should avoid logical errors - based one meter sunshine
英语作文逻辑漏洞分析
英语作文逻辑漏洞分析Logic Flaws in Writing。
Writing is an art that requires creativity, clarity, and logical thinking. Logical thinking is the ability to reason and make judgments based on facts and evidence. However, even the most skilled writers can make logical errors in their writing. These errors can weaken the arguments presented and confuse the reader. In this essay, we will explore the common types of logical errors in writing and how to avoid them.One of the most common logical errors in writing is the fallacy of circular reasoning. This occurs when the writer uses the conclusion of an argument as evidence to support the same conclusion. For example, "I know that God exists because the Bible says so, and the Bible is the word of God." This argument is circular because it assumes the conclusion in the premise. To avoid this error, writers should use evidence that supports their argument but doesnot assume the conclusion.Another common logical error in writing is the fallacy of false analogy. This occurs when the writer compares two things that are not similar enough to support the argument. For example, "Guns are like hammers, they are just tools that can be used for good or bad." This argument is flawed because guns and hammers are not similar enough to support the comparison. To avoid this error, writers should use analogies that are relevant and accurate.The fallacy of ad hominem is also a common logicalerror in writing. This occurs when the writer attacks the person making the argument rather than the argument itself. For example, "You cannot trust John's opinion on climate change because he is not a scientist." This argument is flawed because it attacks John's credibility rather than addressing his argument. To avoid this error, writers should focus on the argument and avoid personal attacks.Finally, the fallacy of false dilemma is another common logical error in writing. This occurs when the writerpresents only two options as if they are the only possible choices. For example, "You are either with us or against us." This argument is flawed because it ignores the possibility of a third option. To avoid this error, writers should present all possible options and consider the nuances of each.In conclusion, logical errors in writing can weaken the arguments presented and confuse the reader. Writers should be aware of the common types of logical errors and take steps to avoid them. By using evidence that supports their argument, using relevant and accurate analogies, focusing on the argument rather than the person making it, and presenting all possible options, writers can create clear and compelling arguments that are free from logical errors.。
英语作文逻辑谬误分析
英语作文逻辑谬误分析Logical Fallacy Analysis in English Writing。
In English writing, it is important to avoid logical fallacies, which are errors in reasoning that can lead to flawed arguments. Logical fallacies can be intentional or unintentional, and they can occur in any type of writing, from academic essays to news articles to social media posts. In this essay, we will analyze some common logicalfallacies in English writing and provide examples of how to avoid them.1. Ad hominem。
Ad hominem is a Latin phrase that means "to the person." It is a logical fallacy that attacks the character or personal traits of the person making an argument rather than addressing the argument itself. For example, if someone says that climate change is real and another person responds by saying that the first person is a hypocritebecause they drive a gas-guzzling car, that is an ad hominem attack.To avoid ad hominem, it is important to focus on the argument itself and not the person making it. Stick to the facts and evidence, and avoid attacking the person's character or personal traits.2. False dichotomy。
高中作文：如何避免愚蠢的观点 How to avoid stupid opinions
作文一How to avoid stupid opinionsIn our daily lives, we are constantly exposed to a plethora of information and viewpoints. However, not all of these are well-founded or rational. To avoid forming and expressing stupid opinions, it is essential to cultivate certain skills and mindsets.One of the primary ways to prevent such opinions is through extensive research and learning. Before forming an opinion on a subject, it is crucial to gather information from multiple reliable sources. This helps in obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the topic, including different perspectives and potential counterarguments. For instance, if one wants to have an opinion on a political issue, reading articles from various newspapers, research papers, and listening to experts' discussions can provide a more balanced view.Critical thinking is another key factor. This involves questioning the information presented, analyzing its validity and reliability, and looking for logical fallacies. It is important to not accept everything at face value but to dig deeper and think independently. For example, when encountering a viral social media post claiming a certain fact, instead of immediately sharing or believing it, one should check the source, look for evidence, and consider the context.Maintaining an open mind is also vital. Acknowledging that one's initial understanding may be limited or incorrect allows for the possibility of growth and change. Being receptive to new ideas and different viewpoints helps in avoiding stubborn and narrow-minded opinions. It is possible to have a strong belief while still being willing to listen and consider opposing arguments.Avoiding hasty generalizations is equally important. Just because a few instances or examples support a particular view does not mean it is universally true. One should look at a larger sample size and consider various factors before coming to a conclusion.In conclusion, avoiding stupid opinions requires a commitment to continuous learning, critical thinking, an open mind, and careful consideration of the available evidence. By doing so, we can form more informed, rational, and respectful opinions that contribute positively to discussions and decision-making.作文二How to avoid stupid opinionsForming and expressing opinions is an integral part of human communication and interaction. However, it is crucial to ensure that these opinions are well-considered and not simply based on ignorance or misinformation. Here are some ways to avoid stupid opinions.First and foremost, it is essential to cultivate a habit ofself-awareness. Recognize your own biases and limitations. We all have preconceived notions and preferences that can cloud our judgment. By being conscious of these, we can strive to approach a topic more objectively.Secondly, actively seek diverse perspectives. Engage in conversations with people from different backgrounds, cultures, and experiences. This broadens our understanding and helps us see beyond our own narrow viewpoints. For example, if discussing environmental policies, talk to experts, activists, and ordinary citizens with varying stances to gain a more comprehensive view.Another important aspect is to fact-check and verify information. In the age of the internet, it is easy to come across false or misleading data. Before forming an opinion based on something you've read or heard, take the time to cross-reference and ensure its accuracy.Also, be willing to admit when you are wrong. If new evidence or a better argument emerges that contradicts your initial opinion, have the humility to change your stance. This shows intellectual growth and a commitment to truth rather than stubbornly holding onto a faulty opinion.Furthermore, practice empathy. Try to understand the feelings and circumstances of others when forming an opinion. This helps in avoiding insensitive or ill-informed remarks that may be considered stupid.In summary, avoiding stupid opinions requires a combination of self-reflection, open-mindedness, diligent research, and a willingness to evolve one's thinking. By following these steps, we can contribute more positively and intelligently to discussions and decision-making processes.作文三How to avoid stupid opinionsIn a world filled with information and diverse viewpoints, it can be challenging to avoid forming and expressing stupid opinions. However, with the right approach and mindset, it is possible to navigate through this maze of ideas and come up with more sensible and informed perspectives.One effective way is to constantly educate oneself. This involves reading widely across various subjects, attending seminars or webinars, and taking courses to enhance one's knowledge and understanding. Awell-informed person is less likely to hold naive or ill-informed opinions. For instance, if you want to have an opinion on a complex topic like artificial intelligence, studying the basics of computer science, ethics, and the social impact of the technology will enable you to form a more intelligent view.Listening actively is another crucial skill. When others are sharing their opinions, truly listen without immediately jumping to conclusions or dismissing them. By doing so, you may discover aspects you hadn't considered before and avoid the trap of forming a one-sided opinion.Avoiding emotional reactivity is also important. Strong emotions can often lead to hasty and ill-considered opinions. Instead, take a moment to calm down and analyze the situation objectively before expressing your viewpoint.It is also beneficial to challenge your own assumptions and beliefs regularly. Question why you hold a particular opinion and whether there is sufficient evidence to support it. If not, be open to reevaluating and modifying your stance.In addition, when in doubt, it is better to remain silent or admit that you need more time to form an opinion. It is more respectable to say "I don't know enough to have an opinion" than to spout a poorly thought-out one.In conclusion, avoiding stupid opinions is an ongoing process that requires continuous learning, open-mindedness, self-reflection, and the ability to control one's emotions and reactions. By adopting these practices, we can contribute more meaningfully to conversations and make more informed decisions.作文四How to avoid stupid opinionsIn the realm of human thought and expression, the ability to avoid stupid opinions is a valuable skill that can lead to more productive discussions and better decision-making.To start with, it is essential to develop a sense of intellectual humility. Understand that no one knows everything and that there is always more to learn. Acknowledge that your current knowledge may be limited and that there could be alternative perspectives that are equally valid or even more accurate.Another important aspect is to base your opinions on reliable evidence and facts. Do not rely solely on anecdotes or personal experiences, as these can be biased and not representative of the larger picture. Instead, look for data, research studies, and expert opinions to support your viewpoints. For example, if forming an opinion on a medical issue, consult scientific research and professional medical advice rather than relying on rumors or unsubstantiated claims.Furthermore, be willing to consider counterarguments. When you have an opinion, actively seek out opposing viewpoints and try to understand them. This not only helps you refine your own opinion but also shows that you are open-minded and willing to engage in meaningful dialogue.Avoiding groupthink is also crucial. Do not simply adopt the opinions of the majority or a particular group without critical examination. Have the courage to think independently and form your own conclusions based on rational analysis.In addition, take the time to reflect and think deeply about a topic before expressing an opinion. Rushing to judgment often leads toill-formed and potentially stupid opinions.In summary, avoiding stupid opinions requires a commitment to intellectual growth, evidence-based thinking, open-mindedness, and reflection. By cultivating these qualities, we can contribute more positively to the exchange of ideas and the pursuit of truth.作文五How to avoid stupid opinionsIn the complex landscape of human discourse, the avoidance of stupid opinions is not only a matter of intellectual integrity but also a key to fostering meaningful communication and understanding.One of the fundamental steps is to cultivate a spirit of curiosity. Instead of immediately jumping to conclusions, ask questions and seek to understand the nuances and underlying factors of a subject. This helps in uncovering hidden aspects that might otherwise lead to a simplistic or inaccurate opinion. For instance, when faced with a social issue, rather than reacting based on initial impressions, inquire about the root causes, historical context, and potential solutions.Engaging in diverse and respectful conversations is another valuable approach. Interacting with people of different ages, backgrounds, and ideologies exposes us to a wide range of perspectives. This enriches our understanding and makes us less prone to forming opinions based on limited or one-sided information.It is also important to be critical of the sources of information we consume. In the digital age, where misinformation spreads rapidly, it is essential to verify the credibility and reliability of the news, articles, and data we rely on. Relying on trustworthy and well-researched sources reduces the risk of forming opinions based on false or misleading information.Moreover, practice self-discipline in expressing opinions. Before sharing your thoughts, consider whether they are well-formed, supported by evidence, and respectful of others' viewpoints. If not, it might be best to hold back and further refine your perspective.Finally, recognize that our opinions are not set in stone and should evolve as we acquire new knowledge and experiences. Be open to changing your opinion when presented with compelling evidence or a more compelling argument.In conclusion, avoiding stupid opinions is an ongoing process that involves curiosity, diverse conversations, critical evaluation of information, self-discipline, and a willingness to adapt. By doing so, we can contribute to more intelligent and productive discussions and enhance our ability to make informed decisions.。
波普尔把科学发现归结为从错误到对错英语作文
全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：波普尔把科学发现归结为从错误到对错英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Popper's Falsification and the Path of ScienceWhen I first learned about Sir Karl Popper's views on the philosophy of science, I have to admit I was a bit perplexed. Popper argued that the way science advances is by scientistscontinuously putting forth bold theories and then trying their hardest to falsify or refute those theories through stringent testing. If the theories withstand serious attempts at falsification, they are provisionally retained. But if they are falsified by observable evidence, they must be rejected or revised.This seemed backwards to me at first. Isn't the goal of science to ultimately arrive at profound truths about the universe through empirical investigation? Why would Popper claim that science doesn't deal in ultimate truths at all, but merely erecting theoretical structures that have so far withstood our efforts to knock them down? Asserting that science progresses "from error to error" seems like an awfully pessimistic view.However, the more I studied Popper's critical rationalism, the more I came to see the wisdom and importance of his ideas. Popper was reacting against the rigid empiricism and verificationism of the logical positivists who demanded that scientific knowledge be proven with certainty through pure observation and inductive reasoning. Popper rightly pointed out that this is an unrealistic and unattainable standard. No matter how many observations seem to confirm a theory, it can never be proven with total certainty because there is always the possibility of a future observation that contradicts and falsifies it.Instead, Popper argued that scientific theories can only ever be provisionally retained as being the best explanations we have so far until contradictory evidence emerges. This forces scientists to hold even their most cherished theories tentatively and be willing to modify or abandon them if the observable evidence demands it. As Popper put it, "The old scientific ideal of episteme – of absolutely certain, demonstrable knowledge – has proved to be an idol. The demand for scientific objectivity makes it inevitable that every scientific statement must remain tentative for ever."What I really grew to appreciate about Popper's philosophy is that it encourages a mindset of constant critical scrutiny, skepticism of dogma, and willingness to change one's views in the face of new evidence. This is the essence of the true scientific temperament – to never cling stubbornly to ideas just because we want them to be true, but to always follow the path of reason and observable reality wherever it leads.Popper used the vivid metaphor of scientists as unwitting "randy plank-builders" who devise bold theoretical planks to cross the ocean of the unknown. They build their plank as far out as they dare, secured only by the flimsiest anchor of tested knowledge, constantly extending it outwards to explore newdomains. But they must always be ready to demolish or modify their plank if it doesn't hold up to rigorous testing.To Popper, science advances by this constant process of conjectures and refutations. We put forth daring conjectures or hypotheses that attempt to explain aspects of reality. We then expose these conjectures to the most strenuous attempts at refutation that we can devise through precise observation and experimentation. Those theories that do get falsified are discarded as errors, while the survivors are retained – but only tentatively until contradicted. In this way, science progresses not by proving absolute truths, but by discarding error after error in favor of better approximations of the truth.The history of science is replete with examples of dominant theories that were later overturned or modified through bold conjectures and rigorous refutation. The geocentric model of the universe reigned for centuries until it was falsified by the heliocentric model of Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler. Newton's classical physics stood as the paramount theory until it was superseded in certain domains by Einstein's theories of relativity. The idea of the immutable gene was eventually overturned by our understanding of genetic mutation, horizontal gene transfer, and epigenetic expression.Each new scientific revolution involved daring scientists putting forth bold conjectures that contradicted and ultimately falsified the old paradigms through painstaking empirical scrutiny. As Popper said, "Whenever a theory appears to you as the only possible one, take this as a sign that you have neither understood the theory nor the problem which it was intended to solve."So in this light, science doesn't progress linearly towards final truths, but in fitful bursts, zigs and zags as old errors are discarded for newer and more empirically adequate conjectures. Popper likened it to a Socratic discussion where we continually uncover problems and revise our theories through the provocation of new arguments and careful refutation.There is undoubtedly a sense of provisionality and humility in Popper's view – we can never attain perfect, certain truth, only contingent approximations subject to revision. But I've come to see this as a strength rather than a weakness of science. It means our scientific knowledge remains flexible, open to change, and deeply rooted in observable reality rather than rigid doctrine. As Popper said, "The autonomy of science, guaranteed by incessant criticism and forever undergoing risk to survive, provides the firmest security system for science."So after studying Popper at length, I've come to embrace his perspective of science as boldly conjecturing solutions and then striving indefatigably to criticize and refute those solutions. By eliminating errors one by one, and revising our theories to account for contradictory evidence, science advances step by step towards fuller and more empirically robust explanations of the observable world. We may never attain ultimate truth, but we can progressively shed error after error in its pursuit.篇2Scientific Discovery: Popper's View of Progressing from Error to TruthAs students of science, we are taught from an early age that the scientific method is the path to uncovering objective truths about the natural world. We dutifully memorize the steps - make an observation, form a hypothesis, design an experiment to test the hypothesis, analyze the results, and draw a conclusion. If our results support the hypothesis, we consider it to be a valid theory that explains the phenomenon we investigated.However, the renowned philosopher of science Karl Popper held a radically different view of how scientific knowledge advances. In his seminal work "The Logic of Scientific Discovery,"Popper argued that the classical scientific method is fundamentally flawed because it is impossible to prove a theory is true through observations or experiments, no matter how much data we collect supporting it. Instead, Popper proposed that science progresses by continually attempting to falsify or disprove accepted theories through rigorous testing.Popper's core premise is that no number of confirming observations or experiments can establish a scientific theory as true with absolute certainty. This is because it is always possible that a future observation or test could arise that contradicts the theory. For example, physicists once considered Newtonian mechanics to be an unassailable truth based on centuries of observations that aligned with its principles. However, this theory was later shown to be incomplete and only an approximation through experiments that revealed the bizarre nature of physics at the quantum scale.Instead of naively seeking to prove theories true, Popper advocated for scientists to approach theories as permanent sources of potential error or falsehoods that must be ruthlessly scrutinized. A theory can only be considered scientifically valuable if it is inherently falsifiable - meaning it generatestestable predictions or premises that could reveal the theory to be false if contradictory evidence emerges.Through this process of "surviving" strenuous attempts at falsification, Popper believed that theories could provisionally be accepted as closer approximations of the truth, but never proven to be perfect or complete representations of reality. Each failed attempt to falsify strengthens a theory's credibility and explanatory power, but it is always subject to being revised or discarded if future observations reveal flaws.For example, Einstein's theory of relativity made very precise, quantifiable predictions about phenomena like the bending of light by gravitational fields. When astronomers observed stars positioned precisely where Einstein's equations predicted during a solar eclipse, it was considered a falsification of Newton's established laws. However, rather than taking this as final proof, scientists have continued rigorously testing relativity for over a century through experiments probing the theory's limits in more extreme scenarios. The theory remains unchallenged, but open to being potentially superseded.From Popper's perspective, science self-corrects and progresses through a Darwinian competition amongst theories to survive increasingly stringent tests. The fittest theories live on,being further refined by new evidence, while flawed or limited theories are culled from the body of accepted scientific knowledge.By adopting this critical mindset of potential falsification, Popper felt science could avoid falling into dogmatism and blind allegiance to potentially flawed axioms or doctrines, as he believed had occurred in fields like Freudian psychoanalysis and Marxist economic theory. Instead, an enduring culture of scrutiny and openness to revising even our most fundamental beliefs in light of new evidence is vital for expanding the frontiers of human knowledge.Popper used the example of Einstein's revolutionary theory of relativity displacing long-held notions of absolute space and time to illustrate how truly transformative scientific breakthroughs often originate from admitting the flaws in existing paradigms. He argued that if Einstein had merely sought confirmations of Newton's teachings, he would never have conceived such a radically different perspective.Of course, not all students may find Popper's philosophy of science intuitive or appealing. Critics argue that his emphasis on seeking falsifications rather than verifications is an unnecessary constraint that could actually impede scientific progress. If weare overly preoccupied with finding reasons why theories might be wrong, we may fail to thoroughly explore and expand upon their useful applications and predictive power.Additionally, some contend that Popper's falsification principle sets an unrealistic standard, as it is effectively impossible to definitively rule out any theory with 100% certainty through a finite set of observations or experiments. There will always be some possibility that future evidence could revive a theory previously considered falsified.Nonetheless, Popper's overarching emphasis on maintaining a critical, skeptical attitude and willingness to challenge even our most deeply held assumptions resonates with many scholars. His philosophy reminds us that no scientific theory, no matter how comprehensive or well-established, should be blindly accepted as infallible truth. There must always be space for new evidence and ideas to emerge that could revolutionize our understanding, or even expose folly in long-accepted tenets.As students, we would be wise to embrace Popper's humble perspective that all scientific knowledge is inherently provisional, incomplete, and open to revision through a process of continual error-correction. Each theory we learn represents the culmination of accumulated scrutiny withstanding arduousattempts at falsification by generations of inquisitive minds. However, these theories should not be dogmas etched in stone, but subjected to the same critical evaluation that allowed them to displace previous flawed models.Ultimately, Popper viewed science not as a linear pursuit of proving universal truths, but as an evolutionary process of discarding errors and developing ever-closer approximations of how the natural world operates. By treating even our most compelling theories as potential sources of error to scrutinize, we open the doors for superior explanations to emerge and our collective understanding to progress. Science advances not through perfection, but by paradoxically admitting the permanence of imperfection in our theories, and seeking to identify and correct those flaws.篇3From Error to Truth: Karl Popper's Revolutionary View on Scientific DiscoveryAs students of science, we are often taught that the scientific method is a logical and systematic process of formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, and using empirical evidence to accept or reject those hypotheses. However, therenowned philosopher Karl Popper challenged this conventional view, proposing a radically different perspective on how scientific discoveries are made. In his seminal work, "The Logic of Scientific Discovery," Popper argued that scientific progress is not a linear accumulation of knowledge but rather a continuous process of trial and error, where theories are constantly subjected to rigorous testing and potential falsification.At the heart of Popper's philosophy lies the principle of falsifiability. According to Popper, a theory or hypothesis is scientific only if it is formulated in such a way that it can be empirically tested and potentially proven false. This criterion distinguishes science from pseudoscience, which often relies on unfalsifiable claims or explanations that are immune to refutation. Popper believed that the true essence of science lies not in the process of verifying theories but in the earnest attempt to falsify them through rigorous experimentation and observation.Popper's revolutionary idea challenged the widely accepted inductivist approach, which held that scientific knowledge is built upon repeated observations and the gradual accumulation of evidence supporting a theory. Instead, he proposed a deductive approach, where scientists start with bold conjectures orhypotheses and then subject them to the most stringent tests possible in an attempt to find flaws or counterexamples. If a theory withstands these tests, it is provisionally accepted, but it is always open to further scrutiny and potential falsification by new evidence.One of the key implications of Popper's philosophy is that scientific progress is driven by a continuous cycle of proposing theories, subjecting them to critical tests, and refining or replacing them with better explanations when they are falsified. This process is often referred to as the "trial and error" method, where scientists learn from their mistakes and use them as stepping stones to advance their understanding of the world.Popper's ideas have had a profound impact on the philosophy of science and have influenced generations of scientists across various disciplines. His emphasis on falsifiability has encouraged researchers to formulate precise and testable hypotheses, rather than vague or unfalsifiable claims. It has also fostered a culture of critical thinking and skepticism, where theories are constantly challenged and scrutinized, rather than accepted dogmatically.Moreover, Popper's philosophy has shed light on the inherent fallibility of scientific knowledge. Unlike the traditionalview of science as a steady accumulation of proven facts, Popper recognized that all scientific theories are provisional and subject to revision or replacement in light of new evidence or better explanations. This acknowledgment of the provisional nature of scientific knowledge has encouraged humility andopen-mindedness among scientists, as well as a willingness to adapt and embrace new paradigms when warranted.Critics of Popper's philosophy have argued that the strict application of falsifiability can lead to the premature rejection of promising theories or the inability to falsify certain theories due to practical limitations. Additionally, some have pointed out that the process of theory formulation and testing is not as clear-cut as Popper suggested, and that various psychological, social, and historical factors can influence the development of scientific knowledge.Despite these criticisms, Popper's ideas remain influential and have inspired a rich tradition of critical rationalism in science. His emphasis on the fallibility of human knowledge and the importance of subjecting theories to rigorous testing has contributed to the self-correcting nature of science and its ability to overcome dogmatism and stagnation.As students of science, we can learn valuable lessons from Popper's philosophy. First, we must embrace a spirit of critical inquiry and be willing to challenge our own preconceptions and biases. Secondly, we should strive to formulate precise and falsifiable hypotheses, recognizing that the true progress of science lies in the potential for our theories to be refuted and replaced by better explanations. Thirdly, we should cultivate a sense of humility and acknowledge that our current understanding of the world is always provisional and subject to revision in the face of new evidence or insights.By embracing Popper's revolutionary perspective, we can appreciate the dynamic and self-correcting nature of science, where discoveries emerge not from the gradual accumulation of facts but from the continuous cycle of proposing bold conjectures, subjecting them to rigorous testing, and learning from our errors. It is through this process of trial and error that we can advance our understanding of the world and move ever closer to the elusive goal of truth.。
英语作文评分标准高中
英语作文评分标准高中Grading Criteria for High School English Essays:1. Language Use (10 points): The language should be fluent and natural, with a good mix of vocabulary and sentence structures. Avoid repetitive or overused phrases, and strive for originality and creativity.2. Content (10 points): The content should be relevant, interesting, and engaging. It should demonstrate a clear understanding of the topic and present unique perspectives or insights.3. Organization (10 points): The essay should be well-organized, with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Each paragraph should focus on a specific idea or point, and transitions between paragraphs should be smooth and logical.4. Grammar and Mechanics (10 points): The essay shouldbe free of grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and punctuation issues. The writing should be polished and professional, with a strong command of the English language.5. Creativity and Originality (10 points): The essay should demonstrate creativity and originality in both content and language use. Avoid cliches and generic language, and strive to present fresh and unique ideas.6. Critical Thinking (10 points): The essay should demonstrate critical thinking skills, with thoughtful analysis and evaluation of the topic. It should go beyond surface-level observations and delve into deeper complexities or implications.7. Engagement (10 points): The essay should be engaging and compelling, with a strong voice and tone thatcaptivates the reader's attention. It should evoke emotions, provoke thoughts, or inspire action.8. Clarity and Coherence (10 points): The essay should be clear and coherent, with a logical flow of ideas and awell-structured argument. Avoid ambiguity or confusion, and ensure that the reader can easily follow the train of thought.9. Conclusion (10 points): The conclusion should effectively summarize the main points and leave a lasting impression on the reader. It should provide closure and a sense of completion to the essay.10. Overall Impression (10 points): The overall impression of the essay, including its impact, relevance, and resonance with the reader, will be taken into account when assigning the final score.。
逻辑谬论英语作文
The Fallacies of Logical Reasoning in EnglishEssaysLogical fallacies are common errors in reasoning that can lead to misinformed conclusions or flawed arguments. In English essays, it is crucial to identify and avoid these fallacies to ensure the clarity, coherence, and persuasiveness of the argument. In this article, we will explore some of the most common logical fallacies and howto avoid them in English essay writing.One common logical fallacy is the fallacy of false cause, which occurs when an author attributes an effect to the wrong cause. For example, in an essay arguing that homework improves academic performance, the author might incorrectly assume that the amount of homework assigned is the sole cause of improved grades, ignoring other potential factors such as student engagement, teacher quality, orclass size. To avoid this fallacy, authors should carefully consider all possible causes and ensure that their arguments are based on sound evidence and logical reasoning. Another fallacy to beware of is the fallacy of overgeneralization, which occurs when an author makessweeping generalizations based on limited evidence. For instance, in an essay discussing the impact of social media on mental health, an author might overgeneralize by claiming that all social media use is harmful, despite the fact that the research may only support a correlation between excessive use and certain negative outcomes. To prevent this fallacy, authors should carefully consider the scope and limitations of their evidence and avoid making blanket statements that lack nuance and consideration.Additionally, the fallacy of ad hominem is a common logical fallacy in which an author attacks the character or motives of their opponent instead of addressing their arguments. For instance, in an essay debating the merits of a particular policy, an author might resort to personal insults or accusations to discredit their opponent's position instead of providing logical reasons to support their own view. To avoid this fallacy, authors should focus on the substance of the argument and present logical reasons to support their claims, rather than resorting to personal attacks.Lastly, the fallacy of the red herring occurs when an author introduces irrelevant information to distract from the main issue at hand. For example, in an essay discussing the impact of climate change on global warming, an author might introduce a tangent about the economic costs of implementing sustainable practices to deflect attention from the main argument. To prevent this fallacy, authors should stay focused on the central issue and avoid introducing irrelevant or distracting information that does not contribute to the overall argument.In conclusion, logical fallacies can significantly undermine the effectiveness of an English essay. By being aware of common fallacies such as the fallacy of false cause, overgeneralization, ad hominem attacks, and the red herring, authors can ensure that their arguments are based on sound evidence and logical reasoning. By avoiding these fallacies, authors can craft more coherent, persuasive, and impactful essays that effectively communicate their ideas and positions.**逻辑谬误在英语作文中的体现**逻辑谬误是推理中常见的错误，可能导致误导性的结论或错误的观点。
演绎推理犯错的英语作文
演绎推理犯错的英语作文Errors in Deductive Reasoning.Deductive reasoning is a type of logical reasoning that proceeds from a general statement to specific conclusions. It is based on the principle that if the premises are true, then the conclusion must also be true. However, there are a number of errors that can occur in deductive reasoning, which can lead to invalid conclusions.One common error is the fallacy of affirming the consequent. This fallacy occurs when someone assumes that because the conclusion is true, the premises must also be true. For example, the following argument is an example of the fallacy of affirming the consequent:If it is raining, then the ground will be wet.The ground is wet.Therefore, it is raining.This argument is invalid because it is possible that the ground could be wet for reasons other than rain, such as someone watering the lawn.Another common error is the fallacy of denying the antecedent. This fallacy occurs when someone assumes that because the premises are false, the conclusion must also be false. For example, the following argument is an example of the fallacy of denying the antecedent:If it is raining, then the ground will be wet.It is not raining.Therefore, the ground is not wet.This argument is invalid because it is possible that the ground could be wet for reasons other than rain, such as someone watering the lawn.A third common error is the fallacy of theundistributed middle term. This fallacy occurs when the middle term in a syllogism is not distributed in both premises. For example, the following argument is an example of the fallacy of the undistributed middle term:All dogs are mammals.Some mammals are cats.Therefore, some dogs are cats.This argument is invalid because the middle term, "mammals," is not distributed in both premises. In thefirst premise, "all dogs" are mammals, but in the second premise, only "some mammals" are cats. This means that the conclusion does not necessarily follow from the premises.These are just a few of the many errors that can occur in deductive reasoning. It is important to be aware of these errors so that you can avoid making them in your own arguments.In addition to the errors listed above, there are a number of other factors that can lead to invalid conclusions in deductive reasoning. These factors include:Ambiguous language: If the language used in the premises or conclusion is ambiguous, it can lead to different interpretations of the argument. This can make it difficult to determine whether the argument is valid or invalid.Hidden assumptions: Sometimes, arguments rely on hidden assumptions that are not explicitly stated. These assumptions can affect the validity of the argument, but they can be difficult to identify.Invalid inferences: Sometimes, people make inferences that are not supported by the evidence. This can lead to conclusions that are not justified by the premises.It is important to be aware of these factors so that you can avoid making errors in your own reasoning. Bycarefully evaluating the premises and conclusion of an argument, you can determine whether it is valid or invalid.。
大学英语四级阅读策略
Before starting to find the answer, carefully read the question, clarify the type of question, questioning method, and requirements.
Advisor the overall meaning of the passage and how specific details fit into that context
Understand context
Use words like "in other words," "that is," or "named" to help you understand the meaning of distinction or abstract concepts
Filtering irrelevant information: When searching for answers, pay attention to filtering irrelevant information and focus on relevant content.
Integrate information: Integrate the relevant information found to form a complete answer. If necessary, you can cite sentences or vocabulary from the original text to support your answer.
2014年全国硕士研究生英语一作文
2014年全国硕士研究生英语一作文1. It is widely acknowledged that the national postgraduate English Test is a significant milestone for many students who aspire to pursue further studies.2. Writing a compelling essay, especially within thestrict word limit, requires careful planning and a clear understanding of the topic.3. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of the postgraduate English Test and provide tips for excuse writing.4. Firstly, it is crucial to choose a captivating topic that resonates with the reader, as an engaging introduction sets the tone for the entire essay.5. Begin with a strong opening sentence that identifiesthe topic and grabs the reader's attention.6. Once the topic is established, move on to a brief overview of the subject matter, highlighting the key points that will be discussed.7. In order to write a successful essay, one must ensure logical flow and coherence throughout the piece.8. To do this, use transitional phrases that signal the shift from one idea to another, maintaining a seamless narrative.9. Body paragraphs should focus on detailed explanations and supporting evidence, enhancing the argument's credibility.10. Cite specific examples to illustrate your points and avoid generalizations that may weaken the essay.11. It is important to respect the word limit, as exceeding it could result in losing marks.12. Therefore, proofread and edit your essay thoroughlyto trim any unnecessary words or phrases.13. Secondly, the structure of the essay plays a vital role in its effectiveness.14. A well-organized essay typically includes an introduction, several body paragraphs, and a conclusion.15. The introduction should outline the main idea of the essay and briefly mention the points that will be covered.16. Each body paragraph should have a single, clear main idea that is supported by relevant evidence.17. Transition between paragraphs smoothly to maintain the flow and continuity of the essay.18. In the conclusion, summarize the main points and restate the thesis statement to leave a lasting impression on the reader.19. The language used in the essay should be formal and professional, reflecting the academic nature of the postgraduate English Test.20. Choose words wisely to convey complex ideaseffectively while adhering to the word count.21. Avoid slang or informal language, as it may undermine the seriousness of your writing.22. Additionally, consider the audience and purpose ofthe essay when crafting your writing.23. The postgraduate English Test assesses your abilityto communicate effectively in an academic setting, so tailor your writing accordingly.24. When writing the essay, stay focused on the topic and avoid irrelevant personal anecdotes.25. Proofread your essay multiple times to check for grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and sentence structure.26. Time management is crucial during the exam, soallocate sufficient time to write the essay.27. Start with the introduction, followed by the body paragraphs, and finish with the conclusion.28. Remember to answer the question concisely and directly, avoiding unnecessary digressions.29. Keep in mind the importance of spelling and punctuation, as these elements contribute to the overall quality of your writing.30. Prioritize clarity and coherence over fancy vocabulary or complex sentence structures.31. Use simple, clear language to express your ideas effectively, especially within the limited word count.32. Practice writing under timed conditions to become accustomed to the pressure of the exam.33. Read sample essays and exam papers to familiarize yourself with the expected format and style.34. Review the essay writing section of the test guidelines in advance to understand the requirements and expectations.35. Take advantage of any available resources, such as online tutorials or ispherology classes, to improve your essay writing skills.36. Stay calm and focused during the exam, as panic can hinder your ability to perform well.37. Begin with a plan, outlining the main points you wish to address in each paragraph.38. Follow your outline as you write, but make sure to be flexible and adapt your writing as needed.39. Use your introduction to attract the reader's interest, as a boring or generic introduction can deter the reader from engaging with your essay.40. An effective conclusion reinforces the main argument and leaves the reader with a memorable impression.41. Practice essay writing regularly to refine yourskills and gain confidence.42. Seek feedback from teachers, peers, or writingcenters to identify areas for improvement.43. Reflect on each essay you write, analyzing why some aspects were successful and others less so.44. Practice writing different types of essays, such as argumentative, expository, and narrative, to broaden yourskill set.45. Utilize transition words and phrases to create smooth, logical connections between sentences and paragraphs.46. Build a vocabulary of academic language to enhancethe sophistication of your writing.47. Stay positive and don't get discouraged if your first drafts are not perfect; revision and editing are essential parts of the process.48. Be concise in your writing; avoid repetition or unnecessary details that may dilute your argument.49. Take short breaks during the exam if possible to refresh your mind and maintain focus.50. Double-check your work before submitting it, ensuring that you have addressed all points and adhered to the word limit.51. Remember to allocate time for revision and editing at the end of the exam, as fixing errors can significantly improve your score.52. Be prepared to answer any unexpected questions or prompts that may arise, demonstrating your adaptability in the face of uncertainty.53. Maintain good posture and take slow, deep breaths to remain calm and composed during the exam.54. Be mindful of the time and budget your writing accordingly, allowing for editing and proofreading before the final submission.55. Avoid common pitfalls, such as overgeneralization or hasty conclusions based on insufficient evidence.56. Stay open to feedback and be willing to make changes even if they may seem daunting.57. Trust in your ability to write a compelling essay and believe in your potential to succeed.58. Remember that each essay is an opportunity to showcase your skills, so give it your best effort.59. Use your knowledge and experience to craft an essay that stands out from the rest.60. Aim for a balanced approach, presenting your argument objectively and providing a well-rounded perspective.61. Engage with the material, offering your own insights and interpretations to add depth to your essay.62. Take the time to revise and refine your writing, as this reflects your dedication and commitment to excellence.63. Finally, the postgraduate English Test is anexcellent opportunity to demonstrate your academic potential and preparedness for advanced studies.64. By focusing on clear communication, logical organization, and effective use of language, you can presenta compelling argument that stands the test of time.65. Remember that success in the essay portion of thetest is not solely dependent on your vocabulary or grammar skills; rather, it is about presenting a coherent and persuasive argument.66. With careful planning and perseverance, anyone can achieve a high score on the essay section of the postgraduate English Test.67. In conclusion, writing a successful essay requires discipline, practice, and a keen eye for detail.68. Good luck to all candidates as they embark on this challenging but rewarding journey towards their academic goals.69. The national postgraduate English Test essay is a testament to your intellectual capabilities and hard work.70.May your endeavors reflect your unwavering determination and passion for knowledge.71. As you draft your essay, let your thoughts flow and aim for a comprehensive exploration of the topic.72. Keep in mind that the essay is not just a test of language skills; it is also an assessment of critical thinking and analytical abilities.73. Do not be afraid to deviate from the norm if your perspective offers a unique and constructive viewpoint.74. Allow your personality to shine through while maintaining a professional tone in your writing.75. The postgraduate English Test is your platform to express your ideas and stand out among your peers.76. Be confident in your abilities and trust in your preparation to guide you through the essay写作process.77. An effective essay should leave the reader with a sense of your passion for the subject matter.78. Do not hesitate to share your unique experiences or opinions, as they can provide valuable insights into your perspective.79. The essay is a window into your mind, so use it to showcase the depth and breadth of your thoughts.80. Strive for logical consistency and accuracy in your argument, as these elements are essential for a persuasive essay.81. Remember that the objective of the postgraduate English Test is to evaluate your potential for academic success.82. Convey your thoughts with clarity and conviction, and demonstrate your ability to articulate complex ideas.83. Your essay is a reflection of your intellectual journey, so treat it with the respect it deserves.84. Do not underestimate the power of a well-crafted essay—it can make all the difference in your application.85. As you write, let your voice resonate through the words, inspiring the reader to see the world from your perspective.86. The essay provides an opportunity for the admissions committee to get a glimpse of your character and values.87. Be honest and authentic in your writing, as this is where your true self comes to the forefront.88. Your essay is not just a piece of writing; it is a testament to your journey and growth as a scholar.89. Embrace the chance to share your thoughts and insights with the world, and let your voice be heard.90. Do not let the pressure of the exam overwhelm you; stay calm and focused on your writing91. The essay is a chance to showcase your intellectual curiosity and enthusiasm for learning.92. Your unique insights and perspectives are what will distinguish your essay from those of others.93. The postgraduate English Test is a chance to prove that you have the critical thinking skills and analytical abilities required for advanced studies.94. Your essay is an opportunity to showcase your ability to express complex thoughts clearly and concisely.95. As you write, imagine yourself as a teacher, guiding the reader through the intricacies of your argument.96. The essay is a tool to assess your capacity for independent thought and self-reflection.97. Allow your creativity to flourish while ensuring your essay maintains a strong structure and focus.98. Above all, ensure that your essay demonstrates your commitment to intellectual growth and academic excellence.99. The national postgraduate English Test essay is your canvas, and you are the artist painting it with words.100. Take pride in your hard work and dedication as you prepare to write the essay that could change your life.101. Remember that the essay is an integral part of your application, so give it the attention it deserves.102. Your voice is powerful and unique; let it shine through in your essay.103. As you write, do not forget to showcase your ability to conduct research and synthesize information effectively.104. By crafting a compelling essay, you demonstrate your readiness to contribute to a diverse and dynamic academic community.105. The examiners are looking for evidence of how you think and approach problems, so use the essay to showcase these skills.106. Your essay is not just about the content you present; it is about how you present it.107. With confidence, determination, and a deep understanding of the topic, you can create an essay that not only meets but exceeds expectations.。
孩子犯错了怎么办英语作文
孩子犯错了怎么办英语作文Title: Dealing with Children's Mistakes。
Introduction:Raising children is a challenging yet rewarding journey. Along this path, children are bound to make mistakes asthey learn and grow. As parents or guardians, it is crucial to handle these situations with patience, understanding,and guidance. This essay explores effective strategies for dealing with children's mistakes, emphasizing theimportance of communication, discipline, and fostering a positive environment.1. Maintain Open Communication:One of the fundamental aspects of addressing children's mistakes is maintaining open lines of communication. Encouraging children to express their thoughts and feelings freely helps create a safe space for them to discuss theirmistakes. By listening attentively, parents can gaininsight into their child's perspective and develop a deeper understanding of their actions.2. Avoid Overreacting:When a child makes a mistake, it is essential for parents to avoid overreacting. Reacting with anger or frustration can create a negative atmosphere and hinder effective communication. Instead, parents should strive to remain calm and composed, ensuring that the child feels comfortable discussing their mistake without fear of severe consequences.3. Encourage Responsibility:Teaching children to take responsibility for their actions is crucial for their personal growth and development. Rather than blaming or shaming them for their mistakes, parents should encourage their children to acknowledge their errors and understand the consequences. By doing so, children learn valuable life lessons aboutaccountability and the importance of making amends.4. Set Clear Boundaries:Establishing clear boundaries is vital for children's understanding of acceptable behavior. Parents should communicate these boundaries effectively and consistently. When a child crosses these boundaries, it is essential to address the issue promptly and discuss the reasons behind the mistake. By doing so, children comprehend the importance of adhering to rules and the consequences of disregarding them.5. Be a Role Model:Children often learn by observing their parents' behavior. Therefore, it is crucial for parents to be positive role models. Demonstrating good behavior, accountability, and the ability to admit mistakes allows children to learn from their parents' actions. By setting an example, parents can inspire their children to acknowledge and rectify their own mistakes.6. Encourage Problem-Solving:Encouraging children to find solutions to their mistakes is an effective way to foster their problem-solving skills. Rather than immediately providing the answers, parents can guide their children in brainstorming possible solutions. This approach empowers children to take ownership of their mistakes and develop critical thinking abilities.7. Teach the Importance of Apologizing:Apologizing is an essential skill that children should learn. Parents should emphasize the significance of apologizing when a mistake has caused harm or hurt to others. By teaching children to apologize sincerely, they learn the value of empathy, respect, and the importance of making amends.8. Implement Logical Consequences:While discipline is necessary, it is crucial to ensure that the consequences are logical and related to the mistake. Punishments should be constructive rather than punitive. For instance, if a child breaks a toy due to carelessness, they can be responsible for repairing or replacing it. This approach helps children understand the consequences of their actions and encourages them to be more mindful in the future.9. Encourage Learning from Mistakes:Mistakes provide valuable learning opportunities for children. Parents should encourage their children toreflect on their mistakes and identify ways to avoid repeating them. By focusing on the lessons learned,children develop resilience, problem-solving skills, and the ability to grow from their experiences.10. Provide Unconditional Love and Support:Above all, it is crucial for parents to provide unconditional love and support to their children, even whenmistakes are made. Children need to feel secure in their parents' love, knowing that their mistakes do not define their worth. By offering support and guidance, parents can help children navigate through their mistakes and learnfrom them.Conclusion:Dealing with children's mistakes is an integral part of parenting. By maintaining open communication, avoiding overreacting, encouraging responsibility, setting clear boundaries, being a role model, encouraging problem-solving, teaching the importance of apologizing, implementinglogical consequences, encouraging learning from mistakes, and providing unconditional love and support, parents can effectively guide their children through the learning process. Remember, mistakes are opportunities for growth, and with the right approach, children can develop into responsible, resilient individuals.。
小学英语作文分析失分原因和改进措施
小学英语作文分析失分原因和改进措施全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Analysis of Lost Points in Elementary School English Composition and Improvement MeasuresEnglish composition is an important part of elementary school education, as it not only helps students improve their language skills, but also allows them to express their thoughts and ideas effectively. However, many students often lose points in their English compositions due to a variety of reasons. In this article, we will analyze some common reasons for lost points in elementary school English compositions and discuss ways to improve them.One of the main reasons for lost points in English compositions is poor grammar and spelling. Many students often make simple grammatical mistakes or misspell words in their compositions, which can affect the overall quality of their writing. To avoid this, students should pay more attention to grammar rules and practice spelling words correctly. Teacherscan also provide regular grammar and spelling exercises to help students improve their language skills.Another reason for lost points in English compositions is lack of coherence and logical reasoning. Some students tend to jump from one idea to another without connecting them properly, which can confuse the reader. To improve coherence and logical reasoning in their compositions, students should organize their ideas clearly and use transitional words and phrases to link them together. Teachers can also encourage students to outline their compositions before writing to ensure a logical flow of ideas.Furthermore, some students lose points in their English compositions due to lack of vocabulary and expressions. In order to enhance the richness of their writing, students should expand their vocabulary by reading more books and articles, and practice using a variety of expressions in their compositions. Teachers can also provide vocabulary lists and encourage students to use synonyms and idiomatic expressions to make their writing more interesting.In addition to the above reasons, some students lose points in their English compositions because of poor sentence structure and punctuation. To improve this, students should practice writing different types of sentences, such as simple, compound,and complex sentences, and pay attention to using proper punctuation marks. Teachers can also provide feedback on students' compositions and help them identify and correct errors in their sentence structure and punctuation.In conclusion, there are several common reasons for lost points in elementary school English compositions, including poor grammar and spelling, lack of coherence and logical reasoning, inadequate vocabulary and expressions, and issues with sentence structure and punctuation. By addressing these issues and implementing the improvement measures discussed above, students can significantly enhance the quality of their English compositions and achieve better results in their writing assignments. It is important for both students and teachers to work together to improve students' language skills and help them become better writers.篇2Title: Analysis of Primary School English Composition Loss of Points Reasons and Improvement MeasuresIntroductionEnglish composition is an important aspect of language learning in primary school. However, many students may losepoints in their compositions due to various reasons. In this article, we will analyze the common reasons for losing points in English compositions in primary school and provide suggestions on how to improve and avoid these mistakes.Reasons for Losing Points in English Compositions1. Grammatical Errors: One of the most common reasons for losing points in English compositions is grammatical errors. Students may make mistakes in subject-verb agreement, tenses, prepositions, and word order. These errors can make the composition difficult to understand and may result in a lower score.2. Spelling Mistakes: Spelling mistakes are another common reason for losing points in English compositions. Students may misspell words or use incorrect spelling due to lack of vocabulary knowledge or carelessness. Spelling mistakes can affect the readability of the composition and lower the overall score.3. Lack of Coherence and Cohesion: Many students may lose points in their compositions due to a lack of coherence and cohesion. The ideas presented in the composition may not be well organized, and there may be a lack of logical connections between paragraphs. This can make the composition confusing and difficult to follow.4. Limited Vocabulary: Limited vocabulary can also lead to a loss of points in English compositions. Students may use repetitive words or phrases, resulting in a lack of variety and sophistication in their writing. A limited vocabulary can make the composition sound dull and uninteresting.5. Lack of Creativity: Creativity is an essential element in English compositions, but many students may lose points due to a lack of originality and creativity. They may rely on clichés and generic ideas, resulting in a composition that lacks depth and uniqueness.Improvement Measures1. Study Grammar: To avoid grammatical errors in compositions, students should study English grammar rules and practice applying them in writing. Teachers can provide grammar exercises and feedback to help students improve their grammar skills.2. Practice Spelling: Students should practice spelling regularly and learn new words to expand their vocabulary. They can use spelling apps, flashcards, and spelling games to improve their spelling skills.3. Focus on Coherence and Cohesion: Students should pay attention to the organization of their compositions and ensure that there is a clear structure with logical connections between paragraphs. Teachers can teach students how to use transition words and phrases to improve coherence and cohesion.4. Expand Vocabulary: Students should read more books, articles, and essays to expand their vocabulary and improve their writing skills. They can also use a thesaurus to find synonyms and enhance the variety of words in their compositions.5. Encourage Creativity: Teachers can encourage students to think creatively and come up with original ideas for their compositions. They can provide writing prompts, creative exercises, and storytelling activities to inspire students to be more creative in their writing.ConclusionIn conclusion, losing points in English compositions in primary school can be avoided by addressing common reasons such as grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, lack of coherence and cohesion, limited vocabulary, and lack of creativity. By implementing the improvement measures mentioned above, students can enhance their writing skills and producehigh-quality compositions that will earn them higher scores.With practice, guidance, and dedication, students can overcome these challenges and become proficient writers in English.篇3Title: Analysis of the Reasons for Losing Points in Elementary School English Compositions and Improvement MeasuresIntroductionWriting skills are an important aspect of language learning, and composing essays is a common task in elementary school English classes. However, many students often lose points in their compositions due to various reasons. In this essay, I will analyze the main reasons for losing points in elementary school English compositions and propose some improvement measures to help students enhance their writing skills.Reasons for Losing Points1. Lack of organization and coherence: One common reason for losing points in English compositions is the lack of organization and coherence in the writing. Some students fail to structure their essays effectively, leading to a disorganized and confusing piece of writing.2. Poor grammar and vocabulary: Another common reason for losing points is the use of incorrect grammar and limited vocabulary. Students often make simple mistakes in grammar, punctuation, and spelling, which can negatively impact the overall quality of their compositions.3. Lack of creativity and originality: Many students tend to rely on clichés and generic phrases in their compositions, resulting in uninteresting and predictable writing. Lack of creativity and originality can lead to a loss of points in English compositions.4. Inaccurate information and lack of details: Some students fail to provide accurate information or include enough details in their essays, making their writing unclear and incomplete. Lack of factual accuracy and specific details can result in a deduction of points.Improvement Measures1. Plan and organize your ideas: To improve organization and coherence in compositions, students should take the time to plan and outline their essays before writing. This can help them structure their ideas logically and ensure a well-organized piece of writing.2. Practice grammar and vocabulary: Students should actively practice grammar and expand their vocabulary by reading extensively and using new words in their writing. Regular practice can help improve language accuracy and proficiency in compositions.3. Be creative and original: Encourage students to think creatively and brainstorm unique ideas for their compositions. Encourage them to be original and express their thoughts and opinions in a creative and engaging way.4. Provide accurate information and details: Encourage students to research and gather accurate information to include in their essays. Encourage them to provide specific details and examples to support their ideas and make their writing more informative and engaging.ConclusionIn conclusion, losing points in elementary school English compositions is a common issue that many students face. By addressing the main reasons for losing points and implementing improvement measures such as planning and organizing ideas, practicing grammar and vocabulary, being creative and original, and providing accurate information and details, students can enhance their writing skills and produce higher-qualitycompositions. With consistent practice and effort, students can improve their writing skills and excel in English compositions.。
大学英语专业新生的语音错误的补救教学法
辽宁师范大学硕士学位论文大学英语专业新生的语音错误的补救教学法姓名：***申请学位级别：硕士专业：英语语言文学指导教师：***20040501大学荚浯专鼗毅生熬语音错误憋辜｝救教学法安丽按要；经过了拐孛、瘫孛六年熬荚谖学露，大学荚谖专韭薪生在串岔语语音系统孛裘凌如下特点：掌握所有音索和基本的韵律特征，已经处于语音学习的高级阶段，然而在实际教学中他们的语音水平却不能令人满意，存程备种各样语音锩误。
这些错误究其原因主要来自于这样几个方面：即汉语的干扰，学生对英语音系举和语音学知识的欠缺｛鬟及在交际语壤审攀生捷嗣语誊谨误等等。
戈热强大学英语谮港教学效果我弱爨矮对犬学阶段静语音教学的奉质有清凝地认识，扶弼据出有针对健的解决方案。
对予英语专她的新生来讲，朱来的职业要求他们在语音方砸达到更高的骤求，而不仅仪照可理解和被接受。
而随好的语音对于英语专业的学生也尤为重要，语音能力的好坏也很大稷壤土影响着萁饿语言技能抟掌捱。
大学英语专渡一年级是封好语音基础的燕簧黔段。
瓣容覆疑浯窘教学爱：要｛｜越鄹生静是够重褫，著斑设立攀猿酶语音谦。
熬疆如何对火学英语专业新生进行语音教学才是研究者和教师应该考虑的问题。
大学英语专业新生的语音课要注意中学和大学之间的教学衔接，避免造成资源浪费。
本文旨在道过深入分析大学英谬专业额生所艇应出的在音素、韵律特征及谖用等各个疆誉基嚣上熬镶误，寻求其锩谟豹攫溪嚣接矮，簸瑟鸯铮瓣瞧蘧撬遗｛｝教法瓣耨生进行鞍为系统、科举的语音教学。
补救教学法有助于清晰地认识到大学英语专波新生中介语语音系统中所建构的正确语音和所存在的种种错误，对臌确语音加以肯定和强化，对错误语音进行系统的错误分析。
分析其来源和实质，从倘有的放矢地从增强学熊瓣英汉舞秘瀣蠢瓣差舅意识，翅强英语蠢系学窝语音学期｛更教学及浯趸学练联教学凡穷露提出大学英语专韭薪生谣脊教学鹩解决蠢寨，默丽提蒜靛率，达到曼好豹教学效果。
补救法是一种行之有效的方法，它合理±呶衔接了中学英谬教学和大学英语教学，有效地增强了大学英语语音教学的教学效果，节约了时间和资源。
英语作文 避免逻辑错误
英语作文避免逻辑错误（中英文版）Title: Avoiding Logical Errors in WritingIntroduction:Good writing is not just about language skills; it is also about logical coherence.To write effectively, it is crucial to avoid logical errors that can undermine the clarity and persuasiveness of your argument.This essay will discuss some common logical errors and provide tips on how to avoid them.Body:1.Avoid Begging the Question:Begging the question, also known as circular reasoning, is a logical fallacy where the conclusion is assumed to be true in the premises.To avoid this error, ensure that your premises are independently verifiable and not merely restatements of your conclusion.2.Avoid False Dichotomy:A false dichotomy occurs when only two options are presented as the only possibilities, neglecting other valid alternatives.To avoid this error, consider all possible options and explain why other alternatives are not valid.3.Avoid Straw Man:A straw man argument involves misrepresenting someone"s positionto make it easier to attack.To avoid this error, accurately represent the opposing viewpoint and address its actual claims and evidence.4.Avoid Slippery Slope:The slippery slope argument suggests that a small action will lead to a series of increasingly extreme events without sufficient evidence.To avoid this error, provide a clear explanation of the causal chain and demonstrate why it is plausible.5.Avoid Confusing Cause and Effect:Confusing cause and effect can lead to incorrect conclusions.To avoid this error, clearly distinguish between correlation and causation and provide evidence to support your claims.6.Avoid Hasty Generalization:Hasty generalization occurs when a conclusion is drawn from insufficient evidence.To avoid this error, ensure that your sample is representative and consider the limitations of your data.7.Avoid Personal Attacks:Personal attacks are irrelevant to the argument and can undermine your credibility.To avoid this error, focus on the argument and address the content rather than the person.Conclusion:Avoiding logical errors is essential for effective writing.By being aware of common fallacies and implementing strategies to prevent them,you can enhance the clarity and persuasiveness of your arguments.Remember to critically evaluate your own writing and seek feedback to refine your logical reasoning skills.。
用齐次式解圆锥曲线定值问题的注意事项
用齐次式解圆锥曲线定值问题的注意事项1.齐次式解圆锥曲线定值问题需要注意参数的选择和计算方法。
The solution of conic section equations with homogeneous coordinates requires careful consideration of parameter selection and calculation methods.2.在解题过程中，要注意圆锥曲线的类型，例如椭圆、双曲线、抛物线等。
In the process of solving the problem, it is necessary to pay attention to the type of conic section, such as ellipse, hyperbola, parabola, etc.3.需要注意圆锥曲线方程的系数，以确定如何处理齐次式。
It is important to pay attention to the coefficients of the conic section equation in order to determine how to deal with the homogeneous coordinates.4.确保在进行齐次式解圆锥曲线定值问题时进行精确的计算，避免出现计算错误。
Ensure accurate calculations when solving conic section equations with homogeneous coordinates to avoid computational errors.5.可以利用矩阵和线性代数的知识来简化齐次式解圆锥曲线定值问题的计算过程。
The use of matrix and linear algebra knowledge can simplify the calculation process of solving conic section equations with homogeneous coordinates.6.要特别注意齐次坐标系的性质，以便正确地应用到圆锥曲线的解题过程中。
大学英语四级考试写作必备模板
Flexible use of templates
Do not overly rely on templates, but rather use them flexibly according to different writing tasks and requirements based on understanding templates.
Pay attention to language expression
Accurate expression of language
In the writing process, attention should be paid to the accuracy and clarity of language expression to avoid grammar errors, spelling errors, and other problems.
1. Missing or redundant vocabulary: for example, forgetting to add - ing after a verb or forgetting to use the third person singular form.
3. Incorrect tense: For example, using the present tense when describing past events.
Pay attention to language style
Based on different writing purposes and reader groups, it is important to choose an appropriate language style to better attract readers and convey information.
英语高考试卷评分
Introduction:The English High School Exam Paper Scoring Guidelines are designed to ensure fair and consistent evaluation of student performance on the English exam. These guidelines provide a detailed framework for teachers to follow when marking the exam papers. The following criteria and points allocation are based on the curriculum objectives and the complexity of the exam questions.I. Reading Comprehension (30 points)1. Comprehension of the main idea and supporting details (10 points)- Students should demonstrate a clear understanding of the main idea and supporting details in the text.- Correctly identify the main idea and supporting details from the passage.- No more than two minor factual errors.2. Analysis of the text structure and style (10 points)- Students should analyze the organization and structure of the text.- Identify the author's purpose and tone.- Explain the effectiveness of the text structure and style in conveying the message.3. Inference and interpretation (10 points)- Students should draw logical inferences based on the text.- Interpret the meaning of figurative language and allusions.- Provide a well-supported interpretation of the text.II. Writing (40 points)1. Organization and structure (10 points)- The essay should have a clear introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.- The essay should follow a logical progression of ideas.- The essay should be coherent and easy to follow.2. Grammar and mechanics (10 points)- The essay should demonstrate a good command of English grammar and mechanics.- There should be no more than two grammatical errors per paragraph.- Punctuation should be used correctly.3. Vocabulary and word choice (10 points)- The essay should use a variety of vocabulary and word choice effectively.- The use of appropriate academic or technical terms should be evident.- Avoid repetition of words or phrases.4. Development and support (10 points)- The essay should provide well-developed arguments and support for the thesis statement.- Each paragraph should contain relevant evidence and examples.- The essay should be concise and focused on the main topic.III. Vocabulary (20 points)1. Word recognition (10 points)- Students should recognize and understand the meaning of new vocabulary words.- Provide accurate definitions and context-based usage of the words.2. Application of vocabulary (10 points)- Students should demonstrate the ability to use the new vocabulary words in sentences.- Sentences should be grammatically correct and convey the intended meaning.IV. Grammar (20 points)1. Verb tenses (10 points)- Students should correctly use verb tenses in sentences.- Identify and correct errors in verb tense usage.2. Sentence structure (10 points)- Students should demonstrate a good command of sentence structure.- Identify and correct errors in sentence structure, such as subject-verb agreement, parallel structure, and word order.Conclusion:The English High School Exam Paper Scoring Guidelines aim to provide a comprehensive framework for evaluating student performance. By following these guidelines, teachers can ensure that each student's work is assessed fairly and consistently. It is essential for teachers to be familiar with these guidelines and to use them as a reference when marking exam papers. The ultimate goal is to provide students with constructive feedback that promotes their learning and improvement in English language skills.。
Academic English Writing and Communication
Academic English Writing and Communication IntroductionAcademic writing is a vital skill that is needed in all fields of study, including business, science, and humanities. It involves understanding and implementing the rules and conventions of academic writing and communication. The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into academic English writing and communication while highlighting their significance.The basis of academic writingAcademic writing is characterized by a formal tone and structure, precision, and a logical flow of arguments. It involves presenting theories and ideas backed up with relevant evidence and analysis. It is essential to understand the conventions of academic writing, including the use of proper grammar, punctuation, and referencing. Furthermore, it is necessary to use plain language to ensure clarity and avoid confusion.The importance of academic writingAcademic writing is important because it allows scholars to communicate their findings and conclusions accurately, precisely, and effectively. It is a necessary skill for those seeking to pursue a career in research, academia, or science. It helps in the development of critical thinking skills and the ability to analyze complex issues and ideas.Additionally, effective academic communication is vital inreaching a wider audience and advancing knowledge in various areas of study. It enhances the credibility of research findings and promotes collaboration among scholars.Common challenges in academic writingDespite its importance, academic writing can be challenging, especially for non-native English speakers. Some common challenges include understanding the complex vocabulary, grammar rules, and cultural differences. Additionally, it can be challenging to organize ideas coherently and construct compelling arguments while adhering to the rules of academic writing.Strategies for effective academic writing and communicationTo overcome the challenges of academic writing, it is essential to embrace a few strategies. Firstly, it is imperative to conduct ample research to ensure that arguments are backed up by relevant evidence. Secondly, it is essential to proofread the work thoroughly to ensure that it is free of errors and meets the required standards of academic writing.In terms of effective academic communication, it is essential to use plain language, avoid jargon, and provide explanations for complex terms. Additionally, scholars should consider their audience and tailor their communication appropriately. ConclusionAcademic writing and communication are essential skills that needto be developed and honed to advance knowledge and contribute to developments in various fields of study. This paper has emphasized the importance of adhering to the conventions of academic writing, understanding its challenges, and providing strategies for effective academic communication.Further Insight into Academic Writing and CommunicationIntroductionAcademic writing can be considered as a unique way of presenting and disseminating research findings. It is a formal style of writing that aims to communicate complex ideas and theories with clarity and precision to a specific audience. Academic writing differs from other writing styles, such as creative writing or journalism, in its structure, vocabulary, and referencing style. Effective academic writing and communication require a combination of skills, including critical thinking, research, and writing. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of various components of academic writing and communication.Components of Academic Writing and Communication GrammarGrammar is essential in academic writing and communication, as it ensures the clarity of the message. Incorrect grammar may result in confusion, making it challenging for readers to understand the message. Proper grammar use involves having proper sentence structure, tenses, and punctuations. Furthermore, academic writing requires writers to use precise and appropriate vocabulary thatreflects the level of scholarship in their respective fields. The use of jargon and clichés should be avoided, as it may negatively affect the clarity of the message.StructureA coherent and logical structure is essential in academic writing and communication. A well-structured paper should have a clear introduction that presents the background and purpose of the research, followed by a literature review and methodology section. The main body of the paper should present the findings and analysis, while the conclusion should summarize the research and provide recommendations for future research. The use of headings and subheadings enhances the readability of the paper, making it easier for readers to navigate through the content.ReferencingReferencing is an essential part of academic writing and communication. It is crucial to acknowledge the sources that have been used in the research and avoid plagiarism. The referencing style varies depending on the academic discipline, and it is important to adhere to the specific referencing style required for the paper. Common referencing styles include Harvard, APA, and MLA, among others. Ineffective referencing may lead to rejection or deemed as academic misconduct.FormattingFormatting is also essential in academic writing andcommunication. The format of the paper is influenced by the guidelines provided by the academic institution, journal publisher, or the academic discipline. A well-formatted paper is expected to have a clear font type and size, double-spaced text, and appropriate margins. Additionally, proper citation style and consistent punctuation are important components of effective formatting.AudienceEffective communication in academic writing is also influenced by the target audience. The content of the paper should reflect the level of knowledge and understanding of the target audience. The language used should be simple and concise, avoiding technical jargons that may not be familiar to the audience. In addition, the tone of the paper should be formal and respect the audience's academic level.Challenges of Academic Writing and CommunicationAcademic writing and communication can be challenging, and it may involve the following difficulties:Language BarrierAcademic writing and communication require a mastery of the English language, which may pose a challenge to non-native speakers. The use of complex vocabulary and the requirement for specific language-related to the academic discipline may result in poor communication.Lack of Research SkillsAcademic writing and communication require extensive research skills to identify relevant literature and present accurate arguments based on evidence. Lack of research experience can lead to the presentation of weak arguments or replicating existing research.Lack of ClarityClarity is critical in academic writing and communication. The presentation of ideas should be in a logical and coherent manner that leaves no room for ambiguity. Lack of clarity may also result in miscommunication, leading to the misinterpretation of findings. PlagiarismPlagiarism is a serious offense in academic writing and communication. It involves presenting other scholars' work as one's own, which may result in rejection of the paper or disciplinary action.Strategies for Effective Academic Writing and CommunicationTo overcome the challenges faced in academic writing and communication, it is important to utilize various strategies, including:Planning and OrganizingEffective academic writing and communication require planningand organizing. Establishing a clear plan for research, writing, and revising will ensure the efficient allocation of time and resources. This will help to avoid the last-minute rush, which may lead to poorly structured and poorly written work.ResearchResearch is an essential aspect of academic writing and communication. It is important to identify relevant literature and information sources to support arguments made in the research paper. Good research also enhances the credibility of the paper's findings.Seeking AssistanceSeeking assistance is an important strategy for effective academic writing and communication. Seeking help from professors, colleagues, or writing centers can provide valuable feedback and insights on the writing.Proofreading and EditingProofreading and editing are critical components of academic writing and communication. Proofreading helps to check whether grammar and punctuation are done correctly, while editing allows one to revise the paper, incorporating suggestions for improvement.ConclusionAcademic writing and communication are integral components ofscholarly research and knowledge dissemination. Effective academic writing and communication require excellent grammar, proper structure, referencing, and formatting. The challenges faced in academic writing and communication can be addressed using various strategies, including planning, researching, seeking assistance, and proofreading.。
学生应该担心什么英语作文
学生应该担心什么英语作文Students should be concerned about several aspects when it comes to writing English essays. The English language, with its vast vocabulary, intricate grammar rules, and nuanced expressions, can present challenges to learners. Here are some common concerns students may face:1. Grammar and Syntax: Correct grammar and sentence structure are essential for effective communication in English writing. Students should pay attention to subject-verb agreement, tense consistency, punctuation, and sentence clarity. Common errors such as run-on sentences, fragments, and comma splices can detract from the overall quality of the essay.2. Vocabulary Choice: Using appropriate vocabulary enhances the quality of writing and demonstrates astudent's command of the language. However, students may struggle with finding the right words to express their ideas accurately. They should aim for precision and avoidoverusing common words or resorting to vague language.3. Organization and Coherence: A well-organized essay follows a logical structure, with a clear introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. Each paragraph should focus on a specific idea or argument and transition smoothly to the next. Lack of coherence can confuse readers and weaken the overall impact of the essay.4. Content Development: Developing ideas withsufficient depth and detail is crucial for engaging the reader and supporting the thesis statement. Students should provide relevant examples, evidence, and explanations to substantiate their arguments. Avoiding repetition and ensuring that each paragraph contributes meaningfully to the overall argument is essential.5. Critical Thinking and Analysis: Effective essays go beyond summarizing information; they analyze and evaluate ideas critically. Students should demonstrate their ability to think critically, analyze complex issues, and present well-reasoned arguments supported by evidence. Engagingwith different perspectives and considering counterarguments can strengthen the essay's credibility and persuasiveness.6. Style and Tone: The style and tone of writing depend on the purpose and audience of the essay. Students should adapt their writing style to suit the genre and conveytheir message effectively. Whether formal, academic, or informal, maintaining a consistent tone throughout the essay is essential for coherence and readability.7. Revision and Editing: Writing is a process that involves multiple drafts and revisions. Students should allocate sufficient time for editing and proofreading to correct errors and improve clarity. Seeking feedback from peers or instructors can provide valuable insights for enhancing the quality of the essay.In conclusion, mastering English essay writing requires attention to grammar, vocabulary, organization, content development, critical thinking, style, and revision. By addressing these concerns and continuously honing theirwriting skills, students can become proficient communicators in the English language.。
理智英语-
理智英语Reasonable ThinkingReasonable thinking is the ability to analyze, evaluate, and make decisions based on evidence and logical reasoning. It is an essential skill that helps us make informed choices and avoid errors or biases that can lead to flawed decisions. Reasonable thinking promotes critical thinking and problem-solving skills, which are important in everyday life, education, and professional fields.To develop reasonable thinking skills, we need to follow certain principles and avoid common fallacies or biases that can affect our judgment. These include:1. Consider the evidence: Reasonable thinking requires us to examine the evidence, facts, and data before drawing any conclusions or making decisions. We should verify the sources and credibility of the information and avoid relying on hearsay, rumors, or emotional appeals.2. Recognize biases: We all have biases and preferences that can influence our thinking. Reasonable thinking requires us to be aware of our own biases and avoid making decisions based on them. We should also be skeptical of other people's biases and motives and seek diverse perspectives and sources of information.3. Avoid fallacies: Fallacies are errors or flaws in reasoning that can distort our thinking and lead to incorrect conclusions. Some common fallacies include ad hominem attacks, straw man arguments, false dichotomies, andappeals to authority or tradition. Reasonable thinking involves recognizing and avoiding these fallacies and using logical reasoning instead.4. Evaluate arguments: Reasonable thinking requires us to analyze and evaluate arguments based on their validity, relevance, and soundness. We should examine the premises, assumptions, and evidence supporting the argument and test it against counterarguments or alternative views.5. Seek clarity: Reasonable thinking involves seeking clarity and precision in language and concepts. We should avoid vague or ambiguous terms and define our terms and concepts clearly. This helps us avoid misunderstandings and communicate effectively with others.6. Consider consequences: Reasonable thinking requires us to consider the consequences of our decisions and actions. We should weigh the costs and benefits of different courses of action and evaluate the potential risks and outcomes. This helps us make informed choices and understand the impact of our decisions on ourselves and others.7. Remain open-minded: Reasonable thinking involves remaining open-minded and willing to revise our views based on new evidence or arguments. We should be willing to admit our mistakes and revise our beliefs when new evidence or reasoning emerge. This helps us avoid dogmatism and encourages intellectual growth and learning.In conclusion, reasonable thinking is a crucial skill that helps us make informed decisions and avoid errors or biases that can affect our judgment. By following these principles and avoiding common fallacies or biases, we can develop our reasoning skills and promote critical thinking and problem-solving abilities.。
逻辑错误 Logical+Fallacies
Logical Fallacies (A)Source: Fowler, H. Ramsey and Jane E. Aar.The Little, Brown Handbook. New York: Pearson Education, 2007. 214-218.Fallacies—errors in argument—either evade the issue of the argument or treat the argument as if it were much simpler than it is.EvasionsAn effective argument squarely faces the central issue or question it addresses. An ineffective argument may dodge the issue in one of the following ways:• Begging the question: treating an opinion that is open to question as if it were already proved or disproved.The college library’s expenses should be reduced by cutting subscriptions to useless periodicals. [Begged questions: Are some of the library’s periodicals useless? Useless to whom?]• on sequitur (Latin: “It does not follow”): linking two or more ideas that in fact have no logical connection.If high school English were easier, fewer students would have trouble with the college English requirement. [Presumably, if high school English were easier, students would have more trouble.]• Red herring: introducing an irrelevant issue intended to distract readers from the relevant issues.A campus speech code is essential to protect students, who already have enough problems coping with rising tuition. [Tuition costs and speech codes are different subjects. What protections do students need that a speech code will provide?]• Appeal to readers’ fear or pity: substituting emotions for reasoning.She should not have to pay taxes because she is an aged widow with no friends or relatives. [Appeals to people’s pity. Should age and loneliness, rather than income, determine a person’s tax obligation?]• Bandwagon: inviting readers to accept a claim because everyone else does.As everyone knows, marijuana use leads to heroin addiction. [What is the evidence?]• Ad hominem (Latin: “to the man”): attacking the qualities of the people holding an opposing view rather than the substance of the view itself.One of the scientists has been treated for emotional problems, so his pessimism about nuclear waste merits no attention. [Do the scientist’s previous emotional problems invalidate his current views?]OversimplificationsIn a vain attempt to create something neatly convincing, an ineffective argument may conceal or ignore complexities in one of the following ways:• Hasty generalization: making a claim on the basis of inadequate evidence.It is disturbing that several of the youths who shot up schools were users of violent video games. Obviously, these games can breed violence, and they should be banned. [A few cases do not establish the relation between the games and violent behavior. Most youths who play violent video games do not behave violently.]• Sweeping generalization: making an insupportable statement.Many sweeping generalizations are absolute statements involving words such as all, always, never, and no one that allow no exceptions. Others are stereotypes, conventional and oversimplified characterizations of a group of people: People who live in cities are unfriendly. Californians are fad-crazy. Women are emotional. Men can’t express their feelings.• Reductive fallacy: oversimplifying (reducing) the relation between causes and effects.Poverty causes crime. [If so, then why do people who are not poor commit crimes? And why aren’t all poor people criminals?]• Post hoc fallacy (from Latin, post hoc, ergo propter hoc: “after this, therefore because of this”): assuming that because A preceded B, then A must have caused B.The town council erred in permitting the adult bookstore to open, for shortly afterward two women were assaulted. [It cannot be assumed without evidence that the women’s assailants visited or were influenced by the bookstore.]• Either/or fallacy: assuming that a complicated question has only two answers, one good and one bad, both good, or both bad.Either we permit mandatory drug testing in the workplace or productivity will continue to decline. [Productivity is not necessarily dependent on drug testing.]Logical Fallacies (B)Source: Kirszner, Laurie G. and Stephen R. Mandell. The Wadsworth Handbook, 8th ed. Beijing: China Remin University Press, 2008. 121-122.Hasty Generalization Drawing a conclusion based on too little evidenceThe person I voted for is not doing a good job in Congress. Therefore, voting is a waste of time. [One disappointing experience does not warrant the statement that you will never vote again.]Sweeping Generalization (Oversimplified Generalization)Making a generalization that cannot be supported no matter how much evidence is suppliedEveryone should exercise. [Some people, for example those with severe heart conditions, might not benefit from exercise.]Equivocation Shifting the meaning of a key word or phrase during an argumentIt is not in the public interest for the public to lose interest in politics. [Although clever, the shift in the meaning of the term “public interest” clouds the issue.]on Sequitur Arriving at a conclusion that does not logically follow from what come before.Kim Williams is a good lawyer, so she will make a good mayor. [Kim Williams may be a good lawyer, but it does not necessarily follow that she will make a good senator.]Either/Or Fallacy (False Dilemma)Treating a complex issue as if it has only two sidesEither we institute universal health care, or the health of all Americans will decline. [Good health does not necessarily depend on universal health care.]Post Hoc Establishing an unjustified link between cause and effectThe United States sold wheat to Russia. This must be what caused the price of wheat to rise. [Other factors, unrelated to the sale, could have caused the price of wheat to rise.]Begging the Question (circular reasoning)Stating a debatable premise as if it were trueStem-cell research should be banned because nothing good can come from something so inherently evil. [Where is the evidence that stem-cell research is “inherently evil”?]False Analogy Assuming that because things are similar in some ways, they are similar in other ways.When forced to live in crowded conditions, people act like rats. They turn to each other and act violently. [Both people and rats might dislike living in crowded conditions, but unlike rats, people do not necessarily resort to violence in this situation.]Red Herring Changing the subject to distract readers from the issueOur company may charge high prices, but we give a lot to charity. [What does charging high prices have to do with giving to charity?]Argument to Ignorance Saying that something is true because it cannot be proved false, or vice versaHow can you tell me to send my child to a school where there is a child who has AIDS? After all, doctors can’t say for sure that my child won’t catch AIDS, can they? [Just because a doctor cannot prove the speaker’s claim to be false, it does not follow that the claim is true.]Bandwagon Trying to establish that something is true because everyone believes it is trueEveryone knows that eating candy makes children hyperactive. [Where is the evidence to this claim?]Argument to the Person (Ad Hominem)Attacking the person and not the issueOf course the congressman support drilling for oil in the Arctic wildlife preserve. He worked for an oil company before he was elected to Congress. [By attacking his opponent, the speaker attempts to sidestep the issue.]Argument to the People Appealing to people’s prejudicesBecause foreigners are attempting to overrun our shores, we should cut back on immigration. [By introducing prejudice, the speaker attempt to distract the audience.]。
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editor's note: everyone should understand the point of logic, especially in the Internet age, more information and comments, we want to identify by logical thinking own inside the authenticity. In this regard, seal selected 20 kinds of logical thinking, the most common mistake (non logical thinking form, Informal Fallacies), and an explanation shall be made. ?first of all, we see that several popular network "five Mao party" modus operandi: to the wrong manin the argument, we need to be concerned about the argument itself, rather than make a demonstration of the people. If a person ignore the argument and deliberately to attack the argument, then they would be in violation of the principle of. Called to the wrong man, in others is the debate, through the communication and argumentation irrelevant information to the public about the opponents, such as negative information in life, so as to achieve the purpose of defeating the opponent. This fallacy maker is designed to transfer the attention of the audience for argument, this is usually due to prove himself at a disadvantage.if the argument is solely for the purpose of winning, ad hominem fallacy will play its role effectively. It can make the audience with the same arguments irrelevant reasons against your opponent, and you can use the same excuse to please the audience. Its consequences are, you can celebrate you beat the opponent, but it is what you did not do -- at least in logic. The value of your victory is not derived from the point of view, the ability to disrupt the audience but your listening.by his heronow if you are a reputation, experience. As part of the work, are you on the famous university and college national knowledge, and familiar with the basic situation of graduates. In particular, you know X Institute in this field gain extreme notoriety. At present, your company is recruiting an important post. In the browse information on candidates, you sweep to a X school graduate, Peter, so you immediately decided to turn them into the next round, just because they have graduated from the school. This moment, you have produced a fallacy.is not to say that you are entirely unreasonable. After all, to your knowledge of X college, Peter may really not a qualified candidate. However, this is not necessary.A shiny star is probably due to similar X college or school. The root of error you made: know a general source is bad, so that all for this source must be bad. This does not necessarily set.consider something or someone that we investigate the origin is certainly necessary. But we must go further. First, we need to ask: where does Peter come from? Then, the more important question is: his quality and how?[note] theseal two kinds of logical error mainly lies in the debate is not in the subject but in the argument that people. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" >编者按：每个人都应该懂点逻辑学，特别是在网络时代，更多的信息和评论发表，我们要通过自己的逻辑思考来辨别里面的真伪。
对此，弥缝选出最常见的20种逻辑思维错误（非逻辑思维形式，Informal Fallacies），并予以说明。
?首先，我们看这几种网络上流行的"五毛党"惯用的伎俩：对人不对事在论证中，我们要关注的是论证本身，而不是做出论证的人。
如果一个人忽略论证本身而故意去攻击论证者，那么他们就违反了这个原则。
所谓的对人不对事，就是在他人辩论时，通过向公众传达关于对手的与论证无关的信息，例如生活中的负面信息，以此来达到击败对手的目的。
这种谬误制造者的目的是转移听众对论证的注意力，这种情形通常是由于论证者本人处于劣势。
如果论证的目的仅仅是获胜，对人不对事谬误将会有效地发挥作用。
它可以使听众以同论证毫不相关的理由来反对你的对手，而你则可以用同样的理由来取悦听众。
它造成的后果是，你可以庆祝你战胜了对手，但恰恰是你所没有做到的的至少在逻辑上。
你的胜利并非源于观点的价值，而是源于你扰乱听众视听的能力。
以出身论英雄现在假设你是一个声誉斐然的公司的从事经验。
作为工作的一部分，你对全国著名的大学和学院知之甚多，并且对毕业生的基本情况了如指掌。
尤其，你知道X学院在这个领域内声名狼藉。
目前，你的公司正在招聘一个重要的职位。
在浏览候选人资料时，你扫到一个X学院的毕业生，彼得，于是你立刻决定拒绝他们进入下一轮，仅仅是因为他们所毕业的学校。
这个时刻，你已经产生了谬误。
不是说你的决定完全不合理。
毕竟，以你对X学院的了解，彼得或许确实不是一名合格的人选。
但是，这不是必然的。
一颗闪亮的新星是可能出于类似X学院之类的学校的。
你所犯的谬误的根源如下：知道一个来源一般是坏的，于是认定出于这个来源的所有都一定是坏的。
这并不必然成立。
考虑我们所考察的人或事的出身肯定是必要的。
但是我们必须走得更远。
首先我们要问：彼得从哪里来？紧接着，更关键的问题是：他的品质如何？【弥缝注】这两种逻辑错误主要在于辩论方向不在论题上而是参与论证的人上。
《三国演义》中诸葛亮舌战群雄中吴国儒士的问话："曹操虽挟天子以令诸侯，犹是相国曹参之后。
刘豫州虽云中山靖王苗裔，却无可稽考，眼见只是织席贩屦之夫耳，何足与曹操抗衡哉！"和"孔明所言，皆强词夺理，均非正论，不必再言。
且请问孔明治何经典？"其中都是对刘备和诸葛亮进行人身攻击一个织席的和一个没写过经典著作的两个人如何能登大雅之堂，论国家大事。
另外一些例子，如"他父亲是个罪犯，所以他的儿子也不是一个好人"等。
稻草人谬误论证中，我们要对事不对人，要紧扣论证中给定的论点。
在与他人辩论的过程中，如果你为了消弱对方的论点而故意扭曲其论证过程，那就犯了稻草人谬误。
在这个比喻中，"稻草人"意味着容易对付的事物。
在我们误解某个论证时，或是当一些论证非常复杂，我们在理解上犯了一些无意的错误时，我们犯的并不是这种谬误。
稻草人谬误不是无心之过，因为它是在有意地歪曲别人的论点。
【弥缝注】常见的稻草人谬误，如对论点进行断章取义和偷换概念。
比如说这篇新华网文章（随机搜索到的），倒数第二段中提到"美国还是世界上最主要的过滤软件生产国，世界各国封堵信息使用的过滤软件大多数都是美国公司生产的"和前面那一句是对"网络自由"论点的偷换概念。