七种失败的EDM形式

合集下载

ko文案：9种软文标题类型技巧

今天分享的文章是，软文标题的一些常见类型。

其实软文发挥的空间还很多，没有局限，只要能引起网友关注，对品牌销售有促进作用那就是好软文。

但是不管文章写得多好，在互联网标题不行，那就废了。

所以，以下这些标题规则还算全面，利用以下这些方式创作软文标题，至少不会很失败。

同样，创作标题方式，也可以创作如：EDM（邮件营销）、长微博、微博段子等。

感觉是很邪恶的一个分享！是好是坏就是你自己的事情啦！希望大家都是红领巾！哈哈~谢谢@尘埃落定的分享。

软文标题主要有以9种类型：1、常规型(传递文章内容的基本信息，是最常用的写法)个人博客的定位中国海军赴索马里海域护航出售飞利浦品牌MP3、MP4点评：中规中矩的写法虽然没有任何新意，总给人一种很刻板的感觉，但是由于它很自然平实的把基本信息写出来，能让观众第一时间感知文章的的总体意思，但是建议大家用这个方法的时候考虑一些修饰词的使用，这样可以在平凡中突显一丝新意。

2、特定型(指定内容明确受众，来吸引目标人群及目标外的人群)1982年出生的人来聊聊A型血天蝎座的男孩性格特征90后女生的**观念点评：特定的内容聚拢特定的人群，从而产生共鸣，扩大共同的话题，最终产生特定的效应，这咋看起来范围小了，其实不然，正是由于它的特定性，在把特定人群聚拢之后，还使得一些貌似无关的人产生一种好奇心而最终发生点击行为，这样的写法能大大提高流量，不过这个特定的标题如何提炼，就要看发布者的功底了。

3、数字型(用具体或特定数字来突出内容，达到意想不到的效果)中国20个行业经典购物网站!男人不能忍受的10件事!141名服刑人员为殉职狱警开追悼会点评：数字的威力有多大?数字能给人什么样的心灵碰撞?巨大数据产生的效应会多大?这些问题不需要去解答，我们只需要认真思考当我们遇到数字的时候我们的心到底有多震撼。

从数字中震撼一个人的心灵，从数字中寻找好奇心的答案，从数字中得到一种力量。

用一句名言来说：极大的张力带来极大的和谐，而这里就是：极大的数字带来极大的震撼。

表达悲伤情绪常用的英语口语

表达悲伤情绪常用的英语口语表达悲伤情绪常用的英语口语悲伤是一种很消极的情绪，包含沮丧、失望、气馁、意志消沉、孤独和孤立等情绪体验。

下面是店铺整理的.表达悲伤情绪的英语口语，希望能帮到大家!●失望I didn't get a raise.What a disappointment!真让人失望.That's too bad.What a let down!I'm disappointed with it.This is disappointing.I couldn't go. 我没去成What a pity. 太遗憾了。

What a shame! 多倒霉!Isn't it though? 就是呀!What a bummer! /Bummer! 真失望I failed the exam.Too bad. /That's too bad!It was a waste of effort. 白费力了.It was a waste of my effort.My effort was wasted.All my effort went down the drain.Did you find him.No, he led me on a wild-goose chase. 没有，白费了半天劲All that for nothing. *前功尽弃It was all a waste.It was all for nothing.I'm sorry I didn't come to your wedding.Yeah, you let me down. 是啊，你真让我很失望You disappointed me.I blew it. I lost the customer. 我真失策…Make sure it doesn't happen again.I screwed up. / I messed up. 我给搞砸了It's all my fault. 全都是我的错。

ULPI_v1_1

UTMI+ Low Pin Interface (ULPI)SpecificationRevision 1.1October 20, 2004Revision HistoryDate CommentRevision Issue0.9 November 12, 2003 Pre-release.1.0rc1 January 3, 2004 Introduce PHY interface “modes”.Update interface timings. Clarify 4-bit data clocking.Clarify sending of RX CMD’s and interrupts.Introduce AutoResume feature.Route int pin to data(3) during 6-pin Serial Mode.Explain VBUS thresholds.Add T&MT diagram and updated text.Add new section to explain how PHY is aborted by Link.Various clarifications.1.0rc2 January 13, 2004 Add block diagram.Tighten interface timing.Modify suspend protocol to more closely resemble UTMI.Add SPKR_L and SPKR_MIC to signal list and T&MTconnector.Various clarifications.1.0rc3 January 19, 2004 Specify that PHY must send RX CMD after Reset.Link + PHY clock startup time of no more than 5.6ms for aperipheral is now mandatory.PHY output delay reduced from 10ns to 9ns.Added link decision time numbers for low speed.Various Clarifications.1.0 February 2, 2004 1.0rc3 adopted as 1.0 release.1.1rc1 September 1, 2004 Various clarifications and fixes to hold time numbers, sendingRXCMDs, FsLsSerialMode, Vbus control and monitoring,Test_J and Tesk_K signalling, Low Power Mode,Hostdisconnect, ID detection, HS SOF packets, interrupts,Carkit Mode, interface protection, No SYNC/EOP mode,linestate filtering, and AutoResume.1.1rc2 October 4, 2004 Re-arranged text in section 3.8.7.3. Updated contributors list.1.1 October 20, 2004 1.1rc2 adopted as 1.1 release.The present Specification has been circulated for the sole benefit of legally-recognized Promoters, Adopters and Contributors of the Specification. All rights are expressly reserved, including but not limited to intellectual property rights under patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets. The respective Promoter's, Adopter's or Contributor's agreement entered into by Promoters, Adopters and Contributors sets forth their conditions of use of the Specification.iiPromotersARC International Inc.Conexant Systems, Inc.Mentor Graphics CorporationPhilipsSMSCTransDimension, Inc.ContributorsVertenten PhilipsBartOkur PhilipsBatuhanBillAnderson MotorolaMcInerney TransDimensionBillBooker CypressBrianARCBelangerChrisKolb ARCChrisChrisSchell PhilipsChung Wing Yan PhilipsSrokaPhilipsDaveWang PhilipsDavidWooten TransDimensionDavidSMSCEricKawamotoPhilipsMackayFarranFrazier ConexantFrankFredRoberts SynopsysFarooqConexantHassanLee TransDimensionHyunParr MentorIanStandiford TransDimensionJayPhilipsTjiaJeromeMentorSaundersMarkMohamed Benromdhane ConexantSMSCMorganMonksISINabilTaklaTengstrand ARCPeterRamanand Mandayam ConexantDouglas MentorRobSaleemMohamed Synopsys(Author)ShaunReemeyer PhilipsCypressSimonNguyenSubramanyam Sankaran PhilipsTexasInstrumentsViningSueRemple QualcommTerryChen ConexantTimothyConexantChangVincentQuestions should be emailed to lpcwg@.iiiTable of Contents1.Introduction (1)1.1General (1)1.2Naming Convention (1)1.3Acronyms and Terms (1)1.4References (1)2.Generic Low Pin Interface (2)2.1General (2)2.2Signals (2)2.3Protocol (3)2.3.1Bus Ownership (3)2.3.2Transferring Data (3)2.3.3Aborting Data (4)3.UTMI+ Low Pin Interface (5)3.1General (5)3.2Signals (6)3.3Block Diagram (7)3.4Modes (9)3.5Power On and Reset (10)3.6Interrupt Event Notification (10)3.7Timing (11)3.7.1Clock (11)3.7.2Control and Data (13)3.8Synchronous Mode (15)3.8.1ULPI Command Bytes (15)3.8.2USB Packets (18)3.8.3Register Operations (30)3.8.4Aborting ULPI Transfers (37)3.8.5USB Operations (39)3.8.6Vbus Power Control (internal and external) (52)3.8.7OTG Operations (52)3.9Low Power Mode (55)3.9.1Data Line Definition For Low Power Mode (55)3.9.2Entering Low Power Mode (55)3.9.3Exiting Low Power Mode (56)3.9.4False Resume Rejection (57)3.10Full Speed / Low Speed Serial Mode (Optional) (58)3.10.1Data Line Definition For FsLsSerialMode (58)3.10.2Entering FsLsSerialMode (59)3.10.3Exiting FsLsSerialMode (60)3.11Carkit Mode (Optional) (61)3.12Safeguarding PHY Input Signals (62)4.Registers (65)4.1Register Map (65)4.2Immediate Register Set (67)4.2.1Vendor ID and Product ID (67)4.2.2Function Control (68)4.2.3Interface Control (69)4.2.4OTG Control (71)4.2.5USB Interrupt Enable Rising (72)4.2.6USB Interrupt Enable Falling (73)4.2.7USB Interrupt Status (74)4.2.8USB Interrupt Latch (75)4.2.9Debug (76)4.2.10Scratch Register (76)4.2.11Carkit Control (77)4.2.12Carkit Interrupt Delay (77)iv4.2.13Carkit Interrupt Enable (78)4.2.14Carkit Interrupt Status (78)4.2.15Carkit Interrupt Latch (79)4.2.16Carkit Pulse Control (79)4.2.17Transmit Positive Width (80)4.2.18Transmit Negative Width (80)4.2.19Receive Polarity Recovery (80)4.2.20Reserved (81)4.2.21Access Extended Register Set (81)4.2.22Vendor-specific (81)4.3Extended Register Set (81)4.4Register Settings for all Upstream and Downstream signalling modes (81)5.T&MT Connector (83)5.1General (83)5.2Daughter-card (UUT) Specification (83)vFiguresFigure 1 – LPI generic data bus ownership (3)Figure 2 – LPI generic data transmit followed by data receive (3)Figure 3 – Link asserts stp to halt receive data (4)Figure 4 – Creating a ULPI system using wrappers (5)Figure 5 – Block diagram of ULPI PHY (7)Figure 6 – Jitter measurement planes (12)Figure 7 – ULPI timing diagram (13)Figure 8 – Clocking of 4-bit data interface compared to 8-bit interface (14)Figure 9 – Sending of RX CMD (17)Figure 10 – USB data transmit (NOPID) (18)Figure 11 – USB data transmit (PID) (19)Figure 12 – PHY drives an RX CMD to indicate EOP (FS/LS LineState timing not to scale) (20)Figure 13 – Forcing a full/low speed USB transmit error (timing not to scale) (21)Figure 14 – USB receive while dir was previously low (22)Figure 15 – USB receive while dir was previously high (23)Figure 16 – USB receive error detected mid-packet (24)Figure 17 – USB receive error during the last byte (25)Figure 18 – USB HS, FS, and LS bit lengths with respect to clock (26)Figure 19 – HS transmit-to-transmit packet timing (29)Figure 20 – HS receive-to-transmit packet timing (29)Figure 21 – Register write (30)Figure 22 – Register read (31)Figure 23 – Register read or write aborted by USB receive during TX CMD byte (31)Figure 24 – Register read turnaround cycle or Register write data cycle aborted by USB receive (32)Figure 25 – USB receive in same cycle as register read data. USB receive is delayed (33)Figure 26 – Register read followed immediately by a USB receive (33)Figure 27 – Register write followed immediately by a USB receive during stp assertion (34)Figure 28 – Register read followed by a USB receive (34)Figure 29 – Extended register write (35)Figure 30 – Extended register read (35)Figure 31 – Extended register read aborted by USB receive during extended address cycle (36)Figure 32 – PHY aborted by Link asserting stp. Link performs register write or USB transmit (37)Figure 33 – PHY aborted by Link asserting stp. Link performs register read (38)Figure 34 – Link aborts PHY. Link fails to drive a TX CMD. PHY re-asserts dir (38)Figure 35 – Hi-Speed Detection Handshake (Chirp) sequence (timing not to scale) (40)Figure 36 – Preamble sequence (D+/D- timing not to scale) (41)Figure 37 – LS Suspend and Resume (timing not to scale) (43)Figure 38 – FS Suspend and Resume (timing not to scale) (44)Figure 39 – HS Suspend and Resume (timing not to scale) (46)Figure 40 – Low Speed Remote Wake-Up from Low Power Mode (timing not to scale) (47)Figure 41 – Full Speed Remote Wake-Up from Low Power Mode (timing not to scale) (48)Figure 42 – Hi-Speed Remote Wake-Up from Low Power Mode (timing not to scale) (49)Figure 43 – Automatic resume signalling (timing not to scale) (50)Figure 44 – USB packet transmit when OpMode is set to 11b (51)Figure 45 – RX CMD V A_VBUS_VLD ≤Vbus indication source (54)Figure 46 – Entering low power mode (55)Figure 47 – Exiting low power mode when PHY provides output clock (56)Figure 48 – Exiting low power mode when Link provides input clock (56)Figure 49 – PHY stays in Low Power Mode when stp de-asserts before clock starts (57)Figure 50 – PHY re-enters Low Power Mode when stp de-asserts before dir de-asserts (57)Figure 51 – Interface behaviour when entering Serial Mode and clock is powered down (59)Figure 52 – Interface behaviour when entering Serial Mode and clock remains powered (59)Figure 53 – Interface behaviour when exiting Serial Mode and clock is not running (60)Figure 54 – Interface behaviour when exiting Serial Mode and clock is running (60)Figure 55 – PHY interface protected when the clock is running (62)Figure 56 – Power up sequence when PHY powers up before the link. Interface is protected (63)Figure 57 – PHY automatically exits Low Power Mode with interface protected (63)Figure 58 – Link resumes driving ULPI bus and asserts stp because clock is not running (64)viFigure 59 – Power up sequence when link powers up before PHY (ULPI 1.0 compliant links) (64)Figure 60 – Recommended daughter-card configuration (not to scale) (83)viiTablesTable 1 – LPI generic interface signals (2)Table 2 – PHY interface signals (6)Table 3 – Mode summary (9)Table 4 – Clock timing parameters (11)Table 5 – ULPI interface timing (13)Table 6 – Transmit Command (TX CMD) byte format (15)Table 7 – Receive Command (RX CMD) byte format (16)Table 8 – USB specification inter-packet timings (26)Table 9 – PHY pipeline delays (27)Table 10 – Link decision times (28)Table 11 – OTG Control Register power control bits (52)Table 12 – Vbus comparator thresholds (52)Table 13 – RX CMD VbusValid over-current conditions (53)Table 14 – Vbus indicators in the RX CMD required for typical applications (54)Table 15 – Interface signal mapping during Low Power Mode (55)Table 16 – Serial Mode signal mapping for 6-pin FsLsSerialMode (58)Table 17 – Serial Mode signal mapping for 3-pin FsLsSerialMode (58)Table 18 – Carkit signal mapping (61)Table 19 – Register map (66)Table 20 – Register access legend (67)Table 21 – Vendor ID and Product ID register description (67)Table 22 – Function Control register (68)Table 23 – Interface Control register (70)Table 24 – OTG Control register (71)Table 25 – USB Interrupt Enable Rising register (72)Table 26 – USB Interrupt Enable Falling register (73)Table 27 – USB Interrupt Status register (74)Table 28 – USB Interrupt Latch register (75)Table 29 – Rules for setting Interrupt Latch register bits (75)Table 30 – Debug register (76)Table 31 – Scratch register (76)Table 32 – Carkit Control Register (77)Table 33 – Carkit Interrupt Delay register (77)Table 34 – Carkit Interrupt Enable register (78)Table 35 – Carkit Interrupt Status Register (78)Table 36 – Carkit Interrupt Latch register (79)Table 37 – Carkit Pulse Control (79)Table 38 – Transmit Positive Width (80)Table 39 – Transmit Negative Width (80)Table 40 – Receive Polarity Recovery (81)Table 41 – Upstream and downstream signalling modes (82)Table 42 – T&MT connector pin view (84)Table 43 – T&MT connector pin allocation (84)Table 44 – T&MT pin description (85)viii1. Introduction1.1 GeneralThis specification defines a generic PHY interface in Chapter 2.In Chapter 3, the generic interface is applied to the UTMI+ protocol, reducing the pin count for discrete USB transceiver implementations supporting On-The-Go, host, and peripheral application spaces.Convention1.2 NamingEmphasis is placed on normal descriptive text using underlined Arial font, e.g. must.Signal names are represented using the lowercase bold Arial font, e.g. clk.Registers are represented using initial caps, bold Arial font, e.g. OTG Control.Register bits are represented using initial caps, bold italic Arial font, e.g. USB Interrupt Enable Falling. 1.3 Acronyms and TermsA-device Device with a Standard-A or Mini-A plug inserted into its receptacleB-device Device with a Standard-B or Mini-B plug inserted into its receptacleDeviceDRD Dual-RoleFPGA Field Programmable Gate ArraySpeedFS FullHNP Host Negotiation ProtocolHS Hi-SpeedLink ASIC, SIE, or FPGA that connects to an ULPI transceiverLPI Low Pin InterfaceSpeedLS LowOTG On-The-GoPHY Physical Layer (Transceiver)PLL Phase Locked LoopSE0 Single Ended ZeroSIE Serial Interface EngineSRP Session Request ProtocolT&MT Transceiver and Macrocell TesterULPI UTMI+ Low Pin InterfaceUSB Universal Serial BusUSB-IF USB Implementers ForumUTMI USB 2.0 Transceiver Macrocell InteraceUUT Unit Under Test1.4 References[Ref 1] Universal Serial Bus Specification, Revision 2.0[Ref 2] On-The-Go Supplement to the USB 2.0 Specification, Revision 1.0a[Ref 3] USB 2.0 Transceiver Macrocell Interface (UTMI) Specification, v1.05[Ref 4] UTMI+ Specification, Revision 1.0[Ref 5] CEA-2011, OTG Transceiver Specification[Ref 6] CEA-936A, Mini-USB Analog Carkit Interface Specification[Ref 7] USB 2.0 Transceiver and Macrocell Tester (T&MT) Interface Specification, Version 1.212. Generic Low Pin Interface2.1 GeneralThis section describes a generic low pin interface (LPI) between a Link and a PHY. Interface signals are defined and the basic communication protocol is described. The generic interface can be used as a common starting point for defining multiple application-specific interfaces.Chapter 3 defines the UTMI+ Low Pin Interface (ULPI), which is based on the generic interface described here. For ULPI implementations, the definitions in chapter 3 over-ride anything defined in chapter 2.2.2 SignalsThe LPI transceiver interface signals are described in Table 1. The interface described here is generic, and can be used to transport many different data types. Depending on the application, the data stream can be used to transmit and receive packets, access a register set, generate interrupts, and even redefine the interface itself. All interface signals are synchronous when clock is toggling, and asynchronous when clock is not toggling. Data stream definition is application-specific and should be explicitly defined for each application space for inter-operability.Control signals dir, stp, and nxt are specified with the assumption that the PHY is the master of the data bus. If required, an implementation can define the Link as the master. If the Link is the master of the interface, the control signal direction and protocol must be reversed.Signal Direction DescriptionPHY Interfaceclock I/O Interface clock. Both directions are allowed. All interface signals are synchronous to clock.data I/O Bi-directional data bus, driven low by the Link during idle. Bus ownership is determined by dir. The Link and PHY initiate data transfers by driving a non-zero pattern onto the data bus. LPI defines interface timing for single-edge data transfers with respect to rising edge of clock. An implementation may optionally define double-edge data transfers with respect to both rising and falling edges of clock.dir OUT Direction. Controls the direction of the data bus. When the PHY has data to transfer to the Link, it drives dir high to take ownership of the bus. When the PHY has no data to transfer it drives dir low and monitors the bus for Link activity. The PHY pulls dir high whenever the interface cannot accept data from the Link. For example, when the internal PHY PLL is not stable.stp IN Stop. The Link asserts this signal for 1 clock cycle to stop the data stream currently on the bus. If the Link is sending data to the PHY, stp indicates the last byte of data was on the bus in the previous cycle. If the PHY is sending data to the Link, stp forces the PHY to end its transfer, de-assert dir and relinquish control of the the data bus to the Link.nxt OUT Next. The PHY asserts this signal to throttle the data. When the Link is sending data to the PHY, nxt indicates when the current byte has been accepted by the PHY. The Link places the next byte on the data bus in the following clock cycle. When the PHY is sending data to the Link, nxt indicates when a new byte is available for the Link to consume.Table 1 – LPI generic interface signals22.3 ProtocolOwnership2.3.1 BusThe PHY is the master of the LPI bi-directional data bus. Ownership of the data bus is determined by the dir signal from the PHY, as shown in Figure 1. When dir is low, the Link can drive data on the bus. When dir is high, the PHY can drive data on the bus. A change in dir causes a turnaround cycle on the bus during which, neither Link nor PHY can drive the bus. Data during the turnaround cycle is undefined and must be ignored by both Link and PHY.The dir signal can be used to directly control the data output buffers of both PHY and Link.Figure 1 – LPI generic data bus ownershipData2.3.2 TransferringAs shown in the first half of Figure 2, the Link continuously drives the data bus to 00h during idle. The Link transmits data to the PHY by driving a non-zero value on the data bus. To signal the end of data transmission, the Link asserts stp in the cycle following the last data byte.In the second half of Figure 2, the Link receives data when the PHY asserts dir. The PHY asserts dir only when it has data to send to the Link, and keeps dir low at all other times. The PHY drives data to the Link after the turnaround cycle.The nxt signal can be used by the PHY to throttle the data during transmit and receive. During transmit, nxt may be asserted in the same cycle that the Link asserts stp.Figure 2 – LPI generic data transmit followed by data receive2.3.3 AbortingDataThe PHY can assert dir to interrupt any data being transmitted by the Link. If the Link needs to interrupt data being received from the PHY, it asserts stp for one clock cycle, as shown in Figure 3. This causes the PHY to unconditionally1 de-assert dir and accept a complete data transmit from the Link. The PHY may re-assert dir again only when the data transmit from the Link has completed.Figure 3 – Link asserts stp to halt receive data1 The PHY will not de-assert dir if the ULPI interface is not usable. For example, if the internal PLL is not stable.3. UTMI+ Low Pin Interface3.1 GeneralThis section describes how any UTMI+ core can be wrapped to convert it to the smaller LPI interface. The generic interface described in chapter 2 is used as a starting point. This section always over-rides anything stated in chapter 2. While this specification details support of UTMI+ Level 3, PHY implementers may choose to support any of the Levels defined in UTMI+.ULPI defines a PHY to Link interface of 8 or 12 signals that allows a lower pin count option for connecting to an external transceiver that may be based on the UTMI+ specification. The pin count reduction is achieved by having relatively static UTMI+ signals be accessed through registers and by providing a bi-directional data bus that carries USB data and provides a means of accessing register data on the ULPI transceiver.This specification relies on concepts and terminology that are defined in the UTMI+ specification [Ref 4]. Specifically, if a ULPI PHY design is based on an internal UTMI+ core, then that core must implement the following UTMI+ features.Linestate must accurately reflect D+/D- to within 2-3 clocks. It is up to individual Link designers to use Linestate to time bus events.Filtering to prevent spurious SE0/SE1 states appearing on Linestate due to skew between D+ and D-. Filtering of 14 clock cycles is required in Low Speed, and 2 clock cycles in Full Speed and Hi-Speed modes.The PHY must internally block the USB receive path during transmit. The receive path can be unblocked when the internal Squelch (HS) or SE0-to-J (FS/LS) is seen.TxReady must be used for all types of data transmitted, including Chirp.Due to noise on the USB, it is possible that RxActive asserts and then de-asserts without any valid data being received, and RxValid will not assert. The Link should operate normally with these data-less RxActive assertions.As shown in Figure 4, a PHY or Link based on this specification can be implemented as an almost transparent wrapper around existing UTMI+ IP cores, preserving the original UTMI+ packet timing, while reducing pin count and leaving all functionality intact. This should not be taken to imply that other implementations are not possible.Figure 4 – Creating a ULPI system using wrappers3.2 SignalsTable 2 describes the ULPI interface on the PHY. The PHY is always the master of the ULPI bus. USB and Miscellaneous signals may vary with each implementation and are given only as a guide to PHY designers.Signal Direction DescriptionPHY Interfaceclock I/O Interface clock. The PHY must be capable of providing a 60MHz output clock. Support for an input 60MHz clock is optional. If the PHY supports both clock directions, it must not use the ULPI control and data signals for setting the clock direction.Data bus. Driven to 00h by the Link when the ULPI bus is idle. Two bus widths are allowed:• 8-bit data timed on rising edge of clock.data I/O• (Optional) 4-bit data timed on rising and falling edges of clock.dir OUT Controls the direction of the data bus2. The PHY pulls dir high whenever the interface cannot accept data from the Link. For example, when the internal PLL is not stable. This applies whether Link or PHY is the clock source.stp IN The Link must assert stp to signal the end of a USB transmit packet or a register write operation, and optionally to stop any receive. The stp signal must be asserted in the cycle after the last data byte is presented on the bus.nxt OUT The PHY asserts nxt to throttle all data types, except register read data and the RX CMD. Identical to RxValid during USB receive, and TxReady during USB transmit. The PHY also asserts nxt and dir simultaneously to indicate USB receive activity (RxActive), if dir was previously low. The PHY is not allowed to assert nxt during the first cycle of the TX CMD driven by the Link.USB InterfaceD+ I/O D+ pin of the USB cable. Required.D- I/O D- pin of the USB cable. Required.ID IN ID pin of the USB cable. Required for OTG-capable PHY’s.VBUS I/O V BUS pin of the USB cable. Required for OTG-capable PHY’s. Required for driving V BUS and the V BUS comparators.MiscellaneousXI IN Crystal input pin. Vendors should specify supported crystal frequencies. XO OUT Crystal output pin.C+ I/O Positive terminal of charge pump capacitor.C- I/O Negative terminal of charge pump capacitor.SPKR_L IN Optional Carkit left/mono speaker input signal.SPKR_MIC I/O Optional Carkit right speaker input or microphone output signal.RBIAS I/O Bias current resistor.Table 2 – PHY interface signals2 UTMI+ wrapper developers should note that data bus control has been reversed from UTMI to ensure that USB data reception is not interrupted by the Link.3.3 BlockDiagramAn example block diagram of a ULPI PHY is shown in Figure 5. This example is based on an internal UTMI+ Level 3 core [Ref 4], which can interface to peripheral, host, and On-The-Go Link cores. A description of each major block is given below.ULPI InterfaceUSBCableChargePumpCapacitor Figure 5 – Block diagram of ULPI PHYUTMI+ Level 3 PHY coreThe ULPI PHY may contain a core that is compliant to any UTMI+ level [Ref 4]. Signals for 16-bit data buses are not supported in ULPI. While Figure 5 shows the typical blocks for a Level 3 UTMI+ core, the PHY vendor must specify the intended UTMI+ level, and provide the functionality necessary for compliance to that level.ULPI PHY WrapperThe ULPI PHY wrapper of Figure 5 reduces the UTMI+ interface to the Low Pin Interface described in this document. All signals shown on the UTMI+ Level 3 PHY core are reduced to the ULPI interface signals clock, data, dir, stp, and nxt. The Register Map stores the relatively static signals of the UTMI+ interface. Crystal Oscillator and PLLWhen a crystal is attached to the PHY, the internal clock(s) and the external 60MHz interface clock are generated from the internal PLL. When no crystal is attached, the PHY may optionally generate the internal clock(s) from an input 60MHz clock provided by the Link.General BiasingInternal analog circuits require an accurate bias current. This is typically generated using an external, accurate reference resistor.DrvVbusExternal and ExternalVbusIndicatorThe PHY may optionally control an external VBUS power source via the optional pin DrvVbusExternal. For example, the external supply could be a charge pump or 5V power supply controlled using a power switch. The external supply is controlled by the DrvVbus and the optional DrvVbusExternal bits in the OTG Control register. The polarity of the DrvVbusExternal output pin is implementation dependent.If control of an external VBUS source is provided the PHY may optionally provide for a VBUS power source feed back signal on the optional pin ExternalVbusIndicator. If this pin is provided, the use of the pin is defined by the optional control bits in the OTG Control and Interface Control registers. See Section 3.8.6.3 for further detail.Power-On-ResetA power-on-reset circuit must be provided in the PHY. When power is first applied to the PHY, the power-on-reset will reset all circuitry and leave the ULPI interface in a usable state.Carkit OptionThe PHY may optionally support Carkit Mode [Ref 6]. While in Carkit Mode, the PHY routes speaker and microphone signals between the Link and the USB cable. In carkit mono mode, SPKR_L inputs a mono speaker signal and SPKR_MIC outputs the microphone signal, MIC. In carkit stereo mode, SPKR_L inputs the left speaker signal, and SPKR_MIC inputs the right speaker signal, SPKR_R.3.4 ModesThe ULPI interface can operate in one of five independent modes listed in Table 3. The interface is in Synchronous Mode by default. Other modes are enabled by bits in the Function Control and Interface Control registers. In Synchronous Mode, the data bus carries commands and data. In other modes, the data pins are redefined with different functionality. Synchronous Mode and Low Power Mode are mandatory.Mode Name Mode DescriptionSynchronous Mode This is the normal mode of operation. The clock is running and is stablewith the characteristics defined in section 3.6. The ULPI interface carriescommands and data that are synchronous to clock.Low Power Mode The PHY is powered down with the clock stopped. The PHY keeps dirasserted, and the data bus is redefined to carry LineState and interrupts.See section 3.9 for more information.6-pin FS/LS Serial Mode (optional) The data bus is redefined to 6-pin serial mode, including 6 pins to transmit and receive serial USB data, and 1 pin to signal interrupt events. The clock can be enabled or disabled. This mode is valid only for implementations with an 8-bit data bus. See section 3.10 for more information.3-pin FS/LS Serial Mode (optional) The data bus is redefined to 3-pin serial mode, including 3 pins to transmit and receive serial USB data, and 1 pin to signal interrupt events. The clock can be enabled or disabled. See section 3.10 for more information.Carkit Mode (optional) The data bus is redefined to Carkit mode [Ref 6], including 2 pins for serial UART data, and 1 pin to signal interrupt events. The clock may optionally be stopped. See section 3.11 for more information.Table 3 – Mode summary。

软文十大烂标题

软文十大烂标题NO.10 【伤不起】手凉的女孩，你伤害不起。

吃白色巧克力的女孩，你伤不起。

穿红色秋裤的男子，你伤不起。

不吃早餐的女生，你伤不起。

会说梦话的女生，你伤不起。

就连没腿毛的男生，你也伤不起。

卧槽你sister啊，什么都伤不起。

是不是老子会睡觉你都伤不起了啊？NO.9 【我就不信，什么什么】这个是投票的。

你手机是什么型号的？我就不信诺基亚最多。

你是浙江哪里人，我就不信哪里哪里人最多。

你喜欢什么颜色，我就不信白色的最多。

你TM到底信什么啊，你干脆信城市管理者好了。

脑残的一B啊。

NO.8 【传说····前世都是断翼的天屎】传说手凉的女生前世都是断翼的天屎。

传说中午12点吃玉米的女生，前世都是断翼的天屎。

传说吃完午饭打个响嗝的女生前世都是断翼的天屎。

F＊＊K，我都湿透了，以此类推的话，传说脚凉的女生前世都是断脚的天使，传说头疼的女生前世都是脱发的天使，传说脆弱的女生前世都是掉毛的天使。

妈的，整个《天使在人间》全系列了。

NO.7 【打赌】这个是QQ中前段时间颇为常见的2B状态。

通常的形式是什么什么和什么什么打了一个赌，如果在2周内这个说说转发多少多少万以上，什么什么就得像什么什么道歉请朋友们为我们祖国啊，为我们省啊，为我们市啊，为我们县啊一直可以弄到村，加油转发吧。

最常见的是腾讯和小日本打了一个赌,如果在2周内这个说说转发400万以上,日本人就得向中国人道歉。

然后什么河南和河北打赌，多少多少万，请河北啊河南人顶起来，转发出————来源网络整理，仅供参考 1去。

转发个你大爷的二姑婆的三姨妈啊。

没事整天打个JB赌啊，你算个毛线。

看不起那些发这种脑残状态的人。

NO.6 【敢不敢系列】男孩，你敢不敢这样疼你的女朋友。

女孩，你敢不敢这样爱你的男朋友。

那谁，你敢不敢谈这样一场不分手的恋爱。

哎呦喂，你TM敢不敢不这样写文章啊，换种写法会死啊。

NO.5 【做的到几条几条，就嫁了吧】凡有哪个男孩做到下面任意10条就嫁他吧! 超过两条就是一辈子的朋友！做过下面的10件事，你就是个幸福的人了！我都懒得说了，看到这一条的，你就是个幸福的人了。

叩问EDM企业数据管理

理不满外，部分用户的邮件只能部分恢复也是重要因７％：０存储管理员１％的时间是用来做数据恢复的。５
素之一。
通常，每个备份管理员每次要花４／时来发现，诊－６Ｊ＼
断和解决备份作业失败的事情。
对于个人用户来说，邮件的内容也许算不上什么．
籼ｔ０种异常而管理员又无法
第一时间响应时，ａａｙＧｌ软件可以按照预先定义的策ｘ
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大的挑战。
降低备份／恢复失败率。Ｇｌｘａａｙ内含Ｄ备份模Ｒ
备份／恢复作业的失败率为５％－２％。次 ” ０此邮式，能够将备份服务器的环境全部备份下来．避免备件门” 事件．有企业反映说．邮件系统备份一直在份服务器失败而无法备份恢复数据。ａａｙ就 ” Ｇｌｘ的备份／
报错每次备份到２％就会停掉，Ｏ而我们一直没有发恢复（包括文件系统和数据库的备份和恢复）、辅助
现。备份数据量太大、 ” 介质故障、忘记更换磁带、没拷贝、合成式全备份等一切数据传输的操作都具有检有访问权限等原因．都会导致备份任务失败。重要查点，而能保证操作中断后的重启，实现了断点最从即的是失败的备份任务并不能被马上发现，时即使备续传的功能，有确保了备份、复的成功率。恢在远程复份任务成功．但由于备份过程中的磁带损坏导致备份制的时候能够确保复制窗口和复制的成功率，提高网的数据并不可恢复，当要恢复数据时发现为时已晚。络效率。此外．ｏＣｍｍＶｕａａｙａｌＧｌ备份软件能够针对备份ｔｘ

EDM营销解读

EDM营销解读EDM是Email Direct Marketing的缩写，即电子邮件营销。

说到EDM营销，就必须有EDM软件对EDM内容进行发送，企业可以通过使用EDM软件向目标客户发送EDM邮件，建立同目标顾客的沟通渠道，向其直接传达相关信息，用来促进销售。

EDM软件有多种用途，可以发送电子广告、产品信息、销售信息、市场调查、市场推广活动信息等。

谈到EDM营销，很多人都不陌生，互联网发展至今，“EDM营销”一直都是广告主屡试不爽的营销方法。

为何“EDM营销”如此受追捧呢？最简单、最直接的原因是：EDM营销具备极高的ROI（投资回报率）。

业内人士常用简单、粗暴、高效来形容它。

简单是因为操作简单，粗暴是因为其推广营销方式属于强推式，类似于产品的强卖；高效是因为其ROI极高。

尽管EDM营销操作并不难，但我们常见到这样非专业的（确切的说是不完整的）EDM营销操作流程：第一步：购买Email列表；第二步：购置一套简单Email群发软件；第三步：发送邮件。

等待客户“上门”。

其实，EDM营销到这里没有结束，也不该结束。

重头戏在后边呢。

做营销的朋友都知道“营销闭环”的概念，就是执行完营销动作后，需要对后续的营销效果进行监测跟踪和数据统计，之后对统计后的数据进行分析总结，进而优化执行方案。

这样才算是一个完整的营销行为。

EDM 营销亦如此。

因此还应有添加如下2个步骤：第四步：监测、分析、评估营销效果第五步：优化EDM（包括邮件列表数据库筛选、EDM设计优化等）一、营销效果评估指标衡量EDM营销效果数据指标主要有3项：有效率、阅读率、点击率；1、有效率计算方法：有效率=成功发送数量/发送总量；发送总量指：EMail数据库的数量；成功发送数量指：成功到达邮件地址的数量，即Mail数据库的有效量；意义：用来衡量获取数据库的有效率，即发送的地址是真实存在的；目前许多卖EDM数据库的厂商，虽然便宜、量多，但很难保证地址的有效率。

组织从经验中学习_现状_问题_方向

第17卷第1期2009年 2月中国管理科学Chinese Journal of M anagement ScienceV ol 117,No 11F eb 1, 2009文章编号:1003-207(2009)01-0157-12组织从经验中学习:现状、问题、方向陈国权,宁南(清华大学经济管理学院,北京 100084)摘要:组织从经验中学习是组织学习的重要方面。

本文系统综述分析了前人在这方面的研究成果和观点,包括组织从经验中学习的模式、过程,组织从经验中学习的影响因素,组织从经验中学习的障碍,组织从经验中学习的成效等。

分析了前人研究存在的缺陷:缺乏系统框架,缺乏深入机理,缺乏案例研究及对企业有实际指导意义的方法体系。

针对这一系列的问题,文章提出了进一步的研究方向及框架。

关键词:组织学习;组织从经验中学习;影响因素中图分类号:C931 文献标识码:A收稿日期:2008-08-02;修订日期:2008-12-08基金项目:国家杰出青年基金资助项目(70625003);国家自然科学基金资助项目(70272007,70572005,70321001);教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地资助项目基金(06J JD630013)作者简介:陈国权(1967-),男(汉族),清华大学经济管理学院教授,博士生导师,研究方向:组织行为、组织学习、学习型组织、组织知识管理、组织变革、团队管理、领导行为等.1 引言企业组织必须擅于从过去成功或失败的经验中学习,这样才能不断提升组织的智能(Organizatio n -al Intelligence),增强竞争优势。

纵观人类社会的发展历史,都是从过去的经验中进行学习和改进的历史。

有效地从经验中学习、提升人们对事物之间相互关系和发展规律的认识、从而改进我们的行为、优化我们的管理方法和体系,无论对整个人类社会、国家、企业组织、群体、以及个人都是非常重要的。

2003年3月发生在我国的非典(SARS)危机,引起了反思,整个国家的卫生乃至方方面面的重大危机预警和应对体系正在一步步地建立起来。

电子音乐EM

电子音乐EM电子音乐（Electronic Music），简称EM，是指使用电子设备和技术创作、演奏、制作和传播的音乐形式。

自20世纪开始，随着电子技术的发展和应用，电子音乐逐渐兴起并在全球范围内得到了广泛关注和喜爱。

1. 起源与发展电子音乐的起源可追溯到20世纪初的发电机音乐，当时艺术家们通过调整机械设备来创造音乐效果。

随着电子设备的发展，20世纪中叶，出现了第一台电子音乐合成器，为电子音乐的创作和演奏提供了全新的可能性。

从此以后，电子音乐进一步发展壮大，涌现出许多具有划时代意义的作品和艺术家。

2. 分类与流派电子音乐根据其创作手段和音乐风格的不同，可以分为多个流派。

其中，最为广为人知的包括：2.1 舞曲（Dance Music）：以快节奏、动感强、舞蹈性强为特点，适合夜店和派对的音乐形式。

常见的流派有House、Techno、Trance等。

2.2 环境音乐（Ambient）：以柔和、空灵、具有循环和延续性的音乐效果为特点，适合放松、冥想和创造氛围。

艺术家Brian Eno是环境音乐的代表人物。

2.3 实验音乐（Experimental）：以创新、前卫、冒险为特点，探索音乐的极限和新领域。

实验音乐的范围极广，包括了许多独立、非传统音乐作品。

3. 制作与演奏电子音乐的制作和演奏使用的是各种电子设备和软件。

常见的设备包括合成器、鼓机、采样器和音序器等。

制作电子音乐的过程类似于创造一幅绘画作品，通过对声音的混合和处理，创作出丰富多样的音乐效果。

演奏电子音乐则常常有DJ（Disk Jockey）和Live PA（Live Performing Artist）两种形式。

DJ通过混音仪器将不同音乐作品进行无缝连接，打造出连续的音乐体验；Live PA则是现场演奏者通过操控设备实时创作和处理音乐。

4. 影响与现状电子音乐在音乐界的影响日益增大。

它不仅改变了音乐创作、制作和演奏的方式，还深刻地影响了流行音乐的发展。

基于一维Markov映射的LT编解码研究

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２５６
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ＬＴ码编码过程中度和邻接信息的选取是随机的，译码的开销主要由编码包的度与邻居信息决定，所以可以对度和数据包的选取和恢复过程进行优化。本文用一种在（，间均匀０１）分布的ＯＤＭＭ对ＬＴ码进行改进，取得了很好的效果。
值；ｄ为译码得到ｎ个编码包时允许失败的概率，ｎ；Ｃ＝为
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数字喷泉码是一种与码率无关的编码方式，它不需要
度和邻接关系放在编码分组的头信息中，在信道中进行传输。但是采用这种方法度和邻接关系信息占用额外分组开

EDM

成功发送数量指：成功到达邮件地址的数量，即Mail数据库的有效量；意义：用来衡量获取数据库的有效率，即发送的地址是真实存在的；目前许多卖EDM数据库的厂商，虽然便宜、量多，但很难保证地址的有效率。

发送的EDM自然无法达到营销效果。

2、阅读率计算方法：阅读率=打开量/成功发送数量打开量指：有效地址的用户接受到EDM后，打开邮件的数量；由于EDM会存在一个用户打开多次的情况，有些统计系统，会统计EDM的打开次数和打开用户数；意义：用来评估用户对邮件的兴趣程度；对于精准的数据库，可通过调整邮件标题，来提高阅读率。

如：我在EDM营销中，标题为“快乐会计人征集令，赢香港迪斯尼五日游”和“会计人不得不看的18条快乐潜规则”，后者的阅读率明显比前者搞了近4%.可见，以奖品、免费为噱头的EDM，不一定能提升效果。

3、点击率计算方法：点击率=点击量/打开量点击量指：用户打开EDM后，触发的点击的数量；如果EDM中，存在多个链接，最好单独统计。

这样可以评估出用户对内容兴趣度，用以调整和优化EDM的内容；意义：用来评估用户对邮件内容的兴趣程度；如果EDM邮件阅读率高，但点击率却很低，则需要调整EDM的内容。

有效率、阅读率、点击率是EDM营销中最基础的衡量指标，对于注册/购买为导向的EDM，还需要监测注册/购买转化情况。

一般外购的EDM群发器，都会有发送量、到达量、阅读量等基础的统计功能，配合Google Analytics，跟踪用户行为，分析用户行为，就可以达到不断提高EDM营销效果的目的。

二、如何使EDM营销更有效发现问题容易，解决问题难。

事事如此，营销如此，EDM营销亦如此。

之前在博文中谈过EDM营销的评估方法，这属于发现问题的范畴。

而对于解决问题，即如何改进EDM营销效果，才是EDM营销的难点和关键点。

常规的方法包括优化邮件标题、修改发件人名称、改良EDM内容设计等，但如何保证改进是有效的呢？很多Marketer仍对如何搞好EDM营销在下列情况下受众的反馈率较高：如果消费者要求通过EDM获得某种信息，EDM中的信息与收件人之间的相关性很高，或者收件人并未经常遭到“EDM**扰”。

关于EDM,你必须要知道的三个要素

关于EDM，你必须要知道的三个要素一、打开率我们都知道EDM最重要第一点就是打开率，也就是说你发了1000封，有多少个人会打开你的邮件，如果连打开都不打开，那你内容设计的再精彩也是无济于事！一般自己客户的打开率在15%-25%算比较好的了，如果能达到30%以上就是非常厉害的了！这里有两个策略可以影响打开率：1、发件人名称：发件人名称决定了你收到这个邮件第一判断这个发件人是不是你认识的，或者是是不是你感兴趣的，有些系统默认的发件人是一个邮箱，或者是Mailer，这样客户看到了首先会降低信赖感，如果是给你的老客户发，你就直接写你网站的名称或品牌名，比如Amazon，或者Amazon Special.2、标题，标题对邮件打开率的影响非常大，标题的重要性我这里就不多说了，一个好的标题和一个差的标题可以有21倍的差距，关于标题部分请看我有一篇文章《史上100个最赚钱的标题》这里我简单说明一下，在标题里加入客户的名字会极大的提高打开率，比如客户叫Steven,那你的标题就是Steven，Extra20%Off Just For You.因为人都对会关注跟自己相关的东西，使用客户名字或者使用“你”。

我们之前有一个标题是This Free Bracelet Has Your Name On It.这个标题的打开率高达33%。

因为标题同时包含了“你”和“免费”，还有好奇心，后来我们又把这个标题修改了一下用在其他产品上，也一样获得了很好的效果。

二、发送时间和频率1、发送时间：邮件发送的时间和频次也会对打开率和转化率有影响，想象一下你每天会收到多少邮件，如果发的不是适当的时间，邮件也许会淹没在一篇邮件海洋之中，另外人的一天之中心情也是不一样的，白天的时候可能都在处理工作，也没有心情和时间购物，到晚上的时候，吃完晚饭，没什么事然后上网浏览一下邮件，看到感兴趣的产品也许会购买，想象一下你自己是不是这样呢？那么什么时间给客户发邮件才是合适的，根据国外的一些数据和我个人总结的经验：当地时间的上午9:00或者晚上8:00效果最佳（老外很少在工作时间内查看私人邮件）2、发送频率：如果你的朋友隔一两周给你打个电话或者发个短信，你是不是觉得挺开心的，如果每天都给你发短信，你是不是会觉得厌烦呢？如果你都是这样感觉，那客户又何尝不是呢？所以一般一个月客户发4次左右比较适当，每周一次，节日期间可以多发一些。

关于现代男人最烦心的十大问题

关于现代男人最烦心的十大问题问题一：ED国际化因为ED是国际用语，所以应该说ED已经国际化了。

ED怎么翻译也说不好，总之是男人的特色江河日下的意思。

现在关键的是靠男人自己的力量不好解决，这个有经验的男人都有体会，就不露骨批评了。

根源牵扯到自然环境恶化、饮食日益精细、社会压力、家庭压力等等，因为这些问题无法解决，一时半会儿男人恐怕就很难重现以往的英勇作为了。

问题二：贪恋女色因为是本性，所以ED如何地恶化也挡不住他们前仆后继地好色。

所以循环也恶化，ED更加严重。

于是恶补，但是无济于事，你想象一个笊篱怎么往里灌水也是填不满它的，关键他是笊篱，不是锅，虽然也是铁打的铁丝编的。

问题三：烟酒不戒男人生性好奇，探险欲望强烈，很多男人乐意当兵打仗是证明。

但是和平时期，暴力不受欣赏，于是转化以其它形式体现。

吸烟是第一位：它毫无益处但是你在街头经常看到男学生们笨拙的实习场面即可理解;它是一种反叛的形式，因此该归入探险意识的流露。

酒除了体现上述意识还有它麻醉功能的逐步深入，那种晕头转向的快感。

酒精依赖是以后的事，但是许多贪杯的人其实平时很少有象烟瘾发作时的那种感觉。

也许因为喝酒是个比较讲究的形式，需要酒具、一张桌子、下酒的菜肴、最重要的是干杯时要用的同伙。

问题四：夜不归宿男人夜不归宿有两种情形：一是朋友聚会，二是生意繁忙。

金屋藏娇者应不在此列。

有时为了体现一下男人的英雄气概，比如不怕老婆数落等等不一而论。

问题五：玩物丧志前面说：男人好奇心重，所以玩物以满足。

但是沉溺于此却是因为意志薄弱的缘故。

男人的好奇如果一味地放在事业上经常会有力不从心的感觉，于是转移到雕虫小技上来，用多才多艺来迷惑别人，取代事业难以成功的心理空虚。

问题六：人过四十四十岁的男人上下为难，思想成熟但是身体已经老化。

更加力不从心。

夸他‘万事不惑’，是因为他懒于思考，唯一精明的经验就是：事件太多，你想得过来吗?问题七：望子成龙老子训儿子说：林肯象你这么大的时候。

让你“起飞失败”的五种开场类型

26如果你自身没有修炼好，全世界最好的东西迎面而来，也会擦身而过。

一场演讲的难度不亚于一次飞行过程。

演讲的开场就像飞机的起飞一样重要，而且具有同样的危险性：一旦失败就意味着整个过程就会失败。

每个演讲者都希望听众在听完他的开场白后说：“看来我应该认真地听下去。

”如果你也希望这样，那么就需要避免下面五种容易导致你最终失败的开场类型。

一上来就道歉某公司企管科科长的一次讲话：“两个星期以前领导才告诉我要我代表单位做这个讲话，在这之前我一点儿都不知道。

后来我又要到某某地方出差，原来计划准备这篇讲话的时间也没有了。

在回来的途中，我在火车上着了凉，所以我担心今天的发言一定讲不好！其实我这人不太会讲话，但是……”听众对这种方式的开场白会感到厌烦，他们会奇怪，发言人怎么不言归正传或干脆闭嘴。

如果讲话人身体不适，就会对讲话质量有所影响，那么以生病为理由取消讲话是相当合理的。

为了听众着想，发言也应该取消。

道歉是因为你内心的不安，不安是很自然的事情，但是你没有必要在一开始就讲出来。

听众不希望听到你的借口或道歉。

要知道，他们原本是怀着很大的热情来听你的演讲的！过于高深专业的词汇有位学者在一次演讲中借用“小米”这个品牌，开场就说：“告诉大家一件事：小米之家，平效27万。

”说完，感觉听众可能不太熟悉“平效”这个词，于是他又补充说：“就是1平方米的店面面积，一年卖出27万元的货……”结果听众听得云里雾里。

你想吓跑观众吗？否则，就不要在一开场就用那些古怪、陌生的词语，因为这些无聊枯燥的词汇会使听众的兴趣消失殆尽。

虽然你很想显示你的学问丰富、高深莫测，但是运用这样的开场白还不如没有开场白。

区别对待听众很多演讲者一上来就介绍：“今天到场的嘉宾有德高望重的XXX 教授，有百忙之中抽出时间来指导的市领导XXX，还有著名的教育家……”出口就是一大串重要人物的名字。

倒不是反对提到莅临会场的知名人物，但是千万不要让其他听众以为自己被轻视了。

千万不要区别对待听众，否则你失去的将是大部分人对演讲的兴趣。

M1卡读写流程

①连接读写器 (fw_init)
②寻卡 (fw_card/fw_card_str)
③加载扇区密码 (fw_load_key) ④验证扇区密码 (fw_authentication)
该扇区对应的数据块
值
（
初
读
写
始
密
数
数
化
码
据
据Hale Waihona Puke ，修块块
增
改
减
）
1.2 客户常见问题
1.2.1 寻卡失败
对策： A. 检查设备句柄是否有效，可以通过调用设备蜂鸣函数判断句柄。 B. 可将寻卡函数第二个参数设值为 1，这个参数是寻卡模式，设为 1 则为重
五 AT88RF020..............................................................................................................7 操作流程................................................................................................................ 7
四非接 CPU
操作流程
①连接读写器 (fw_init) ②射频复位(fw_reset)
③寻卡（fw_card） ④卡片复位（fw_pro_reset）
⑤命令传输（fw_pro_commandlink）
五 AT88RF020
操作流程
①连接读写器 (fw_init)
②设置卡片类型为 TYPEB(fw_config_card)
复寻卡，在干感应区的同一张卡片可被重复寻到；若设为 0 则为寻单卡模式，同一张卡第一次寻到后，以后不再被寻卡，除非将卡拿离感应区，再次放回。 C. 变换卡片在感应区的位置

大学英语教学中错误分析策略的运用

（ｒｒＡａｓ）理论的兴起为致力于语言教学的教师Ｅｒｎｌｉｏｙｓ提供了崭新的研究视角。根据错误分析理论可知，语言学习者，尤其是外语学习者，是错误分析理论的研究重点。外语教学质量和效果的改进与提高依赖于对外语学习者在学习过程中所体现出来的特征的了解，而错误分析理论正是通过分析外语学习者所体现出的语言错误来揭示外语学习过程中的一些规律性，并上升到
出现这一类型的错误时，教师一方面要及时进行纠正，另一方面还应启发学生去充分联系和利用已经
外语学习者在语言学习过程中出现的错误，根据语言学家们的归纳总结。可以分为以下几个方面。
（语际干扰（ｔｌｇａＩｔｅｎｅ一）Ｉｅｉｕｌｎｒｒｃ）ｎｒｎｅｅｆ语际干扰是指外语学习者的母语已有的知识或经验对外语学习产生的影响。这类错误通常是由语言迁移（ｎｕｇｒｎｆ）ｌ的。１ｇａｅｔｓｒ起ａａｅ￣外语学习者的母语对外语学习的促进作用被称为正迁移（ｏｉｖｒｎｆ）例如，ｐｓｉｔｓｒｔｅａｅ。对于英语句子ＩｌｅＣｉａ我爱中国）中国学生会很ｏｈｎ（ｖ，容易理解和掌握，因为这个句子的英汉结构十分相似，此处汉语语法可以直接迁移到英语句子中去。而语言的负迁移（ｅａｉｒｓｒ即干扰（ｔｅｅｃ）则是ｎｇｔｅｔｎｆ），ｖａｅｉｅｒｅ，ｎｒｎｆ指在一种语言环境中已知的语言知识干扰在另一种语言环境中进行的语言学习。如：（）ｈｓｏｅｉｈＶ（１ＳｅｉｐｎｎｔｅＴ．ｇ正确表达：ｒｉｇｏ）ｔｎｎｕｎ（）－语内干扰（ｔｌｇａＩｔｒｒｎｅＩｒｉｕｌｎｆｅｃ）ｎａｎｅｅ语内干扰是指发生在目标语本身的错误， “ 习是学

EDM邮件营销实用教程

四、自已动手制作一个简单的EDM营销页面
<center> <a target="_blank" href="/Common/Default.aspx?pag eid=zxkf1"> <img width="700" border="0" height="445" src="/cmbcms/201308/a6657 d26-f4a2-4d42-9adb-8e32323c2f6c.jpg"> </a> <img width="700" border="0" height="350" src="/cmbcms/201308/db780 785-b05a-4234-9d2c-a30962bdd6e9.gif"> <a target="_blank" href="/Common/Default.aspx?pag eid=xy"> <img width="700" border="0" height="57" src="/cmbcms/201308/c42e9 bd0-eb0a-4e90-8c7a-795ea332523e.gif"> </a> <img width="700" border="0" height="330" src="/cmbcms/201307/9a657 127-0192-48a9-a969-3370765e706a.jpg"> <img width="700" border="0" height="283" src="/cmbcms/201307/4b4dc eb1-1a10-430c-9a98-5cbef2080efc.jpg"> <img width="700" border="0" height="663" src="/cmbcms/201307/51d6e 3f7-136a-4625-bcd9-1fff20ee40f5.gif">

特勒斯特两复合

TROESTER GmbH & Co. KGTROESTER GmbH & Co. KG , Am Brabrinke 1-4, 30519 Hannover / Germany, Phone +49 -511-8704-0, Fax +49-511-86 40 28, E-mail info@troester.de, Internet www.troester.de Commercial Register Hannover HRA 13712, General Partner: TROESTER GmbH, HRB 6516, Managing Directors: Dr. Peter Schmidt (President), Dipl.-Ing. Bernd PielstickerCommerzbank AG (BLZ 250 400 66) 180009300 SWIFT: COBA DE FF 250 , IBAN: DE28250400660180009300报价单No. 40003006-1Your ref.SpecificationOur ref.Date102195 06.02.20071 Co-Extrusion Calender System with 1 Mini Roller Head units for innerliner production 带一个小型机头的内衬层双复合挤出压延系统 consisting of:有以下部分组成：1 Extruder QSM 120/k-16 D as upper machine, 1个QSM 120/k-16 D 上挤出机 1 Extruder QSM 250/k-16 D as lower machine, 1个QSM 250/k-16 D 下挤出机1 Special duplex wide extrusion head 120/250 – 1000 1个120/250 ---1000型专用双复合宽口挤出机头 1 2-Roll calender KDI 400 1个KDI 400型两辊压延机1 Mini Roller Head units for strip application 1个小型垫胶挤出机头 1 Downstream and Electrical equipment 1个辅线电气设备for your factory in Quingdao, People's Republic of Chinadesigned according to the following specification. 根据下述规格设计TROESTER GmbH & Co. KG Rubber machinery division - Sales Department -QuotationNo. 40003006-1Quingdao Sailun Tyre 青岛赛轮轮胎Economic & Technological Development Zone 经济技术开发区(High-Tech Industrial Park), （高科技产业园） 266500 QingdaoPeople's Republic of China 中华人民共和国TROESTER GmbH & Co. KG · P.O.B. 890180 · D-30514 Hannover D-30514 HannoverDirect correspondence toMr. Stefan Böttcher Tel. Ext.06.02.200706.02.2007ContentsA. TERMS & CONDITIONS (4)1. Scope of supply (4)2. Time of delivery (4)3. Delivery terms (4)4. Payment terms (4)5. Price validity (4)6. Guarantee (4)7. Supplementary Conditions of the Quotation (4)8. Liability, consequential damages (5)9. Proviso (5)B. PRICE LIST (6)C. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION (9)1.0 Co-Extrusion Calender System with 2 Mini Roller Head units (9)1.1 1 Pin-type extruder QSM 120/k-16 D with feed roll - upper machine - (9)1.2 1 Pin-type extruder QSM 250/k-16 D with feed roll - lower machine - (11)1.3 1 Special duplex wide extrusion head type 120/250/1000 (13)1.4 1 Temperature control unit for special wide extrusion head and extruder (15)1.5 1 Central grease lubrication system for the extrusion unit (16)1.6 1 2-Roll Roller Head calender 400 x 1300 mm, type KDI 400 (16)1.7 1 Temperature control unit for the calender (18)1.8 1 Edge trim return conveyor (DRAWINGS ONLY) (19)1.9 1 Moveable steel base plate for 2-Roll calender KDI400 (19)2.0 Extrusion unit for production of shoulder strips (19)2.1 1 Pin-type extruder QSM 90/k-16 D with feed roll (19)2.2 1 Preform head type WBK 90 / 290 (21)2.3 1 Temperature control unit for extruder, special wide extrusion head and calender (22)2.4 1 Two-roll calender Ø 200 x 350 mm (23)2.5 1 Edge trim return conveyor (drawings only) (24)2.6 1 Steel baseplate and supporting frame (24)2.7 1 Shoulder strip transfer roller conveyor (25)4.0 Downstream equipment (25)4.1 1 Assembly conveyor unit (25)4.2.1 1 Strip application unit for 2 shoulder strips (26)4.2.2 1 Laminating unit for 2 shoulder strips (27)4.3 2 Dancer Roll (preloaded design) (27)5.0 Electrical equipment (27)6.0 Engineering and Technical documentation (32)7.0 Set of spare parts (33)8.0 Costs for delivery CIF Quingdao seaport (33)9.0 Supervision of installation, commissioning, startup and training (33)06.02.2007A. TERMS & CONDITIONS 条款&条件1. Scope of supply 供货范围1 Co-Extrusion Calender System with2 Mini Roller Head units and downstream equipment1个带2个小型辊子头单元和下辅设备的双复合挤出压延机系统2. Time of delivery 交货时间approx.8…9 months CIF Quingdao seaport约8-9个月 CIF青岛港3. Delivery terms 交货条款CIF Quingdao seaport, including seaworthy packing, duty unpaid and incl. insuranceCIF青岛港，包括海运包装、未付的税款和保险费4. Payment terms 支付条款Our calculations are based on the following payment terms: 我们将基于如下支付条款进行计算100 % of the export contract value by means of an irrevocable documentary letter of credit to be opened by the buyers bank in favour of the exporter and payable with the sellers bank as follows: 100 %的出口合同价格，通过买方银行开户存款上不可取消的客观文字决定，由出口商获利并可由卖方银行按如下方式支付details to be discussed 细节有待商议5. Price validity 报价有效性The quotation is valid for 3 months from the date of this quotation. 报价单从签订之日起3个月内有效6. Guarantee 保证The guarantee period for free replacement of faulty parts the defects of which are due to wrong design, construction or installation is 12 months and starts from date of commissioning. It ends max.18 months after delivery. 从试车之日算起，保证期12个月，在期限内免费更换由于设计错误造成的不适当器件，并进行构建或安装。