东华理工大学2018年《817中国文学史》考研专业课真题试卷
1998年—2018年华师文院考研真题专业一
710部分：1998年研究生入学考试专业:文艺学现当代文学古代文学民间文学科目中外文学史方向一、填空(40分)1.现存最早的《诗经》法是“毛传郑笺”,“郑”指的是_______________。
2.屈原的作品有《离骚》、《九歌》、《天问》、_______________《招魂》等。
3.“汉赋四大家”指的是司马相如、_______________班固、张衡。
4.《古诗十九首》最早为_______________收录。
5.西晋太康时期作家中的“二陆”是指陆机和_______________。
6.魏晋时期的文论著作有曹丕的《典论•论文》、陆机的《文赋》和挚虞的_______________。
7.沈宋的作品是我国诗歌中_______________诗成熟的标志。
8.陈子昂在_______________中提出了诗歌革新主张。
9.唐传奇《霍小玉传》的作者是_______________。
10.宋周邦彦的词集名_______________。
11.辛弃疾的词集名_______________。
12.由四部杂剧组成的《四声猿》的作者是_______________13.南戏《琵琶记》的作者是_______________。
14.明代反对拟古主义、和公安派同时的有以钟惺、_______________为代表的竟陵派。
15.“桐城派”散文主要作家有方苞、____________姚鼐等。
16.近代从理论和创作实践上给“诗界革命”开辟道路的是_____________。
17.中国新文学的开端以1917年胡适发表_________和陈独秀发表____________作为标志。
18.被鲁迅誉为“杰出的抒情诗人”是_______________。
19.《手推车》的作者是___________。
20.《给亡妇》的作者是___________。
21.蒋纯祖出自___________的笔下。
22.梅春是___________所著中篇小说___________中的人物。
东华理工大学819毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系2018年考研初试真题
三、材料分析题：（共 2 小题，每小题 20 分，共 40 分）结合所学知识或原理分析材料 并回答问题。 1、下面是有关我国民主法制建设的材料：
材料 1 1945 年 7 月初，黄炎培等五位国民参政会参政员访问延安。有一回，毛泽东问及 他在延安的感想。他说：“一部历史‘政怠宦成’的也有，‘人亡政息’的也有，‘求荣 取辱’的也有……总之没能跳出这周期率。中共诸君从过去到现在，我略略了解的了， 就是希望找出一条新路，来跳出这周期率的支配。”毛泽东作了这样的回答：“我们已 经找到了新路。我们能跳出这周期率。这条新路，就是民主。只有让人民来监督，政 府才不敢松懈。只有人人起来负责，才不会人亡政息。” 材料 2 1978 年 12 月 13 日，邓小平同志在中共中央工作会议闭幕会上的讲话中强调：“为 了保障人民民主，必须加强法制。必须是民主制度化、法律化，使这种制度和法律不 因领导人的改变而改变，不因领导人的看法和注意力的改变而改变。” 材料 3 我国宪法中对法制的规定，始自 1982 年。1982 年宪法规定： 第五条 国家维护社会主义法制的统一与尊严。 一切法律、行政法规都不得同宪法相抵触。 一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织都必须遵守宪 法和法律。
东华理工大学
考研专业课初试真题
硕士研究生入学考试专业课初试真题
注意：答案请做在答题纸上，做在试卷上无效
东华理工大学 2018 年硕士生入学考试初试试题
科目代码： 819 ; 科目名称：《毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理 论体系概论》；（ A 卷） 适用专业名称： 马克思主义基本原理；马克思主义中国化研究
计划多一点还是市场多一点，不是社会主义与资本主义的本质区别。计划经济不 等于社会主义，资本主义也有计划；市场经济不等于资本主义，社会主义也有市场。 计划和市场都是经济手段。社会主义的本质，是解放生产力，发展生产力，消灭剥削， 消除两极分化，最终达到共同富裕。就是要对大家讲这个道理。
2018年硕士研究生招生考试试题
科目代码及名称: 613中国古代文学史
适用专业：050101文艺学050105中国古代文学
（请考生在答题纸上答题，在此试题纸上答题无效）
一、简答题（能结合作品分析者为优）(每题15分，4题共60分）
1、试对“诗经六义”加以简要分析。
2、简要论述元散曲的艺术特点。
3、简析李白所擅长的诗歌体式及其艺术成就。
4、简要谈谈你对宋元话本的认识。
二、论述题（每题30分，4题任选3题，3题共90分）
1、试对《汉书》与《史记》的文学特点加以比较分析。
2、试对苏（轼）辛（弃疾）词加以比较论析。
3、论述唐诗分段，并1页，共1页
东华理工大学专升本《大学语文》真题
东华理工大学专升本《大学语文》真题文章来源：江西高校招生网 一、佳句填空：8分１、暧暧远人村，（依依墟里烟）。
２、前不见古人，后不见来者。
（念天地之悠悠），（独怆然而涕下）。
３、莫听穿林打叶声，（何妨吟啸且徐行）。
４、对酒当歌，（人生几何）。
譬如朝露，（去日苦多）５、春花秋月何时了，（往事知多少）。
６、寻寻觅觅，（冷冷清清），（凄凄惨惨戚戚）。
７、天长地久有时尽，（此恨绵绵无绝期）８、（十年生死两茫茫），不思量，自难忘。
９、问君能有几多愁，（恰似一江春水向东流）。
10、两情若是长久时，（又岂在朝朝暮暮）。
11、春江潮水连海平，（海上明月共潮生）。
12、那河畔的金柳，（是夕阳中的新娘）。
13、桃李不言，（下自成蹊）二、阅读下面这首诗，完成1-4题。
（8分）锦瑟锦瑟无端五十弦，一弦一柱思华年。
庄生晓梦迷蝴蝶，望帝春心托杜鹃。
沧海月明珠有泪，蓝田日暖玉生烟。
此情可待成追忆，只是当时已枉然。
1、“无端”在此处的含意是：无缘无故。
（1分）2、这首诗的作者是：李商隐。
（1分）3、这首诗用了四个典故，其内涵分别是：庄生梦蝶-比喻理想渺茫的梦；望帝伤春-比喻哀痛年华已逝；蓝田玉烟- 比喻自己的理想如蓝田玉烟可望不可即；沧海月明珠有泪- 比喻圣明之世仍被埋没。
（4分）4、“此情”两句的意思是：当时的心情可以回忆起来，但是当时的情景已经没有了踪迹。
（2分）三、文学常识填空：8分1、《秋水》的主旨是（天外有天人外有人不能局限的看问题，个人知识受主客观条件的约束因而有限不能自满自足）。
2、（诗经）是我国最早的一部诗歌总集。
3、（陶渊明）是我国最早大量创作田园诗的诗人。
4、《雨巷》中的“丁香一样的姑娘”的象征意义是（情感希望追求的象征）。
5、鲁迅称《史记》为“史家之绝唱，（无韵之离骚）。
6、《闺意上张水部》纯用比体，表现了诗人（拜见公婆前的惶恐心情，表示人应试前夕的微妙心理）的心情。
7、唐朝作家（杜甫）的诗篇，被人们称为诗史。
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码：821;科目名称：《土力学》；（A卷）适用专业（领域）名称：岩土工程一、名词解释题：（共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）1.土的固结度2.前期固结应力3.有效应力4.主动土压力5.土的抗剪强度二、填空题：（共5小题，每空1分，共10分）1.土的不均匀系数Cu越大，颗粒级配曲线越__________。
2.依据被土颗粒吸附的牢固程度，吸着水分为__________和__________，其中影响土的性质的是___________。
3.测定土的颗粒组成的常用方法有__________和__________。
4.土颗粒矿物成分分为原生矿物和次生矿物两大类，其中次生矿物主要为黏土矿物，常见的黏土矿物有______________、______________和_________________。
5.粘性土的抗剪强度定律的表达式___________________________。
三、单项选择题：（共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1.土的物理指标中，可由实验直接测定的三个指标是_______。
A.孔隙比、密度、含水率B.密度、含水率、比重C.孔隙比、比重、密度2.在通常的工程结构压力作用下，土体的压缩变形主要是由_______引起。
A.孔隙体积的减少B.孔隙中水的变形C.土颗粒的变形D.土颗粒和孔隙中水的变形3.某土的液性指数I L大于1，则该土处于________。
A.流塑状态B.可塑状态C.半干硬状态4.土体圧缩曲线e-p是在_______下得到的。
A.三轴条件B.无侧限试验条件C.有侧限试验条件5.土的一维固结微分方程表示了______的关系。
A.固结度与时间B.孔隙水压力与时间和深度C.孔隙水压力与时间6.有M、N两厚度及物理性质相同的饱和粘土层，其应力分布也相同，但M土层为双面排水，N土层为单面排水，则M、N两土层达到同一固结度所需时间之比为_____。
2018考研中国人民大学文艺学完整版专业课真题
626文学基础一.名词解释 10个每题5分共50分1.白鹿原2.普罗文学3.九歌4.世说新语5.牡丹亭6.崇高7.审美游戏8.安提戈涅9.流浪汉小说10.象征主义戏剧二.论述题 8选4 每题25分，共100分1.结合具体的文学现象或作品，谈谈你对\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"翻译对中国现当代文学的影响\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"的理解。
2.试论上海“孤岛”文学的主要代表作家及其文学成就。
3.鲁迅《魏晋风度及文章与药及酒之关系》“用近代的文学眼光来看，曹丕的一个时代可说是“文学的自觉时代”，或如近代所说是为艺术而艺术的一派。
”请评述这句话。
4.严羽《答吴景仙书》“ 盛唐诸公之诗 , 如颜鲁公书 , 既笔力雄壮 , 又气象浑厚”请评述这句话。
5.谈谈《人间词话》“有我之境”、“无我之境”的划分标准及其影响。
6.韦勒克把文学划分为内部研究、外部研究，谈谈划分标准及其影响。
7.结合卢梭的创作，谈谈你对十八世纪启蒙文学的理解。
8.结合托尔斯泰的《复活》，谈谈你对十九世纪俄国现实主义文学的理解。
2018文学理论一、名词解释 6×5=30艺术起源论伯明翰学派后殖民批评替罪羊《文赋》二、简答题 20×3=601.简论对17世纪后期法国的古今之争的内容与影响。
2.简论黑格尔对于艺术的象征型艺术，古典型艺术，浪漫型艺术分类与其理论的启示。
3.简论二十世纪文论的语言学转向。
三、论述题 30×2=601.马克思说:“五官的感觉形成是以往全部世界历史的产物，围绕实际需要的感官也只具有有限的意义。
”根据这段话，谈谈你对美感的感官基础以及历史性生成的理解。
2.根据法兰克福学派阿多诺的一段话，谈论批评与救赎的关系，并说说你的批评观。
1。
1998年—2018年华师文院考研真题专业一
710部分：1998年研究生入学考试专业:文艺学现当代文学古代文学民间文学科目中外文学史方向一、填空(40分)1.现存最早的《诗经》法是“毛传郑笺”,“郑”指的是_______________。
2.屈原的作品有《离骚》、《九歌》、《天问》、_______________《招魂》等。
3.“汉赋四大家”指的是司马相如、_______________班固、张衡。
4.《古诗十九首》最早为_______________收录。
5.西晋太康时期作家中的“二陆”是指陆机和_______________。
6.魏晋时期的文论著作有曹丕的《典论•论文》、陆机的《文赋》和挚虞的_______________。
7.沈宋的作品是我国诗歌中_______________诗成熟的标志。
8.陈子昂在_______________中提出了诗歌革新主张。
9.唐传奇《霍小玉传》的作者是_______________。
10.宋周邦彦的词集名_______________。
11.辛弃疾的词集名_______________。
12.由四部杂剧组成的《四声猿》的作者是_______________13.南戏《琵琶记》的作者是_______________。
14.明代反对拟古主义、和公安派同时的有以钟惺、_______________为代表的竟陵派。
15.“桐城派”散文主要作家有方苞、____________姚鼐等。
16.近代从理论和创作实践上给“诗界革命”开辟道路的是_____________。
17.中国新文学的开端以1917年胡适发表_________和陈独秀发表____________作为标志。
18.被鲁迅誉为“杰出的抒情诗人”是_______________。
19.《手推车》的作者是___________。
20.《给亡妇》的作者是___________。
21.蒋纯祖出自___________的笔下。
22.梅春是___________所著中篇小说___________中的人物。
东华理工大学333教育综合2016到2018的3套考研专业课真题
注意：答案请做在答题纸上，做在试卷上无效
东华理工大学2016年硕士生入学考试初试试题
科目代码：333;科目名称：《教育综合》；（A卷）
适用专业（领域）名称：教育硕士
一、名词解释题：（共5小题，每小题8分，共40分）
1、《学记》
2、广义的个体发展
3、活动课程
4、有意义学习
5、知识迁移
二、简答题：（共4小题，每小题15分，共60分）
简析体力劳动与脑力劳动的分离与对立对教育的影响
简述洋务学堂兴办的目的、特点与类别及其有代表性的学堂
简述赫尔巴特的教学论
简述新一轮基础教育课程改革的目标
三、论述题：（共2小题，每小题25分，共50分）
1、有一个很通俗的说法，教师“要给学生一碗水，自己就要有一桶水”，意思是说，教师应该有丰富的学识，有足够的知识储备，一个教师如果想教给学生一点知识，自己就要掌握许多知识，惟有如此，教师的教学才能游刃有余，收到好的效果。
请你从教育理论与实践的角度，对此说法加以论述
2、如果你是一位老师，面对一班学习动机强弱不同的学生，你会从哪些方面来激发他们的学习动机？请结合教育学和教育心理学的理论加以论述
第1页，共1页。
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码： 840 ; 科目名称：《综合英语》；（ A 卷）适用专业（领域）名称：学科教学（英语）Part I Reading Comprehension (50%，2.5*20)In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.Text AThe bag is one of the most simple and useful things in the world. It is a container made of paper or cloth. It has given the world many strange expressions that are not very simple. Some of them are used in the United States today.One is “bagman”. It describes a go-between. The go-between sees to it that money is passed — often illegally — from one person to another. Another widely-used expression is to “let the cat out of the bag”. It is used when someone tells something that was supposed to be secret. No one can explain how the cat got into the bag. But there is an old story about it.Long ago tradesmen sold things in large cloth bags. One day a woman asked for a pig. The tradesman held up a cloth bag with something moving inside it. He said it was a live pig. The woman asked to see it. When the dishonest tradesman opened the bag, out jumped a cat — not a pig. The tradesman’s secret was out. He was trying to trick her. And now everybody knew it.The phrase “to be left holding the bag” is as widely used as the expression “to let the cat out of the bag”. This expression makes the person left holding the bag responsible for an action, often a crime or misdeed. That person is the one who is punished. The others involved in the act escape. Where the expression came from is not clear. Some say that General George Washington used it during the American Revolutionary War. One of Washington’s officers, Royall Taylor, used the expression in a play about Daniel Shay’s rebellion. The play was in 1787, after Taylor helped to put down Shay’s rebellion.Shay led a thousand war veterans in an attack on a federal building in Springfield, Massachusetts. Guns were in the building. Some of the protesters were farmers who had no money to buy seed. Some had been put in prison for not paying their debts. They were menwho fought one war against the king of England, and were now prepared to fight against their own government. Most of the rebels were captured. Shay and some of the officers escaped.In his play, Taylor describes Shay as disappearing, giving others “the bag to hold”.A bag is useful in many ways. Just be careful not “to let the cat out of the bag”, or someone may leave you “holding the bag”.1. According to the passage, a bagman refers to _________________.A) a person who travels around carrying his things in a bag B) a vagrant workerC) a person who delivers or collects money for criminals D) a homeless person2. Which of the following is TRUE concerning the story about “let the cat out of the bag”?A) The tradesman wanted to play a joke with the woman.B) The woman wanted to buy a cat.C) The tradesman kept a cat in a plastic bag.D) The tradesman lied to the woman that he had a live pig in the bag.3. What can we infer from the story “to be left holding the bag”?A) The person left holding the bag was completely innocent.B) The person left holding the bag took no responsibility for committing crimes.C) Many farmers protested against the government because they couldn’t pay their debts.D) Many protesters became the scapegoats for Shay and his officers.4. What does the last sentence of this passage mean?A) A bag has many different functions.B) People should often keep secret or they will be left to take the responsibility for everything.C) People should watch out and learn to take the responsibility for their actions.D) You will have to hold the bag if you let the cat out of it.5. The best title for this passage is ________________.A) Don’t Let the Cat Out of the Bag B) To Be Left Holding a BagC) Words and Their Stories: Bag Expressions D) Bag: A Useful ContainerText BTraditional plant breeding involves crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally．For example，disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with high-yield wheat to combine these properties．This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable．Genetic engineering（GE）involves exchanging genes between unrelated species that cannot naturally exchange genes with each other．GE can involve the exchange of genes between vastly different species—e.g. putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes．It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene，even when it is in maize DNA，will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin, but what other effects may it have in this alien environment？We are already seeing this problem—adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow—but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed，which was entirely unpredictable．It will be obvious，for example，that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA, but what side-effect would it have？In other words，is GM food safe to eat？The answer is that nobody knows because long-term tests have not been carried out．Companies wanting a GM product approved in the UK or U.S. are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests．Monsanto’s soya beans were apparently fed to fish for ten weeks before being approved．There was no requirement for independent testing，for long-term testing，for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people．The current position of the UK Government is that “There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods.” In the U.S.，the American Food and Drug Administration (AFDA) is currently being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods．6. Genetic engineering .A) involves crossing varieties of the same speciesB) is safe and fairly predictableC) is dangerous and entirely unpredictableD) covers the exchange of genes between different species7. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A) The side-effect of adding human growth hormone to pigs is that pigs may acquire somediseases of human.B) Human intelligence gene functions differently in human DNA and in cabbage DNA.C) In the UK or U.S., a GM product cannot be approved before the results of its safetytests are provided.D) Tests show that GM foods have specific dangers to children or allergic people.8. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A) There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods.B) The UK government and the U.S. government have different attitudes towards GMfoods.C) The AFDA in the U.S. was charged with concealing some research findings.D) The governments of the UK and the U.S. are protecting the GM foods.9. The possible title for the passage might be .A) Safe to Eat? B) GM Food NeedsC) Genetic Engineering D) A New Way of Breeding10. What’s the writer’s attitude towards GM food?A) Neutral. B) Positive. C) Negative. D) Indifferent. Text CFaces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for us to recognize people? Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. Yet a very young child－or even an animal, such as a pigeon－can learn to recognize faces. We all take this ability for granted.We also tell people apart by how they behave. When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different from others.Like the human face, human personality is very complex. But describing someone’s personality in words is somewhat easier than describing his face. If you were asked to describe what a “nice face” looked like, you probably would have a difficult time doing so.But if you were asked to describe a “nice person,” you might begin to think about someone who was kind, considerate, friendly, warm, and so forth.There are many words to describe how a person thinks, feels and acts. Gordon Allport, an American psychologist, found nearly 18,000 English words characterizing differences in people’s behavior. And many of us use this information as a basis for describing, or typing, his personality. Bookworms, conservatives, military types---- people are described with such terms.People have always tried to “type” each other. Actors in early Greek drama wore masks to show the audience whether they played the villain’s or the hero’s role. In fact, the words “person” and “personality” come from the Latin persona, meaning “mask”. Today, most television and movie actors do not wear masks. But we can easily tell the “good guys” from the “bad guys” because the two types differ in appearance as well as in actions.11. The main idea of this passage is ____________.A) how to distinguish people’s facesB）how to describe people’s personalityC) how to distinguish people both inward and outwardD) how to differ good persons from bad persons12. The author is most probably a _________.A) behaviorist B) psychologist C) sociologist D) scientist13. Which of the following is NOT true?A) Different people may have different personalities.B) People differ from each other in appearance.C) People can learn to recognize faces.D) People can describe all the features of others.14. The reason why it is easier to describe a person’s personality in words than his face is that________.A) a person’s face is more complex than his personalityB) a person’s personality is easily distinguishedC) a person’s personality is very complexD) many words are available when people try to describe one’s personality15. W e learn from the passage that people classify a person into a certain type according to________.A) his way of acting and thinking B) his way of speaking and behavingC) his learning and behavior D)his physical appearance and hispersonalityText DIt is often helpful when thinking about biological processes to consider some apparently similar yet better understood non-biological process. In the case of visual perception an obvious choice would be colour photography. Since in many respects eyes resemble cameras, and percepts photographs, is it not reasonable to assume that perception is a sort of photographic process whereby samples of the external world become spontaneously and accurately reproduced somewhere inside our heads? Unfortunately, the answer must be no. The best that can be said of the photographic analogy is that it points up what perception is not. Beyond this it is superficial and misleading. Four simple experiments should make the matter plain.In the first a person is asked to match a pair of black and white discs, which are rotating at such a speed as to make them appear uniformly grey. One disc is standing in shadow, the other in bright illumination. By adjusting the ratio of black to white in one of the discs the subject tries to make it look the same as the other. The results show him to be remarkably accurate, for it seems he has made the proportion of black to white in the brightly illuminated disc almost identical with that in the disc which stood in shadow. But there is nothing photographic about his perception, for when the matched discs, still spinning, are photographed, the resulting print shows them to be quite dissimilar in appearance. The disc in shadow is obviously very much darker than the other one. What has happened? Both the camera and the person were accurate, but their criteria differed. One might say that the camera recorded things as they look, and the person things as they are. But the situation is manifestly more complex than this, for the person also recorded things as they look. He did better than the camera because he made them look as they really are. He was not misled by the differences in illumination. He showed perceptual constancy. By reason of an extremely rapid, wholly unconscious piece of computation he received a more accurate record of theexternal world than could the camera.In the second experiment a person is asked to match with a colour card the colours of two pictures in dim illumination. One is of a leaf, the other of a donkey. Both are coloured an equal shade of green. In making his match he chooses a much stronger green for the leaf than for the donkey. The leaf evidently looks greener than the donkey. The percipient makes a perceptual world compatible with his own experience. It hardly needs saying that cameras lack this versatility.In the third experiment hungry, thirsty and satiated people are asked to equalize the brightness of pictures depicting food, water and other objects unrelated to hunger or thirst. When the intensities at which they set the pictures are measured it is found that hungry people see pictures relating to food as brighter than the rest (i.e. to equalize the pictures they make the food ones less intense), and thirsty people do likewise with “drink” pictures. For the satiated group no differences are obtained between the different objects. In other words, perception serves to satisfy needs, not to enrich subjective experience. Unlike a photograph the percept is determined by more than just the stimulus.The fourth experiment is of a rather different kind. With ears plugged, their eyes beneath translucent goggles and their bodies either encased in cotton wool, or floating naked in water at body temperature, people are deprived for considerable periods of external stimulation. Contrary to what one might expect, however, such circumstances result not in a lack of perceptual experience but rather a surprising change in what is perceived. The subjects in such an experiment begin to see, feel and hear things which bear no more relationship to the immediate external world than does a dream in someone who is asleep. These people are not asleep yet their hallucinations, or so-called ‘autistic’ perceptions, may be as vivid, if not more so, than any normal percept.16. In the first paragraph, the author suggests that _______.A. colour photography is a biological processB. vision is rather like colour photographyC. vision is a sort of photographic processD. vision and colour photography are very different17. In the first experiment, it is proved that a person _______.A. makes mistakes of perception and is less accurate than a cameraB. can see more clearly than a cameraC. is more sensitive to changes in light than a cameraD. sees colours as they are in spite of changes in the light18. The second experiment shows that ________.A. people see colours according to their ideas of how things should lookB. colours look different in a dim lightC. cameras work less efficiently in a dim lightD. colours are less intense in larger objects19. What does “to equalize the brightness” (Line 1, Para. 4) mean?A. To arrange the pictures so that the equally bright ones are together.B. To change the lighting so that the pictures look equally bright.C. To describe the brightness.D. To move the pictures nearer or further away.20. The group of experiments, taken together, proves that human perception is _______.A. unreliableB. mysterious and unpredictableC. less accurate than a cameraD. related to our knowledge, experience and needsPart II Translation ( 50 Points)Section A :For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.（30%）1812年春，拿破仑在俄国边境屯兵60万。