国际名著《环境保护》中文翻译
大学综合教程课文原文及翻译环境保护的重要性
大学综合教程课文原文及翻译环境保护的重要性在大学综合教程中,我们经常会接触到各种课文内容,其中一篇非常重要的课文就是关于环境保护的原文与翻译。
环境保护是当今社会中备受关注的话题,而这篇课文将帮助我们深入了解环境保护的重要性。
下面是给大家提供的大学综合教程课文原文及其翻译:原文:Environmental ProtectionAs a college student, I believe that environmental protection is of great importance. With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, environmental problems have become increasingly serious. The air we breathe, the water we drink, and the land we live on are facing severe pollution. It is our responsibility to take actions and protect the environment.First, environmental protection is essential for our health. Due to air and water pollution, many people suffer from respiratory diseases and other health issues. In order to maintain a good quality of life, we need to protect our environment and reduce pollution.Second, environmental protection is crucial for the survival of various species. With the destruction of natural habitats and the extinction ofanimals, the balance of the ecosystem is disrupted. By protecting the environment, we can protect the biodiversity on Earth.Third, environmental protection helps conserve limited resources. By reducing waste and promoting sustainable practices, we can ensure the availability of resources for future generations. Preserving forests, conserving water, and promoting renewable energy are all important measures to achieve this goal.In conclusion, environmental protection plays a vital role in our society. It is not only about preserving nature, but also about safeguarding our health and ensuring a sustainable future. As college students, we should actively participate in environmental activities and promote awareness of the importance of environmental protection.翻译:环境保护作为一名大学生,我认为环境保护非常重要。
环境保护翻译
环境保护翻译Environment ProtectionWith the rapid development of industrialization and agriculture, the issue of environmental protection has gained increasing attention. Protecting the environment is crucial for the sustainable development of our planet.One of the main challenges faced in environmental protection is air pollution. The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gas, releases harmful substances into the atmosphere, leading to the deterioration of air quality. This not only harms human health but also contributes to climate change. To mitigate air pollution, governments and individuals need to take measures such as promoting the use of clean energy, improving vehicle emissions standards, and reducing industrial emissions.Water pollution is another significant environmental concern. Industrial activities and the improper disposal of waste have led to the contamination of rivers, lakes, and oceans. This not only harms aquatic ecosystems but also affects human health. To protect water resources, it is essential to adopt strict regulations on industrial waste management, promote the use of environmentally friendly technologies, and raise public awareness about the importance of water conservation.In addition to air and water pollution, deforestation poses a severe threat to the environment. Forests play a vital role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems, regulating the climate, and conserving biodiversity. However, due to logging, agriculture, andurbanization, forests are being destroyed at an alarming rate. To combat deforestation, governments must enforce stricter laws on illegal logging, promote sustainable forestry practices, and support reforestation initiatives.To protect the environment effectively, international cooperation is of utmost importance. Pollution knows no boundaries, and it is essential for countries to work together to address global environmental problems. International agreements, such as the Paris Agreement on climate change, provide a framework for countries to collaborate on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the impacts of climate change. Furthermore, sharing technology and knowledge can help developing countries gain access to eco-friendly solutions for environmental protection.Individuals also play a vital role in environmental conservation. Simple actions, such as reducing waste, recycling, and conserving energy, can make a significant difference in reducing our ecological footprint. Moreover, educating ourselves and others about the importance of environmental protection can help create a culture of sustainability.Overall, environmental protection is a pressing issue that requires the collective efforts of governments, organizations, and individuals. By taking concrete actions to mitigate air and water pollution, combat deforestation, promote international cooperation, and raise awareness, we can safeguard our planet for future generations.。
六年级英语上册素材-Unit7ProtecttheEarth课文翻译译林版(三起)
Unit 7 Protect the Earth保护地球Pages 68-69 Story timeSave water节约用水Water is useful. We drink water and use water to clean things every day. 水是有用的。
我们每天喝水,用水来清洁东西。
In many places, there is not much water.在很多地方,没有太多的水。
We should not waste water.我们不应该浪费水。
We should reuse and save it.我们应该再利用,并节约用水。
Save energy节约能源Most of our energy comes from coal and oil.我们大部分的能源来自煤和石油。
There is not much coal or oil on Earth.地球上没有太多的煤和石油。
We should save energy.我们应该节约能源。
We should not drive so much because cars use a lot of energy.我们不应该开车太多,因为汽车使用了大量的能源。
Save trees保护树木Wood comes from trees.木材来自树木。
We use wood to make tables,chairs and many other things.我们用木材做桌子、椅子和许多其他的东西。
We should not cut down too many trees because trees help keep the air clean. 我们不应该砍伐太多树木,因为树木有助于保持空气清洁。
Don't use too much plastic不要使用太多的塑料We use plastic to make bags and bottles, but too much plastic is bad for the Earth.我们用塑料来制造塑料袋和瓶子,但是太多的塑料有害地球。
翻译二级口译实务-环境保护(Environmental+Protection)
翻译二级口译实务-环境保护(Environmental Protection)(总分:200.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、{{B}}英译汉{{/B}}(总题数:4,分数:100.00)1.{{B}} Passage 1{{/B}} To me, the most interesting and immediate question is not whether the United States will ratify the Kyoto Protocol, but whether other parties are prepared to work toward that goal. The next few months will determine whether other patties choose an agreement on their terms without the United States, or whether they prefer an agreement that may require some compromise of ideological positions, but will in fact be effective and will include the United States. // I believe the EU and others, for a number of reasons, will conclude that its interests and those of the environment lie in crafting an agreement that the United States can support. The United States accounts for approximately 25% of global industrial emissions. Any agreement that excludes the United States will not control global warming. In addition, European businesses may wonder why they are asked to assume significant new climate change obligations if U.S. competitors are not going to be subject to roughly the same rules. // I might note two additional factors relevant here: first, the idea of emissions trading is growing in popularity in capitals on the continent, and also in London and Brussels. Second, economists are warning that few countries, with the notable exception of the United Kingdom, are on track to meet their Kyoto commitments. I am hopeful that these forces will allow governments at COP-6 to mold the Protocol into a sensible, practical shape, one which the United States can support. // Let me say a word more about developing country's participation because this is an area where the United States is frequently misunderstood. The undeniable fact is that climate change is a global problem that requires a global solution. To be sure, industrialization in the North contributed enormously to increased greenhouse gas concentrations. Developed countries, including the Untied States, must take significant steps immediately. // Acting alone, however, developed countries cannot stabilize global greenhouse gas concentrations. From a scientific standpoint, meaningful participation by key developing countries is a necessity. Several large developing countries will soon become the world's leading emitters. Developing countries already produce 44% of global fossil fuel emissions. In addition, developing countries are responsible for a disproportionate share of deforestation and other land-use practices that have raised carbon concentrations. // Per capita energy intensity ratios in some, not all, developing countries continue to rise briskly, despite the existence of clean technologies that were not invented when developed countries were industrialized. In the immediate future, 80% of new electric power generation projects will occur in developing countries. All of us want those projects to use the latest cutting edge technologies. // I mention these facts not to bicker about past or future responsibility, for that detracts from our common cause of halting global warming, but to highlight the need for all countries to be a part of the solution. // In a very real sense, developing countries have the most to gain from an effective Protocol in which all the industrialized countries participate. For developing countries, unfortunately, have the least capacity to adapt to climate change. The longer we wait, the harder it will be to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at acceptable levels and the harder these countries will be hit. // The 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change points the way: each nation should take national and international steps commensurate with its capacity to contribute to the global solution based on the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities". // Many developing countries have taken significant unilateral action already. China, for example, has sought to conserve energy and reduce emissions growth while simultaneously raising living standards dramatically. Without price reforms and energy efficiency gains, China's emissions would be more than 50% higher than they are now. // We recognize, moreover, that some developing countries may lack the capacity to assume and implement legally binding emissionstargets at this time. For these countries, other types of action would be appropriate at present. All developing countries should explore opportunities under the Clean Development Mechanism, adopt sound national policies on energy and land use, and pursue other climate-friendly measures under the Framework Convention. // The negotiating histories of both the Framework Convention and Kyoto Protocol demonstrate general agreement on the need to mitigate climate change while allowing for continued economic growth. The Untied States believes this formula remains the key to securing developing country action. Developing countries are finding in the Kyoto Protocol avenues to pursue their development and environmental goals simultaneously. There is a growing recognition of the potential of the Clean Development Mechanism to direct advanced technology and major capital flows to the developing world. // (Excerpts from "Under Secretary of State Loy on Kyoto Protocol" made by former Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs Frank E. Loy to American Bar Association Conference)(分数:25.00)__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案:()解析:对我来说,最关心和最迫切的问题不是美国能否批准《京都议定书》,而是其他参与国是否会朝这个目标努力。
翻译
【原文】环境保护是中国的一项基本国策。
防治环境污染和生态破坏以及合理开发利用自然资源关系到国家的全局利益和长远发展。
《中华人民共和国宪法》(the Constitution of the People's Republic of China)规定:“国家保护和改善生活环境和生态环境,防治污染和其他公害。
”“国家保障自然资源的合理利用,保护珍贵的动物和植物。
禁止任何组织或者个人用任何手段侵占或者破坏自然资源。
”请看下面的汉译英段落翻译:【参考译文】Environmental protection is one of China’s basic state policy. The prevention and control of environmental pollution and ecological destruction, together with the rational exploitation and utilization of natural resources, is of vital importance to the country’s overall interests and long-term development. As the Constitutionof the People’s Republic of China stipulates, the state protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment. It prevents and controls pollution, as well as other public hazards. The constitution also makes it clear that the state ensures the rational use of natural resources and protects rare animals and plants. Appropriation or damage of natural resources by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited.【原文】互联网对中国经济来讲犹如另外一场改革开放,如今互联网产业已经成为中国经济增长的主要驱动力量,成为连接科技发展与经济发展的重要桥梁。
经典翻译范文之自然生态环保篇中英
中高级口译词汇-自然生态环保篇1. 白色污染white pollution (non-degradable white plastics)2. 保护生存环境protect natural habitats3. 城市垃圾urban refuse4. 地面沉降land subsidence; ground depression5. 二次污染物secondary pollutant6. 二氧化氮nitrogen dioxide7. 二氧化硫sulfur dioxide8. 二氧化碳carbon dioxide9. 防风治沙check wind and control sand10. 防护林shelterbelt11. 防治沙漠化combat desertification12. 封山育林set apart hills for forestry13. 工业固体废物industrial solid wastes14. 国际生物多样性日International Biodiversity Day (Dec.29)15. 国家环保基本方针China’s guiding principle for environmental protectio n16. 国家环保总局SEPA (State Environmental Protection Administratio n)17. 海洋生物marine life18. 化害为利;变废为宝 turn the harmful into the beneficialand waste into valuable19. 环保产品environment-friendly products20. 环保意识environmental awareness21. 环境恶化environmental degradation22. 环境污染综合防治integrated control of environmental pollution23. 环境效益environmental benefit24. 环境指标environmental criteria25. 减少拥挤decongestion26. 交通噪音traffic noise27. 可再生资源renewable resources28. 立体气候3-D climate29. 环发大会UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)30. 绿化运动afforestation drive绿色奥运green Olympic Games1. 绿色能源green energy resource (e.g. the solar power 如:太阳能)2. 绿色企业green enterprise3. 绿色食品green food4. 牧场pasture5. 牧放(吃草)graze6. 青藏高原Qinghai-Tibet plateau7. 清洁能源clean energy8. 全球变暖global warming9. 热带风暴tropical storm10. 热带雨林tropical rain forest11. 热岛效应heat island effect12. 热污染thermal pollution13. 人工降雨artificial rain14. 三峡工程Three Gorges Project15. 三峡工程three gorges project16. 三峡水库Three Gorges reservoir17. 森林覆盖率forest coverage18. 沙尘暴dust storm; sand storm19. 沙漠化desertification20. 生活污水domestic sewage21. 生态技术eco-technology22. 生态农业eco-agriculture23. 生态示范区ecodemonstration region / environment-friendly region24. 受灾地区disaster -affected area25. 水产资源aquatic resources26. 水土流失water loss and soil erosion27. 死亡率mortality28. 死亡人数death toll29. 酸雨acid rain30. 太空垃圾space trash31. 天然牧场natural grazing ground32. 土地沙化desertification33. 土地酸化acidification34. 土壤碱化soil alkalinization35. 土壤侵蚀soil erosion36. 退耕还林还草 grain for green / return cultivated land to forestry or pasture37. 退田还林restore the reclaimed land to forest38. 危险废物hazardous wastes39. 温室气体greenhouse gases40. 污染指数pollution index41. 污水处理sewage treatment/ disposal42. 无公害蔬菜"green" vegetable43. 无铅汽油unlead gas44. 先天与后天;遗传与环境nature-nurture45. 养蚕sericulture46. 养蜂beekeeping47. 养鱼fish culture; pisciculture48. 野生动植物wild fauna and flora49. 一次能源primary energy50. 一次污染物primary pollutant51. 预防为主、防治结合的政策 policy of prevention in the first place and integrating prevention withcontrol52. 珍稀濒危物种rare or endangered species53. 植树节National Tree-Planting Day54. 资源消耗resource degradation55. 自然保护区natural reserve; natural preservation zone56. 自然资源保护区natural resource protection areas57. 综合整治comprehensive improvement58. 气象学meteorology1)摄氏centigrade; Celsius2)华氏Fahrenheit3)雷thunder4)雹hailstorm5)霜frost6)雾fog7)对流convection8)天气weather9)气候climate10)气候学climatology11)季风monsoon12)地中海气候Mediterranean climate13)秋老虎Indian summer90. 中国节气Solar Terms1)立春Beginning of Spring2)雨水Rain Water3)惊蛰Waking of Insects4)春分Spring Equinox5)清明Pure Brightness; Clear Brightness 6)谷雨Grain Rain7)立夏Beginning of Summer8)小满Grain Full9)芒种Grain in Ear10)夏至Summer Solstice11)小暑Slight Heat12)大暑Great Heat13)立秋Beginning of Autumn14)处暑Limit of Heat15)白露White Dew16)秋分Autumnal Equinox17)寒露Cold Dew18)霜降Forest’s Descent19)立冬Beginning of winter 20)小雪Slight Snow21)大雪Great Snow22)冬至Winter Solstice23)小寒Slight Cold24)大寒Great Cold。
环境保护口译笔译词汇集
环境保护口译笔译词汇集世界环境日 World Environment Day (June 5th each year) 世界环境日主题 World Environment Day Themes环境千年—行动起来吧!(2000) The Environment Millennium - Time to Act!拯救地球就是拯救未来!(1999) Our Earth - Our Future - Just Save It!为了地球上的生命—拯救我们的海洋!(1998)For Life on Earth - Save Our Seas!为了地球上的生命(1997) For Life on Earth我们的地球、居住地、家园(1996) Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home国际生物多样性日 International Biodiversity Day (29 December)世界水日 World Water Day (22 March)世界气象日 World Meteorological Day(23 March)世界海洋日 World Oceans Day (8 June )联合国环境与发展大会(环发大会) United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)环发大会首脑会议 Summit Session of UNCED联合国环境规划署 United Nations Environment Programs (UNEP)2000年全球环境展望报告 GEO-2000; Global Environmental Outlook 2000入选“全球500佳奖” be elected to the rank of Global 500 Roll of Honor联合国人类居住中心 UN Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS)改善人类居住环境最佳范例奖 Best Practices in Human Settlements Improvement人与生物圈方案 Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme (UNESCO)中国21世纪议程 China’s Agenda 21中国生物多样性保护行动计划 China Biological Diversity Protection Action Plan中国跨世纪绿色工程规划 China Trans-Century Green Project Plan国家环境保护总局 State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA)中国环保基本方针 China’s guiding principles for environmental protection坚持环境保护基本国策 adhere to the basic state policy of environmental protection推行可持续发展战略 pursue the strategy of sustainable development贯彻经济建设、城乡建设、环境建设同步规划、同步实施、同步发展(三同步)的方针 carry out a strategy of synchronized planning, implementation and development in terms of economic and urban and rural development and environmental protecti on (the “three synchronizes”principle)促进经济体制和经济增长方式的转变 promote fundamental shifts in the economic system and mode of economic growth 实现经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的统一 bring about harmony of economic returns and contribution to society and environmental protection中国环保基本政策 the basic policies of China’s environmental protection预防为主、防治结合的政策 policy of prevention in thefirst place and integrating prevention with control 污染者负担的政策“the-polluters-pay” policy强化环境管理的政策 policy of tightening up environmental management一控双达标政策 policy of “One Order, Two Goals”: “一控”:12种工业污染物的排放量控制在国家规定的排放总量 The total discharge of 12 industrial pollutants in China by the end of 2000 shall not exceed the total amount mandated by the central government.; “双达标”: 1. 到2000年底,全国所有的工业污染源要达到国家或地方规定的污染物排放标准 The discharge of industrial pollutants should meet both national and local standards by the end of 2000. 2. 到2000年底,47个重点城市的空气和地面水达到国家规定的环境质量标准 2. Air and surface water quality in all urban districts in 47 major cities should meet related national standards by the end of 2000.对新项目实行环境影响评估 conduct environmental impact assessments (EIA) on start-up projects提高全民环保意识 raise environmental awareness amongst the general public查处违反环保法规案件 investigate and punish acts of violating laws and regulat ions on environmental protection环保执法检查 environmental protection law enforcement inspection限期治理 undertake treatment within a prescribed limit of time中国已加入的国际公约 international conventions into which China has accessed控制危险废物越境转移及其处置的巴塞尔公约 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer生物多样性公约 Convention on Biological Diversity防治荒漠化国际公约 Convention to Combat Desertification 气候变化框架公约 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change生态示范区 eco-demonstration region;environment-friendly region国家级生态示范区(珠海) Nationally DesignatedEco-Demonstration Region国家级园林城市 Nationally Designated Garden City对水质和空气质量的影响 impact on the quality of the water and the air治理环境污染 curb environmental pollution; bring the pollution under control海藻 mostly in polluted waters)工业固体废物 industrial solid wastes白色污染 white pollution (by using and littering ofnon-degradable white plastics)可降解一次性塑料袋 throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags放射性废料积存 accumulation of radioactive waste有机污染物 organic pollutants氰化物、砷、汞排放 cyanide, arsenic, mercury discharged 铅、镉、六价铬 lead, cadmium, sexivalent chromium城市垃圾无害化处理率 decontamination rate of urbanrefuse垃圾填埋场 refuse landfill垃圾焚化厂 refuse incinerator防止过度利用森林 protect forests from overexploitation 森林砍伐率 rate of deforestation水土流失 water and soil erosion土壤盐碱化 soil alkalization农药残留 pesticide residue水土保持 conservation of water and soil生态农业 environment-friendly agriculture;eco-agriculture水资源保护区 water resource conservation zone海水淡化 sea water desalinization保护珊瑚礁、红树林和渔业资源 protect coral reefs, mangrove and fishing resource绿化祖国 turn the country green全民义务植树日 National Tree-Planting Day造林工程 afforestation project绿化面积 afforested areas; greening space森林覆盖率 forest coverage防风林 wind breaks (防沙林 sand breaks)速生林 fast-growing trees降低资源消耗率 slow down the rate of resource degradation 开发可再生资源 develop renewable resources环保产品 environment-friendly products自然保护区 nature reserve野生动植物 wild fauna and flora保护生存环境 conserve natural habitats濒危野生动物 endangered wildlife珍稀濒危物种繁育基地 rare and endangered species breeding center自然生态系统 natural ecosystems防止沙漠化(治沙、抗沙) desertification环境负荷 carrying capacity of environment三废综合利用 multipurpose use of three types of wastes 先天与后天,遗传与环境 nature-nurture美化环境 landscaping design for environmental purposes 防止沿海地带不可逆转恶化 protect coastal zones from irreversible degradation环境恶化 environmental degradation城市化失控 uncontrolled urbanization温饱型农业 subsistence agriculture贫困的恶性循环 vicious cycle of poverty大气监测系统 atmospheric monitoring system空气污染浓度 air pollution concentration酸雨、越境空气污染 acid rain and transboundary air pollution二氧化硫排放 sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions悬浮颗粒物 suspended particles工业粉尘排放 industrial dust discharged烟尘排放 soot emissions二氧化氮 nitrate dioxide (NO2)矿物燃料(煤、石油、天然气) fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas清洁能源 clean energy汽车尾气排放 motor vehicle exhaust尾气净化器 exhaust purifier无铅汽油 lead-free gasoline天然气汽车 gas-fueled vehicles电动汽车 cell-driven vehicles; battery cars氯氟烃 CFCs温室效应 greenhouse effect厄尔尼诺南徊 ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation)噪音 noise (分贝 db; decibel)化学需氧量(衡量水污染程度的一个指标) COD;chemical oxygen demand生物需氧量 BOD; biological oxygen demand工业废水处理率 treatment rate of industrial effluents 城市污水处理率 treatment rate of domestic sewage集中处理厂 centralized treatment plant红潮 red tide (rapid propagation of sea algae大气 ATMOSPHERE大气组成 Atmospheric composition空气质量 Air quality大气化学 Atmospheric chemistry大气成分 Atmospheric components大气颗粒物 Atmospheric particulates二氧化碳 Carbon dioxide温室气体 Greenhouse gases氧气 Oxygen臭氧层 Ozone layer大气过程 Atmospheric processes空气-水相互作用 Air-water interaction大气环流 Atmospheric circulation大气降水 Atmospheric precipitation碳循环 Carbon cycle蒸发作用 Evaporation降水增加 Precipitation enhancement降雨 Rainfall太阳辐射 Solar radiation蒸腾作用 Transpiration风 Winds空气污染 Air pollution酸雨 Acid rain空气污染物 Air pollutants氯氟碳 Chlorofluorocarbons沉降的颗粒物 Deposited particulate matter 飞灰 Fly ash雾 Fog薄烟 Haze空内空气污染 Indoor air pollution烟雾 Smog气候问题 Climatic issues农业气象学 Agrometeorology气候 Climate气候变化 Climatic change气候带 Climatic zones干旱 Drought全球变暖 Global warming温室效应 Greenhouse effect湿度 Humidity微气候影响 Microclimate effects海平面上升 Sea level rise人工影响天气 Weather modification岩石圈 LITHOSPHERE固态地球 Solid Earth洞穴 Caves地震活动 Seismic activity地震监测 Seismic monitoring火山 Volcanoes风蚀 Wind erosion陆地生态系统 TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS土壤 Soils农用土地 Agricultural land碱地 Alkali lands污染的土地 Contaminated land污染的土壤 Contaminated soil沙坑 Gravel pits荒地 Heath lands土地承载能力 Land carrying capacity土地污染 Land pollution土地开垦 Land reclamation土地恢复 Land restoration土地使用分类 Land use classification边缘土地 Marginal lands沙石开采 Sand extraction沉积 Sedimentation土壤潜力 Soil capabilities土壤保持 Soil conservation土壤污染 Soil contamination土壤退化 Soil degradation土壤侵蚀 Soil erosion土壤改良 Soil improvement土壤盐碱化 Soil salination水蚀 Water erosion干旱地区生态系统 Arid land ecosystems干旱土地 Arid lands沙漠化 Desertification抗旱 Drought control旱作 Dry farming沙丘固定 Sand dune fixation沙丘 Sand dunes半干旱地区生态系统 Semi-arid land ecosystems森林生态系统 Forest ecosystems植树造林 Afforestation针叶林 Coniferous forests森林砍伐 Deforestation森林保护 Forest conservation森林火灾 Forest fires草地火灾 Grass fires绿化带 Greenbelts本地森林 Indigenous forests再造林 Reafforestation植被恢复 Revegetation亚热带生态系统 Sub-tropical ecosystems温带森林 Temperate forests温带林地 Temperate woodlands树木 Trees热带生态系统 Tropical ecosystems热带森林 Tropical forests热带森林生态系统 Tropical forest ecosystems林地生态系统 Woodland ecosystems温带生态系统和寒带生态系统 Temperate ecosystems and cold zone ecosystems南极生态系统 Antarctic ecosystems南极地区 Antarctic region北极生态系统 Arctic ecosystems北极地区 Arctic region寒带生态系统 Cold zone ecosystems草地生态系统 Grassland ecosystems永久冻土生态系统 Permafrost ecosystems极地生态系统 Polar ecosystems温带生态系统 Temperate ecosystems山地生态系统 Mountain ecosystems高原生态系统 Highland ecosystems登山运动 Mountaineering湿地生态系统 Wetlands ecosystems红树沼泽 Mangrove swamps水禽 Waterfowl水涝地 Waterlogged lands流域管理 Watershed management水边开发 Waterside development生物多样性和保护区 Biological diversity and protected areas适应性强的物种 Adaptable species藻类 Algae两栖动物 Amphibians动物习性 Animal behaviour动物资源 Animal resources节肢动物 Arthropods生物多样性 Biological diversity生物资源 Biological resources生物圈保护区 Biosphere reserves群落生境 Biotopes鸟类 Birds植物园 Botanical gardens基因资源保护 Conservation of genetic resources生态平衡 Ecological balance濒危动物物种 Endangered animal species濒危植物物种 Endangered plant species河口保护区 Estuarine conservation areas动物区系 Fauna植物区系 Flora食物链 Food chain捕猎 Hunting无脊椎动物 Invertebrates陆地哺乳动物 Land mammals哺乳动物 Mammals海洋保护区 Marine conservation areas微生物 Microorganisms移栖种 Migratory species国家公园 National parks国家保护区 National reserves寄生生物 Parasites愉猎 Poaching灵长目 Primates保护区 Protected areas受保护的物种 Protected species爬行动物 Reptiles陆地生物资源 Terrestrial biological resources 植被 Vegetation杂草 Weeds野生生物 Wildlife野生生物保护 Wildlife conservation野生生物生境 Wildlife habitats动物园 Zoological gardens细菌 Bacteria酶 Enzymes真菌 Fungi基因库 Gene banks种质 Germ plasm微生物资源 Microbial resources原生生物 Protozoa病毒 Viruses酵母 Yeasts生物技术问题 Biotechnological issues农业生物技术 Agricultural biotechnologies生物伦理学 Bioethics生物安全 Biosafety生物技术 Biotechnologies无性繁殖 Cloning与健康有关的生物技术 Health-related biotechnologies 诱变剂 Mutagens突变微生物释放 Mutated microorganisms release突变体 Mutants繁殖控制 Reproductive manipulationDNA重组技术 Recombinant DNA technology动物的选择性繁殖 Selective breeding of animals植物的选择性繁殖 Selective breeding of plants生物技术的社会-经济影响 Socio-economic impact of biotechnologies致畸剂 Teratogens淡水 FRESHWATER淡水资源 Freshwater resources谈水保护 Conservation of freshwater水坝 Dams冰 Ice湖泊 Lakes自然排水系统 Natural drainage systems河流流域开发 River basin development河流 Rivers雪 Snow地下水 Subterranean water地表水 Surface waters水资源保护 Water resources conservation水资源开发 Water resources development淡水生态系统 Freshwater ecosystems集水区 Catchment areas国际河流流域 International river basins湖泊流域 Lake basins池塘尾渣 Ponds tailings河流流域 River basins淡水恶化 Freshwater degradation河流污染 River pollution径流 Run-off沉积物移动 Sediment mobilization沉积物运移 Sediment transport沉积盆地 Sedimentary basins渗漏 Seepage凤眼蓝 Water hyacinth水污染 Water pollution水的盐化 Water salination饮用水供应 Drinking water supply脱盐 Desalination饮用水 Drinking water饮用水处理 Drinking water treatment城市配水系统 Municipal water distribution systems 农村供水 Rural water supply污水处理厂 Sewage treatment plants水泵 Water pumps水处理 Water treatment水井 Water wells海洋环境 MARINE ENVIRONMENTS海洋生态系统 Marine ecosystems藻花 Algal bloom海底生态系统 Benthic ecosystems海洋污染 Marine pollution污染沉积物 Marine sediments海洋环境 Ocean circulation洋流 Ocean currents海洋 Oceans海洋温度 Ocean temperature赤潮 Red tide海平面 Sea level潮,潮汐 Tides沿海生态系统 Coastal ecosystems群岛 Archipelagoes沿海地区 Coastal areas沿海开发 Coastal development沿海环境 Coastal environments海岸侵蚀 Coastal erosion疏浚 Dredging河口生态系统 Estuarine ecosystems岛屿生态系统 Island ecosystems小岛屿 Small islands海洋生物资源 Living marine resources水生哺乳动物 Aquatic mammals水生微生物 Aquatic microorganisms水生植物 Aquatic plants珊瑚礁 Coral reefs甲壳纲动物 Crustaceans鱼类 Fish海洋资源保护 Marine resources conservation 软体动物 Molluscs水生贝壳类动物 Shellfish环境管理 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT资源管理 Resources management深海矿藏 Deep sea deposits森林管理 Forest management森林政府 Forest policy资源的地埋分布 Geographic distribution of resources土地价值 Land values矿产资源 Mineral resources国家保护计划 National conservation programmes自然资源 Natural resources自然保护 Nature conservation不可再生资源 Non-renewable resources资源净损耗 Net resource depletion矿床 Ore deposits石油资源保护 Petroleum resources conservation可再生资源 Renewable resources资源估价 Resource appraisal资源保护 Resource conservation海底开发 Sea bed exploitation海底采矿 Sea bed mining本地资源的利用 Utilization of local resources环境规划 Environmental planning发展合作 Development cooperation发展计划 Development planning生态发展 Ecodevelopment经济发展 Economic development经济计划 Economic planning环境核算 Environmental accounting环境审计 Environmental auditing环境健康影响评价 Environmental health impact assessment 环境影响 Environmental impact环境影响评价 Environmental impact assessment环境影响状报告书 Environmental impact statement环境指标 Environmental indicators环境政策 Environmental policy环境风险评估 Environmental risk assessment财政资助 Financial assistance土地利用规划 Land use planning环境管理指标 Environmental management indicators环境质量指标 Environmental quality indicators试验项目 Pilot projects政策规划 Policy planning施压集团 Pressure groups区域规划 Regional planning自助计划 Self-help programmes工农业选址 Siting of industry社会调查 Social surveys发展状况 Status of development可持续发展 Sustainable development可持续发展指标 Sustainable development indicators技术评价 Technology assessment运输计划 Transport planning环境经济问题 Environmental economic issues环境定价 Environmental valuation环境成本 Environmental costs外部 Externalities重置成本 Replacement costs贸易对环境的影响 Trade impact on environment已定价值的生态系统组成部分 Valued ecosystem components 经济管理手段 Economic management instruments成本-效益分析 Cost-benefit analysis发展中国家债务 Developing countries debt环境股票交易 Environmental stock exchange政府环境开支 Government environmental expenditures绿色财政手段 Green fiscal instruments环境成本内在化 Internalisation of environmental costs 以绿色标志促销 Marketing with green labelling资源的定价政策 Pricing policies of resources结构调整计划 Structural adjustment programs税收差别 Tax differentiation可交易的许可证 Tradeable permits人类住区 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS人类住区管理 Human settlements management建成区 Built-up areas经济规划 Economic zoning用火安全要求 Fire safety requirements历史遗址 Historical sites住房改善 Housing improvements住房需求 Housing needs住房规划 Housing programmes住房质量标准 Housing quality standards工业区 Industrial areas非高峰时间工作 Off-peak working办公室 Offices城区发展模式 Patterns of urban growth规划的城区发展 Planned urban development再建房屋 Rehousing租赁房屋 Rental housing居民区 Residential areas建筑安全标准 Safety standards for buildings商店 Shops建筑业标准 Standards for building industry城区设计 Urban design建成结构 Built structures桥梁 Bridges建筑材料 Building materials建筑物 Buildings建筑技术 Building technology施工技术 Construction technology建筑工程 Construction works农业建筑 Farm buildings政府建筑 Government buildings高层建筑 High-rise buildings工业建筑 Industrial buildings本地建筑材料 Local materials for building 拖车住房 Mobile homes核研究中心 Nuclear research centres装配式房屋 Prefabricated buildings结构 Structures隔热 Thermal insulation基础设施 Infrastructure通道 Access roads水上娱乐活动 Aquatic recreational amenities 汽车停放 Automobile parking建成的排水系统 Built drainage systems电力分配 Electric power distribution公共花园 Public gardens公路 Highways空地 Open spaces管道 Pipelines运动场 Playgrounds公园 Public parks公用事业 Public utilities道路建设 Road construction道路养护 Road maintenance体育设施 Sports facilities电信 Telecommunications运输系统 Transport systems隧道 Tunnels城市供水 Urban water supply公共服务 Public services人类住区的社会-经济方面 Socio-economic aspects of human settlements生育控制 Birth control社区服务 Community services社区参与 Community participation通勤 Commuting消费方式 Consumption patterns文化指标 Cultural indicators发展模式 Development patterns残疾人 Disabled persons毒品滥用 Drug abuse生态旅游 Ecotourism计划生育 Family planning性别问题 Gender issues无家可归 Homelessness住房集资 Housing finance人类迁居 Human migration人口 Human population人权 Human rights土地分配 Land allotment生活方式 Lifestyles低价住房 Low-cost housing流动工人 Migrant workers少数民族 Minorities社区改善计划 Neighbourhood improvement schemes新社区 New communities流浪者 Nomads非高峰时间通勤 Off-peak commuting公共卫生 Public health种族关系 Race relations娱乐 Recreation农村地区 Rural areas环境卫生 Sanitation社会指数 Social indicators社会-经济因素 Socio-economic factors旅游 Tourism旅行 Travel贫困阶层 Under-privileged people城市地区 Urban areas城区改造 Urban renewal城区压力 Urban stress妇女地位 Women status人类住区的环境方面 Environmental aspects of human settlements空调 Air conditioning尸体处置 Disposal of the dead区城供热 District heating住房密度 Housing density过度拥挤 Overcrowding难民 Refugees旅游设施 Tourist facilities城市衰败 Urban decay农业 AGRICULTURE农业方式 Agricultural practices农业设备 Agricultural equipment农业管理 Agricultural management农业方法 Agricultural methods农业害虫 Agricultural pests农业生产 Agricultural production农业储藏 Agricultural storage动物疾病 Animal diseases动物营养 Animal nutrition养蜂业 Apiculture水产养殖 Aquaculture害虫的生物控制 Biological control of pests 生物固氮 Biological nitrogen fixation堆肥 Composts等高耕作 Contour farming受控燃烧 Controlled burning作物保护 Crop protection挽畜 Draught animals鱼类养殖 Fish culture渔业管理 Fisheries management谷物 Grains作物虫害传染 Infestation of crops粮食虫害传染 Infestation of food灌溉 Irrigation灌溉渠 Irrigation canals灌溉农业 Irrigation farming天然肥料 Natural fertilizers有机农业 Organic farming病虫害控制 Pest management杀虫剂标准控制 Pesticide control standards 植物病害 Plant diseases家禽饲养 Poultry farming林农轮作 Shifting cultivation树木苗圃 Tree nurseries滴灌 Trickle irrigation农工业 Agro-industry畜产品 Animal products饮料工业 Beverage industry酿造业 Brewing industry蒸馏业 Distilling industry食品辐照 Food irradiation食品保存 Food preservation食品贮藏 Food storage食品运输 Food transport林产品 Forest products烟草 Tobacco农用化学品 Agrochemicals化学肥料 Chemical fertilizers杀真菌剂 Fungicides除草剂 Herbicides杀虫剂的代谢 Metabolism of pesticides硝酸盐 Nitrates亚硝酸盐 Nitrites亚硝胺 Nitrosamines营养物 Nutrients有机磷化物 Organophosphorous compounds 杀虫剂的持久性 Persistence of pesticides 杀虫剂路径 Pesticide pathways杀虫剂 Pesticides磷酸盐 Phosphates杀虫剂的毒性 Toxicity of pesticides杀虫剂的使用 Utilization of pesticides工业 INDUSTRY工业生产过程 Industrial processes制铝工业 Aluminium industry适用技术 Appropriate technology 高炉 Blast furnaces纤维素 Cellulose化学工业 Chemical industry清洁技术 Clean technologies服装工业 Clothing industry乳品业 Dairy industry脱盐工厂 Desalination plants干洗 Dry cleaning炼铁工业 Iron industry洗烫衣服 Laundering皮革工业 Leather industry金属加工 Metal finishing金属电镀 Metal plating金属冶炼 Metal smelting矿产业 Mineral industry采矿 Mining天然气开采 Natural gas extraction 原油开采 Oil extraction石油提炼 Petroleum refining印刷工业 Printing industry纸浆工业 Pulp industry采石 Quarrying橡胶加工 Rubber processing炼钢工业 Steel industry露天剥采 Strip mining焦油生产 Tar production焦油使用 Tar use木材保存 Wood preservation工业产品 Industrial products消费品 Consumer goods危险品 Dangerous goods工业材料 Industrial materials天然纤维 Natural fibres包装 Packaging涂料 Paints产品标签 Product labelling可再用容器 Reusable containers合成洗涤剂 Synthetic detergents合成纺织纤维 Synthetic textile fibres漆 Varnishes木产品 Wood products运输 TRANSPORTATION空运 Air transportation空中交通规则 Air traffic regulations飞机 Aircraft飞机发动机排放物 Aircraft engine emissions 飞机噪音 Aircraft noise机场 Airports航天运输 Space transportation陆上运输 Land transportation自行车 Bicycles内燃机 Combustion engines铁路运输 Railway transport道路安全 Road safety道路交通工程 Road traffic engineering道路运输 Road transport道路 Roads城市交通 Urban traffic车辆检验 Vehicle inspection水上运输 Water transportation渔轮 Fishing vessels内河运输 Inland water transport内陆水道 Inland waterways国际水道 International watercourses 海运 Maritime transport航运的危害 Navigational hazards油轮 Oil tankers港口 Ports潜水艇 Submarines能 ENERGY能源 Energy sources动物粪便作燃料 Animal dung as fuel 沼气 Biogas生物量 Biomass生物质能 Biomass energy木炭 Charcoal煤 Coal原油 Crude oil能源资源 Energy resources浓缩铀 Enriched uranium矿物燃料 Fossil fuels燃料酒精 Fuel alcohol薪柴 Fuel wood地热能 Geothermal energy碳氢化合物 Hydrocarbon compounds烃 Hydrocarbons水电 Hydroelectric power液化气 Liquefied gas甲烷 Methane天然气 Natural gas可再生能源 Renewable energy sources不可再生能源 Non-renewable energy resources 无污染能源 Non-polluting energy sources核能 Nuclear energy核燃料 Nuclear fuels油类 Oils油页岩 Oil shales泥炭、泥煤 Peat汽油 Petrols从废料中提取的燃料 Refuse derived fuels太阳能 Solar energy焦油砂 Tar sands海洋热能 Thermal sea power潮汐能 Tidal energy铀 Uranium波浪能 Wave energy风能 Wind energy能源过程 Energy processes煤气化 Coal gasification煤液化 Coal liquefaction电力 Electric power发电厂 Electric power plants蓄电装置 Electrical storage devices能源保护 Energy conservation能源转换 Energy conversion能源效率 Energy efficiency能源政策 Energy policy能源生产 Energy production能源利用 Energy use能源利用方式 Energy utilization patterns气体液化 Gas liquefaction照明 Lighting天然气勘探 Natural gas exploration核能利用 Nuclear energy uses核电站 Nuclear power plants近海石油钻探 Offshore oil drilling石油勘探 Oil exploration日照加热 Solar heating环境化学 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY无机物质 Inorganic substances酸 Acids氧化铝 Alumina氯 Chlorine盐酸 Hydrochloric acid硫化氢 Hydrogen sulphide硫酸盐 Sulphates硫酸 Sulphuric acid光化学试剂 Photochemical agents光化学效应 Photochemical effects有机物质 Organic substances有机硅化合物 Organosilicon compounds酚 Phenols外激素,信息素 Pheromones植物油 Vegetable oils生物化学过程 Biochemical processes酸化 Acidification需氧过程 Aerobic processes厌氧过程 Anaerobic processes生物降解 Biodegradation脱氮作用 Denitrification富营氧化 Eutrophication杀虫剂的相互作用 Interaction of pesticides电离辐射 Ionizing radiation代谢(作用),新陈代谢(作用) Metabolism 固氮 Nitrogen fixation非电离辐射 Non-ionizing radiation光合作用 Photosynthesis物理-化学过程 Physico-chemical processes 放射性 Radioactivity毒性 Toxicity污染 POLLUTION污染物 Pollutants气溶胶,气雾剂 Aerosols农业废物 Agricultural wastes石棉 Asbestos商业噪音 Commercial noise混合污染 Composite pollution作物废物 Crop waste二恶英 Dioxins农家场院废物 Farmyard waste火、火灾 Fire危险物质 Hazardous substances危险废物 Hazardous wastes重金属 Heavy metals医院废物 Hospital wastes工业废水 Industrial effluents工业排放物 Industrial emissions工业烟尘 Industrial fumes工业噪声 Industrial noise无机污染物 Inorganic pollutants铅污染 Lead contamination液体废物 Liquid wastes丢弃物,废气物 Litter汞污染 Mercury contamination微污染物 Micropollutants采矿废物 Mining wastes机动车辆排放物 Motor vehicle emissions城市废物 Municipal waste氮氧化物 Nitrogen oxides噪声污染 Noise pollution恶臭公害 Odour nuisance有机物污染 Organic pollutants难降解有机污染物 Persistent organic pollutants 有机溶剂 Organic solvents有机卤化物 Organohalogen compounds医药废物 Pharmaceutical wastes塑料废物 Plastic wastes多氯联苯 Polychlorinated biphenyls聚合物废物 Polymer wastes放射性物质 Radioactive substances氡 Radon橡胶废物 Rubber waste锯屑 Sawdust污水 Sewage屠宰场废物 Slaughterhouse waste固体废物 Solid wastes热污染 Thermal pollution有毒物质 Toxic substances有毒废物 Toxic waste毒素 Toxins痕量元素 Trace elements痕量物质 Trace materials交通噪音 Traffic noise废物,垃圾 Trash废热 Waste heat木材废料 Wood waste对流层臭氧 Tropospheric ozone污染源 Pollution sources生物武器 Biological weapons水泥工业 Cement industry化学武器 Chemical weapons烟囱 Chimneys冷却水 Cooling waters机动车辆 Motor vehicles摩托车 Motorcycles核武器 Nuclear weapons海洋倾倒 Ocean dumping石油泄漏 Oil spills废金属 Scrap metals挖掘堆积 Excavation heaps污染治理 Pollution abatement隔音 Acoustic insulation化学污染清除 Chemical decontamination燃料脱硫 Desulphurization of fuels过滤器 Filters噪音治理 Noise abatement污染治理设备 Pollution abatement equipment 污染控制技术 Pollution control technology 辐射防护 Radiation protection洗涤器 Scrubbers分离器 Separators防烟 Smoke prevention废物最少化 Waste minimization废物 Wastes电池处理 Battery disposal废物的化学处理 Chemical treatment of waste处置场所 Disposal sites废物焚烧 Incineration of waste矿山回填 Mine filling残油回收 Oil residue recuperation放射性废物管理 Radioactive waste management回收的材料 Recycled materials回收 Recycling材料再利用 Reuse of materials卫生填埋 Sanitary landfills海洋排泄口 Sea outfall化粪池 Septic tanks污水处置 Sewage disposal污水处理系统 Sewage treatment systems固体废物处置 Solid waste disposal废物同化处置 Waste assimilation capacities废物转化技术 Waste conversion techniques废物处置 Waste disposal废物土地处置 Waste disposal in the ground废物处置税 Waste disposal taxes废物回收 Waste recovery废物利用 Waste use水的再利用 Water reuse人体健康 HUMAN HEALTH污染物的危害 Hazards of pollutants在人体组织中的积累 Accumulation in body tissues 镉污染 Cadmium contamination环境健康危害 Environmental health hazards人体接触污染物 Human exposure to pollutants污染物的长期效应 Long-term effects of pollutants核安全 Nuclear safety污染物的影响 Pollutant effects污染风险 Pollution risk辐射效应 Radiation effects药物的副作用 Side effects of pharmaceutical drugs 有毒物质的协同效应 Synergistic effects of toxic substances与环境有关的疾病 Environmentally related diseases 致癌物 Carcinogens南美锥虫病 Chagas'' disease人类的疾病 Human diseases免疫疾病 Immunological diseases婴儿死亡率 Infant mortality疟疾 Malaria盘尾丝虫病 Onchocerciasis病原生物体 Pathogenic organisms辐射病 Radiation sickness血吸虫病 Schistosomiasis人类疾病传染媒介 Vectors of human diseases工作环境 Working environment人机工程学 Ergonomics职业健康 Occupational health职业安全 Occupational safety振动 Vibration营养与保健 Nutrition and health care过敏素 Allergens基本食物要求 Basic food requirements食品 Food食品添加剂 Food additives食用色素 Food colourants食品污染 Food contamination保健 Health care卫生设施 Health facilities高蛋白食品 High protein foods医院 Hospitals营养不良 Malnutrition医疗 Medical treatment药用植物 Medicinal plants营养 Nutrition食品的营养价值 Nutritive value of food毒物 Poisons吸烟 Smoking主食 Staple foods传统保健 Traditional health care灾难 DISASTERS灾难现象 Catastrophic phenomena生物体的意外释放 Accidental release of organisms 雪崩 Avalanches旋风 Cyclones沙漠蝗虫 Desert locusts地震 Earthquakes环境事故 Environmental accidents流行病 Epidemics洪水 Floods飓风 Hurricanes山崩 Landslides人为灾难 Human-made disasters核事故 Nuclear accidents放射性污染 Radioactive contamination释放 Release地震海浪 Seismic sea waves泄漏 Spillage暴风雨 Storms台风 Typhoons应急减灾措施 Emergency relief measures灾难清理作业 Disaster clean-up operations防灾准备 Disaster preparedness防灾 Disaster prevention灾难救援 Disaster relief流离失所人员 Displaced persons紧急救援 Emergency relief应急避难所 Emergency shelter环境应急计划 Environmental contingency planning 防洪 Flood control放射性污染清除 Radioactive decontamination临时住房 Temporary housing临时避难所 Temporary shelter生境破坏 Habitat destruction陆地活动 Land-based activities自然改变 Physical alterations监测 MONITORING环境监测 Environmental monitoring生物指标 Biological indicators生态标志 Ecolabelling污染物鉴别 Identification of pollutants噪声监制 Noise monitoring污染物分析 Pollutant analysis污染物分布 Pollutant distribution污染物浓度 Pollutant levels污染物监测 Pollutant monitoring污染物路径 Pollutant pathways污染物来源鉴别 Pollutant source identification 污染监测 Pollution monitoring。
环保英语短文带翻译
环保英语短文带翻译Title: The Importance of Environmental Protection。
Environmental protection has become a pressing issue in today's society. With the rapid development of industry and technology, human activities have caused serious damage to the environment. The earth's resources are being depleted at an alarming rate, and the air, water, and soil are being polluted. The consequences of these actions are numerous and severe, and they affect not only the natural world but also human health and well-being.One of the most significant consequences of environmental degradation is climate change. The burning of fossil fuels and deforestation have led to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, which trap heat in the atmosphere and cause global temperatures to rise. This, in turn, has led to more frequent and severe weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and floods. These events can cause widespread damage to infrastructure, homes, and crops, andcan even lead to loss of life.Another consequence of environmental degradation is the loss of biodiversity. Human activities such as habitat destruction, overfishing, and hunting have caused many species to become endangered or extinct. This loss of biodiversity not only affects the natural world but also has implications for human health and well-being. Many medicines and other products are derived from natural sources, and the loss of biodiversity could mean the loss of potential cures for diseases.In addition to these consequences, environmental degradation also has a significant impact on human health. Air and water pollution can cause respiratory problems, cancer, and other illnesses. Exposure to toxic chemicals can lead to neurological damage and other health problems. In some cases, these health effects can be severe and even life-threatening.Given the severity of these consequences, it is clear that environmental protection is of utmost importance. Wemust take action to reduce our impact on the environment and protect the earth's resources for future generations. This can be done through a variety of means, including reducing our use of fossil fuels, promoting renewable energy sources, protecting natural habitats, and reducing waste and pollution. It will take a concerted effort from individuals, businesses, and governments to make these changes, but the benefits will be well worth the effort.In conclusion, environmental protection is a critical issue that must be addressed if we are to ensure a sustainable future for ourselves and future generations. The consequences of environmental degradation are severe and far-reaching, and they affect not only the natural world but also human health and well-being. We must take action to reduce our impact on the environment and protect the earth's resources for future generations.。
环保小翻译
Passage 7根据估计,美国农夫每一年要喷洒9.71亿磅(合44万公吨)的农药,主要是对付昆虫、杂草以及真菌。
但是农药残留在农作物上或附近土壤中,然后渗入地下水,流入河川,最后进了野生生物的腹中。
这一化学药剂的涓涓之流,早就令环保人士忧虑了。
农产公司自1990年代中开始宣传基改种子,向农友保证可降低有毒农药的用量。
如今大部分基改作物都含有抗害虫或耐除草剂的基因,以大豆、玉米、棉花及油菜为主。
植入抗虫基因的作物会自行制造杀虫剂,因此可望减少化学药剂的喷洒。
耐除草剂的基改作物可耐受广效性除草剂,农人就可以摒弃针对特定杂草且毒性更强的化学药剂。
农人总是希望尽量少用比较危险的农药,不过基改作物之所以吸引人,是因为劳作手续简化了(降低施用农药的频率及复杂程度),甚至可使产量增加。
但是所谓的“对环境有好处”却不易证实。
事实上,还没有任何一篇经过同行专家审查的报告,讨论过那些好处,因为植物不同、地点不同,结果必定随之而变。
不过还是有些资讯可供参考,根据美国农业部统计,耐除草剂的作物不见得会降低农药的喷洒量,不过农人将使用比较温和的混合药剂。
例如,农人要是种植了耐除草剂的大豆,就会避免使用最毒的杀草剂,而改用毒性弱分解快的苷磷除草剂。
1998年瑞士的一份研究报告激起了广泛的疑虑,大家担心Bt作物可能会在无意中伤害运气不好的生物。
研究是在实验室中进行的,科学家以玉米螟幼虫喂食蚜狮幼虫,发现吃Bt玉米长大的玉米螟会使蚜狮死亡,而普通玉米则不会。
一年之后,美国康乃尔大学的昆虫学者洛西等人提出报告,他们以沾有Bt玉米花粉粒的马利筋叶喂食大桦斑蝶幼虫,结果那些幼虫都死了。
疑惧之火再度燃起。
阅读大观翻译7.环保
7.环保——全球总动员20世纪60年代末70年代初美国将环境问题上升到了世界范围。
或许为监控和限制全球污染做世界范围努力的最大推动力是因为实际上很多形式的污染有具有国际性。
1972年在瑞典的斯德哥尔摩召开了由美国主办的第一届世界环境会议。
这个会议,美国作为带头人是有争议的,因为许多发展中国家害怕环境保护的焦点是发达国家让不发达国家处于经济屈从地位的一种手段。
会议最重要的成就就是成立了国际环境保护项目(UNEP)。
UNEP的主要目标是美国的环境道德心及减轻发展中国家的恐惧。
UN将总部首次设在发展中国家肯尼亚的内罗毕。
为了在主要环境问题上试图达成共识,UNEP的重要作用是研究鼓励可持续发展和提高生活水平二不破坏环境。
1972年UNEP成立时,只有11个国家建立环保局。
10年后,上升到了106个国家,其中有70个是发展中国家。
越来越多的国际协议为提高世界环境状况做出了努力。
1973年濒危物种国际贸易大会首次同意减少在灭绝边缘的动植物交易。
1982年的国际捕鲸委员会同意延缓偿付所有的商业捕鲸。
或许最重要的共识是1987年关于用尽臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔草案。
第一次,国际公约签署了以下特定目标:减少化学物质的释放量,减少臭氧层的破坏。
1989年国际委员会再次聚在一起限制危险废料在国与国之间的流动。
20年后,斯德哥尔摩会议,关于环境和发展的联合国会议,1992年在巴西的里约热内卢召开。
被人们所熟知为地球峰会,这是历史上聚集世界各国领导人最多的一次会议。
会议制定了两项主要条约。
第一个是减少导致全球变暖的尾气排放量,第二个是要求各国制定保护濒危物种的计划以保护生物多样性。
然而因为美国的坚持,签订全球变暖公约的最终范围急剧缩小。
美国同样是拒绝签署生物多样性公约的极少数国家之一。
美国代表反对部分公约规定自然资源所得来的钱如热带雨林,应该在源头国家和团体或公共季候使用的物质进行平分。
因为期望环境有所改善,导致世界各政党大力强调环境保护。
保护环境英语作文翻译
保护环境英语作文翻译Title: Protecting the Environment。
As our world becomes more industrialized and populated, the need to protect our environment becomes increasingly urgent. The effects of pollution, deforestation, andclimate change are already being felt around the globe, and if we don't take action now, the consequences could be catastrophic.One of the most pressing environmental issues facing us today is climate change. The burning of fossil fuels suchas coal, oil, and gas releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which trap heat and cause the planet to warm up. This can lead to more extreme weather events, such as droughts, floods, and hurricanes, as well as rising sea levels that threaten coastal communities.To combat climate change, we need to reduce ourreliance on fossil fuels and transition to cleaner,renewable sources of energy such as wind and solar power. We can also make changes in our daily lives, such asdriving less, eating less meat, and using reusable bags and containers instead of disposable ones.Another major environmental issue is pollution. Whether it's air pollution from factories and cars, water pollution from agricultural runoff and sewage, or plastic pollutionin our oceans, pollution is having a devastating impact on our health and the health of our planet. To address this problem, we need to reduce our use of single-use plastics, implement stricter regulations on industrial andagricultural practices, and invest in cleaner technologies.Deforestation is also a significant environmental concern. Trees play a crucial role in absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and providing habitat for countless species of plants and animals. However, deforestation for agriculture, logging, and other purposes is destroying these vital ecosystems at an alarming rate. To protect our forests, we need to support sustainable forestry practices, promote reforestation efforts, andreduce our consumption of products that contribute to deforestation, such as palm oil and beef.In addition to these issues, there are many other ways in which we can protect the environment. We can conserve water by taking shorter showers and fixing leaky faucets, recycle as much as possible, and support environmentally friendly businesses and policies.Ultimately, protecting the environment requires a collective effort from individuals, businesses, and governments around the world. By taking action now, we can help ensure a healthy and sustainable future for ourselves and future generations.。
2009年考研英语时文阅读及翻译之环境保护
2009年考研英语时文阅读及翻译之环境保护学券计划孩子与音乐电子书报纸的消亡环境保护带薪请假制度英语的消亡Protecting Earth's Last FrontierIn 1962, John Glenn relayed this message to mission control when his pioneering flight on the Friendship 7 spacecraft passed across Western Australia at night: The lights show up very well. Thank everyone for turning them on, will you?If he looked down from space today he might no longer see just the lights of our cities but the many lights of fishing boats. These lights can be so dense that they visibly can be so dense that they visibly outline the outer part of the South American continental shelf and entire seas in Asia.These lights are from fishers using light to lure squis. This intense activity symbolizes the broader plight of our oceans. The imposing footprint of humanity has advanced from our shores and into the high seas, the ocean waters beyond national jurisdiction. This footprint damages and depletes almost everything in its path.With the depletion of the cod fishery and so many other coastal fish stocks worldwide, the fishing industry has turned to the high seas to exploit their resources. Fishing operations are targeting the seamounts, oceanic ridges and pateaus of the deep ocean beyond natioanl jurisdiction, where ownership and responsibility don't lie with any nation.In the course of a decade or more, we have caused significant damage to largely unknown ecosystems, depleted species and probably doomed many others to extinction. Every day, commercial fishing fleets dispatched primarily from just 11 nations venture onto the high seas to fish the deep ocean with seabed trawls.They deploy massive gear with names like canyon buster that indicate the sheer scales involved and the damage they inflict. Everything along their path, from ancientcorals and sponges to 250-year-old fish, is stripped away and caught in their nets. In a single trawl, lumps of sponges, corals, and other species, together weighing as much as 10,000 pounds, can be removed. What is left is truly a stark, sterile, undersea desert.The high seas are very special. It is here where you can find dense groupings of animals that derive their energy from sources other than the sun around volcanic vents on the deep sea floor. It is only here where you can find areas still free from introduced species, as in the seas around Antarctica. And it is here where you can find living organisms that are more than 8,000 years old, like many of the massive deep-sea corals.But what really sets the high seas apart from all other areas we know is the overwhelming lack of protection for any of this natural heritage.A United Nations meeting this week finally put the high seas on the map and on the agenda. Governmental officials from around the world gathered together with scientists, representatives from the fishing sector, conservation groups and other stakeholders to discuss conversation and sustainable use of amrine biological diversity in the high seas, covering 64 percent of the earth's surface.They need to move quickly. Given the fragility of these environments, we simply do not have the luxury of time, but we can act before it is too late.As we continue to build our understanding of the oceans and life within, we must establish marine protected areas that extend beyond just the areas we know today to be valuable or threatened.We must place biodiversity conservation at the center of ocean governance, build the precautionary approach into the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and ensure that every activity in these areas beyond national jurisdiction——be it fishing, mining, transportation, tourism or research——is conducted in a sustainable manner that is fair to present and future generations.We must recognize that all of the geographical, geological and biological parts of the oceans are interrelated, interdependent and equal one tremendously significant ecosystem whole.Right now, we have this opportunity to prevent the extinction of countless species and ecosystems that are only just being discovered, let alone understood. Now is the time to protect our last undiscovered wilderness, the world's final frontier——the high seas.保护地球的最后边疆1962年,当约翰格伦首次驾驶“友谊7号”太空船于晚上穿越澳大利亚西部时,他向任务控制中心传达了这样一条信息:“灯光看得很清楚。
环境英语作文好句带翻译
环境英语作文好句带翻译当我们谈论环境保护时,我们需要意识到这是一项全球性的任务,需要全球性的努力。
以下是一些关于环境保护的好句,带有中文翻译:1. "Environmental degradation has reached an alarming level, necessitating immediate action from governments, industries, and individuals alike." 。
环境退化已经达到令人担忧的程度,需要政府、工业界和个人立即采取行动。
2. "It is imperative that we adopt sustainable practices in our daily lives to mitigate the adverseeffects of climate change." 。
我们必须在日常生活中采取可持续的做法,以减轻气候变化的不良影响。
3. "The preservation of biodiversity is crucial for thehealth of ecosystems and the well-being of future generations." 。
生物多样性的保护对生态系统的健康和未来世代的幸福至关重要。
4. "Rapid urbanization and industrialization have led to unprecedented levels of pollution, posing a grave threat to our planet's ecosystems." 。
快速的城市化和工业化导致了前所未有的污染水平,对我们星球的生态系统构成了严重威胁。
5. "Implementing stringent environmental regulations is essential to hold industries accountable for their ecological footprint." 。
保护环境英汉互译作文
保护环境英汉互译作文English:Protecting the environment is crucial for the well-being of both current and future generations. It is important for individuals and governments to take actions to preserve our natural resources and reduce the impact of human activities on the environment. One way to protect the environment is to promote sustainable practices such as recycling, reducing energy consumption, and using renewable resources. Additionally, it is important to raise awareness about the importance of environmental protection and encourage people to make eco-friendly choices in their daily lives. Governments also play a key role in protecting the environment by implementing and enforcing regulations that limit pollution and protect wildlife and natural habitats. Furthermore, international cooperation is essential in addressing global environmental issues such as climate change and deforestation. By working together, we can make a significant impact on protecting the environment for future generations.中文翻译:保护环境对当前和未来的世代来说至关重要。
环境保护中英结合版
推广循环经济
加强国际合作
促进资源循环利用,发展循环经济,减少对 自然资源的消耗和废弃物的排放,提高资源 利用效率。
加强与其他国家和地区在环境保护领域的合 作,共同应对全球环境问题,推动全球环境 保护事业的发展。
THANKS
谢谢您的观看
总结词
土壤污染是由于人类活动引起的,对环境和人类健康造成危害。防治土壤污 染需要采取多种措施。
详细描述
土壤污染包括重金属、有机物、放射性物质等污染物,这些污染物不仅危害 人体健康,还会对生态系统产生影响。防治土壤污染需要采取多种措施,包 括加强污染物控制、推广环保农业、加强土地保护和执法等。
04
环境政策与国际合作
环境保护中英结合版
xx年xx月xx日
目录
• 引言 • 自然环境与生态保护 • 环境污染与治理 • 环境政策与国际合作 • 未来展望与建议
01
引言
背景与意义
环境问题日益严重,全球气候变暖、空气污染、水资源匮乏 等现象愈演愈烈。
环境保护已成为全球共同的责任和使命,需要全球合作和共 同努力。
目的和范围
环境政策的制定与实施
环境保护法律法规
01
建立和完善环境保护法律法规体系,明确环境保护的目标和原
则,制定环境标准和管理办法。
环保投资与资金支持
02
加大环保投资力度,推动环保产业的发展,鼓励社会资本参与
环境保护事业,建立健全环境公益诉讼制度。
环保宣传教育与提高意识
03
通过宣传教育和意识形态建设,提高公众环保意识和参与度,
生态系统的保护
1
生态系统是指在一定区域内所有生物体及其所 处环境相互作用构成的自然系统。
2
生态系统的保护包括保护和维护生物多样性、 自然生态系统的完整性和稳定性。
pastor-zienkiewicz,中文
pastor-zienkiewicz,中文中括号内的内容为主题。
[中括号内的内容为主题] -一篇1500-2000字文章Introduction:主题:中括号内的内容字数:1500-2000字在本文中,我们将讨论中括号内的内容,并逐步回答相关问题。
[中括号内的内容为主题]可以是任何主题,对于本文来说,我们将以"环保"为例。
Step 1: 介绍环保的重要性开始这篇文章,我们首先需要介绍环保的重要性。
环保是指保护和维护自然环境以及人类与自然环境之间的和谐关系。
通过环保措施,我们可以减少污染、保护生态系统、节约资源等。
介绍环保的重要性将引发读者的兴趣,并使他们更加关注此主题。
Step 2: 环保的挑战和问题接下来,我们将探讨环保所面临的挑战和问题。
例如,全球变暖、空气和水污染、物种灭绝等,这些问题对环境和人类健康造成了严重影响。
通过列举和解释这些问题,我们可以突出环保的紧迫性,并激发读者对此主题的兴趣与关注。
Step 3: 解决环保问题的方法在第二步中,我们提到了不同的环保问题。
接下来,我们将提出解决这些问题的方法。
例如,减少温室气体排放、加强废物管理、推广可再生能源等。
在这一步中,我们将逐个解释每种方法的工作原理和效果。
此外,我们还可以介绍一些成功的环保项目和实践,以及个人和集体参与环保运动的重要性。
Step 4: 个人环保行动的重要性在这一步中,我们将强调个人环保行动的重要性。
通过改变自己的生活方式,我们可以对环境产生积极影响。
例如,减少用水、开展垃圾分类、采用可回收产品等等。
我们应当告诉读者,每个人都可以成为环保运动的一部分,通过积极而简单的改变,共同保护我们的地球。
Step 5: 总结与展望最后,我们将总结本文的主要内容,并对未来的环保问题进行展望。
我们将再次强调环保的重要性,以及个人和集体共同努力的必要性。
同时,我们也可以提醒读者,环保是一个日益紧迫的问题,需要每个人的行动。
环保汉英
10-20 环保专业A癌症 cancer安宁 welfare安全 security安置 perch安置好的 in-place氨 ammonia昂贵的 costly凹槽 grooveB把手 handle白血病 leukemia白杨 poplar颁布 promulgate斑点 fleck半干旱地区 semi-arid area 半径 radius半球形 hemispherical半衰期 decay half-life伴热系统 heat tracing system 帮助 assist棒材 rod包围 encompass饱和 saturate保持 maintain保存 preserve保护罩 shield保守的 conservative保证 engage报警器 horn暴露 exposure暴雨 storm爆炸 explode备用 stand-by 倍频程(八度) octave band被覆线 field cable本底浓度 background concentration 比较 comparison闭锁 latch避开 avoid边缘 cage边缘的 marginal便利于 facilitate便于 accommodate变形 initial deformation标称的 nominal表面的 superficial表面水份 surface moisture表示 express表现 manifest表征 characterize濒危的 threatened濒危物种 endangered species玻璃纤维 fiberglass剥离 strip菠菜 spinach薄层 flake薄金属片 foil补偿 compensate补偿的 compensatory补给 makeup哺乳动物 mammal捕获 trapping不充分的 deficient不均匀 unevenly不可避免的 unavoidable不可吸入的 non-respirable不可行的 infeasible不利影响 adverse impact不漏气的 gastight不适当的 undue不透(水)的 impermeable不稳定的 erratic不现实地,未经证实的 unproven不锈钢 stainless steel不需花费的 unspent不正常 abnormality布袋除尘器 baghouse10-21 环保专业C采样 sample采样管线 sampling leader(lines) 残余物 debris侧墙燃烧 wall firing侧向的 lateral测尘仪 dust detector策略 strategy层状石膏 tabular gypsum拆迁 resettlement产量 productivity产生 engender长焰煤 bituminous coal常青植物 evergreen species常数 constant厂界 property boundary厂区 site proper厂用气 service air场外 offsite超标率 exceeding rate超标区 area of exceeding超标时次 exceeding times超过 surpass巢穴 nest彻底地 exhaustively沉淀 precipitation沉淀池 settling pond沉积 deposit沉陷水层 depressed water table 衬以 be lined with成分 content成正比的 proportional承插式焊接 socket welding承担 undertake承受 sustain承压的 confined程度 extent程序 procedure澄清 clarify 澄清池 clarifier池 pond齿轮 gear齿轮减速器 gear reducer充分性 adequacy充足的 liberal冲击 impingement冲蚀 erosion冲洗 flush冲洗水 washwater虫害 insect pest抽流 bleedstream抽气(水) suction抽取物 extractive臭氧 ozone出料斜槽 spout出土 uncover初始投资费 initial capital costs 除尘 dust removal除灰 ash handling除水器 drift eliminator除雾器 mist eliminator除盐系统废水 demineralizer wastewater储煤场 coal storage yard储运损耗 outage处罚 penalty处理 cure处置 disposal触媒 catalytic触媒式脱硝工艺 SCR=Selective Catalytic Reduction穿孔 perforate传播 propagation传递装置 transmitter传统的 conventional喘不过气的 breathlessness垂直的 vertical纯度 purity次大陆 subcontinent次氯酸钠 sodium bichloride刺穿 impale从动滚轮 return idler丛生 cluster10-22 环保专业粗灰库 coarse ash bin促进 promote脆弱的 fragile村民 villager存档 archivingD达到 accomplish打算 contemplate大肠菌 coliform大规模 large-scale大规模的 mass大量 abundance大陆性季风气候 continental season wind climate大陆性气候 continent climate大批 bulk大气的 atmospheric大气扩散模式 air dispersion model大气稳定度类别 atmospheric stability class 大桶 vat袋式过滤器 bag filter单井出水量 tubewell output单元制系统 unit system氮 nitrogen氮氧化物 NOx=oxides of nitrogen当地居民 indigenous people导轨 skid导流板 baffle导向板 deflector导向叶 turning vane导则 guideline稻子 rice等级 tier等效A声级 dbA=A-weighted decibel等值线 isopleth低氮氧化物燃烧器 low NOx burner低压气力干除灰系统 low-pressure pneumatic dry handling system底板 tray 地表水 surfacewater地表水资源 surfacewater resource地表下 subsurface地层 stratum地带 terrain地方性的,地方病 endemic地区 vicinity地区的 sectoral地文学 physiography地下(静止)水位 phreatic surface of groundwater地下水 groundwater地形 topography地形图 topographical map地震 earthquake地质 geology点火 ignition点源 point source点缀 intersperse电伴热系统 electrical heat tracing system 电磁场 EMF=electromagnetic field电磁的 electromagnetic电击 electric shock电缆 cord电晕放电 corona垫环(圈) rim垫片 shim垫圈 gasket调节阀 modulating valve调湿灰 ash wetting调整 adjustment调制解调器 modem蝶阀 butterfly valve丁二酸 succinic acid定量 quantify定向源 directional source丢弃 reject动能 kinetic energy动物 animal动物区的 fauna动压 velocity pressure陡峭的 sheer毒物 poison独立的 stand-alone10-23 环保专业独占地 exclusively堵缝 caulk堵塞 plug镀锌的 galvanized短期 short-term短暂的 ephemeral断定 predicate锻钢 forged steel堆积 accumulation堆砌 stack对数 logarithmic钝化 passivation钝角 obtuse angle多级 multiple stages多孔的 porous多氯联苯 PCB=polychlorinated biphenyl 多普勒声雷达 DAR=Doppler Acoustic Radar多余 excess多种形式的 manifold惰性气体 inert gasE恶化 degradation二氧化硫 SO2=sulfur dioxide二氧化硫去除率 SO2 removal efficiency F发病率 morbidity发出 emanate发源于 originate钒 vanadium反射性的 reflex反应剂 reagents反应物 reactant方案 alternative 方程式 equation方法 methodology方位 orientation防尘的 dustproof防尘飞扬 dust suppression防断条 breaker strip防风雨的 weatherproof防洪堤 flood dike,levee,containment dike 防护林带 shelter belt防护套 lag防护装置 guard防漏 leakproof防雨板 flashing妨碍 obstruct纺织 textile放射性同位素 radioisotope飞灰 flyash飞灰库 flyash bin废浆液 spent slurry ,waste slurry废弃 abandon废水 wastewater废物固定系统 waste fixation system废烟气,排出(放)烟气 exhaust flue gas 废液 liquid wastestream沸石 zeolite分贝 decibel分布 distribute分布式混合燃烧器 DMB=distributed mixing burner分隔板 dividing plate分界线 borderline分裂 split分数 fraction分析仪 analyzer分子的 molecular焚化炉 incinerator焚烧 incinerate粉末 powder粉沙 silty sand粉土 silt丰富的 ample丰水期 peak rainfall months风化 reliquefy风廓线指数 wind speed profile coefficients10-24 环保专业风玫瑰 windrose风速 wind speed风向 wind direction封闭层 confining layer蜂窝形状 honeycomb shape缝合 stitch敷层 cladding氟 fluoride氟化氢 hydrogen fluoride氟橡胶 fluoroelastomer浮力 buoyancy浮在表层的东西 supernatant辅助设施 auxiliary equipment腐蚀 corrosion附带的 incident复杂地形 complex terrain副产品 by-product覆盖 overlayG改变 alter改进 refinement改善 amendment钙基物质 calcium-based chemicals 概念 concept干枯河床 bare riverbed干舷 freeboard干燥 desiccation甘蓝 cabbage柑橘属植物 citrus感应头 sensor钢瓶(样)气 cylinder gas高原 tableland格栅 grating隔离阀 isolation valve隔离风门 isolation damper隔离罩 insulating cover隔膜 membrane,diaphragm隔膜阀 diaphragm type valve隔声材料 sound-insulating material 镉 cadmium个别的 individual给…加罩 hood给料机 feeder耕地 cultivated land工业分析 proximate analysis工作 effort工作台 gallery公吨 metric ton公共设施 institutional facilities公用事业 utility公众参与 community involvement, public participation公众会议 public meeting供货方 vendor供应 furnish拱型燃烧炉 arch-fired units构成 comprise构架 truss估计 estimate谷氨酸 glutamic acid谷类 corn股 ply骨髓的 myeloid鼓 drum固定的 stationary ,fixative固定源 stationary source固体废弃物 solid waste故障 upset刮 scrape刮板 scraper关联 correlate管沟 trench管接头 nipple灌溉 irrigation规定 provision硅酸钙 calcium silicate滚筒型离心机 basket type centrifuge国际环境惯例 international environmental conventions果园 orchard过度应力 overstressing过量抽取 overpumping过滤 filtration10-25 环保专业过热段 superheated section过速离合器 overrunning clutch过压 overpressurization过早的 prematureH海水的 briny含水层 water-bearing layer含水的 aqueous含羧基的 carboxylic含油污水 oil-contaminated wastewater, oily wastewater焊接的 welded合成橡胶 synthetic rubber合金 alloy合理的 legitimate合理性 justification合作 collaboration河滩台地 river beach terrace核桃 walnut盒,箱 enclosure黑斑症 necrotic横断的 traverse横断面 cross-section横梁 beam横行 infestation洪积带 alluvium洪积物 alluvial sediments洪水位 flood level后续处理 post-treatment后置设备 back-end equipment厚度 thickness候鸟 migratory birds呼气的 expiratory呼吸道 airway胡箩卜 carrot湖 lake互相影响 interact护墙 security wall花生 peanuts 滑承板 sliding bearing滑动量 slippage化合物 compound化学发光 chemiluminescent化学计量 stoichiometric怀疑性的 skeptical槐树 ash坏死 necrosis环保法规体系 environmental legal and regulatory framework环境 environment环境空气 ambient air环境敏感区 environmentally sensitive环境评价 EA=environmental assessment 环境温度 ambient temperature环境影响报告书 EIS=environmental impact statement环境影响评价 EIA=environmental impact assessment环形物 ring环氧树脂 epoxy缓冲衬层 breaker,snubber缓冲池 buffer tank缓冲器 buffer患遗传性过敏症的 atopic荒地 barren(bare) land,wasteland荒山 naked hills and mountains黄化病 chlorosis黄铁矿硫 pyritic sulfur黄土 loess黄土高原 Loess Plateau灰浆 mortar恢复 recovery回收 reclaim汇编 compile混合 blend混合层高度 mixing height混合器 chamber混杂的 miscellaneous活性 reactivityJ10-26 环保专业机动车辆 motor vehicle迹象 evidence积极的 aggressive基础设施 infrastructure基准声压 reference effective pressure 极地的 polar极端地 extremely极限应力 yield stress极坐标 polar coordinates急性的(医) acute急需的 imperative疾病 disorder集成储存模块 mass storage module 集中处理 collective treatment几何平均 geometric mean挤压出 extrude脊椎动物 vertebrate animal计量器 gauge剂量 dosage剂量 dose季风气候 monsoon weather patterns 季节性的 seasonal寄生 parasitism加工成波纹 corrugate加料斜槽 chute, chutework加强肋 stiffener加权平均 weighted average加润滑油 lubricate加湿作用 humidification加速度 acceleration加压喷嘴 pressurized fluid nozzle加药 dosing加重 exacerbate夹层 sandwich夹带 entrain夹子 clamp家畜 livestock甲板 deck甲烷 methane假定 assume间断的 intermittent减轻 mitigate 减少 diminish减少摩擦的 antifriction检测 audit检修门(孔) access door简单地形 simple terrain简要布置 schematic arrangement碱度 alkalinity碱基金属 base metal建筑物顶雨水 roof runoff建筑物下洗效应 effects of building downwash健康的 healthy浆叶 blade浆液循环泵 slurry circulation pump 降水量 precipitation降雨 rainfall交换器 exchanger脚手架 scaffolding ,falsework铰链 hinge搅拌机 pug mill搅拌器 agitator接合 splice接近 proximity接纳 admission接入…道路 be routed to接收器 receiver接受点 receptor location节点板 gusset节气闸 damper节约用水用地 land and water-saving 结构 configuration结垢 scaling结果 consequence结合 incorporation, join结晶 crystallization结晶体 crystal金刚砂 silicon carbide紧夹 grip近岸 nearshore进料井 feedwell进行 conduct浸 dip浸透 percolation经得起 withstand10-27 环保专业经度 longitude晶体形状 crystal shape精度 precision精确 precise井的 phreatic井水 phreatic water径流 runoff径向 radial静电除尘器 ESP=electrostatic precipitator 静风 calm wind静压 static pressure就业 employment居民 inhabitant居民区 residential area居住 inhabit举起 elevate矩形的 rectangular距离 distance聚丙烯 polypropylene聚丁二烯橡胶 polybutadiene rubber聚积的 conglomerate聚乙烯 polyethylene绝壁 precipice绝迹 extinct绝热的 adiabatic绝缘(热) insulationK开采量 exploitation开挖,抽取 extraction抗腐蚀的 erosion- resistant抗拉强度 tensile strength抗磨的 abrasion- resistant抗侵蚀的 corrosion- resistant抗性植物 tolerant species考古学的 archaeological苛性钾 caustic potash苛性钠 caustic soda颗粒物 particulate颗粒物 PM=particulate matter 咳嗽 cough可比的 comparable可靠性 reliability可能性 likelihood可溶解的 soluble可实施的 viable可行 feasible刻度盘 dial坑 pit空调冷凝水 conditioning condensate 空气 air空气喷射管 air sparger pipe空气预热器 air preheater空气中传播的 airborne孔 orifice孔盘 perforated tray孔蚀 pitting attack控制阀 regulating valve枯绿 dullish green枯水期 lower flow period跨度 crossing快速温度型NOx prompt NOx矿产资源 mineral reserves矿物燃料 fossil fuel昆虫 insect扩散 spread阔叶 broadleafL拉毛花纹处理 stucco embossed拉线式的 guyed来自 originate in栏杆 handrail劳动力 workforce劳动者 laborer老鼠 rat肋 rib类 genus累积 buildup累积的 cumulative10-28 环保专业梨 pear离合器 clutch离心分离机 centrifuge理论的 theoretical历史记载的 historic episodic立方米 cubic meter利用,开发 exploit粒径 particle size连接器 coupling连续 runon连续排放监测系统CEMS=B163continuously emission monitoring system联合作用 synergism联锁装置 interlock链条 chain量程 range料斗 hopper裂隙 crevice零气(仪用气) zero-gas流量计 flow-meter硫 sulfur硫代硫酸盐 thio-sulfate硫的 sulfuric硫酸 sulfuric acid硫酸镁 magnesium sulfate硫酸钠 sodium sulfate硫酸盐 sulfate龙王 Dragon King露点 dew point卤盐 brine salt滤出物 leachate滤出液 filtrate滤网 strainer路径 pathway路径 route旅游胜地 tourist attraction氯 chlorine氯丁橡胶 neoprene氯化氢 hydrogen chloride氯离子浓度 chlorine concentration卵石 cobble轮桨 paddle罗茨风机 Roots fan 螺母 nut螺丝接头 turnbuckle螺纹 thread螺纹连接 threaded connection螺旋的 helical螺旋面 helicoid螺旋千斤顶 screw jack螺旋倾析型离心分离机 screw decanter type centrifuge螺旋伞形的 spiral-bevel螺旋输送机 screw conveyor落水管 downspout落叶灌木 deciduous scrubM马蹄形夹 clevis买主 purchaser卖主 vendor慢性的 chronic漫滩 flood plain毛细孔 pore铆钉 rivet媒介 agent煤场雨水 coal pile runoff煤矿 coalfield每季的 quarterly美国联邦注册局 Federal Register美化(环境) landscape美学的 aesthetic镁 magnesium猛禽 raptor猕猴 macaque monkey密封管 gland密封自卸卡车 enclosed selfdumping truck 密实 compaction蜜蜂 bee免疫的 immune免疫能力 immune response描绘 depict庙 temple10-29 环保专业敏感症 allergy名称 nomenclature明显的 apparent模拟 simulate模式预测结果 modeling results 摩尔比 stoichiometric ratio磨蚀 Abrasion磨碎 grind谋生 livelihood母体 matrix牧草 grazing牧场 pasture钼 molybdenumN内表面 interior face内部的 internal内部支撑 internal support内插 interpolations内陆 inland内斜面 interior slope纳法 sodium-based chemicals 耐火的 refractory耐酸砖 acid brick耐用的 durable泥浆 sludge拟制 inhibit逆流 countercurrent逆时针 counterclockwise碾压 compress尿素 urea凝聚 coagulation牛皮纸 kraft paper扭矩装置 torque农田 cropland农作物 agricultural plantings 浓度 concentration浓缩 thick浓缩设备 thickener暖温带 warm zone O欧亚大陆块 Eurasian plate 偶尔的 sporadic偶然(发生)的 incidental 偶然的 accidental耦合的 coupledP爬虫 reptile耙子 rake排除器 eliminator排放 discharge, emission 排放量 emission rate排水沟 gutter排水口 outfall排污 blowdown抛石 riper泡沫(材料) foam赔偿 indemnify配件 fitting喷淋塔 spray tower喷雾 spray喷嘴 spray nozzle盆地 basin碰撞 collision皮带过滤机 belt filter皮带轮 pulley皮带输送机 belt conveyor 皮托管 pitot毗连的 adjacent疲劳 fatigue偏离 deflection偏移 excursion撇去 skim贫瘠的 arid10-30 环保专业贫瘠土壤 low-quality farm land贫煤 lean coal平衡物 counterweight平衡旋流燃烧器 swirl-stabilized burner 平衡状态 steady-state平均海拔(米) m-msl=meters above mean sea level平台 platform评定 evaluate评估 appraisal评价 assessment屏障 barrier迫使 obligate铺路面 pave铺平 roll out朴树 hackberryQ崎岖的地区 rugged area启动 startup气动的 pneumatic气浮单元 air floatation unit气管炎 tracheitis气蚀 cavitation气态 gaseous气象 meteorology气压 barometric pressure气压计 barometer砌浆石块 mortared stone block迁移 migration牵连 implication铅 lead潜在的 latent嵌入 embed强度 strength强制氧化工艺 forced oxidation process 峭壁 escarpment翘曲 warp切断 shut off侵害 invasion 青苔 lichen氢 hydrogen氢氟酸 hydro- fluoric acid氢氧化钠 sodium hydroxide氢氧化物 hydrate轻黏土 light clay轻亚黏土 light mild clay倾斜 slope倾注洗涤器 decanter清除 clearance清洗 cleanout情景 scene球磨机 tube mill球墨铸铁 ductile iron球形阀 globe valve取得 procure去除烟尘 dedust去垢剂 detergent全年的 year-round权限 jurisdiction缺乏 absence缺水土壤 water-short land缺陷 drawback确定 ascertain确信地 confidently群落 communityR燃料硫 fuel-bound sulfur燃料偶合型NOx fuel bound NOx 燃气轮机 gas turbine热带 tropic热带的 tropical热力型NOx thermal NOx热强度 heat stress热心 eagerness人机工程的 ergonomic人孔 manway人口统计 demography人字形(的) herringbone10-31 环保专业认识到 perceive容器 vessel溶解度 solubility溶解氧 dissolved oxygen熔解(温度) fusions reducing蠕形断裂 creep rupture锐角 acute angle, sharp angle润滑油 lube弱酸 weak acidS三氧化硫 sulfur trioxide散布 scatter杀虫剂 pesticide沙石 sandstone沙质的 sandy刹车 brake刹那的 momentary山根小丘 foothill山脊 ridge山麓(的) piedmont伤害 injury上紧,紧密 tighten设备清单 inventory社会经济学的 socioeconomic涉禽 wading bird摄取 ingestion审查 review渗流 seepage渗透 penetration, infiltration渗透管 permeation tube渗透性 permeability生产量 yield生存能力 viability生活排水 sanitary effluent生活水平 standard of living生活污水 domestic wastewater,sanitary sewage生理学的 physiological生石灰 quicklime 生态环境 ecological environment , entironment生态系统 ecosystem生物的 biotic生物接触氧化 biological contact oxidation 生物体 organism生物种类 biological diversity生物组织 tissue声压级 SPL= sound pressure level湿地 wetland湿浆磨 pulp mill湿式分离器 wet separator湿式化学鼓泡法 wet chemistry bubbler method湿式搅拌器 wet stirring device湿式球磨机 wet ball mill湿式石灰石抛弃法 wet limestone t hrowaway type湿式洗涤器 wet scrubber湿式旋风分离器 wet cyclone石膏 gypsum石膏板 plaster board石膏回收 gypsum recovery石灰石 limestone石灰石粒 limestone pebble石灰石磨 limestone mill石灰石筒仓 limestone silo石料加工,砌石建筑 stone masonry石棉 asbestos实际的 substantial实现 implement食虫鸟 insectivorous bird使成弓形 bow使反向 reverse使破裂 crack使湿润 humidify使透气 aerate使脱水 dewater使橡胶硫(硬)化 vulcanize试探性的 tentatively室 chamber适度的 moderate适配器 adapter适宜的 applicable10-32 环保专业适用性 availability收尘器 particulate collector收回 withdrawal收缩 shrinkage手艺 workmanship受花粉器 pollinator受扰土地 disturbed land输电 transmission输电线路走廊 transmission line corridor 输煤系统冲洗排水 coal sluice wastewater 输送机 conveyor输送媒体 conveyance media熟化 slake熟石灰 hydrated lime束缚 bound树林 timber树脂 mastic数据采集 data collecting数据采集系统 DAS=data acquisition system数据传输 data transmission数据存储 data depositing数据库 database数量 quantity数量级 order of magnitude衰减 attenuation衰落 turndown双碱基化学药(剂) dual-alkali-based chemicals双探头 doubleprobe双探头控制器 doubleprobe controller双头贯穿螺栓 through-bolt水道 watercourse水封 water-sealed水库 dam水力联系 hydraulic connection水力旋流分离器 hydroclone水力旋流浓缩器 hydroclone separator水量平衡 water balance水流失 water deletion水龙头 tap水泥添加剂 cement additives水鸟 waterfowl水泡过的 water-soaked 水平烟道 breeching水气 moisture水溶液 aqueous solution水生的 aquatic水体 waterbody水土保持 soil and water conservation 水文站 hydrologic station水雾 fog顺流 cocurrent顺时针 clockwise死亡率 mortality松弛的 slack松树 pine酸 acid酸洗 pickle酸洗水 acid-cleaning water酸性的 acidic算术平均 arithmetic mean随意的 arbitrary碎片 fragment, debris碎石机 grinder损害 lesionT塔基 tower footing ,tower pad台地 mesa苔 moss苔藓属植物 sphagnum太阳辐射 solar radiation钛 titanium探测器 detector,probe碳钢 carbon steel碳酸钠 sodium carbonate陶制的 ceramic套节(管) socket套筒轴承 sleeve bearing特高 ultra-high提交 submit提升间 hoist提升装置 take-up10-33 环保专业替换 replacement添加材料 aggregate material添加剂 additive填充塔 packed tower铁路支线 rail spur听觉的 acoustical听力阈值 hearing threshold停留 retention停留时间 residence time,retention time 通风系统 draft system通用模拟方法 general modeling approach 同时存在的 simultaneous同心的 concentric同样的 identical投标书 proposal投掷 pitch土地利用率 land usage土地所有的 landholding土地填埋 landfill土地占有者 landholder土路 earthen path土壤腐蚀 soil erosion土壤改良剂 soil conditioner土壤沙漠化 land desertification土壤盐碱化 soil alkalinization退色 discoloration托辊 idler脱轨 derailment脱硫 desulfuration脱水设备 dehydratorW挖掘 dredge瓦 tile外部的 external外壳 shell外来的 exotic外斜坡 outside slope弯头 elbow完整的 integral 万向节十字头 trunnion网 grid网孔 mesh网纹板 checker plate微波 microwave微量金属 trace metal微生物 microbe围栏 curb违犯 violate违约罚金 liquidated damage维修 maintenance纬度 latitude萎缩 collapse卫生 sanitary未触动的 intact未检出 ND=not detected温度(热)应力 thermal stress温度计 thermometer温度梯度 temperature gradients文丘里管喉部 venturi throat文物古迹 cultural relics涡轮炉膛 turbo furnace卧式的 horizontal污染 contaminate ,pollute污染物 contaminant ,pollutant污染综合治理 IPC=integrated pollution control污水槽 sink无侧限抗压强度 unconfined compressive strength无触媒脱硝工艺 SNCR=Selective Non- Catalytic Reduction无机酸 inorganic acid无脊椎动物 invertebrate animal无人的 unpopulated无水的 anhydrous无线电传输 radio frequency transmission 无限长 infinitely long无烟煤 anthracite coal戊二酸 glutaric acid雾 mist雾状的 atomized10-34 环保专业X西瓜 watermelon吸附 adsorption吸附剂 sorbent吸入 inhale吸收剂 absorbent吸收剂粉剂 absorbent powder 吸收剂浆液 absorbent slurry 吸收塔 absorber吸引力 attractive稀少的 sparse稀释 dilution稀释探头 dilution probe稀有的 rare习性 behavioral洗涤 scrubbing洗涤器 scrubber洗涤设备 washer洗中煤 washed middlings coal 系列 array系数 coefficient细灰库 fine ash bin细菌 bacteria-algae狭窄的 narrow下垂 Sag下游的 downstream下载 download先前的 preceding纤维 fabric显示 reveal现场的 onsite现场特有的 site-specific现实的 tangible现象 phenomena线性度 linearity线性内插 linear interpolations 线源 line source限电 load-shedding限制 restriction乡村 rural乡村小道,巷 lane 相对湿度 relative humidity相互连接 interconnect相遇 encounter向上游 upstream向上游倾斜的 upgradient向外 outward向下燃烧 down firing向下游倾斜的 downgradient 橡树 oak消除 abate消耗 consumption消音器 muffler小风 light wind小块 pellet小麦 wheat哮喘 wheeze哮喘症患者 asthmatic效率 efficiency校准 calibration协调 coordinate斜线 bias泄漏 leakage ,leak泄水 drainage新生叶 younger leaf信赖 reliance形成 formation性质不同的 distinct性状 appearance修改 modification修改通知书 amendment advice 需要 claim畜牧 animal husbandry絮凝池 flocculation絮凝剂 coagulation agent絮凝剂 flocculent蓄(含)水层 aquifer蓄水 impoundment悬崖 cliff ,overhanging rocks 旋风炉 cyclone boiler旋转 rotate旋转喷雾器 rotary atomizer循环 loop10-35 环保专业Y亚急性的 subacute亚硫的 sulfurous亚硫酸镁 magnesium sulfite亚硫酸钠 sodium sulfite亚硫酸盐 sulfite亚热带 subtropical烟 smoke烟囱 chimney ,stack烟囱出口烟气下洗 stack-tip downwash 烟道 duct烟气脱硫 FGD=flue gas desulfurization 烟气污染物 flue gas contaminant烟羽 plume淹没 inundate延长 prolong延伸 stretch严格 stricter严守 adherence沿海地区 coastal area研磨 grind盐酸 hydro- chloric acid扬尘 fugitive dust阳离子 cation氧 oxygen氧化 oxidation氧化风机 oxidation air blower氧化温度 fusions oxidizing遥远的 remote野禽 wildfowl野生生物栖息地 wildlife habitat叶轮 impeller叶脉间的 intercostal液滴 droplet液化 liquefaction液气比 liquid to gas ratio(L/G)液体 liquor仪表用气 instrument air移动 removal遗传的 genetic乙二酸 adipic acid 乙烯 ethylene议定 protocol抑制 suppression抑制氧化 inhibited oxidation抑制氧化工艺 inhibited oxidation process 易侵袭的 vulnerable易燃的 combustible易散的 fugitive易受影响的 susceptible易延展的 ductile易粘住的 clogging溢流 overflow ,spill阴离子 anion音速 sonic velocity饮用水 drinking water ,potable water应力 stress荧光 fluorescent影响 affect ,influence硬度 hardness拥有 possess用棒捣实 rodding用键锁固的 keyed由...主办的 under the auspices of油密的 oiltight油脂 grease游离的 dissociative游离氢根 free hydrogen radical游离态 dissociated form有毒的 toxic有害的 detrimental有机硫 organic sulfur有机酸 organic acid有利影响 positive impact有资格的 qualified淤塞 fouling余量 margin榆树 elm雨水耕作 rainfed agriculture预测 predict预处理 pretreatment预洗涤塔(器) prescrubber预置 preset元素分析 ultimate analysis园形的 circular10-36 环保专业原理 principle原始的 rude原始森林 virgin forest原始植物 primitive plant原子吸收光谱法 AAS=atomic absorption spectrometry圆柱形的 cylindrical圆锥 taper源 source远程通信 telecommunication云量 cloud cover ,cloudage允许的 allowable运转效率 equivalent availability factor Z杂草 weedy灾难性的 catastrophic载体 carrier再生废水 regenerative wastewater再添满 replenish再现期 recurrence interval再循环 recirculation,recycle再循环的 recirculating再殖 recolonize在边上 marginally暂停 temporarily suspend早熟的 premature造成 pose噪声 noise渣浆 slurry粘稠的 sticky粘附 adhere粘合剂 adhesive占用 occupy沼泽 marsh遮蔽 mask针状石膏 needle gypsum真空泵 vacuum pump真空过滤机 vacuum filter诊断 diagnose 诊所 clinic振捣器 vibrator振动 vibration镇区 township争论 debate蒸发 evaporation蒸汽 steam正交的 perpendicular正视 envisage证明 demonstrate症状 symptom支撑 brace支架 carcass支流 tributary支气管 bronchi支气管收缩 bronchoconstriction支气管炎 bronchitis织物过滤器 fabric filter执行导则 OD=Operational Directive 直角 right angle直角坐标 rectangular coordinates职业病 occupational illness职责 obligation植物的 vegetative植物调查 flora survey植物学家 botanist植物叶子 foliage植物总称 flora止回阀 check valve止回器 backstop止推轴承,推力座 thrust bearing指示器 indicator制度 regime制造工艺规程 millsheet制作 fabricate治理 mitigation治理措施 countermeasure质量 quality中继泵房 boost pump house终点 terminus终止 cutout种类 category种族的 ethnic重复 duplicate10-37 环保专业重复利用 reuse重金属 heavy metals重量法 gravimetric method重设路径 reroute重碳酸盐 bicarbonate重型的 heavy-duty重要 significance重置 relocation周界 perimeter轴承 bearings轴承瓦 bearing liner轴封冷却水 gland seal cooling water轴流式 axial type主导风向 prevailing wind direction主要的 predominant贮存 retention贮灰场 ash disposal yard铸铁 cast iron抓取 grab专用的 dedicated转轮体 hud转速 rev转移 diversion装机容量 installed capacity装配 mount装载机 loader撞击 impact锥体 cone准则 criterion浊度 turbidity自然保护 conservation of nature自然的 spontaneous自然环境 physical environment自然灾害 natural hazards综合 integrate综合利用 comprehensive utilization综合利用途径 comprehensive utilization approaches总大肠群菌 total coliform总和 aggregate总碱度 total alkalinity总结 summarize总溶解固体 total dissolved solids总悬浮颗粒物 TSP=total suspendedparticulates纵梁 stringer走廊 corridor租用 hire阻碍 impede, retard阻力 resistance阻塞 obstruction组成 constitute组件 module最不利影响 worst-case impact 最终 ultimate作为结果的 consequent。
Unit8 环境保护 翻译
1. 当前的监管和经济环境已经集中到了未来加强治理两个最大的地区市场-欧洲和北美的氮氧化物(NOx)排放上了。
为了同时满足减排需求和产能目标,这两个市场需要一个更加经济的加工方法来优化燃烧系统进而防止氮氧化物的排放。
2. 这一需求推动了大量针对新加工工艺的研究和开发的投资,最终会减少长久以来根深蒂固的对选择性催化还原技术的需求。
当这些方法显著地减少了氮氧化物排放时,其他重点研究防止污染的技术不但达到了相同的目的还有附加的经济利益和性能改良。
几种新一代的燃烧优化技术不只减少了氮氧化物、一氧化碳和颗粒物的排放,还改进了锅炉的效率和可靠性。
4.“欧洲公用事务”最近实施了“大型燃煤电厂排放物规程”,该规程要求各燃煤电厂的氮氧化物排放量(限度)在2008年降至500mg/m³,在2015年降至200mg/m³。
2008年的排放量限制可以通过各种工艺控制方案来实现,这些方案包括再燃烧、低氮氧化物燃烧、燃烧优化以及充分燃烧。
近期这些技术的发展与新技术相结合,比如先进的吸附喷射剂,目前在很多应用中可以达到2015年的限度,而且随着市场机遇的拓宽将继续普及当前的选择性催化还原法。
5. 这条包含8小时臭氧标准国家空气质量标准和《净化空气法案》的即将施行的美国法律条例,将推动持续发展的要求,以减少可容许生成氮氧化物的现存来源。
由于85%的超过300兆瓦的大功率设备--氮氧化物的集中来源,(浓缩来源中的氮氧化物)已经通过LNB和SCR解决方案得到控制,主要的公共事业正在将关注点转移到最经济的解决方案----那些范围在100兆瓦到300兆瓦的中型氮氧化物的设备。
在每吨一美元的基础上,为了实现综合的要求,在可预见的将来,最经济的解决方案包含整合一套过程技术。
7. 《净化空气法案》的指标体系很复杂,如果仅仅使用Excel 和Access这样简单的表格和数据库工具来处理空气监测数据,就如同使用没有拼写检查功能的系统来写信一样,劳神费力,却无法避免出错。
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环境保护:初学者指南
Paul Jepson和Richard Ladle 著
3
营造影响
环境保护广义上的目标是保护物种、栖息地以及生态系统免予破坏,但要实现这个目标却困难重重:巨大的文化、经济和政治压力—从失控的人口增长、农村贫困和农业的拓展到狩猎和野生动植物的非法买卖—都在限制着它。
为了实现自己的目标,环境保护主义者需要增加他们对政府和市场的影响力,并在必要时直接采取行动以获得公众的支持。
一系列的策略和方法已经发展起来以构建环境保护作为在政府、企业、社区和个人复杂体系中的一股力量。
这些影响的构建活动正是本章的主题。
自20世纪70年代以来,社会发生变化的进程有了根本性的变化。
国家日益以权力至上,无论是超越国家的政治实体,如欧洲联盟和类似于世界贸易组织这样的政府间机构,或移交权力到地方政府。
曾经强大的部委不再直接实施其政策;相反,他们外包给私营公司和慈善机构提供公共服务。
这种变化反映了新自由主义的理念,即自由市场能够比政府更有效地传递物资给公众。
因此,更多的机构和个人都加入到政策的制定和发动之中。
从环境保护的角度来看,现在从国际组织到当地社区,关键的决策是在许多不同的层面做出的。
在某些方面,这对于环境保护是有好处的,那就是能给它更多的机会和渠道去营造影响。
但其他方面却并非如此:现代管理的无组织状态意味着没有单一的或集体性的实体对结果作出决断。
环境保护采取五种主要方法来影响政府和商业:
构建关系—与那些有环境保护意识的,由于环境保护原因加入而看到利益的官员、官僚和公司的雇员发展关系。
专家建议—发电和通信专家,对于自然世界状态的初始建议和分析,有什么威胁到它,以及可能的解决方案。
创建标准—写作评估、分类和计量标准转让协议,法律和承诺转化为有形的、可评估的做法。
框架问题—塑造如何思考(架构)环境保护问题,并推进公众和媒体对最佳解决方案和行动的关注。
直接行动—获取和管理极度濒危物种的用地和圈养种群。
这并非一个详尽的列表,例如,它不包括如果政府不执行相关环境保护法律就将其告上法庭。
这种做法在美国较为普遍,但很少出现在其他地方。
同时,它也不包括支撑列表中其他一切环节的资金筹集和使用。
为环境保护融资是很重要的基础:我们将在第6章涵盖这一内容。
现在可通过网络实现改变;环境保护必须在一个宽泛的领域操作,融合传统的方法和新的策略。
传统的目标是影响政府和政府间组织通过相关法律、国际谈判协议、制定政策和委托研究、建立伙伴关系以及分配必要的预算、人员、土地等资源,以确保环境保护相关政策和法律的实施。
然而,最近环境保护正在经历包括“拉并推”市场创新在内的新策略,比如试图影响消费者、企业和机构在采购和投资诸如养老基金和资源型产业实践的决策。
两个最流行(和明显)的战略方法是倡导和宣传。
宣传是交谈的艺术,虽尚未合理但可被说服。
这是关于被邀请参加重要的决策论坛,听取、尊重并维持长期以来的权力走廊。
政策倡导是许多大型环境保护组织的实用方式。
相比之下,竞选是增加无所作为的代价。
对于政府而言,这可能是被媒体嘲笑、受到反对派政治家的发难或者努力应答极为苛刻信件的政治代价。
对于企业,它可能是受到消费者抵制、丧失经营许可证、发现更难留住员工或者败坏极为重要却奇妙无形的“品牌价值”的代价。
一个更微妙的策略是塑造人们思考自己与自然界关系的方式。
任何一个人—专家和公众的一致好评—通过思想上分组的各种各样事实、比喻、形象以及价值观融入一个“框架”让复杂的世界有意义;思想上对于新的传单、照片、备忘录以及海报的认知都在不断地增加覆盖到旧的信息上。
这一框架决定了谈论什么和以何种方式谈论。
对于环境保护的有效沟通是关于创建、维持和改造它的框架。
为公众构建环境保护框架与倡导和宣传密切相关;同时,这些策略将提高人们的认识活动与嵌入环境保护于民众心理融为了一体。
环境保护的架构
将环境保护从一个专家转移到公众的关注,并最终转化为一股文化力量,这意味着将它的规程与问题相整合对于人们而言是重要而有意义的:类似于文化和民族认同、健康和福祉、自我实现、冒险和同情关心他人。
美国著名的生态学家和环保人士,E.O. Wilson,使用词语“热爱生命的天性”描述人类与生俱来的与自然界和生命系统的联系。
这就意味着环境保护主义者在吸引大家关注的时候经常反其道而为之—新闻、娱乐和教育传媒、旅游产业以及其他文化活动来快速建立自己与环境保护的联系。
一个伟大的运动通过创造文化涟漪构建对社会与自然之间关系的深远理解。
环境保护组织—特别是绿色和平组织—可以说在调整其与流行文化因果关系上比自然保护组织更为有效。
绿色和平组织的小型充气艇1970年在俄罗斯捕鲸船上拍摄的照片就是一个典型的例子。
这一画面在文化上深深地将“大卫和歌利亚”的故事融入到绿色和平组织“拯救鲸鱼”与当代两个重大主题的整合之中—冷战和人权。
气候变化是最新的—甚至可以说最严重的—将环境保护和环境运动的概念统一在一起。
在21世纪早期之前,气候变化的争论中充斥着科学事实和预测却难以穿透公众的关注和兴趣。
但是一头被遗弃的北极熊在没有冰山的海洋中游泳的凄美场景,赋予了气候变化与公众意识广泛共鸣的文化和情感的重要意义。
近年来,环境保护可能已经很难找到一个重大问题或想法,但环境保护主义者并没有失去他们保持对自然界的欣赏以及在流行文化主流观点中对其生存状态关注的才华。
有两个发生在2008年的例子,来自大西洋各方证实当前的创新工作。
为了将热带雨林的砍伐与美国的文化名人联系在一起,通过相机,保护国际说服好莱坞“阿里斯特”哈里森·福特在打蜡的胸毛上打一补丁(扯掉)。
在他的考量下,福特转向摄像头并宣布“那里每失去1英亩[一些发展中国家的热带雨林],这里就会受到伤害[在发达国家中]!”。
同时,葡萄牙世界自然基金会联手本菲卡足球俱乐部(里斯本竞技)为他们开展活动得到公众的支持,以拯救葡萄牙白尾海雕,同时,更普遍地,将环境保护纳入里斯本的球迷们的生活。
代表胜利的一只鹰,
上面放置着本菲卡的会徽。
报纸和电视频道播放(滑稽的模仿)一则丢失胜利的故事。
运动员和其他贵宾呼吁鹰的安全返回和俱乐部组织“鹰日”。
在接下来的主场比赛里,球场失去胜利,其中包括运动员上衣的标志。
给予支持者羽毛形的传单,并要求他们挥手以呼吁鹰的回归。
回应他们呼声的是一只巨大的雄鹰盘旋而下进入体育场,飞落在会徽的顶部。
这种原初的和情感的策略让本菲卡球迷联合说道“野鹰是我们的鹰,没有它我们的生活将会削弱。
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这两起事件将环境保护与文化偶像整合在一起—名人和足球队—并促成了年轻的新观众通过YouTube发布视频短片。
这两者都有新闻价值,并树立了环境保护的公众形象。
此外,在葡萄牙,世界自然基金会巧妙地提出将环境保护作为一个人文化身份的一部分。