactylieae稻熱病菌 Dactylaria parasitans Cavara; Piricularia oryzae Cavara稻熱病菌屬 Dactylaria， Pirlcylaria稻紋炫f菌 Corticium sasakii (Shirai) Matsumoto榖精草（H.C.） Eriocaulon truncatum Hance榖精草科 Eriocaulaceae. Pipewort family榖精草屬 Eriocaulon鵠沼蘭 Cephalanthera shizuoi F. Maek.固氮細菌屬 Azotobacter固定程度 degree of fixation固定胝質；固定創痕 definitive callus固有生物漸減 epibiotic endemism (Ridley 1925)固有物質代謝 endogenous metabolism固有性；組成 constitutive固著地衣；殼狀地衣 crustaceous lichens瓜胺酸 citrulline瓜角矽藻 Chaetoceras denticulatum Lauder瓜類 cucurbit瓜類炭疽病菌 Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ellis et Halsted 瓜皮槭；瓜皮楓 Acer rufinerve S. et Z.瓜蘚 Brachymenium clavulum Mitt.瓜蘚屬；短葉蘚屬 Brachymenium瓜形 curcumbitate瓜形的 cucurbitaceous瓜葉菊輪玟斑病菌 Alternaria cinerariae Hori et Enjoji掛蘭屬；折鶴蘭（日本） Chlorophytum comosum Baker掛蘭屬；折鶴蘭屬（日本）（百合科） Chlorophytum; chlorophytum 冠腐病 crown rot冠根 crown root冠癭 crown gall冠狀；帽狀 calyptriform關蒼朮(藥材學) Atractylis japonica Koidz.關電極 different electrode關東槭；關東楓 Acer mandshuricum Maxim.;Manchurian maple關節運動 articulate movement觀音草（G.）；九頭獅子草（圖考） Dicliptera crinita Nees觀音棕竹 dwarf ground-rattan; Rhapis flabelliformis L’Her.觀音座蓮 Angiopteris erecta Hoffm觀音座蓮科(厥) Angiopteridaceae觀音座蓮亞科 Angiopterideac觀音座蓮屬 Angiopteris管 duct管裂藻科（藍） Chamaesiphonaceae管裂藻目（藍） Chamaesiphonales管內的；生於胞子囊內的 entangial管形葉序鳳蘭屬(鳳梨科) Billbergia貫生厚葉 Crassula perfoliata L.貫眾（本經） Cyrtomium fortunei J. Smith貫眾蕨屬 Cyrtomium貫眾煤病菌 Asterina aspidii P.Henn.貫眾素 aspidin貫眾屬;三叉蕨屬 Aspidium雚香(嘉祐) Agathis;Dammar-pine雚香薊 Ageratum conysoides L.雚香薊褐色圓星病菌 Alternaria agerati Saw.雚香薊屬(菊科) Ageratum;ageratum;bastard agrimony;flossflower 雚香屬(薄荷科) Agastache rugosa O.Kuntze灌木叢 bush灌木叢生地 dumetorum灌木狀的 dumetose; bushy光果鳳尾蕉 Cycas thoursii R. Brown; Thouar cycas光合作用的作用光譜 action spectrum of photosy nthesis光滑角苔 Anthoceros laevis L.; hornwort光化計紀錄；X光照相 actinogram光化學；光〔的〕化〔學〕作用論；放射學 actinology光化學的；有光化學的 actinic光化學力；光化學作用 actinicity光化學力；光化學作用 actinism光力計；Ｘ光照相圖 actinograph光量學；光量測定法；光化力測定法 actinometry光皮樺 Betula luminifera Winkl.光蕈屬(擔子菌) Amanitopsis光葉珙桐 Davidia involucrata var. vilnoriana Hemsl.光葉槭；光葉楓 Acer laevigatum var.reticulatum Rehd.光葉柿 Diospyros diversilimba Merr. & Chun光葉碗蕨 Dennstaedtia scabra Moore var. glabrescence C. Chr.胱胺硫（homocysteine與seine的結合物） cystathionine胱胺酸 cystine廣布種 cosmopolitic species廣帶性的 euryronous廣東楤木 Aralia armata Seem.廣東桂皮；山肉桂；香膠葉；陰香（中藥誌） Cinnamomum burmanni Bl 廣東石斛（中藥誌）；銅皮蘭（廣西） Dendrobium kwangtungense Tso 廣東線葉蘚 Dicranlolma Kwangtungense Chen廣東楊桐 Adinandra hemsleyi Hand.-Mazz.廣口導孔；廣口孔紋；廣口膜孔 dilated pit廣深（海）性的 eurybathic廣西鵝山木 Carallia diplopetala Hand. -Mazz.廣西虎皮楠（陳嶸） Dapphniphyllum longistylium Chien廣西土細辛 Asarum insigne Diels廣吸收帶抗生素群 broad-spectrum antibiotics廣葉黃檀 black wood Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.廣葉黃檀 East Indian rosewood; Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.廣葉南洋杉 Araucaria bidwilli Hook.;bunya tunya;Mr.Bidwill's araucaria 廣州相思子；紅母雞草；難骨草 Abrus cantoniensis Hec.圭亞那粗糖 Demerara crystals龜甲衣 Diploschites actinostomus (Pers.) A. Zahlbn.龜甲衣料（地衣） Diploschistaceae龜甲衣屬（地衣） Diploschites龜甲藻 Dictyosphaeria favulosa (Ag.) Decne.龜甲藻屬（綠） Dictyosphaeria龜鮮 Amphidium japponicum(Hedw.)Shimp.龜鮮屬(鮮) Amphidium癸醛 caprinaldehyde癸烷；十碳烷 decane鬼臼（綱目） Diphylleia cymosa Michx.鬼桫欏 Cyathea podophylla Copel.鬼針草(拾遺)(圖考) Bidens pilosa L.桂皮 cassia bark;bark of Ciinnamomum cassia桂皮（四川）；銀葉樟（樹木誌略） Cinnamomun argenteum Gamble桂皮；肉桂色 cinnamon桂皮醛 cinnaldehyde; cinnamic aldehyde桂皮醛 cinnamic aldehyde桂皮酸；苯基丙烯（2）酸 cinnamic acid桂皮酸桂皮酯 cinnamyl cinnamate桂皮酸鹽 cinnamate桂皮酸乙酯 ethyl cinnamate桂氏有角堅果鳳尾蕉 Ceratozamia kuesteriana Regel桂醯基 cinnamyl桂櫻 cherry laurel; Prunus laurocerasus L.桂竹香屬；紫羅蘭花屬（十字花科；蕓苔科） Cheiranthus; wall flower 貴定鵝耳櫪 Carpinus kwitingensis Hu貴州鵝耳櫪 Carpinus kweichowensis Hu貴州栲樹 Castanopsis neocavalerier A. Camus貴州四照花（陳嶸） Cornus parviflora Chien棍棒形的 club-shaped; clavate棍棒狀的 clavate棍狀毛 club hair果孢子囊口 carpostome果孢子體；果胞子體 carposporophyte果胞子囊 carposporangium果柄 carpopodrum果串摘除 cluster thinning果膠酸鈣 calcium pectate果咖啡 Coffea robusta Lind.; robust coffee; Congo coffee 果鱗複合體 cone scale complex果卵胞；造果器 carpogone;carpogonium果卵胞；造果器 carpogonium;carpogone;procarp果卵胞絲；造果枝 carpogonial filament;carpogonial branch 果卵胞枝；造果枝 carpogonial branch;carpogonial filament 果實生於葉面的 epiphyllospermous果實有毛的 eriocarpus果實直感；直傳 carpoxenia;metaxenia果室 camara果心變紅 core flush果心線 core line過程的動態 dynamics of a process過多症 excess symptom過量代謝 excess metabolism過敏源;過敏性誘致劑 allergen過敏症 allergy過敏症；抗原抗體惡性反應 anaphylaxis過氣化苯甲醯 benzoyl peroxide過山蕨 Camptosorus sibiricus Rupr.過山蕨屬 Camptosorus;walking fern過山龍；黃連藤；黃藤 Acrangelisia loureiri(Pier.)Diels過山香（臺北植物園目錄） Clausena lunulata Hay.過剩碳酸 extra-carbonic acid過溼傷害 excess moisture injury過壇龍（圖考）；鐵線蕨草(D.) Adiantum pedatum L.過氧化氫酶 catalase海岸筆筒樹 Alsophila fauriei Christ.;sea shore treefern海岸柿蘭 Epipactis sayekiana Mak.海岸植物；海濱植物 baech plants海岸植物群落；海岸植被 coastal vegetation; maritime vegetation海邊芥藍 Crambe maritima L.; sea kale海邊芥藍屬（十字花科） Crambe海濱赤楊 Alnus maritima Nuttall;A.japonica S.et Z.;seaside aleder海濱金雞菊 Coreopsis maritima Hood f.; sea dahlia; sea coreopsis海濱藜 Atriplex tartarica L.海濱藜屬(藥科) Atriplex;saltbush海帶（嘉祐） Eisenia bicyclis Setchell海帶屬；黑菜屬（褐） Eisenia海島觀音座蓮 Angiopteris fauriei Hieron var. formosana Hieron海紅豆樹 beadtree; Adenanthera海金沙葉觀音座蓮 Angiopteris lygodiifolia Ros.海榴花 Camellia wabiske Kitam.;C. reticulata Lindl. Var. wabisuke Mak.海榴花（綱目） Camellia reticulata Lindle. Var. wabisuke Mak.海蘿 Cryptonemia shmitziana Okam海蘿目（紅藻） Cryptonemiales海蘿屬（紅） Cryptonemia海檬果屬；山檨仔屬（夾竹桃科） Cerbera海綿蘚科 Chrysothricaceae海綿藻 Ceratodictyon spongiosum Zanard.海綿藻亞科（紅） Ceratodictyeae海綿藻亞屬 Ceratodictyon海南阿根藤 Aganosma odora Tsiang海南毒鼠子 Dichapetalum longipetalum (Turcz.) Engl.海南厚殼桂 Cryptocarya hainanensis Merr海南虎皮楠（陳嶸） Daphniphyllum beddomei Craib海南蒲桃（陳嶸）；稜果蒲桃（臺北植物園目錄） Eugenia tsoi Merr.& Chun. 海南杞李參；豆腐木 Decdropanax hainanensis (Merr. et chun) Chun海南山指甲（蔣英） Desmos hainanensis Merr. & Chun海南實蕨 Bolbitis subcordata Ching海南柿 Diospyros rubra Lecomte海南樹蘭 Aglaia odoratissima BL.海南五月茶 Antidesma nienkui Merr. et Chun海薔薇藻 Constantinea rosamarina (GM) Post et Rupr海薔薇藻（紅） Constantinea海茄苳 black mangrove; Avicennia marina Vierh.海茄苳屬(馬鞭葦科0 Avicennia海扇藻 Chlanidote repens Okam.海扇藻屬（褐） Chlanidote海氏秋海棠 Begonia hemsleyana Hooker海桐（開寶本草） Erythrina indica Lam. E. carnea Lam. East Indian coraltree 海團扇目；義網藻目 Dictyotales海仙花（H.M.） Diervilla coraeensis DC.海洋的（600呎下）深水層（區） abyssal region海芋 calla;Zantedeschia海芋屬(天南星科) Alocasia;alocasia海蘊（拾遺） Cladosiphon decipiens Okarn.海蘊屬（褐） Cladosiphon海枕亞科 Elachisteae海枕屬（褐） Elachista海州常山（圖經）；臭牡丹（湖北興山）；泡花桐（峨嵋）；臭木（日本） Clerodendron trichotomum Thunb.海州常山屬（馬鞭草科） Clerodendron; glory bower海洲骨碎補（紹興本草） Davallia bullata Wall.含鈷維生素；維生素乙十二 cobalamintabun 塔崩，二甲氨基氰磷酸乙酯[有机磷毒物]tachykinin 速激肽tachysterol 速固醇，速甾醇tacrine 塔克林tag 标记（物），标志；尾（端）tagatose 塔格糖tagging 标记tail 尾（部）；[噬菌体]尾部tail growth 尾增长[如用于描述聚合酶作用机理]tail tube [噬菌体]尾管tailing 加尾tailing peak 拖尾峰tailpoxin 泰攀蛇毒素talin 踝蛋白[膜下的一种细胞骨架蛋白，见于粘着斑] talopeptide 端肽talose 塔罗糖tamoxifen 三苯氧胺tandem enzyme 串联酶[同一多肽具有不同的酶活性] tannase 鞣酸酶tannin 鞣质，单宁tannin red 鞣红taq DNA ligase taq DNA连接酶targeted 定向的targeted toxin 导向毒素targeting sequencing 前导序列，导向序列targeting signal 引导信号，导向信号tautomerism 互变异构tautomerization 互变异构化tautomycin 互变霉素taxis 趋（向）性taxol 红豆杉醇，紫杉酚taxon 分类单位，分类群tectivirus 复层病毒[一类噬菌体]tektin 筑丝蛋白[与中间丝相类似的一种可形成丝状聚体的蛋白]telecrine 远距分泌，远程分泌teleocidin 杀鱼菌素teliospore 冬孢子telomerase 端粒（末端转移）酶telomere 端粒telopeptide 端肽telophase 末期telosynapsis 对端联会tenascin 腱生蛋白，肌腱蛋白[由星形细胞合成并释放，可调节细胞的形态] tendo 腱tenericute 无壁（细）菌[缺乏胞壁的细菌]teniposide 表鬼臼毒噻吩糖苷tensin 张力蛋白[可维持微丝锚着点的张力]tenuin 细丝蛋白，细棒蛋白[一种肌肉蛋白]tenuivirus 细病毒组[一组植物病毒，模式成员是水稻条叶枯病毒] teratocarcinoma 畸胎癌[恶性的畸胎癌]teratogen 致畸剂teratoma 畸胎瘤[由来自内胚层，中胚层和外胚层的混合组织组成的良性肿瘤] terminalization （末）端化terminase 末端酶[如见于λ噬菌体，可切除cos位点]terminator 终止子；终止剂terminus 末端terpene 萜terpenoid 类萜，萜类化合物terrace 平台testa 种皮testosterone 睾酮tetanolysin 破伤风（菌）溶血（毒）素tetanospasmin 破伤风（菌）痉挛（毒）素tetrads 四联球菌[四个球菌作正方形排列]tetraethylammonium 四乙铵tetrahydrobiopterin 四氢生物蝶呤tetrahydrofolate 四氢叶酸；四氢叶酸盐、酯、根tetrahydrofuran 四氢呋喃tetrahydroisoquinoline 四氢异喹啉tetrahymena 四膜虫属tetraiodothyronine 四碘甲状腺原氨酸，甲状腺素tetramer 四聚体tetramethylsilane 四甲基硅烷tetraphenylphosphonium 四苯金粦tetraploid 四倍体tetraploidy 四倍性tetrasaccharide 四糖tetrasome 四体(染色体)生物tetrasomy 四体性tetraspore 四分孢子tetravirus 四病毒tetrazole 四唑[在DNA合成反应作为缩合剂]tetrodotoxin （河）豚毒素texas Red [商]德克萨斯红[Molecular Probe公司生物学燃料的商标，是磺基罗丹明101的两种单磺酰氯衍生物的混合物]thalassemia 地中海贫血，珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血thallophyte 原植体植物thallospore 体裂孢子，无梗孢子thallus [真菌]菌体thapsigargin 毒胡萝卜素，毒胡萝卜内酯thaumatin 奇（异果）甜蛋白[在热带灌木奇异果的果实中法线的一种甜蛋白] thelykaryon 雌核thelyplasm 雌质thelytoky 产雌孤雌生殖theoflavin 茶黄素[茶中的多元酚氧化产物]theophylline 茶碱，1,3-二甲基黄嘌呤thermolysin 嗜热菌蛋白酶thermophile 嗜热生物thermophilic 嗜热的，耐热的thermus aquaticus 粞热水生菌thevetin 黄花夹竹桃苷thiaole 噻唑thienamycin 噻烯霉素thigmotaxis 趋触性thioesterase 硫酯酶thioglucosidase 硫葡糖苷酶thiokinase 硫激酶thiolase 硫解酶thiolutin 硫藤黄素thionin 硫素[一类富含Cys的植物抗病蛋白]thionine 硫堇thiophene 噻吩thiophenol 苯硫酚thioredoxin 硫氧还蛋白thiosemicarbazide 氨基硫脲thiosemicarbazone 缩氨基硫脲thiostrepton 硫链丝菌肽thiouracil 硫尿嘧啶thoracic duct 胸导管thrombin 凝血酶thrombocytasthenia 血小板无力症thrombocytopathy 血小板病thrombocytopenia 血小板减少thrombocytosis 血小板增多thromboglobulin 血小板球蛋白thrombolytics 溶栓剂thrombomodulin 凝血调节蛋白，（血）栓调（节）蛋白[内皮细胞的膜蛋白，凝血酶的受体]thromboplastin 促凝血酶原激酶thromboplastinogen 促凝血酶原激酶原thrombopoiesis 血小板生成thrombopoietin 血小板生成素thrombospondin 血小板反应蛋白[一种可接受促分裂原刺激的钙结合糖蛋白，对血栓块有稳thrombosthenin 血栓收缩蛋白thromboxane 凝血烷，血栓烷thuricin 苏云金菌素thylakoid 类囊体thymic 胸腺的thymidine 胸（腺嘧啶脱氧核）苷thymidylate 胸苷酸thymine 胸苷嘧啶thymocrescin 胸苷促生长素thymocyte 胸腺细胞thymolphthalein 百里酚酞，麝香草酚酞thymolsulfonphthalein 百里酚蓝，麝香草酚蓝thymopoietin 胸腺（细胞）生成素thymosin 胸腺素thymulin 胸腺（九）肽[胸腺上皮细胞分泌的一种金属肽激素] thynnin 鲔精蛋白thyroglobulin 甲状腺球蛋白thyroliberin 促甲状腺素释放素thyromodulin 促甲状腺素调节素[可调节促甲状腺素的释放] thyronine 甲状腺原氨酸thyrotrophin 促甲状腺素thyrotropin 促甲状腺素。
生物专业英语PPT课件
• 体外培养法
• 培养基： 多采用RPMll640培养液，添加10％～20％胎牛或小牛血清。
• 特点：
由于培养液中含有血清成分，总蛋白量可达100mg／m1以上，给 纯化带来困难。加入小牛血清又是发生支原体污染的原因，而且批间 质量差异太大，直接影响杂交瘤细胞生长。所以，近年来发展起来的 无血清培养法，就是利用白蛋白、胰岛素、转铁蛋白、乙醇胺等混合 物来代替小牛血清。虽然该法可减少污染又有利于单克隆抗体的纯化， 但产量不高。
CellEngin7
（七）抗体检测
免疫荧光试验 放射免疫试验(RIA) 联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)
CellEngin7
ELISA用于破伤风抗体的筛选
ELISA
（八）单克隆抗体的大量制备
体内法 培养法
动物体内诱生法
• 优缺点 1. 比较经济， 2. 产物量多效价高， 3. 还可有效地保存杂交瘤细胞株和分离已经污染杂菌的杂交
- 2700 copies/virion
- monovalent display - multivalent display
- large proteins
- small peptides
- N-terminal display
- N-terminal display
瘤细胞株， 4. 缺点是小鼠腹水中混有来自小鼠的多种杂蛋白，纯化难。
要点： 选用BALB／c小鼠（ 因为杂交瘤细胞的两种亲本细胞都来自BALB／c小鼠）
破坏小鼠腹腔内膜（注入细胞的几周前，预先将具有刺激性的有机溶剂 降植烷(pristane)注入腹腔内，建立杂交瘤细胞易于增殖的环境使杂交 瘤细胞在腹腔内增殖良好）
生物专业英语文稿.推荐精选PPT
英文科技论文的写作
② 作者署名(Signature） 作者署名一般应列于标题之下。
③ 作者单位（Department）
④ 摘要（ Abstract） 三部分组成： (1）研究目的简要陈述研究目的、内容及需要解决的问题。 (2）研究方法简要介绍研究所采用的实验方法和基本步骤。 (3）结果简要描述实验主要发现和主要结论及论文的价值。 英文稿以1 000印刷符号为宜，原则上不超过全文的3％。
English for Biology 生物学专业英语
目的
(一) 培养科技文献的阅读能力和初步的科技论文 写作能力。
(二)掌握基本的专业英语词汇。 (三)为专业英语学习提供相关文献资料，进一步扩
大阅读范围和提高阅读能力。
专业英语的特点
专业英语语法特点：
① 体现科技英语的特点-语言精练，逻辑性强，描述 客观，其中语言精练是其风格，描述客观是其本质。
十克
11.hecto,
百
hectometer
百米
hectoliter
百升
hectowatt
百瓦
12. kilo,
千
kilodalton (KD) 千道尔顿
kilobase
千碱基
13. deci,
十分之一,分
decimeter
分米
decigram
十分之一克
14. centi,
百分之一
15. milli,
如： • photosynthesis (光合作用) • microtubule (微管) • microfilament (微丝) • Electrophoresis (电泳) • DNA （deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸） • CoA （Coenzyme A） • UV （Ultra-violet） • AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
(完整版)常用生物学专业英语词汇
Aabdomen 腹部abdominal 腹部的abiotic 非生物的abnormal 反常的，变态的abscisic 脱落酸abscission 脱落absorb 吸收（水、热、光等) absorption spectrum 吸收光谱，吸收谱absorption 吸收作用abut 连接accelerate 加速,加快acceptable 可接受的acceptor 受体acetate 醋酸盐;醋酸根acetone 丙酮acetyl 乙酰基acorn 橡树子acquire［o’kwaio)uJ．获得，取得 ．actin 肌动蛋白actinomycinD 放线菌素D activation 活化；激活activationenergy 活化能active site 活性中心active 主动的；活性的adapt 使适应,改编 适应adaptin 衔接蛋白adaptive radiation 适应辐射adenine 腺嘌呤adenosine 腺嘌呤核苷adenosyl 腺苷的adenovirus 腺病毒adhering junctings 粘着连接adhesion 粘着；附着adipose 脂肪多的adjacent 毗邻的adjust 调节，调整；校正admit 让……进入adolescent 青少年adrenal肾上腺的， 肾上腺adulthood 成年affinity 亲和；吸引agar 琼脂，洋菜agarose 琼脂糖agency 媒介agent 剂aggregate 聚合体Agrobacterium tumefaciens根癌农杆菌airborne 空气传播的alanine 丙氨酸albino 白化体albumin 白蛋白，清蛋白aldosterone 醛固酮，醛甾酮allcviate 减轻；缓和allelc 等位基因allele 等位基因 突变遗传因子allosteric modification 别构修饰allosteric 别构的aloft 向上Alzheimer’s disease阿尔茨海默氏病amino 氨基的 ～acid氨基酸aminocyclopropylcarboxylic氨基环丙烷羧酸aminopeptidase 氨基肽酶amnion 羊膜amoeboid 阿米巴样的amphibian 两栖动物amphipathic 两亲的 两性的amphiploid 双倍体amplify 扩增amylase 淀粉酶anaerobic 厌氧的anal 肛门的,臀的analogous 机能相似的， 同功的analysis 分析，分解analyze 分析anaphase （细胞分裂的）后期anaphase—promoting complex,APC 促后期复合物anarogen 雄激素anatomy 解剖学ancestor 祖先ancient 古老（的生物) 古老的anemia 贫血（症) 局部缺血angiosperm 被子植物anionic 阴离子的antagonistic 对抗性的antagonize 对抗；中和antennae 触角anterior 前的anther 花药anticodon 反密码子antidiuretiC 抗利尿的 抗利尿anus 肛门anus 肛门aorta 主动脉apex （复）apices 顶，顶点apparatus 体；器官;装置appendicitis 阑尾炎appendix 阑尾appetlte 食欲，胃口appreciable 可估计的appropriate 适当的approximately 近似地,大约archaebacteria 古细菌archaic 古代的arterial 动脉的arteriole 小动脉artery 动脉arthritis 关节炎artificial chromosome 人工染色体aspartic 天冬氨酸astrocyte 星形(神经胶质），细胞asymmetric 不对称的atmosphere 大气层，大气圈atrium 心房autocatalytic 自动催化的autonomic neuron 自主神经元autonomously replicatingsequence A RS自主复制起序列autophagy 自噬作用axon 轴突axoplasm 轴浆Bbacillus 杆菌bacteria 细菌bacterial artificialchromosome， B AC 细菌人工染色体bacteriophage 噬菌体bacterium 细菌basal cell carcinoma 基层细胞癌base 碱基basement membrane 基膜bicarbonate 碳酸氢盐bilateral symmetry 两侧对称bilayer 双层binal 双重的，两倍的,孪生的binding 结合位点binomial 双名的biochemical 生物化学的biogeography 生物地理学biology 生物学biotechnology 生物技术biotic 生物的bipedal 两足动物的bipolar 双极的blastocoele 囊胚腔blastoderm 胚盘blastomere 卵裂球blastula 囊胚blister水疱，疱blood pressure 血压blood-clotting 凝血boron 硼botanist 植物学家botanist 植物学家boulder 巨砾，圆石bounce 跳起breeze 微风bryophytes 苔藓类植物bud 芽buffer 缓冲,缓冲剂bulb 鳞茎bulky 泡状bumble 犯大错bump 碰,撞bundle 维管束bunting 巫鸟buoyancy 浮力buoyant 有浮力的butanol 丁醇Ccaecilian 无足类caffeine 咖啡因cambium 形成层Cambrian 寒武纪cancerous 癌的capillary bed 毛细血管床capillary 毛细血管capsid (病毒)衣壳carbohydrate 碳水化合物，糖类carbonate 碳酸盐carboxy 羧基carboxylation 羧化作用carboxypeptidase 羧肽酶carcinogen 致癌剂carcinoma 癌cardiovascular 心血管的carotenoid 类胡萝卜素carotid 颈动脉的carpel 心皮catalyze 催化catecholamine 儿茶酚胺cateract 白内障cell secretion细胞分泌cell wall 细胞壁cellulose 纤维素,植物纤维物质Cenozoic 新生代centiped 少足类central dogma 中心法则central vacuole 中央液泡centrifuge 离心机centriole 中心粒centromere 着丝粒,着丝点centromeric sequence C EN着丝粒序列cephalization 头部形成cerebellum 小脑cerebral 大脑的champion 拥护者channel通道,管道chemotaxis 趋化性chlorine 氯，氯气chlorofluorocarbon 含氯氟烃chlorophyll 叶绿素chlorophyllase 叶绿素酶chloroplast 叶绿体chloroquine 氯奎choke 窒息，噎cholesterol 胆固醇chordate 脊索动物chorion 绒毛膜chromatid 染色单体chromatin 染色质chromatography 层析chromosome 染色体chylomicron 乳糜小滴chyme 食糜chymotripisn 糜蛋白酶chysophyte 金藻chytrids 壶菌cicada 蝉ciliated 具纤毛的Ciliophora 纤毛门circadian 全天的circulate 循环，环流circumstance 环境cis-acting element 顺式作用元件cis-G olgi network, C GN高尔基内侧网络cistron 顺反子citric 柠檬的clathrin-coated vesicle 披网格蛋白小泡cleavage 卵裂,细胞分裂cleave 分开clone 克隆，无性系clot 凝块cloverleaf 三叶草club fungi珊瑚菌担子菌（B asidiomycetes)coccus 球菌coccyx 尾骶骨的 尾骨code 密码coelom 体腔coenzyme 辅酶coexist 共存coherent 粘着的，连贯的coil 卷，盘绕coincidence 巧合coleoptile 胚芽鞘collagen 骨胶原，成胶质collateral 侧支collenchyma 厚角组织commensalisms 共栖，共生competitive inhibitor 竞争性抵制剂complementary 互补的，补充的concentration 浓度connective tissue 结缔组织constitutive enzyme 组成酶Constitutive secretory pathway 组成型分泌途径contaminant 沾染物contour 轮廓,外形contractile 可收缩的contraction 收缩convulsion 惊厥coolant 冷却剂C O P II coated vesicles C O P II 被膜小泡C O P I coated vesicles C O P I被膜小泡copulate 交配cord 索cork 皮层，木栓cornea 角膜cortex 皮质corticosteroid 皮质甾类cortisol 肾上腺皮质索cotyledon 子叶cotyledonary 子叶的counterpart 副本，复本covalence 共价covalent bond 共价键covalent 共价covering 覆盖cranial nerves 脑神经cranial 脑的crawl 蠕动creature 生物crenate 圆齿状的crest 达到顶点cretaceous 白垩纪的crevice 裂缝crispnsee 脆，鲜嫩cristae 嵴 （拉）crossing over 遗传物质的交换cross—linked 交联的crustacea 浮游甲壳动物crustacean 甲壳动物crystalline 结晶的culture 培养，栽培cushione 缓冲 缓和cuticle 表皮，角质层cutin 角质cyanobacteria 蓝细菌cyclin 细胞周期蛋白cyclin-dependent proteinkinases, CD K 细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶cytochrome 细胞色素cytokinin 细胞分裂素cytomembrane systeme 膜系统cytoplasm 细胞质cytosine 胞嘧啶cytoskeleton 细胞骨架cytosol 胞液，细胞溶质Ddaughter chromosome 子染色体debris 碎片decipher 破译decomposer 分解者degenerate 变性degrade 使降解deletion 染色体的缺失denaturation 变性dendrite 树突deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic脱氧核糖核酸的deoxyribose 脱氧核糖deposition 沉积作用deprive 剥夺deprive 夺去derevative 衍生物desensitization脱敏现象，减感作用detergent 去垢剂deuterostome 后口动物development 发育，发展dextran 葡聚糖dialysis 透析，渗析diaphragm 横隔膜diastolic 心脏舒张的diatom 硅藻differential centrifugation差速离心differentiation 分化diffraction 衍射diffusion 扩散，渗滤digestive tract 消化道dihybrid 双因子杂种dilute 稀释dimensional 维,度，元dimer 二聚体dioxide 二氧化物dip 浸，蘸dipeptide 二肽diploid 二倍体的distort 变形，扭曲distortion 畸变，变形，失真divergence 分歧diverse vesicle 消化泡diversity 多样性，差异Docking protein， DP 停泊蛋白dodecyl 十二烷基dominant 显性的，显性性状donor 供体dormant 休眠的dorsal 背面的dorsal root ganglion背根神经节dorsal 背部的double helix 双螺旋duodenum 十二指肠duplicate 复制dynamic 动力学的，动态的dyneins 动力蛋白dysentery 痢疾Eearlobe 耳垂earthworm 蚯蚓echinoderm 棘皮动物ecological 生态学的ecosystem 生态系统ectoderm 外胚层ectotherm 冷血动物edoplasmic reticulum 内质网effector 效应器efferent 传出的egg 蛋，卵egg-laying mammals 卵生哺乳动物egret 白鹭，冠毛eject 排斥,逐出elaborate 精细制作的，复杂的elastic connective tissue 弹力结缔组织elastin 弹性蛋白electron 电子electrophoresis 电泳embryo 胚,胚胎embryogenesis 胚胎发生embryology 胚胎学embryonic 胚胎的emulsion 乳状液encephalitis 脑炎encode 编码endocrine 内分泌endocytic 细胞内吞作用endocytosis 胞吞作用endoderm 内胚层endomembrane systems内膜系统endoplasmic 内质的endoplasmic reticulum内质网endosome 内体endosperm胚乳endosymbiosis 内共生endothelial 内皮的endotherm 热血动物enucleate 去…。
生物专业英语上传PPT
organisms at the level of tissues and organs; ecology,
which studies the interactions between organisms
themselves; ethology, which studies the behavior of
Chapter 1 Biology
1.1 What is Biology? 1.2 The Origin of Life 1.3 The Significance of Biology in Your Life 1.4 The History of Biology– Additional Reading
2021/10/10
8
1.1 What is Biology? (Continued)
• In recent years, much excitement in biology has centered on the sequencing of genomes and their comparison, called genomics, and the creation of life with custom-written DNA programming, called synthetic biology. These fields are sure to continue grabbing the headlines in the near future.
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10
Notes to the Difficult Sentences
• Besides classifications based on the category of organism being studied, biology contains many other specialized sub-disciplines, which may focus on just one category of organism or address organisms from different categories.
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精品PPT课件----生物专业英语词汇
6、法律的基础有两个，而且只有两个……公平和实用。——伯克 7、有两种和平的暴力，那就是法律和礼节。——歌德
8、法律就是秩序，有好的法律才有好的秩序。——亚里士多德 9、上帝把法律和公平凑合在一起，可是人类却把它拆开。——查·科尔顿 10、一切法律都是无用的，因为好人用不着它们，而坏人又不会因为它们而变得规矩起来。——德谟耶克斯