Soil Classification
土壤地理学、土壤资源利用重点知识
解释名词:1.土壤形成因素(soil-forming factor)简称“成土因素”:参与并影响土壤形成方向、速度、发育特征和土壤特性的自然因素 (母质、气候、生物、地形和时间)和人为因素。
2.土壤相对年龄(relative age of soil):土壤的发育程度和发育阶段,反映现代成土作用的速度。
3.单个土体(pedon):最小体积的一个土壤三维实体,人为假设其平面形状近似六角形,面积为1─10m2,在此面积范围内,任何土层具有一致的性态。
是土壤调查和研究中的最小描述单位和采样单位。
4. 诊断层(diagnostic horizon):在土壤分类中用以鉴定土壤类别,性质上有一系列定量规定的土层。
5. 粘化过程(clayization):指土壤中的矿质颗粒由粗变细而形成粘粒,以及粘粒在剖面中积聚的过程,若粘化发生在B层,则形成Bt层。
粘化过程主要由残积粘化和淋溶粘化两种。
6. 脱硅富铝化过程(fersiallitization):指在湿热的生物气候条件下进行的脱硅作用和铁铝相对富集的作用。
7. 土壤发生学(soil genesis ):研究土壤形成因素-土壤发生过程-土壤类型及其性质三者之间的关系的学说。
8.土壤绝对年龄(absolute age of soil ):从该土壤由新鲜风化层或新母质上开始发育的时候算起,用地学测年的方法确定的年龄。
9. 土壤发生层( soil horizon):大致平行于土壤表面的具有成土过程所发生特征的土层称为土壤发生层。
10.诊断特性(diagnostic characteristics):在土壤分类中用以鉴定土壤类别的,具有一系列定量规定的土壤性质。
11. 钙化过程(calcification ):土壤剖面中碳酸盐的淋溶与淀积过程,其结果是形成钙积层。
12. 潜育化过程(gleization):土壤在常年或季节性渍水条件下,有机物质处于嫌气状态,土壤矿物质中的Fe、Mn处于还原低价态,产生磷铁矿、菱铁矿等,土体染成灰蓝色或青灰色的(潜育层)。
土壤分类中英文
土壤分类中英文Soil classification is a fundamental aspect of pedology, the study of soils in their natural environment. It involves categorizing soils based on their characteristics and properties, which can be used for various purposes such as agriculture, construction, and environmental management.There are several systems of soil classification, but the most widely recognized is the USDA Soil Taxonomy, which classifies soils into orders, suborders, great groups, subgroups, families, and series. Here are some of the major soil orders and their English and Chinese translations:1. Alfisols - 暗棕壤 (An Zan Nang)These soils are characterized by a subsurface accumulation of clay and are common in forested areas.2. Andisols - 火山灰土 (Huo Shan Hui Tu)Andisols are young soils formed from volcanic ash and are known for their high organic matter content.3. Aridisols - 干旱土 (Gan Han Tu)As the name suggests, these soils are found in arid regions and have limited moisture.4. Entisols - 新成土 (Xin Cheng Tu)These are the youngest soils, with little or no development of horizons.5. Gelisols - 冻土 (Dong Tu)Gelisols are permafrost-affected soils, often found in high latitude or high altitude regions.6. Histosols - 泥炭土 (Ni Tan Tu)These soils are composed primarily of organic materials and are typically found in wetlands.7. Inceptisols - 初育土 (Chu Yu Tu)Inceptisols are soils that have begun to develop but lack the distinct horizons of more mature soils.8. Mollisols - 黑钙土 (Hei Gai Tu)Mollisols are rich in organic matter and are known for their dark, fertile topsoil.9. Oxisols - 红壤 (Hong Tu)Oxisols are highly weathered tropical soils with a high content of iron and aluminum oxides.10. Spodosols - 灰化土 (Hui Hua Tu)These soils have a subsurface accumulation of organic and aluminum compounds, often resulting in a gray color.11. Ultisols - 黄棕壤 (Huang Zan Nang)Ultisols are highly leached soils with a clay subsoil that is rich in iron and aluminum oxides.12. Vertisols - 膨胀土 (Zhang Zhang Tu)Vertisols are characterized by their ability to swell when wet and shrink when dry, due to the high content of clay minerals such as montmorillonite.Understanding soil classification is crucial for sustainable land use and management. Each soil type has its unique properties that affect its suitability for different types of vegetation and land uses.。
土力学英文词汇
有空看看,当做学英语好了~ ~ ~土的分类soil classificationboulder漂石cobble卵石coarse grained soil(gravelly and sandy)粗粒土gravel石子coarse sand粗砂medium sand中砂fine sand细砂silty sand粉砂fine-grained soil(silty and clayey)细粒土clayey soil粘性土clay粘土silty clay粉质粘土silt粉土sandy silt砂质粉土clayey silt粘质粉土Residual soil 残积土clay minerals 粘土矿物secondary minerals 次生矿物fill (soil) 填土soft clay 软粘土expansive (swelling) soil 膨胀土peat 泥炭frozen soil 冻土over consolidated soil 超固结土normally consolidated soil 正常固结土under consolidated soil欠固结土saturated soil饱和土unsaturated soil非饱和土borehole columnar section 钻孔柱状图engineering geologic investigation 工程地质勘察geotechnical engineering岩土工程foundation engineering 基础工程soil, earth 土soil mechanics 土力学cyclic loading 周期荷载unloading 卸载reloading 再加载viscoelastic foundation 粘弹性地基viscous damping 粘滞阻尼shear modulus 剪切模量soil dynamics土动力学stress path 应力路径numerical geotechnic 数值岩土力学landslide 滑坡Atterberg limits阿太堡界限degree of saturation饱和度dry unit weight干重度moist unit weight湿重度saturated unit weight饱和重度effective unit weight有效重度density密度compactness 密实度maximum dry density最大干密度optimum water content最优含水量three phase diagram三相图tri-phase soil三相土soil fraction粒组sieve analysis筛分hydrometer analysis比重计分析uniformity coefficient不均匀系数coefficient of gradation级配系数。
土力学英文词汇
有空看看,当做学英语好了土的分类soil classificationboulder 漂石cobble 卵石coarse grainedsoil(gravelly and sandy) gravel 石子coarse sand 粗砂medium sand 中砂fine粗粒土sand 细砂silty sand 粉砂fine-grained soil(silty and clayey) 细粒土clayey soil 粘性土clay 粘土silty clay 粉质粘土silt 粉土sandy silt 砂质粉土clayey silt 粘质粉土Residual soil 残积土clay minerals 粘土矿物secondary minerals 次生矿物fill (soil) 填土soft clay 软粘土expansive (swelling) soil 膨胀土peat 泥炭frozen soil 冻土over consolidated soil 超固结土normally consolidated soil 正常固结土under consolidated soil 欠固结土saturated soil 饱和土unsaturated soil 非饱和土borehole columnar section 钻孔柱状图engineering geologic investigation 工程地质勘察geotechnical engineering 岩土工程foundation engineering 基础工程soil, earth 土soil mechanics 土力学cyclic loading 周期荷载unloading 卸载reloading 再加载viscoelastic foundation 粘弹性地基viscous damping 粘滞阻尼shear modulus 剪切模量soil dynamics 土动力学stress path 应力路径numerical geotechnic 数值岩土力学landslide 滑坡Atterberg limits 阿太堡界限degree of saturation 饱和度dry unit weight 干重度moist unit weight 湿重度saturated unit weight 饱和重度effective unit weight 有效重度density 密度compactness 密实度maximum dry density 最大干密度optimum water content 最优含水量three phase diagram 三相图tri-phase soil 三相土soil fraction 粒组sieve analysis 筛分hydrometer analysis 比重计分析uniformitycoefficient 不均匀系数coefficient of gradation 级配系数Darcy's law 达西定律piping 管涌flowing soil 流土sand boiling 砂沸flow net 流网seepage 渗透(流)leakage 渗流seepage pressure 渗透压力permeability 渗透性seepage force 渗透力hydraulic gradient 水力梯度coefficient of permeability 渗透系数。
土壤学中英文对照名词
土壤学中英文对照名词土壤学中英文对照名词土壤soil 陆地表面由矿物质、有机物质、水、空气和生物组成,具有肥力,能生长植物的未固结层。
土壤学soil science 研究土壤的形成、分类、分布、制图和土壤的物理、化学、生物学特性、肥力特征以及土壤利用、改良和管理的科学。
发生土壤学pedology 侧重研究土壤的发生、演化、特性、分类、分布和利用潜力的土壤学。
耕作土壤学edaphology 侧重研究土壤的组成、性质及其与植物生长的关系,通过耕作管理提高土壤肥力和生产能力的土壤学。
土壤地理[学] soil geography 研究土壤的空间分布和组合及其地理环境相互关系的学科。
土壤物理[学] soil physics 研究土壤中物理现象或过程的学科。
土壤化学soil chemistry 研究土壤中各种化学行为和过程的学科。
土壤生物化学soil biochemistry 阐明土壤有机碳和氮素等物质的转化、消长规律及其功能的学科。
土壤矿物学soil mineralogy 研究土壤中原生矿物和次生矿物的类型、性质、成因、转化和分布的学科。
01.011 土壤分析化学soil analytical chemistry 研究用化学方法和原理测定土壤成分和性质的技术学科。
01.012 土壤生物学soil biology 研究土壤中生物的种类、分布、功能及其与土壤和环境间相互关系的学科。
01.013 土壤微生物学soil microbiology 研究土壤中微生物种类、功能和活性以及与土壤和环境间相互关系的学科。
01.014 土壤生态学soil ecology 研究土壤环境与生物间相互关系,以及生态系统内部结构、功能、平衡与演变规律的学科。
01.015 土壤微形态[学] soil micromor-phology 研究土壤显微形态特征的学科。
01.016 土壤资源soil resources 土壤类型的数量与质量。
中国土壤系统分类共6级分类单元
中国土壤系统分类共6级分类单元一、中国土壤系统分类中国的土壤系统分类(Chinese Soil System Classification,简称CSSC)是根据我国土壤的不同特征,采用科学的分类方法,将全国各地的土壤统一地划分分类系统,目前有6个等级,包括:大类、定类、亚类、子类、小类和纲类。
1. 大类:大类是最高等级的分类单元,总共有8个大类:主要属于商、肥、酸类贫瘠地、季节性水位上下波动的阔叶草甸草原、湿地、酸性地质构造型滑坡背景地、用酸性化肥易碱可长期用肥的森林土、植物根系主导土、矿物质丰富的土壤、受垂直温度差影响的综合受限土、沉淀盐分较高的土壤等。
2. 定类:定类是按照土壤结构、营养特性、功能特性及地形地貌特征等考查结果,按照几种土壤特征组合划分出的定类,下设子类、小类和纲。
总共有100多个定类,包括类、砂类、膏类、泥类、败脱水类、腐殖质类等。
3. 亚类:亚类也称作“小定类”,是对特定定类进行更细化的分类,总共有60多个亚类,其中有砂败脱水类、砂膏类、砂泥类、膏败脱水类等。
4. 子类:子类是细化到更小的分类单元,其特征更加详细,一般由黏性土、分选土、具有颗粒结构的土壤等组成,总共有上百个子类,主要有黄色黏性土、红壤、红黏土、紫黏土、黑钙质壤等。
5.小类:小类是在子类的基础上进行的更细致的划分,是在形态、结构、质地等方面进行分类的。
总共有二百多个小类,其中有红壤黏土、细砂膏土、黑钙质塬黏粉土、细砂膏粉土等,它们可以根据主要特征属于一个子类,或者混合这几个子类,混合分类也称作复合体类。
6. 纲类:纲类是最细致的分类单元,它把小类进一步细化,主要是把小类划分成几个不同的功能及特征相似的类,总共有八十多个纲类,其中有黄色粘土质壤、黑钙质细砂败脱土,砂黏壤、砂膏壤等,它们在小类中都可以分别单以一个类表示出来。
综上所述,中国的土壤系统分类共有6个等级,分别是:大类、定类、亚类、子类、小类和纲类,总共有100多个定类,60多个亚类,上百个子类,二百多个小类和八十多个纲类,综合特性分类全面,形成完整可操作的土壤系统分类体系。
土壤地理学 第六章 土壤分类
土壤发生分类的不足表现在: ① 主观性与理论推理性强; ② 过分强调生物、气候等地带性因素; ③ 强调中心概念,但土类界限较模糊; ④ 发生分类缺乏定量指标。
中国土壤系统分类是以诊断层(diagnostic horizons)和诊断特性(diagnostic characteristics) 为基础的系统化、定量化土壤分类。中国土 壤系统分类为多级分类制,即土纲、亚纲、 土类、亚类、土族和土系6级,如表6-2所示。
中国近代土壤分类受美国早期土壤分类 影响较深,宋达泉(1950) 在《中国土壤分类 标准的商榷》中列举的中国土壤分类仍属美 国马伯特土壤分类。以土类为基本单元,以 土系为基层单元,分为显域、隐域和泛域土 3个土纲、7个亚纲、18个土类。
自20世纪中期至20世纪末期,苏联土壤 发生分类,特别地理发生学分类,对中国土 壤分类的影响较深,时间也较长。从1978年 始,中国开始第二次全国土壤普查,并随着 中国改革开放,国际交往的增加,美国土壤 分类系统和联合国世界土壤图图例单元逐渐 进入中国,对中国土壤发生分类系统产生了 一定程度的影响。
红壤:中亚热带湿润季风气候,生 物富集和脱硅富铁铝化作用下形成 的地带性铁铝土 。土壤红色或棕红
色,酸性,有机质含量较高,核块 状结构。
上图为红壤剖面
上图为红壤景观
土地利用:代表性天然植被是常绿阔叶林; 农业利用以稻麦棉为主,一年两熟或一年三 熟,并广泛栽培有毛竹、油茶、油桐、柑桔 等人工林,是重要的粮、棉、油、茶、柑枯 和蚕丝的生产基地。
知识结构
认识土壤分类原理依 据、方法与发展
6.1 土壤分类概述
掌握中国土壤分类体 系的特点
6.2 中国土壤分类
熟悉国际主要土壤分 类体系及其参比
Classification of Soil 岩土施工工程分级
Normal soil
Hard, plastic silty clay; plastic clay; expandable soil; silt; Q3/Q4yellow soil; low density/medium density fine angular gravel; fine round gravel; loose coarse angular gravel; crushed stone; coarse round gravel; pebble; compacted fill; wind-blown sand.
--
15%~30%clay soil
--
≥15%
3
Gravelly sand、coarse sand、medium sand
Uniform
<15%
--
--
4
Gravelly sand、coarse sand、medium sand
--
15%~30%clay soil
--
--
Fill material of group C can be breakdown into group C1、group C2 and group C3.
Uniform
<15%
--
--
3
Breccia soil、Detritus soil、Pebble soil、Grait soil
--
15%~30%floury soil
--
≥15%
4
Gravelly sand、coarse sand、medium sand
intermittent
<15%
--
--
5
土壤系统分类
土壤系统分类如下:
1. 美国土壤分类系统(United States Soil T axonomy):这是美国农业部所采用的土壤分类系统。
它基于土壤的形态、发生过程、物理性质和化学性质等因素进行分类,并将土壤分为不同的层级,如土类(soil order)、亚类(suborder)、大组(great group)、亚组(subgroup)等。
2. FAO土壤分类系统(FAO Soil Classification System):这是联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)所制定的国际土壤分类系统。
它根据土壤的性质、发生过程和用途等进行分类,包括12个主要土壤类型,如冻土土壤、盐渍土壤、沙质土壤等。
3. 英国土壤分类系统(UK Soil Classification):这是英国国家土壤计划(National Soil Resources Institute)使用的土壤分类系统。
它将土壤分为不同的类别,如岩石黏土土壤、石灰性土壤、酸性土壤等。
4. 中国土壤分类系统(Chinese Soil Taxonomy):这是中国土壤学会制定的土壤分类系统。
它根据土壤的性质、发生环境和农业利用等特点进行分类,包括不同的土壤类型,如红壤、黄壤、黑土等。
以上就是土壤系统的分类。
土壤学名词1998
土壤学名词1998土壤学,又被称为土体学,是一门涉及土壤空间结构,化学物理性质,生物土壤营养关系,土壤污染物质循环和其他控制因素的土壤综合学科。
1998年,国际土壤学家及学者定义了一系列土壤学术语,简要描述了一个完整的土壤学概念。
后来国际土壤学家及学者定义了一系列有关土壤学的术语,进一步完善了土壤学的概念和识别标准,从而丰富了土壤学的专业词汇体系,以及构建了土壤学课程体系。
1. 土壤分类(Soil Classification)土壤分类是土质的基本概念,这是土壤学家对土壤进行综合理解和描述的必备基础知识。
土壤分类涉及从土壤物理性质到土壤化学性质,从土壤生物性质到土壤机械性质等一系列土壤研究领域。
这些分类名称作为一门概念性知识,用于表示土壤综合概念,并为具体土壤调查及科学研究提供了实用的分析方法。
1998年,洛索-奥拉夫(Loos-Olav)土壤分类被确定为国际标准,作为掌握土壤学的基础知识,它也成为土壤学家最常用的土壤词汇。
2. 土壤盐分析(Soil Salinity Analysis)土壤盐分析是衡量土壤盐分水平和综合强度的重要方法。
1998年,定性和定量的技术方法,包括氯化物四格综合法、电导率法和中性盐湿度比法等,被全球土壤学家认可和广泛使用。
它们不仅作为衡量土壤盐分高低的有效工具,也是指导土壤调查及评价的重要依据。
全球土壤学家也开发了针对不同且重要的领域开展土壤盐分研究的专业术语,如总盐分(Total Salinity),侵蚀和净雨化增减(Erosion and Leaching),土壤碱解离率(Sodium Adsorption Ratio)等。
3. 土壤质量(Soil Quality)土壤质量是指土壤特性及其作用的指标。
它反映了土壤在生态系统中及其他动物和植物系统中的能力,考虑到它是地球生物多样性的关键因子和功能。
因此,土壤质量是土壤学研究和保护的重要方面,它能够检测土壤的功能强度,也会为未来的土壤保护提供参考。
土壤分类的相关文献
土壤分类的相关文献以下是关于土壤分类的一些相关文献:1. Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys:由美国农业部发行的土壤分类体系的官方手册。
2. World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 (International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps):联合国粮农组织与国际土壤科学协会合作制定的国际土壤分类体系手册。
3. Soil Classification: A Global Desk Reference:由美国农业部的土壤保护中心编写的综合性土壤分类参考书。
4. Soil Genesis and Classification:由美国农业部的土壤保护中心编写的介绍土壤起源与分类的教材,内容涵盖了土壤形成、发育和分类的基本原理和方法。
5. Soil Taxonomy, Achievements and Challenges: Proceedings of the 11th International Soil Classification Conference:收集了国际土壤分类研讨会上的论文,讨论了土壤分类的最新研究成果和面临的挑战。
6. Soil Classification: A Comprehensive System (7th Edition):由美国土壤学会编写的综合性土壤分类手册,内容包括土壤特性、分类系统和案例研究等。
以上这些文献可以提供关于土壤分类的基本原理、方法和应用案例的详细信息。
如果您需要更具体的文献推荐,还可以根据您的具体研究领域或兴趣进一步提供。
Soil Classification
G ravels
Y es
c oars e frac tion retained on
No
S ands
No. 4 sieve
Les s than 5% fines
Y es Clean gravels
No
M ore than 12% fines
Y es G rav els w ith fines
Les s than 5% fines
Answer: “SC with gravel”
Solution
Example
Given
A sample of soil was tested in the laboratory with the following results:
Liquid limit = NP (nonplastic) Plastic limit = NP (nonplastic) Sieve analysis data:
Y es Clean sands
No
M ore than 12% fines
Y es S ands w ith fines
Cu >= 4 &
1 <= Cc <= 3
Y es
No
GW W ell-graded gravel
GP P oorly graded gravel
ML or MH
Y es
No
GM S ilty grav el
The lower the index, the better the material
Example
A sample of soil was tested in the laboratory, and results of the laboratory tests were as follows:
FAO-UNESCO System of Soil Classification
FAO/UNESCO System of Soil ClassificationFirst and Second Level Classes of the FAO System with Simple DefinitionsAcrisols:Acidic soils with a layer of clay accumulation. Under the modified legend this class consi sts only of clays with low cation exchange capacity.Ferric AcrisolsGleyic AcrisolsHaplic Acrisols, added to the revised legend.Humic AcrisolsOrthic Acrisols, deleted in the revised legend.Plinthic AcrisolsAlisols:A new soil class of formerly Acrisols with clays with high cation exchange capacity. Ferric AlisolsGleyic AlisolsHaplic AlisolsHumic AlisolsPlinthic AlisolsStagnic AlisolsAndosols: Dark soils formed from volcanic materials with little horizon development. Gelic Andosols, added to the revised legend.Gleyic Andosols, added to the revised legend.Haplic Andosols, added to the revised legend.Humic Andosols, deleted in the revised legend.Mollic AndosolsOchric Andosols, deleted in the revised legend.Umbric Andosols, added to the revised legend.Vitric AndosolsAnthrosols: New class of soils formed by human activities.Aric AnthrosolsCumulic AnthrosolsFimic AnthrosolsUrbic AnthrosolsArenosols: Sandy soils with little profile development.Albic ArenosolsCalcaric Arenosols, added to the revised legend.Cambic ArenosolsGleyic Arenosols, added to the revised legend.Haplic Arenosols, added to the revised legend.Luvic ArenosolsCalcisols: New class of soils with accumulation of calcium carbonate.Haplic CalcisolsLuvic CalcisolsPetric CalcisolsCambisols: Soil with slight profile development that is not dark in color.Calcaric Cambisols, added to the revised legend.Calcic Cambisols, deleted in the revised legend.Chromic CambisolsDystric CambisolsEutric CambisolsFerralic CambisolsGelic CambisolsGleyic CambisolsHumic CambisolsVertic CambisolsChernozems: Dark soils rich in organic matter.Calcic ChernozemsGleyic Chernozems, added to the revised legend.Glossic ChernozemsHaplic ChernozemsLuvic ChernozemsFerralsols: Highly weathered soils rich in sesquioxide clays and with low cation exchange capacities.Acric FerralsolsGeric Ferralsols, added to the revised legend.Haplic Ferralsols, added to the revised legend.Humic FerralsolsOrthic Ferralsols, deleted in the revised legend.Plinthic FerralsolsRhodic FerralosolsXanthic FerralosolsFluvisols: Alluvial and floodplain soils with little profile development.Calcaric FluvisolsDystric FluvisolsMollic Fluvisols, added to the revised legend.Salic Fluvisols, added to the revised legend.Thionic FluvisolsUmbric Fluvisols, added to the revised legend.Gleysols: Water saturated soils that are not salty.Andic Gleysols, added to the revised legend.Calcaric GleysolsDystric GleysolsEutric GleysolsGelic GleysolsHumic Gleysols, deleted in the revised legend.Mollic GleysolsPlinthic Gleysols, deleted in the revised legend.Thionic Gleysols, added to the revised legend.Umbric Gleysols, added to the revised legend.Greyzems: Dark soils rich in organic matter.Gleyic GreyzemsHaplic Greyzems, added to the revised legend.Orthic Greyzems, deleted in the revised legend.Gypsisols: New class of soils with an accumulation of calcium sulfate (gypsum). Calcic GypsisolsHaplic GypsisolsLuvic GypsisolsPetric GypsisolsHistosols: Soils very rich in organic matter (>14%).Dystric Histosols, deleted in the revised legend.Eutric Histosols, deleted in the revised legend.Fibric Histosols, added to the revised legend.Folic Histosols, added to the revised legend.Gelic HistosolsTerric Histosols, added to the revised legend.Thionic Histosols, added to the revised legend.Kastanozems: Dark soils rich in organic matter.Calcic KastanozemsGypsic Kastanozems, added to the revised legend.Haplic KastanozemsLuvic KastanozemsLeptosols: New class of soils that are shallow in depth and with weak profile developmen t.Dystric LeptosolsEutric LeptosolsGelic LeptosolsLithic LeptosolsMollic LeptosolsRendzic LeptosolsUmbric LeptosolsLithosols: Thin soils over rock. Removed from the revised legend.(no suborders)Lixisols: New soil class, formerly Luvisols, with clays with low cation exchange capacity. Albic LixisolsFerric LixisolsGleyic LixisolsHaplic LixisolsPlinthic LixisolsStagnic LixisolsLuvisols: Soils with strong accumulation of clay in the B-horizon and not dark in color. Under the revised legend these soils have clays with high cation exchange capacity.Albic LuvisolsCalcic LuvisolsChromic LuvisolsFerric LuvisolsGleyic LuvisolsHaplic Luvisols, added to the revised legend.Orthic Luvisols, deleted in the revised legend.Plinthic Luvisols, deleted in the revised legend.Vertic LuvisolsNitisols: New class of soils with shiny surfaces on structural faces (peds) of the soil. Haplic NitisolsHumic NitisolsRhodic NitisolsNitosols: Acid soils with a very thick layer of clay accumulation. Removed from the revis ed legend.Dystric NitosolsEutric NitosolsHumic NitosolsPhaeozems: Dark soils rich in organic matter.Calcaric PhaeozemsGleyic PhaeozemsHaplic PhaeozemsLuvic PhaeozemsStagnic Phaeozems, added to the revised legend.Planosols: Soils with a light colored layer over a soil layer that restricts water drainage. Dystric PlanosolsEutric PlanosolsGelic PlanosolsHumic Planosols, deleted in the revised legend.Mollic PlanosolsSolodic Planosols, deleted in the revised legend.Umbric Planosols, added to the revised legend.Plinthosols: New class of mottled, clayey soils that irreversibly harden after repeated dryin g.Albic PlinthosolsDystric PlinthosolsEutric PlinthosolsHumic PlinthosolsPodzols: Soils with a strongly bleached layer and a layer of iron or aluminum cemented o rganic matter.Cambic Podzols, added to the revised legend.Carbic Podzols, added to the revised legend.Ferric PodzolsGleyic PodzolsHaplic Podzols, added to the revised legend.Humic Podzols, deleted in the revised legend.Leptic Podzols, deleted in the revised legend.Orthic Podzols, deleted in the revised legend.Placic Podzols, deleted in the revised legend.Podzoluvisols: Soils similar to both Podzols and Luvisols.Dystric PodzoluvisolsEutric PodzoluvisolsGellic Podzoluvisols, added to the revised legend.Gleyic PodzoluvisolsStagnic Podzoluvisols, added to the revised legend.Rankers: Shallow, dark soils rich in organic matter and formed from siliceous material. Re moved from the revised legend.(no suborders)Regosols: Surface layer of rocky material. Coarse texture Regosols have been incorporated in the Arenosols under the revised system.Calcaric RegosolsDystric RegosolsEutric RegosolsGelic RegosolsGypsic Regosols, added to the revised legend.Umbric Regosols, added to the revised legend.Rendzinas: Dark soils rich in organic matter over calcareous material. Removed from the r evised legend.(no suborders)Solonchaks: Salty soil with little horizon development.Calcic Solonchaks, added to the revised legend.Gleyic SolonchaksGypsic Solonchaks, added to the revised legend.Haplic Solonchaks, added to the revised legend.Mollic SolonchaksOrthic Solonchaks, deleted in the revised legend.Stagnic Solonchaks, added to the revised legend.Takyric Solonchaks, deleted in the revised legend.Solonetz: Salty soil with a high concentration of sodium.Calcic Solonetz, added to the revised legend.Gleyic SolonetzGypsic Solonetz, added to the revised legend.Haplic Solonetz, added to the revised legend.Mollic SolonetzOrthic Solonetz, deleted in the revised legend.Stagnic Solonetz, added to the revised legend.Vertisols: Clayey soils that form deep (>50 cm), wide (>1 cm) cracks when dry.Calcic Vertisols, added to the revised legend.Chromic Vertisols, deleted in the revised legend.Dystric Vertisols, added to the revised legend.Eutric Vertisols, added to the revised legend.Gypsic Vertisols, added to the revised legend.Pellic Vertisols, deleted in the revised legend.Xerosols: aridic soils. Removed from the revised system.Calcic XerosolsGypsic XerosolsHaplic XerosolsLuvic XerosolsYermosols: aridic soils. Removed from the revised system. Yermic has been added to the management phases.Calcic YermosolsGypsic YermosolsHaplic YermosolsLuvic YermosolsTakyric Yermosols。
Unified_Soil_Classification_System英
how to name soils by group symbol and group name
For example,how to make sure silty clay with sand (砂性粉质 黏土)is itself.
First,check how much the soil passes NO.200 Sieve.It should 50% or more,called Fine-Grained Soil.Then check LL(液限),it should < 50%.After that, check whether it is inorganic( (LL-overdried)/(LL-not dried)>=0.75),then check PI,PI should be between 4~7.it is in the CL~ML.Then it should <30% plus NO.200.Next,it should be 15-29% plus NO.200.Finally if content of sand is more than the content of gravel,we can make sure that this soil should be silt clay with sand.
国际土壤分类标准
国际土壤分类标准国际土壤分类标准是一套用于分类和命名土壤的方法,其目的是为了在全球范围内实现土壤的统一命名与分类,以便于土壤研究者、农民和环境科学家的交流和理解。
国际土壤分类标准基于土壤中的不同属性和特征,将土壤划分为不同的级别和类别。
国际土壤分类标准的主要参考依据是《国际土壤分类与命名手册》(International Soil Classification and Nomenclature Handbook),该手册是世界土壤科学会议委员会(IUSS-WB)土壤分类小组于1998年编写的,后经IUSS-WB审定后正式颁布。
以下是一些与国际土壤分类标准相关的内容参考。
1. 土壤分类系统:国际土壤分类标准将土壤分为不同级别的分类,从大到小分别是大类(Order)、亚类(Suborder)、群(Great group)、亚群(Subgroup)、家(Family)和亚家(Subfamily)。
每个级别都有相应的名称和描述。
2. 土壤特征:国际土壤分类标准考虑了土壤中的多个特征,包括土壤颜色、质地、结构、排水性、pH值、有机质含量、土壤活性、盐分含量等。
这些特征可以通过实地观察和实验室分析来确定。
3. 土壤命名:国际土壤分类标准中的土壤名称是根据土壤的分类特征和位置来确定的。
土壤名称通常包括了土壤大类、亚类和个别级别的名称。
例如,Andisol(安第斯土)是指一种富含有机质、酸性良好的火山灰土。
4. 土壤分类系统与土壤功能的关系:国际土壤分类标准不仅仅是为了分类土壤,还与土壤的功能密切相关。
土壤的分类可以提供土壤功能的基本信息,例如土壤保持水分、提供养分、调节气候等。
不同类别的土壤具有不同的功能,可以根据土壤的分类来选择和管理土壤。
5. 土壤分类的应用:国际土壤分类标准可应用于农业、生态学、环境科学和土地利用规划等领域。
农民可以根据土壤分类来选择适合的作物种植和土壤管理方式。
生态学家可以使用土壤分类来研究土壤生态系统的功能和稳定性。
种植sac分级
种植sac分级种植SAC分级是一项重要的农业活动,它不仅可以提高农作物的产量和质量,还可以保护环境。
在这篇文章中,我将详细介绍种植SAC分级的过程和方法。
我们需要了解什么是SAC分级。
SAC,全称为Soil Agronomy Classification(土壤农学分类),是一种根据土壤特性和农作物生长需求进行分类的方法。
通过对土壤进行分级,农民可以根据不同的土壤类型来选择适合的农作物种植方式,从而提高产量和质量。
在进行SAC分级之前,我们需要进行土壤采样和分析。
土壤采样是指从不同的地点收集土壤样品,以代表性的方式获取土壤信息。
然后,采集的土壤样品需要送到实验室进行分析,以了解土壤的理化性质和养分含量。
这些数据将成为SAC分级的依据。
接下来,我们可以根据土壤的性质和养分含量进行分级。
常见的分级方法包括土壤质地、土壤酸碱度、土壤水分保持能力等。
根据不同的分级指标,我们可以将土壤分为不同的等级,如优质土壤、中等土壤和劣质土壤。
在进行SAC分级后,我们可以根据不同的土壤等级选择适合的农作物种植方式。
比如,优质土壤适合种植高产高质的作物,中等土壤适合种植一般作物,劣质土壤则可以选择适合的经济作物或采取改良措施来提高土壤质量。
在进行SAC分级时,我们还需要考虑农作物的生长需求和土壤改良措施。
不同的农作物对土壤的要求不同,有些作物对养分需求较高,有些作物对水分要求较高。
因此,在选择种植作物时,我们需要综合考虑土壤的特性和作物的生长需求。
我们还需要注意土壤保护和环境保护。
在进行SAC分级时,我们应该尽量减少土壤侵蚀和土壤污染的风险。
同时,我们还应该合理利用农药和化肥,减少对环境的污染。
通过种植SAC分级,我们可以提高农作物的产量和质量,同时保护土壤和环境。
这对于农业的可持续发展至关重要。
希望这篇文章可以帮助读者了解SAC分级的过程和意义,并在实际种植中加以应用。
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United Soil Classification System
S ieve A nalysis
Coarse-grained soils
Y es
M ore than 50% retained on N o. 200
sieve?
No Fine-grained soils
M ore than 50% of
AASHTO Classification System
AASHTO Classification System
Group Index
Group Index = (F-35)[0.2+0.005(LL-40)]+0.01(F-15)(PI-10)
The percent of soil passing No. 200 Sieve (F) Liquid Limit (LL) Plasticity Index (PI)
and may be may be elastic as well
as subject to high volume change. 5.3
(2.4.1) Subgroup A-7-6 includes those materials with high plasticity indexes in relation to liquid limit and which are subject to extremely high volume change
G ravels
Y es
c oars e frac tion retained on
No
S ands
No. 4 sieve
Les s than 5% fines
Y es Clean graveines
Required
Classify the soil sample by the AASHOTO classification system
Solution
PI = LL – PL = 42.3% - 15.8% = 26.5% LL – 30 = 12.3% (< PI = 26.5%)
A-7-6
Required parameters for classification
Grain-size distribution Liquid Limit Plasticity Index
United Soil Classification System
Use Table 2-6 & Figure 2-7
Highly organic soils
Group Symbols:
G: Gravel
S: Sand
M: Silt
C: Clay
O: Organic
PT: Peat
W: Well graded P: Poorly graded
E.g. SW: Well graded sand
United Soil Classification System
No. 200 Sieve Passing = 60.2%
Liquid Limit = 42.3%
PI = 26.5%
Solution
Total group index = 5.3 + 7.5 = 12.8
The soil is A-7-6 (13)
Descriptions of AASHTO (Table 2-5)
1. Liquid limit = 42.3% 2. Plastic Limit = 15.8% 3. The following sieve analysis data:
U.S. Sieve Size No. 4 No. 10 No. 40
No. 200
Percentage Passing 100.0 93.2 81.0 60.2
AASHTO Classification System
BPR (Bureau of Public Roads, 1920’s) Required parameters for classification
Grain size analysis Liquid Limit Plasticity Index
(2.4) Group A-7: The typical material of this group is similar to that described under Group A-6, except that it has the high liquid
limits characteristic of the A-5 group 7.5
Used in highway work
USCS (United Soil Classification System)
Used by federal agencies
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation
26.5% 42.3%
60.2%
United Soil Classification System
Developed by Casagrande
Used by Corps of Engineers
Soils
Coarse-grained Fine-grained
Subdivided into 15 basic groups
Soil Classification
COSC 323: Soils in Construction
Soil Classification System
AASHTO System (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials)
The lower the index, the better the material
Example
A sample of soil was tested in the laboratory, and results of the laboratory tests were as follows: