《现代英语词汇学概论》

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现代英语词汇学概论.ppt

现代英语词汇学概论.ppt
till the cows come home: The idiom functions as one word—an adverb meaning “forever”. show the white feather—functions as a verb meaning “to show fear”.
make sure
run short of
keep after (反复提醒)
get at (批评)
move in on (准备)攻击;影响
sit down under (忍受)
make do with (凑合着用)
poke one’s nose into (探听,干涉)
make a clean breast of (和盘托出)
界)
Animal Crackers
It’s raining _c_a_ts_ and dogs!
I’ve got a _f_ro_g____ in my throat.我得
了咽喉炎。
Those are just _c_ro_c_o_d_il_e_tears.
He’s taken the _li_o_n_‘s_ share.
V. Use of idioms
In order to use the idioms appropriatehe following features of idioms:
3. Semantic opacity 语义的不透明性
Idioms are usually semantically opaque,ie.metaphorical rather than literal.
a feather in sb's cap "an honour, success, of which one can be proud"

现代英语词汇学概论1

现代英语词汇学概论1

Are they “words”?
Café, fiancée, hapax legomena father’s, do-it-yourself, hasn’t Donno, lol $559.34, £233, IBM R51 Corpus4u, :-) O(∩_∩)O哈哈~,囧rz,⊙﹏⊙b汗
Word: a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. E.g. The young man left quietly. (young)
Common words/普通词: connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to every day life The core of the common words is the basic word stock. Stylistically neutral back
Review
Word: a minimum free form sound lexical and grammatical meaning syntactic function
1.1 The Development of English Vocabulary Questions: 1. How many stages does English vocabulary develop? 2. At each stage, there are how many origins English words come from?

现代英语词汇学概论构词法省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖PPT课件

现代英语词汇学概论构词法省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖PPT课件
sound-proof 滴水不漏
water-tight 密封,不漏气
air-tight
没膝深 knee-deep
齐肩高 shoulder-high
终生 lifelong
晶莹剔透 Crycle-clear
苦乐参半 bittersweet
谈论话题 talked-about topic
杜撰故事 made-up story
e.g. autocracy hydrography telephone
autocracy = auto [构词成份] + cracy (suffix)
hydrography = hydro [构词成份] + graphy (suffix)
telephone = tele [构词成份] + phone (suffix)
From the point of view of derivation, no distinction should be made between combining forms and affixes in this book, in which all the combining forms are labeled either as prefixes or suffixes.
undesirables: undesirable (stem or base, not root)
desired: desire (root, stem or base)
5/86
3.2 Compounding 复合构词法
Questions: 1. What is compounding? 2. What are the relative criteria of a

现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版

现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版

现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
《现代英语词汇学概论》是英国语言学家约翰·西诺特(John Sinclair)所著,于1966年出版的一本关于英语词汇学的经典著作。


书第一章的主要内容涉及了词汇学研究的背景和目标。

第一章的汉语版主要包括以下内容:
1.引言:介绍了词汇学研究的重要性和目的,以及该书的结构和内容。

2.词汇学的起源和发展:回顾了词汇学研究的历史背景和不同阶段的
发展,包括传统历史语言学和现代语言学的贡献。

3.词汇研究的方法和工具:介绍了进行词汇学研究所需的方法和工具,包括词汇统计、语料库、词典和计算机技术的运用等。

4.词汇学的理论框架:探讨了几种主要的词汇学理论,包括认知语义学、联想语义学和构式语法等,并解释了它们在研究词汇结构、意义和使
用方面的作用。

5.词汇学的研究领域:概述了词汇学研究的不同领域,包括词汇结构、词汇意义、词汇使用和词汇变化等,并举例说明了不同领域的研究方法和
发现。

总之,第一章的汉语版主要介绍了词汇学研究的基本概念、方法和理
论框架,为后续章节的词汇学内容打下基础。

现代英语词汇学概论chapter1

现代英语词汇学概论chapter1
class, while English completely lost its scholarly and literary importance, and was used only by the peasants and people of the working class)
– By the end of the 13th century, English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status thanks to Wycliff translation of the Bible and the writings of Chaucer.
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• In fact English has adopted words from almost every known language in the course of its historical development.
• As summed up in The Encyclopedia Americana: “…The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed” English is supposed to have the most copious vocabulary of all the language in the world, estimated at more than a million words.
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1.2.2 The growth of present-day English vocabulary

现代英语词汇学概论

现代英语词汇学概论

词汇学考试大纲一、判断(10)二、选择(20)三、搭配(10)pound 复合构词法sit-in 代理,参加dropout 退学学生phone-in 听众热线电话直播节目breakdown 失败walk-on 跑龙套员walkout 徒步旅行take-off 起飞astray 烟灰缸 a tray for ash moonwalk a walk on the moonB.Deriverd word 派生法be(= off,from)adj. belittle 贬低de (=to remove) n. debug 除错brotherhood 兄弟情义friendship 友谊happilyC.Converted word 词类转化法He interned in the Capital Hospital.He served as an intern in the Capital Hospital.实习生D.Initialisms 首字母连写法VIP = for a very important personE.Acronyms 首字母拼音法TEFLRadar radio detecting and rangingF.Clipped word 略写ad. (=advertisement)amp(=ampere)plane(=airplane)G.Blend 拼缀词talk + marathon = talkathon 冗长的演说medical+care=medicare 医疗保险H.Back-formationhouse-sit = house sitter 看管房屋的人housekeep 自立门户,主持家务I.Words from proper nameschina 瓷器japan 漆器champagne 香槟J.Onomatopoeic word 拟声词K.Reduplication 重叠词go-go 戈戈舞的ping-pong四、名词解释(4,20分)1、context in its narrowest senseContext in its narrow sense consists of the lexical items that come immediately before andafter any word in an act of communication.For instance,the verb make is often used in the sense of constructing something by putting materials together,as in,She made coffee for all of us.I got a letter today.2、homophones/homographsWords identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.pair,pear son,sunWord identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographslead v.n. tear n.v.3、semantic field (P143)Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks.The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept,and they are likely to have a number of collocation in common.Hence we can see that meaning resides not only in a word itself,but spreads over neighbouring word as well.Only the neighbouring words can identify the semantic field,in which we have related words which enable us to determine the meaning of the word used.One can hardly tell the meaning of I like lemon until he knows the semantic field in which lemon operates.4、allomorphs/morpheme (P21)A morpheme may take various shapes or forms.For example,the inflectionalmorpheme-(e)s of books,pigs,horses has the same meaning ‘more than one’,yet it has three different phonological forms: /-s,-z,-iz/.The three forms are variants of the same morpheme-s .They are called allomorphs.The morpheme is the smallest meaningful lingusitic unit of language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.One morpheme nationTwo morphemes nation+alThree morpheme nation+al+ize5、connotative meaning (P98)Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind.For instance,the denotative meaning of the word mother is female parent ,but it generally connotes love,care,and tenderness.6.verbal context in its broad sense (P154)In additon to lexical,and grammatical context ,the verbal context,in its broadest sense,may cover an entire passage,or even an entire book,and in some cases even the entire social or culture setting ,as stated at the beginning of the chapter.7、semantic motivationSemantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factor.It is a kind of mental association.When we speak of a stony heart we are comparing the heart with a stone五、简单题(2,20分)1、What is motivation?How are English words motivated?Motivation refers to the connection between word-symbol and its sense.Motivation can arise in three major ways:1.phonetic motivation,like miaow of the cat,the baa-baa of amotivation,like good-looking,headache, motivation ,When we speak of a stony heart we are comparing the heart with a stone.2、There are several main types of word meaning list and explain. (P95)A.Grammatical meaningGrammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.1.word classMorden will be marked as an adjective,mordernize as a verb and mordernization as a noun.2.inflectional paradigmto walk,walks walked,to write,writes,wrote,writtenB.Lexical meaning1.denotative meaningThe denotative meaning of a word is its definitin given in a dictionary.It is that aspect of lexical meaning which makes communication possible.2.connotative meaningThe denotative meaning of the word mother is female parent but it generally connotes love,care,and tenderness.3.social or stylistic meaningFormal,informal,neural4.affective meaningAffective meaning is concerned with the expression of feeling and attitudes of the speaker or writer.3、How do we classify words by level of usage?(p11)mon wordsCommon words are words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life.For example,the repeated telephone calls only annoyed me but made my sister angry.All the words in the sentences are common words,and so this sentence could be used in both speech and writing,and on formal or informal occasions.2.literary wordsLiterary words are chiefly used in writing,especially in books written in a more elevated style,in official documents,or in formal speeches.3.colloquial wordsIn contrast with literary words,colloquial words or expressions are used mainly in spoken English,as in conversation among friends and colleagues.Tom felt so dog-tired he hit the sack early.(colloquial)4.slang wordsA slang usage is not generally used in informal conversation.5.technical wordsTechnical words refers to those words used in various specail fields.4、Make a tree diagram to arrage the following words in order of hyponymy.foodmeat vegetable fruitbeef pork mutton cabbage(卷心菜)spinach(菠菜)celery(芹菜) apple orange peach 5、Cite ONE example to illustrate what grammatical meaning is .1.word-class2.inflectional paradigm六、问答题(20分)1.The word “accident” once meant “an occurrence, an event”but it now means “an unplannedor chance event with unfortuante consequences”Analyze which type of change in meaning this belong to,why?Then list and explain the types of word-meaning changes.1.判断类型2.neutral word …been degarded into …3.four types 先罗列类型,然后分别解释并举例(每一种形式举一个词即可)举例形式参考The word “accident” once meant “an occurrence, an event”but it now means “an unplanned or chance event with unfortuante consequences”A.restriction of meaning (specialization)Restrition of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower,specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted.The word “wife” once meant “woman”but it now means “married woman,in relation to her husband”B.extension of meaning(generalization)Extension of meaning,the opposite of restriction,means the widening of a word’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.The word “picture” once meant “a paining” but it nows means “painting,drawing ,sketch ofa work of art;photographs and movies are also included”C.degeneration 衰退of meaning(pejoration 贬低)The two main forms of degenration are:1.The falling of word meaning into disrepute名誉坏,for one reason or another.Words oncerespectable or neutral [ˈnju:trəl] may shift to a less respectable ,or even derogatory [diˈr ɔgətəri] meaning.The word “silly” once meant “blessed and happy”now means “foolish”2.The second form of degeneration “may take the form of the gradual逐渐的extension to somany senses that any particular meaning which a word may have had is completely lost”. Lovely attractively or admirable beautiful now means it is used in collocation with almost any object ,such as a lovely girl/day/weather/dinner/car or chair.D.elevation高度of meaning (amelioration改善)Fond foolish now means tender and affectionate。

《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析汇报(张韵斐)

《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析汇报(张韵斐)

张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》一一解析第一部分Chapter I英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是,每个单词都是最小的自由词。

然而这个定义不够全面,存在着缺陷。

首先,不是所有的单词都可以独立出现,如the , a , my这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。

另外,Bloomfield 的定义侧重在于语法(syntax )却没有涉及到词的意义。

随着词汇学的发展跟完善,人们给词下了较为完整的定义。

“词,今指语言组织中的基础单位,能独立运用,具有声音、意义和语法功能。

”(《辞海》1984 (上) 375页,上海辞书出版社)一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。

纵观英语的发展历史,我们可以知道,大多数的英语词汇都是外来词,它从拉丁语,法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇,不断的扩充自己,为己所用。

特别是第二次世界大战之后,英语词汇得到了空前的发展。

现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。

一是科学技术的快速发展,二是社会经济的全球化,三是英语国家的政治和文化变化,最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。

英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成,而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。

根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语;根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇,文学词汇。

口头词汇,俚语以及科学术语。

基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征,稳定性,构词的能力和搭配能力。

第二部分Chapter H 到Chapter IV英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of Englishwords and word-formati on )(一) 词素(Morphemes )单词是有词素(morphemes )构成的。

词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位,同时具有声音和意义。

单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。

如:n ati on是一个词素,national 有nation+al 两个词素。

现代英语词汇学概论1解析

现代英语词汇学概论1解析
E.g. The young man left quietly. (young)
1.1 The Development of English Vocabulary
Questions: 1. How many stages does English vocabulary develop?
2. At each stage, there are how many origins English words come from?
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1.2 Classification of English Words
Questions: 1. The main criteria by which we can classify English words?
2. According to different criteria, how can we classify English words?
2. How can we define the term “word”? Can you give an example to illustrate it?
Word: a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.
Review
Word: a minimum free form sound lexical and grammatical meaning syntactic function

现代英语词汇学概论

现代英语词汇学概论
• Idioms can be classified by semantic criterion, sources, syntactic function. In our book, they are classified by structural criteria into three main groups: • Phrase idioms
subject (aux+) verb complement 1 The criminal should come clean. 2. George would get even with the adjective gang phrase 3. The company went broke. 4. The schedule has gone haywire. Noun phrase
Introductory Remarks
• Definition: An English idiom is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meaning of its constituent words. In another word, An idiom is a fixed group of words or a single word, or even a sentence, with a special meaning that cannot be guessed from its structure. It is an established form, one that has been accepted by traditional usage . As such, the component words, word order and meaning of each idiom should be learned as a whole.

现代英语词汇学概论2

现代英语词汇学概论2

Review
2.Morphological Structure of English Words 英语词汇的形态结构 2.1 Morphemes词素 1.The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念 2. Allomorphs 词素变体 2.2 Classification of Morphemes 词素分类 1. Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes 自由词素与粘着词素 2. Roots and Affixes 词根与词缀 free root and bound root inflectional affixes and derivational affixes
派生词缀分类(derivational morphemes): Prefixes and suffixes 1) By linguistic origin: Native affixes Foreign affixes 2) By productivity: Productive/living affixes Unproductive/dead affixes
Bound morpheme: cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound E.g. receive re-ceive
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How does a free morpheme or a bound morpheme form a word? E.g. green, greenhouse, greenness, disagreeable, receive, encyclopedia green (free) green-house (free + free) green-ness (free + bound) dis-agree-able (bound + free + bound) re-ceive (bound + bound) en-cyclo-pedia (bound + bound + bound) Note: A free morpheme is a word. back

《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析(张韵斐)

《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析(张韵斐)

张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析第一部分Chapter Ⅰ英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是,每个单词都是最小的自由词。

然而这个定义不够全面,存在着缺陷。

首先,不是所有的单词都可以独立出现,如the ,a ,my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。

另外,Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法(syntax)却没有涉及到词的意义。

随着词汇学的发展跟完善,人们给词下了较为完整的定义。

“词,今指语言组织中的基础单位,能独立运用,具有声音、意义和语法功能。

”(《辞海》1984(上)375页,上海辞书出版社)一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。

纵观英语的发展历史,我们可以知道,大多数的英语词汇都是外来词,它从拉丁语,法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇,不断的扩充自己,为己所用。

特别是第二次世界大战之后,英语词汇得到了空前的发展。

现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。

一是科学技术的快速发展,二是社会经济的全球化,三是英语国家的政治和文化变化,最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。

英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成,而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。

根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语;根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇,文学词汇。

口头词汇,俚语以及科学术语。

基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征,稳定性,构词的能力和搭配能力。

第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation )(一)词素(Morphemes)单词是有词素(morphemes)构成的。

词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位,同时具有声音和意义。

单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。

如:nation 是一个词素,national有nation+al 两个词素。

《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析

《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析

张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析第一部分Chapter Ⅰ英语词汇得概论(Ageneralsurvey ofEnglish vocabu lary)Bloomfield1933中对词得定义就是,每个单词都就是最小得自由词.然而这个定义不够全面,存在着缺陷。

首先,不就是所有得单词都可以独立出现,如the ,a ,my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义.另外,Bloomfield得定义侧重在于语法(syntax)却没有涉及到词得意义。

随着词汇学得发展跟完善,人们给词下了较为完整得定义.“词,今指语言组织中得基础单位,能独立运用,具有声音、意义与语法功能。

”(《辞海》1984(上)375页,上海辞书出版社)一种语言中所有得单词汇集起来便构成了该语言得词库。

纵观英语得发展历史,我们可以知道,大多数得英语词汇都就是外来词,它从拉丁语,法语与希腊语等语言中汲取词汇,不断得扩充自己,为己所用.特别就是第二次世界大战之后,英语词汇得到了空前得发展。

现代英语词汇快速发展得原因主要有四方面。

一就是科学技术得快速发展,二就是社会经济得全球化,三就是英语国家得政治与文化变化,最后就是其她文化与语言对英语得强烈影响。

英语词汇就是由各种不同类型得单词组成,而这些单词有着不同得分类标准。

根据词得起源可以分为本族语与外来语;根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇,文学词汇。

口头词汇,俚语以及科学术语.基础语库得基本特征就是具有民族特征,稳定性,构词得能力与搭配能力。

第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ英语词汇得形态结构与词得构词(Morphologicalstructure of Engli shwords and word—formation)(一)词素(Morphemes)单词就是有词素(morphemes)构成得。

词素即英语语言中有意义得最小单位,同时具有声音与意义.单词可以有一个或一个以上得词素组成。

如:nation就是一个词素,national有nation+al 两个词素。

现代英语词汇学概论3

现代英语词汇学概论3
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A combining form[构词成分]: a bound morpheme, which was originally a full word in Latin or Greek, but which now occurs only in derivatives.
e.g. autobiography hydromechanics流体力学
2) denationalized denationalized = de + nation + al + ize + d Root词根:
nation Stem词干:
denationalize Base词基:
national → nation
nationalize → national
The differences between “root”, “stem” and “base”?
Root/ 词根: is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology
Stem/ 词干: the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.
difference between a combining form and an affix? 3. The classification of derivation.
back
Derivation / affixation: a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combining form, to an already existing word. e.g. recover = re + cover worker = work + er

第1章:现代英语词汇学概论【A general servey of English vocabulary】

第1章:现代英语词汇学概论【A general servey of English vocabulary】



没有上面描述特征的词,不属于语言的正常核 心。它们包括下面:
1.术语Terminology: technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.包括特定学科和学术领域的技术术语,例如在医学 上:光扫描,肝炎,消化不良,青霉素;在数学上:代数,三角学,微积 分;音乐上,交响乐,管弦乐队,奏鸣曲,协奏曲,教育上:视听教学, 自休大学,微型教学等等。 2.行话。Jargon(行话): the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves.用于特定的词汇,通过特定艺术,科 学,商业和专业领域的成员在彼此之间交流。
1.1一个词是什么?
词语是什么?多年来已经引起了语言学家的关注。争议较大。尽管已 经提出了很多的定义,没有一个是最好的。学者们仍然没有在词语的 定义上达成一致。 当我们谈起一个词语,我们倾向于根据视觉条件来思考。在这个角度, 一个词可以被定义为平印在或者写在纸上的字母的有意义的集合。当 根据口语定义的时候,词被看成是一个发音或发音的集合,是由人的 发音器官自由的发出的。根据语义学家的意见,一个词是一个意义单 位。

——自然现象:雨雪火,水,太阳月亮春夏风山 ——人的身体和亲属:头足手脸父母兄弟姐妹儿子女儿 ——动植物:橡树松树草梨苹果树马牛羊猫狗小鸡 ——动作,尺寸,范围,状态:来去吃听打带好邪恶老年轻 热冷重白黑 ——数词代词介词连接词:一十百我你你的,谁,在里,在 外,在下 等,和但直到如同 这些词不能被英语会话者回避。不能不考虑词源教育专业 地区文化等等。

现代英语词汇学概论

现代英语词汇学概论

现代英语词汇学概论随着现代社会的发展,现代英语已成为几乎全球范围内最常用的国际语言,因此,学习现代英语的词汇学知识具有重要的意义。

本文将对现代英语词汇学进行概论性介绍,具体内容包括词汇学的定义、其发展历史及其与语言学关系等。

首先,现代英语词汇学是一门使用系统研究法研究词汇知识的学科,以研究词语本身的构成、性质、发生和演变等为研究的核心,旨在揭示英语语言的实质特性和本身的内部结构特征。

其次,现代英语词汇学的发展史相对较晚,可以追溯到19世纪的拉丁语和希腊语研究,到20世纪中叶的中世纪英语研究、词形学和语义学,乃至截止到当代英语语言学的研究。

最后,现代英语词汇学与语言学密切相关。

通过词汇学研究,可以有效地揭示语言的实质性属性、归纳出英语语法规律以及具有指导意义的语言技巧,从而深入了解语言,提升英语水平。

综上所述,现代英语词汇学是一门涉及英语词汇系统研究及其它语言学知识的研究学科,它的研究可以帮助我们了解英语的实质特性、语言结构和语言技巧,从而能够有效地提升英语水平。

现代英语词汇学的研究方法主要包括分类法、历史方法、概率法、系统语用分析法等。

通过这些研究方法,可以有效地揭示词义的内在联系,不仅可以有效理解和记忆单词,还可以有效掌握英语的技巧。

例如,分类法可以有效地将单词分类组合,以便于记忆和理解;通过历史方法,可以更好地理解英语变化的规律,掌握固定搭配和表达方式;而通过概率法,可以有效地把握单词的使用倾向及相关熟词。

系统语用分析法则可以有效地把握语篇表达的价值观,例如把握上下文和情境,从而掌握英语表达方法。

从上述内容可以看出,现代英语词汇学对于英语学习者有很重要的教育意义,它可以帮助我们了解英语的实质特性、把握语言结构及其它知识,从而更好地提升我们的英语水平。

现代英语词汇学概论

现代英语词汇学概论

现代英语词汇学概论
作为英语学习的重要组成部分,词汇学的研究对于英语学习者有着至关重要的意义。

现代英语词汇学概论作为一门涉及英语词汇学研究的重要课程,在英语学习中具有特殊的作用。

现代英语词汇学主要由3个基本概念组成,即词汇意义、词汇结构和词汇使用。

词汇意义是指每一个英语词汇的含义,它可以从五个不同的角度来看待,即反义词辨析、比较辨析、语法辨析、系统性辨析和字义区分。

通过这些角度,学习者可以全面而准确地理解和掌握英语词汇的含义。

词汇结构包括词素和词形,它们可以帮助学习者更好地理解每个单词的组成。

例如,“teach”和“teacher”都有相同的词素“teach”,但其词形不同,一个是动词,另一个是名词。

词汇使用是指英语词汇如何使用,它包括词汇类别、搭配、句法功能、语用功能等。

这些有助于学习者获得与英语词汇使用有关的技能,提高英语语言表述的准确性和流利性。

以上是现代英语词汇学的概述。

学习者们可以通过对这些概念的深入分析,全面地理解和掌握英语词汇的结构、意义和使用,从而提升英语学习的能力。

现代英语词汇学的研究具有多方面的意义。

首先,这可以帮助学习者更好地理解英语语言,提高学习者阅读理解能力。

其次,它可以帮助学习者提高英语口语能力,改善口头表达交流。

最后,它还可以
帮助学习者更好地掌握英语写作技巧,使学习者在英语写作方面独树一帜。

综上所述,现代英语词汇学不仅是英语学习中的重要课程,而且具有深远的意义,可以更有效地帮助学习者提升英语学习能力。

现代英语词汇学概论chapter5

现代英语词汇学概论chapter5
• Sun: a heavenly body which gives off light, heat,and energy • Mother: a female parent
18
Associative meaning
– Associative meaning(关联意义) is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is openended and indeterminate(开放性和不确定性). It is influenced by such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc. – Associative meaning comprises four types: connotative meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, and collocative meaning.
• E.g. ‘go, goes, went, gone, going’ possess different grammatical meaning. But they have the same lexical meaning expressing the process of movement.
• However, there is a small group of words that can be described as motivated, that is, a direct connection between the symbol and its sense can be readily observed.

现代英语词汇学概论Question and Exercises答案

现代英语词汇学概论Question and Exercises答案

现代英语词汇学概论Question and Exercises答案1、Jeanne's necklace was _____ 500 francs at most. [单选题] *A. worthyB. costC. worth(正确答案)D. valuable2、He is a student of _______. [单选题] *A. Class SecondB. the Class TwoC. Class Two(正确答案)D. Second Two3、Jim is a(n) _______. He is very careful and likes to work with numbers. [单选题] *A. secretaryB. tour guideC. accountant(正确答案)D. English teacher4、4.—Alice’s never late for school.—________. [单选题] *A.So am I.B.So was I.C.Neither am I. (正确答案)D.Neither have I.5、We need some green paint badly, but there' s _____ at hand. [单选题] *A. notB. nothingC. little(正确答案)D. none6、Finally he had to break his promise. [单选题] *A. 计划B. 花瓶C. 习惯D. 诺言(正确答案)7、Something must be wrong with the girl’s _______. She can’t hear clearly. [单选题] *A. ears(正确答案)B. noseC. armsD. eyes8、Will you please say it again? I _______ you. [单选题] *A. didn’t hear(正确答案)B. don’t heardC. didn’t heardD. don’t hear9、There _______ some milk in the glass. [单选题] *A. is(正确答案)B. areC. haveD. has10、He can’t meet his friends tonight because he _______ do homework. [单选题] *A. has to(正确答案)B. needC. have toD. don’t have to11、98.There is a post office ______ the fruit shop and the hospital. [单选题] *A.atB.withC.between(正确答案)D.among12、95.-Dad, can we walk? ? ? ? ? ? ?the road now?-No,we? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . We have to wait until the light turns green. [单选题] *A.across, needn’tB.across, mustn’t(正确答案)C.though, can’tD.through, mustn't13、58.—How much is Lucy's skirt?—She________320 yuan for it. I think it's a little dear. [单选题] *A.tookB.paid(正确答案)C.spentD.bought14、—Why is Mary asking Bob about the school trip? —Because she wants to know ______.()[单选题] *A. how does he think of the tripB. what does he think of the tripC. what he likes the tripD. how he likes the trip(正确答案)15、It was difficult to guess what her_____to the news would be. [单选题] *A.impressionmentC.reaction(正确答案)D.opinion16、There are still some wild tigers alive. [单选题] *A. 聪明的B. 凶恶的C. 野生的(正确答案)D. 珍贵的17、If it _______ tomorrow, I won’t go there. [单选题] *A. rains(正确答案)B. is rainingC. will rainD. would rain18、Jim wants to hang out with his friends at night, but his parents don’t allow him ______ so. ()[单选题] *A. doB. doneC. to do(正确答案)D. doing19、I think ______ time with my friends is fun for me.()[单选题] *A. spendB. spendC. spending(正确答案)D. spent20、In fact, Beethoven did something brave than dying. [单选题] *A. 勇敢(正确答案)B. 冒险C. 可怕D. 奇妙21、—I can’t always get good grades. What should I do?—The more ______ you are under, the worse grades you may get. So take it easy!()[单选题] *A. wasteB. interestC. stress(正确答案)D. fairness22、I live a very quiet and peaceful life. [单选题] *A. 宁静的(正确答案)B. 舒适的C. 和平的D. 浪漫的23、—______is my notebook?—Look! It’s in your schoolbag.()[单选题] *A. WhatB. WhichC. Where(正确答案)D. How24、Almost every one of us could see her anxiety from the()on her face. [单选题] *A. appearanceB. feelingC. movementD. expression(正确答案)25、Mr. Brown ______ the football match next week.()[单选题] *A. is seeingB. seesC. sawD. is going to see(正确答案)26、--Do you have a _______?--Yes, I _______ at a clothes store. [单选题] *A. work; workB. work; jobC. job; jobD. job; work(正确答案)27、His mother’s _______ was a great blow to him. [单选题] *A. diedB. deadC. death(正确答案)D. die28、1——May I help you? You seem to be having some problems.——_______ , thanks. Ithink I can manage. [单选题] *A. All rightB. No problemC. It’s all right(正确答案)D. There’s no way29、A survey of the opinions of students()that they admit several hours of sitting in front of the computer harmful to health. [单选题] *A. show;areB. shows ;is(正确答案)C.show;isD.shows ;are30、You’d ______ give up smoking. [单选题] *A. goodB. wellC. better(正确答案)D. best。

现代英语词汇学概论5

现代英语词汇学概论5

B. Lexical meaning
3. social or stylistic meaning the criterion of formality: formal, neutral and informal
B. Lexical meaning
4. affective meaning appreciatory (apprec.), derogatory (derog.)
Advantages of componential analysis Enable us to have an exact knowledge of the conceptual meaning of a word Help us to choose the right word or collocation e.g. Five students elapsed. Five years elapsed. Elapse: vi. fml. (of time) pass by
Motivation
Motivation: there is the connection between word-symbol and its sense Phonetic motivation Morphological motivation Semantic motivation
Phonetic motivation: pronunciation suggests the meaning, including echoic words or onomatopoeic words E.g. woof-woof the woof-woof of a dog miaow the miaow of a cat roar the roar of a lion bang the bang of a door
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张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析第一部分Chapter Ⅰ英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是,每个单词都是最小的自由词。

然而这个定义不够全面,存在着缺陷。

首先,不是所有的单词都可以独立出现,如the ,a ,my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。

另外,Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法(syntax)却没有涉及到词的意义。

随着词汇学的发展跟完善。

人们给词下了较为完整的定义。

“词,今指语言组织中的基础单位,能独立运用,具有声音、意义和语法功能。

”(《辞海》1984(上)375页,上海辞书出版社)一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。

纵观英语的发展历史,我们可以知道,大多数的英语词汇都是外来词,它从拉丁语,法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇,不断的扩充自己,为己所用。

特别是第二次世界大战之后,英语词汇得到了空前的发展。

现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。

一是科学技术的快速发展,二是社会经济的全球化,三是英语国家的政治和文化变化,最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。

英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成,而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。

根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语;根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇,文学词汇。

口头词汇,俚语以及科学术语。

基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征,稳定性,构词的能力和搭配能力。

第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation )(一) 词素(Morphemes)单词是有词素(morphemes)构成的。

词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位,同时具有声音和意义。

单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。

如:nation 是一个词素,national有nation+al 两个词素。

词素跟音素(phoneme)不同,词素必须同时具备声音和意义两方面,而音素只需要发出声音即可。

如k 和u 只是音素,因为它们没有什么具体含义。

而a 和i 分别存在于单词tame 和time 中是音素,但当a是定冠词和i表示第一人称时它们则是词素。

词素并不等同于音节(syllable ),因为音节并没有什么具体含义。

如单词dis·a·gree·a·ble有五个音节却只有三个语素(dis + agree + able )。

词素有不同的形式,同一语素的不同形式即语素变体。

词素可以分为自由词素(free morphemes)和黏着词素(bound morphemes)。

自由词素可以单独成为单词,而黏着词素则必须要依附于其他的词素,如-ly , -ness。

词素又可以分为词根和词缀。

词根是单词中表示含义的成分,可以是自由或者黏着词素。

词缀只能是黏着词素,它又可以分为屈折词缀(inflectional affixes)和派生词缀(derivational affixes )。

屈折词缀跟语法有关,派生词缀又可以分为前缀跟后缀,这都是构成新单词的重要元素。

从词素的层面来说,词可以分类为简单词,复杂词以及合成词。

词素在词的构成中取到非常重要的作用,因为构词的二大过程----合成和附加都涉及到了词素,前者是词素的联合,后者是黏着词素附加到自由词素上。

(二) 词的构成(word-formation)1/5页有很多种途径可以构成词汇,大的方面主要有合成法(compounding),派生法(derivation)和转换法(conversion)三种,小的方面主要有八个过程,分别是首字母法(acronym),混合法(blending),截短法(clipping),专有名词(word from proper names),逆构法(back-formation),复制法(reduplication),新古典法(neo-classical famation)以及混杂法(miscellaneous)。

词根、词干和词基是语言学上一个词删去所有的词缀后剩下的那部分。

词根是一个词主要意义的承载部分,是不可以再分的;词干是能添加屈折词汇的词素,即一个词被除去屈折词缀所剩下的部分;词基是所有能添加屈折词缀的词素。

例如:Nationalities词根nation词基:nation 是national的词基national 是nationlity的词基词干:nationality由二个或者二个以上的词基组成的词叫做合成词。

在现代的英语词汇中,许多词都是合成词。

在英语中没有一个正式的标准可以用来给合成词下个通用定义。

一般来说,语言学家用三个标准去规范合成法。

一是正字标准法(orthographic criterion )可以是词与词之间不留空,这种较为常用,如airtight 和airmail ,也可以是用连字符连接起来,如air-conditioning ,也可以中间留空,如air force。

然而有些时候是很难用标准去判断用什么形式,因为有些相同组合的单词是可以用以上三种不同的形式存在,如airline ,air-line 和air line 都是表示航线的意思。

第二是音学标准(phonological criterion),根据重音的位置从短语中识别合成词。

第三是语义标准。

纵观许多合成词,我们可以发现很多词的意思跟构成该词的词基有关。

如workday就是a day for work 。

但是,并不是所有的合成词总是该词每部分词基意义的总和。

例如,dog days 是指每一年最热的日子,而不是指“狗日子”。

合成词又可以分为名词合成词,形容词合成词和动词合成词。

由于合成词具有简短却能很生动的说明问题,故合成词汇广泛的在生活中出现被使用。

派生法也是英语的主要构成法。

它通过在词基上增加前缀或者后缀从而构建新词。

前缀以否定前缀(negative prefixes)un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, non-, dis-, mis-, mal-等为主,使延伸出来的派生词变成反义词。

可以分为名词派生词Balance→imbalance;形容词派生词Accurate→inaccurate;动词派生词Agree→disagree;除了否定前缀之外,其他常用的前缀还有anti-, auto-, bi-, co-, counter-, de-, ex-, inter-, mono-, post, pre-, pro-, re-, sub-, super-, trans-, tri-, ultra-等。

加上前缀后的词,虽然意思改变,但词性保持不变。

(en-除外,象able 形容词,enable动词;courage 名词,encourage动词)相反的,加上后缀的词,不但词义有些改变,词性也完全不同。

这样一来,动词或形容词加上适当的后缀之后,可以得到名词派生词,如:amaze→amazement;kind→kindness.同样的,名词或动词加上适当的后缀,便可以得到形容词派生词,如:commerce→commercial;depend→dependent. 最后,名词或形容词加上动词性的后缀,可以得到动词派生词,加上副词性后缀(仅限-ly),则得到副词派生词,如:fright(名词)→frighten(动词);modern(形容词)→ modernize(动词);beauty (名词)→beautify(动词);year(名词)→yearly(副词);quick(形容词)→quickly(副词)。

转化法是由一个词类转化为另一词类,例如water(名)水-- water(动)浇水。

有大量动词可以转化为名词,有时意思没有太大变化,这类名词常可和一动词构成短语,表示一个动作,如:have a look ,make a study 等等。

有时意思也有一定的变化,如:He was about the same build as his brother. 他的体形和他哥哥差不多。

其中build本是动词“建筑”,在这里是作为名词“体形”的意思。

也有相当多名词可以用作动词,许多表示物件的名词可以用作动词来表示动作:Have you booked your ticket? 你的票订好了吗?Who chaired the meeting? 谁主持会议?形容词可以转化为及物动词和不及物动词。

形容词转化为名词,分为部分转化和完全转化。

2/5页第三部分ChapterⅤ到ChapterⅨ词义及其语义关系(Word meaning and sense relations)(一)词义和语义特征无论是在语音上还是拼写上,一个单词的象征跟它的意思的关系在任何的语言中几乎都是任意的常规的。

只有少数的单词的象征跟其含义有直接的联系,这样的词是有理据。

从理据的观点来看,大多数的英语单词都是不理据。

理据主要分为三方面,语音理据(phonetic motivation)、词法理据(morphological motivation)和语义理据(semantic motivation)。

语音理据的单词也叫做拟声词(echoic words or onomatopoeic words)。

很多的合成词的含义是根据语义的,但并不是所有的合成词都是如此。

例如单词Indian summer的意思就不是它表面的含义,而是“小阳春”的意思。

单词的含义是由各种内在联系和互相依存的部分组成,其中最主要的两种词义类型分别是语法意义(grammatical meaning)和词汇意义(lexical meaning)。

其中语法意义由词类(word-class)和屈折范例(inflectional paradigm)组成,决定着一个单词在句子中所处的位置;词汇意义又分为外延意义(denotative meaning or conceptual meaning)、内涵意义(connotation meaning)和社会或文体意义(social or stylistic meaning)以及情感意义(affective meaning)。

单词含义的分析通常被视为是一个把单词的含义分解为它的最小的成分,也就是单词的语义特征或者是含义成分。

如:man:﹝+human+adult+male﹞。

语义成分分析有利也有弊。

主要的优点是使人对单词的含义产生确切的认识,缺点是人们不可能列举出无限多的语义特征。

(二)一词多义和同音异义(polysemy and homonymy)一词多义是指一个单词具有多种含义,辐射式和串联式这两种重要的单词发展过程导致了一词多义现象的出现。

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