1-chapter-1
《小王子英文版》精读笔记——第一章
《小王子英文版》精读笔记——第一章第1 章[ Chapter 1 ]◆magnificent /mæɡˈnɪfɪsnt/ adj. 壮丽的;令人印象深刻的◆primeval /praɪˈmivəl/ adj. 原始的◆a boa constrictor 一条蟒蛇◆boa /'bəʊə/ n. 蟒◆constrictor /kən'strɪktə/ n. 大蟒◆swallow /'swɒləʊ/ v. 吞下◆called True Stories from Nature 可以看做非限制性定语修饰a book（解释补充说明）◆in the act of doing (sth.) 正在做某事时◆prey /preɪ/ n[U].猎物v.捕食◆swallow sth. whole 把……囫囵吞下◆whole /həʊl/ adj. 完整的◆chew /tʃuː/ vt.咀嚼◆succeed in doing 成功地做某事◆drawing /'drɔː(r)ɪŋ/ n. 图画◆masterpiece /'mɑːstəpiːs/ n. 杰作◆frighten /'fraɪt(ə)n/ v.使惊恐;吓唬◆show sth. to sb. 把某物给某人看◆digest /daɪ'dʒest/ v.消化◆ask sb. sth. 询问某人某事◆whether the drawing frightened them 宾语从句◆be frightened by... 被……吓坏(吓一跳)◆digesting an elephant 现在分词短语作后置定语完整版笔记持续更新中ing公主号：中学英语Club。
CHAPTER 1英文
CHAPTER 1INTO THE PRIMITIVEOld longings nomadic leap,Chafing at custom's chain;Again from its brumal sleepWakens the ferine strain.Buck did not read the newspapers, or he would have known that trouble was brewing, not alone for himself, but for every tidewater dog, strong of muscle and with warm, long hair, from Puget Sound to San Diego. Because men, groping in the Arctic darkness, had found a yellow metal, and because steamship and transportation companies were booming the find, thousands of men were rushing into the Northland. These men wanted dogs, and the dogs they wanted were heavy dogs, with strong muscles by which to toil, and furry coats to protect them from the frost.Buck lived at a big house in the sun-kissed Santa Clara Valley. Judge Miller's place, it was called. It stood back from the road, half-hidden among the trees, through which glimpses could be caught of the wide cool veranda that ran around its four sides. The house was approached by graveled driveways which wound about through wide-spreading lawns and under the interlacing boughs of tall poplars. At the rear things were on even a more spacious scale than at the front. There were great stables, where a dozen grooms and boys held forth, rows of vine-clad servants' cottages, an endless and orderly array of outhouses, long grape arbors, green pastures, orchards, and berry patches. Then there was the pumping plant for the artesian well, and the big cement tank where Judge Miler's boys took their morning plunge and kept cool in the hot afternoon. And over this great demesne Buck ruled. Here he was born, and here he had lived the four years of his life. It was true, there were other dogs. There could not but be other dogs on so vast a place, but they did not count. They came and went, resided in the populous kennels, or lived obscurely in the recesses of the house after the fashion of Toots, the Japanese pug, or Ysabel, the Mexican hairless, strange creatures that rarely put nose out of doors or set foot to ground. On the other hand, there were the fox terriers, a score of them at least, who yelped fearful promises at Toots and Ysabel looking out of the windows at them and protected by a legion of housemaids armed with brooms and mops.But Buck was neither house dog nor kennel dog. The whole realm was his. He plunged into the swimming tank or went hunting with the Judge's sons; he escorted Mollie and Alice, the Judge's daughters, on long twilight or early morning rambles; on wintry nights he lay at the Judge's feet before the roaring library fire; he carried the Judge's grandsons on his back, or rolled them in the grass, and guarded their footsteps through wild adventures down to the fountain in the stable yard, and even beyond, where the paddocks were, and the berry patches. Among the terriers he stalked imperiously, and Toots and Ysabel he utterly ignored, for he was king--king over all creeping, crawling, flying things of Judge Miller's place, humans included.His father, Elmo, a huge St. Bernard, had been the Judge's inseparable companion, and Buck bid fair to follow in the way of his father. He was not so large--he weighed only one hundred and forty pounds--for his mother, She, had been a Scotch shepherd dog. Nevertheless, one hundred and forty pounds, to which was added the dignity that comes of good living and universal respect, enabled him to carry himself in right royal fashion. During the four years since his puppyhood hehad lived the life of a sated aristocrat; he had a fine pride in himself, was even a trifle egotistical, as country gentlemen sometimes become because of their insular situation. But he had saved himself by not becoming a mere pampered house dog. Hunting and kindred outdoor delights had kept down the fat and hardened his muscles; and to him, as to the cold-tubbing races, the love of water had been a tonic and a health preserver.And this was the manner of dog Buck was in the fall of 1897, when the Klondike strike dragged men from all the world into the frozen North. But Buck did not read the newspapers, and he did not know that Manuel, one of the gardener's helpers, was an undesirable acquaintance. Manuel had one besetting sin. He loved to play Chinese lottery. Also, in his gambling, he had one besetting weakness--faith in a system; and this made his damnation certain. For to play a system requires money, while the wages of a gardener's helper do not lap over the needs of a wife and numerous progeny.The Judge was at a meeting of the Raisin Growers' Association, and the boys were busy organizing an athletic club, on the memorable night of Manuel's treachery. No one saw him and Buck go off through the orchard on what Buck imagined was merely a stroll. And with the exception of a solitary man, no one saw them arrive at the little flag station known as College Park. This man talked with Manuel, and money chinked between them."You might wrap up the goods before you deliver them," the stranger said gruffly, and Manuel doubled a piece of stout rope around Buck's neck under the collar."Twist it, and you'll choke him plenty," said Manuel, and the stranger grunted a ready affirmative. Buck had accepted the rope with quiet dignity. To be sure, it was an unwonted performance but he had learned to trust in men he knew, and to give them credit for a wisdom that outreached his own. But when the ends of the rope were placed in the stranger's hands, he growled menacingly. He had merely intimated his displeasure, in his pride believing that to intimate was to command. But to his surprise the rope tightened around his neck, shutting off his breath. In a quick rage he sprang at the man, who met him halfway, grappled him close by the throat, and with a deft twist threw him over on his back. Then the rope tightened mercilessly, while Buck struggled in a fury, his tongue lolling out of his mouth and his great chest panting futilely. Never in all his life had he been so vilely treated, and never in all his life had he been so angry. But his strength ebbed, his eyes glazed, and he knew nothing when the train was flagged and the two men threw him into the baggage car.The next he knew, he was dimly aware that his tongue was hurting and that \he was being jolted along in some kind of a conveyance. The hoarse shriek of a locomotive whistling a crossing told him where he was. He had traveled too often with the Judge not to know the sensation of riding in a baggage car. He opened his eyes, and into them came the unbridled anger of a kidnaped king. The man sprang for his throat, but Buck was too quick for him. His jaws closed on the hand, nor did they relax till his senses were choked out of him once more."Yep, has fits," the man said, hiding his mangled hand from the baggage man, who had been attracted by the sounds of struggle. "I'm taking him up for the boss to 'Frisco. A crack dog doctor there thinks that he can cure him."Concerning that night's ride, the man spoke most eloquently for himself, in a little shed back of a saloon on the San Francisco water front."All I get is fifty for it," he grumbled, "and I wouldn't do it over for a thousand, cold cash."His hand was wrapped in a bloody handkerchief, and the right trouser leg was ripped from kneeto ankle."How much did the other mug get?" the saloon-keeper demanded."A hundred," was the reply. "Wouldn't take a sou less, so help me.""That makes a hundred and fifty," the saloon-keeper calculated, "and he's worth it, or I'm a squarehead."The kidnaper undid the bloody wrappings and looked at his lacerated hand. "If I don't get hydrophobia--""It'll be because you was born to hang," laughed the saloon-keeper. "Here, lend me a hand before you pull your freight," he added.Dazed, suffering intolerable pain from throat and tongue, with the life half throttled out of him, Buck attempted to face his tormentors. But he was thrown down and choked repeatedly, till they succeeded in filing the heavy brass collar from off his neck. Then the rope was removed, and he was flung into a cage-like crate.There he lay for the remainder of the weary night, nursing his wrath and wounded pride. He could not understand what it all meant. What did they want with him, these strange men? Why were they keeping him pent up in this narrow crate? He did not know why, but he felt oppressed by the vague sense of impending calamity. Several times during the night he sprang to his feet when the shed door rattled open, expecting to see the Judge, or the boys at least. But each time it was the bulging face of the saloon-keeper that peered in at him by the sickly light of a tallow candle. And each time the joyful bark that trembled in Buck's throat was twisted into a savage growl.But the saloon-keeper let him alone, and in the morning four men entered and picked up the crate. More tormentors, Buck decided, for they were evil-looking creatures, ragged and unkempt; and he stormed and raged at them through the bars. They only laughed and poked sticks at him, which he promptly assailed with his teeth till he realized that was what they wanted. Whereupon he lay down sullenly and allowed the crate to be lifted into a wagon. Then he, and the crate in which he was imprisoned, began a passage through many hands. Clerks in the express office took charge of him; he was carted about in another wagon; a truck carried him, with an assortment of boxes and parcels, upon a ferry steamer; he was trucked off the steamer into a great railway depot, and finally he was deposited in an express car.For two days and nights this express car was dragged along at the tail of shrieking locomotives; and for two days and nights Buck neither ate nor drank. In his anger he had met the first advances of the express messengers with growls, and they had retaliated by teasing him. When he flung himself against the bars, quivering and frothing, they laughed at him and taunted him. They growled and barked like detestable dogs, mewed, and flapped their arms and crowed. It was all very silly, he knew; but therefore the more outrage to his dignity, and his anger waxed and waxed. He did not mind the hunger so much, but the lack of water caused him severe suffering and fanned his wrath to fever-pitch. For that matter, high-strung and finely sensitive, the ill treatment had flung him into a fever, which was fed by the inflammation of his parched and swollen throat and tongue.He was glad for one thing: the rope was off his neck. That had given them an unfair advantage; but now that it was off, he would show them. They would never get another rope around his neck. Upon that he was resolved. For two days and nights he neither ate nor drank, and during those two days and nights of torment, he accumulated a fund of wrath that boded ill for whoeverfirst fell foul of him. His eyes turned bloodshot, and he was metamorphosed into a raging fiend. So changed was he that the Judge himself would not have recognized him; and the express messengers breathed with relief when they bundled him off the train at Seattle.Four men gingerly carried the crate from the wagon into a small, high-walled back yard. A stout man, with a red sweater that sagged generously at the neck, came out and signed the book for the driver. That was the man, Buck divined, the next tormentor, and he hurled himself savagely against the bars. The man smiled grimly, and brought a hatchet and a club."You ain't going to take him out now?" the driver asked."Sure," the man replied, driving the hatchet into the crate for a pry.There was an instantaneous scattering of the four men who had carried it in, and from safe perches on top the wall they prepared to watch the performance.Buck rushed at the splintering wood, sinking his teeth into it, surging and wrestling with it. Wherever the hatchet fell on the outside, he was there on the inside, snarling and growling, as furiously anxious to get out as the man in the red sweater was calmly intent on getting him out. "Now, you red-eyed devil," he said, when he had made an opening sufficient for the passage of Buck's body. At the same time he dropped the hatchet and shifted the club to his right hand. And Buck was truly a red-eyed devil, as he drew himself together for the spring, hair bristling, mouth foaming, a mad glitter in his bloodshot eyes. Straight at the man he launched his one hundred and forty pounds of fury, surcharged with the pent passion of two days and nights. In mid-air, just as his jaws were about to close on the man, he received a shock that checked his body and brought his teeth together with an agonizing clip. He whirled over, fetching the ground on his back and side. He had never been struck by a club in his life, and did not understand. With a snarl that was part bark and more scream he was again on his feet and launched into the air. And again the shock came and he was brought crushingly to the ground. This time he was aware that it was the club, but His madness knew no caution. A dozen times he charged, and as often the club broke the charge and smashed him down.After a particularly fierce blow he crawled to his feet, too dazed to rush. He staggered limply about, the blood flowing from nose and mouth and ears, his beautiful coat sprayed and flecked with bloody slaver. Then the man advanced and deliberately dealt him a frightful blow on the nose. All the pain he had endured was nothing compared with the exquisite agony of this. With a roar that was almost lion-like in its ferocity, he again hurled himself at the man. But the man, shifting the club from right to left, cooly caught him by the under jaw, at the same time wrenching downward and backward. Buck described a complete circle in the air, and half of another, then crashed to the ground on his head and chest.For the last time he rushed. The man struck the shrewd blow he had purposely withheld for so long, and Buck crumpled up and went down, knocked utterly senseless."He's no slouch at dog-breaking, that's what I say," one of the men on the wall cried with enthusiasm."Druther break cayuses any day, and twice on Sundays," was the reply of the driver, as he climbed on the wagon and started the horses.Buck's senses came back to him, but not his strength. He lay where he had fallen, and from there he watched the man in the red sweater." `Answers to the name of Buck,' " the man soliloquized, quoting from the saloon-keeper's letter which had announced the consignment of the crate and contents. "Well, Buck, my boy," he wenton in a genial voice, "we've had our little ruction, and the best thing we can do is to let it go at that. You've learned your place, and I know mine. Be a good dog and all will go well and the goose hang high. Be a bad dog, and I'll whale the stuffing outa you. Understand?"As he spoke he fearlessly patted the head he had so mercilessly pounded, and though Buck's hair involuntarily bristled at touch of the hand, he endured it without protest. When the man brought him water, he drank eagerly, and later bolted a generous meal of raw meat, chuck by chunk, from the man's hand.He was beaten (he knew that); but he was not broken. He saw, once for all, that he stood no chance against a man with a club. He had learned the lesson, and in all his afterlife he never forgot it. That club was a revelation. It was his introduction to the reign of primitive law, and he met the introduction halfway. The facts of life took on a fiercer aspect; and while he faced that aspect uncowed, he faced it with all the latent cunning of his nature aroused. As the days went by, other dogs came, in crates and at the ends of ropes, some docilely, and some raging and roaring as he had come; and, one and all, he watched them pass under the dominion of the man in the red sweater. Again and again, as he looked at each brutal performance, the lesson was driven home to Buck: a man with a club was a lawgiver, a master to be obeyed, though not necessarily conciliated. Of this last Buck was never guilty, though he did see beaten dogs that fawned upon the man, and wagged their tails, and licked his hand. Also he saw one dog, that would neither conciliate nor obey, finally killed in the struggle for mastery.Now and again men came, strangers, who talked excitedly, wheedlingly, and in all kinds of fashions to the man in the red sweater. And at such times that money passed between them the strangers took one or more of the dogs away with them. Buck wondered where they went, for they never came back; but the fear of the future was strong upon him, and he was glad each time when he was not selected.Yet his time came, in the end, in the form of a little weazened man who spat broken English and many strange and uncouth exclamations which Buck could not understand."Sacredam!" he cried, when his eyes lit upon Buck. "Dat one dam bully dog! Eh? How much?" "Three hundred, and a present at that," was the prompt reply of the man in the red sweater. "And seeing it's government money, you ain't got no kick coming, eh, Perrault?"Perrault grinned. Considering that the price of dogs had been boomed skyward by the unwonted demand, it was not an unfair sum for so fine an animal. The Canadian Government would be no loser, nor would its dispatches travel the slower. Perrault knew dogs, when he looked at Buck he knew that he was one in a thousand--"One in ten thousand," he commented mentally.Buck saw money pass between them, and was not surprised when Curly, a good-natured Newfoundland, and he were led away by the little weazened man. That was the last he saw of the man in the red sweater, and as Curly and he looked at receding Seattle from the deck of the Narwhal, it was the last he saw of the warm Southland. Curly and he were taken below by Perrault and turned over to a black-faced giant called Francois. Perrault was a French Canadian, and swarthy; but Francois was a French Canadian half-breed, and twice as swarthy. They were a new kind of men to Buck (of which he was destined to see many more), and while he developed no affection for them, he none the less grew honestly to respect them. He speedily learned that Perrault and Francois were fair men, calm and impartial in administering justice, and too wise in the way of dogs to be fooled by dogs.In the 'tween-decks of the Narwhal, Buck and Curly joined two other dogs. One of them was a big,snow-white fellow from Spitzbergen who had been brought away by a whaling captain, and who had later accompanied a Geological Survey into the Barrens.He was friendly, in a treacherous sort of way, smiling into one's face the while he meditated some underhand trick, as, for instance, when he stole from Buck's food at the first meal. As Buck sprang to punish him, the lash of Francois's whip sang through the air, reaching the culprit first; and nothing remained to Buck but to recover the bone. That was fair of Francois, he decided, and the half-breed began his rise in Buck's estimation.The other dog made no advances, nor received any; also, he did not attempt to steal from the newcomers. He was a gloomy, morose fellow, ant he showed Curly plainly that all he desired was to be left alone, and further, that there would be trouble if he were not left alone. "Dave" he was called, and he ate and slept, or yawned between times, and took interest in nothing, not even when the Narwhal crossed Queen Charlotte Sound and rolled and pitched and bucked like a thing possessed. When Buck and Curly grew excited, half-wild with fear, he raised his head as though annoyed, favored them with an incurious glance, yawned, and went to sleep again.Day and night the ship throbbed to the tireless pulse of the propeller, and though one day was very like another, it was apparent to Buck that the weather was steadily growing colder. At last, one morning, the propeller was quiet, and the Narwhal was pervaded with an atmosphere of excitement. He felt it, as did the other dogs, and knew that a change was at hand. Francois leashed them and brought them on deck. At the first step upon the cold surface, Buck's feet sank into a white mushy something very like mud. He sprang back with a snort. More of this white stuff was falling through the air. He shook himself, but more of it fell upon him. He sniffed it curiously, then licked some up on his tongue. It bit like fire, and the next instant was gone. This puzzled him. He tried it again, with the same results. The onlookers laughed uproariously, and he felt ashamed, he knew not why, for it was his first snow.IndexNextThis Free Ebook is ProducedBy "Eshu Space".Need More Free Ebooks, Pls Go To/。
跨文化交际Chapter 1部分翻译
跨文化Chapter 1P1~2Chapter 1 前三段判断题范围THE ONLY TIME WHEN TRUE SUFFERING OCCURS ISWHEN TWO CULTURES COLLIDE. —— HERMANN HESSE只有苦难发生，当两种文化碰撞时。
anyone who has done business internationally knows that dreadful feeling brought on by the blank stares,任何人做国际业务的都知道，空洞的眼神所带来的可怕感觉，the forced half-smiles, the murmured comments in a language that seems indecipherable—强迫半微笑，用似乎难以辨认的语言低声评论——when what you say doesn't connect, and when something seems missing.当无法和你说什么事情联系上时，有些事情似乎就错过了，The paranoia is inescapable. You had your checklist of cultural do's and don'ts and followed them religiously.偏执是不可避免的。
你有你的该做什么和不该做什么的文化清单，并且虔诚地遵守着。
You broke no taboos, committed no cultural faux pas, insulted no one—yet you failed to break through. Why?你不打破任何禁忌，不犯任何文化失礼，不侮辱任何人——但你却未能突破文化差异。
为什么呢？Distance and time were once the biggest obstacles to doing business internationally.距离和时间，一度成为做国际业务的最大障碍。
2019.11,公选Chapter 1,Unit 1. 翻译的定义-PPT精选文档
The answer to “what is translation?” depends on
how we interpret the word “translation”, for the
very word “translation” itself is ambiguous, and the Chinese equivalent “翻译” sounds even fuzzier. 翻 译 may either stand for a subject of the curriculum, a job people engage in, a piece of literary work, or
10. 翻译者“像一位雕塑家用雕塑再现 油画作品的形象”（A sculptor who tries to recreate a work of painting）.
11. 翻译家是“珍宝的发现者”（a
discoverer of valuable treasures）或 是“掘金者”（a digger for gold）
(Bell, Translation and Translating: Theory and
Practice: 13)
有关翻译和翻译者的比喻：
1. 世界上全部交际来往中最重要、最高贵的事业之
一。（歌德） 2. 意大利谚语：Traduttore, traditore. 翻译即叛逆。 3. 翻译犹如女人，漂亮便不忠实，忠实便不漂亮。 4. 理想的译者应成为一块玻璃，透明得让读者感觉 不到他的存在。（果戈理） 5. 把翻译看作是”译者摆布文本的一个过程。" （Susan Bassnett）
Questions:
• How Translation Came into Being? • How comes that there are so many languages in the world?
2020英语高考备战：解读《了不起的盖茨比》-Chapter 1-01
2020英语高考备战：解读《了不起的盖茨比》-Chapter 1-01Chapter 1第1段In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I've been turning over in my mind ever since.分析：此句为“that”引导的定语从句，从句用来修饰advice。
“give”后可以接双宾语，”advice”为直接宾语，“me”为间接宾语。
“turn over”原本指“翻身、翻转”，这里指“在脑海中反复出现”。
笔记：ever since自那以后vulnerable /ˈvʌlnərəbəl/ adj. （身体上或感情上）脆弱的，易受…伤害的语法：have been doing一直在做某事翻译：我年纪还轻，阅历不深的时候，我父亲教导过我一句话，我至今还念念不忘。
第2段'Whenever you feel like criticizing(批评) any one,' he told me, 'just remember that all the people in this world haven't had the advantages that you've had.'分析：这句话告诉大家一些信息，首先“我”的出身还是不错的，家里条件挺好，有一些别人没有的优势，并且从小“我”的父亲就教导“我”，不要随意地去批评别人，所以这也是“我”性格的一个特征，不愿意随便地去评价别人。
翻译：“每当你想批评别人的时候，”他对我说，“一定要记得并不是世界上每个人都曾拥有你所拥有的优势。
”第3段He didn't say any more but we've always been unusually communicative in a reserved way, and I understood that he meant a great deal more than that.笔记：communicative爱说话的reserved 内向的；寡言少语的；矜持的reserve 把…专门留给；把…留作；保留•I reserve judgment on this issue (= I won't give an opinion on it now) until we have more information.在我们得到更多的资讯之前，我暂不对此事发表意见。
美女与野兽1
"Please don't cry.请不要哭泣
We have each other and our good health.我们还有彼此还有健康
Money is not important."钱并不重要
Her sisters started to pull their hair out.她的姐姐们则开始揪起了自己的头发
"Oh,father,"the eldest daughter cried.
"What will we do now?"
"You'll have to work,"he said,very sadly.
The middle daughter was angry and said,
"We can't work.No rich man will want to marry us!"
"That's great news.
I'm so glad to see you happy again."
The two elder sisters jumped up for joy.
"We're rich! We're rich!"they shouted.
The next morning,Beauty's father woke up early.
She was the most beautiful daughter.她是姐妹中最漂亮的
In fact,everything about her was beautiful.事实上她的一切都很美
Chapter-1.-to-4-discourse-analysis
第4页，共71页。
1.2 What is discourse analysis?
1.The term DA was first introduced by Zellig Harris((1909 –1992) an American linguist (1952) as a way of analysing connected speech and writing.
Higgins (2008),
Politically oriented discourse. Williams (2009)]
第12页，共71页。
5. cultural ways of speaking and writing
— different cultures have different ways of doing things through language.
— Dell Hathaway Hymes (1927–2009) linguist, sociolinguist, anthropologist.
Although ‘discourse’ and ‘text’ are concerned about the same content, still they have different focuses. ‘Discourse’ is interactive discourse while ‘text’ is non-interactive monologue.
Chapter1复习
Chapter 1Marketing: Managing Profitable Customer RelationshipsMultiple Choice1.Marketing seeks to create and manage profitable customer relationships by delivering_____ to customers.petitive pricesb.superior valuec.superior serviced.superior promotion(b; Easy)2.The marketing manager at Sunshine Car Washes is holding a training session for newemployees. She stresses that perhaps the most important concept of modernmarketing is _____.a.customer relationship managementb.e-mail advertisingc. a quality Web sited.properly trained sales people(a; Moderate)3.This business is now the best-known name on the Net.a.Barnes and Nobleb.Microsoftd.America Online(c; Easy)4.Jeff Bezos, founder of , wants to deliver a _____ to every customer.a.special experienceb.superior valuec.wide selection of productsd.none of the above(a; Easy) delivers all of the following benefits except one. Choose it.a.huge selectionb.good valuec.convenienced.no refund, credit only policy(d; Challenging)6.Selling on the Web presents serious challenges. has made large initialinvestments in computer systems, distribution centers, and _____.a.customer acquisitionb.inventoryc.employee trainingd.employee benefits(a; Moderate)7.Many experts predict that the future will belong to retailers who offer both “clicks”and _____.a.major discountsb.bricksc.superior locationsd.superior promotion(b; Easy)8.You have learned at work that today’s successful companies at all levels have onething in common: they are strongly customer focused and heavily committed to _____.a.obtaining the best CEOsb.increasing wealth to stockholdersc.marketingd.employee motivation(c; Moderate)9._____ is managing profitable customer relationships.a.Managementb.Controlc.Marketingd.Human Resources(c; Easy)10.The twofold goal of marketing is to attract new customers by promising superiorvalue and to _____.a.keep and grow current customers by delivering satisfactionb.keep and grow current customers by delivering competitive pricingc.keep and grow current customers by delivering friendly serviced.all of the above(a; Challenging)11.Highly successful companies know that if they take care of their customers,_____ will follow.a.frequent word of mouthb.market sharec.profitsd.market share and profits(d; Moderate)12.Marketing is more than _____ and advertising.a.distributionb.promotionc.sellingd.customer service(c; Easy)13.Today, marketing must be understood in terms of making a sale and _____.a.satisfying customer needsb.understanding customer valuec.customers’ self imagesd.brilliant advertising(a; Easy)14.Marketing is not only an exchange and managerial process, it is a _____.a.numbers gameb.social processc.cultural processd.subcultural process(b. Moderate)15.You have learned from experience as well as from this course that the most basicconcept underlying marketing is that of _____.a.selling and advertisingb.customer satisfactionc.retaining customersd.human needs(d; Easy)16.As a new assistant marketing manager trainee, you learn in an orientation meetingthat _____ are the form human needs take as they are shaped by culture andindividual personality.a.wantsb.demandsc.self conceptsd.desires(a; Moderate)17.Tommy Wang now has the buying power to purchase the computer system he haswanted for the last six months. Tommy’s want now has become a _____.a.needb.necessityc.demandd.none of the above(c; Easy)18.What do companies call a set of benefits that they promise to consumers to satisfytheir needs?a.marketing offerb.value propositionc.demand satisfactiond.need proposition(b; Moderate)19.You are preparing a combination of products, services, information, and experiencesto a market to satisfy needs and wants. What are you preparing?a.value propositionb.demand satisfactionc.tactical pland.marketing offer(d; Challenging)20.We must learn a valuable lesson in marketing. Many sellers make the mistake ofpaying more attention to the specific products they offer than to the _____ produced by those products.a.benefitsb.experiencesc.benefits and experiencesd.value satisfaction(c; Moderate)21.Smart marketers look beyond the attributes of the products and services they sell.They create brand _____ and brand _____ for consumers.a.awareness; preferenceb.recognition; preferencec.meaning; preferenced.meaning; experiences(d; Challenging)22.By orchestrating several services and products, companies can create, stage, andmarket brand _____.a.meaningb.experiencesc.awarenessd.preferences(b; Moderate)23.The difference between customer value and customer satisfaction is that value is thedifference between the values the customer gains from owning and using a product and the _____.a.costs of delivery of the productb.cost of obtaining the productc.cost of competing productsd.cost of the lost experience(b. Moderate)24.We can safely say that when a customer’s purchase lives up to his or her expectations,the customer is experiencing this state of being.a.customer valueb.self-esteemc.self-actualizationd.customer satisfaction(d; Moderate)25.At work, customers decide to satisfy needs and wants through exchange. Whatoccurs at this point?a.sellingb.customer servicec.marketingd.transaction marketing(c; Challenging26.Marketing consists of actions taken to build and maintain desirable _____ with targetaudiences involving a product, service, idea, or other object.a.exchange transactionsb.exchange relationshipsc.exchange processesd.exchange communications(b; Easy)27.This group of buyers share a particular need or want that can be satisfied throughexchange relationships.a.segmentb.target marketc.marketd.buying group(c; Easy)28._____ means managing markets to bring about profitable exchange relationshipsby creating value and satisfying needs and wants.a.Sellingb.Promotingc.Marketingd.Relationship marketing(c; Easy)29.Li Wei has an interesting job. He is involved in getting, keeping, andgrowing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superiorcustomer value. What is his job?a.general managerb.supervisorc.marketing managerd.sales manager(c; Challenging)30.Marketers are not concerned with serving all customers in every way. Rather, theywant to serve selected customers that they can serve_____.a.profitablyb.with superior customer servicec.welld.well and profitably(d; Moderate)31.Marketing managers are concerned with ways to deal with demand. They may needto find, increase, _____, or even _____ demand.a.avoid; slowb.change; reducec.maximize; changed.change; modify(b; Challenging)32.The five alternative concepts under which organizations conduct their marketingactivities include the production, _____, selling, marketing, and societal marketing concepts.a.promotionb.pricingc.distributiond.product(d; Moderate)33.We have learned by sad experience that the product concept can lead to marketing_____.a.failuresb.myopiac.problemsd.incongruences(b; Moderate)34.Jolene’s firm believes that consumers will not buy enough of the firm’s productsunless the firm undertakes a large-scale selling and promotion effort. Jolene’s firm is practicing the _____.a.production conceptb.marketing conceptc.selling conceptd.relationship concept(c; Easy)35.Most firms practice the selling concept when they face _____.a. a crisisb. a recessionc.fierce competitiond.overcapacity(d; Moderate)36.To practice the marketing concept, an organization must deliver the _____ better thancompetitors.a.desired satisfactionsb.attractive pricesc.level of serviced.advertising campaign(a; Moderate)37.Jonathan Nonis works in sales for a telemarketing firm. His firm uses the sellingconcept which takes a (an) _____ approach.a.outside-inb.myopicc.inside-outd.marketing concept(c; Easy)38.Herb Kelleher of Southwest Airlines uses the marketing concept in his successfulorganization. His perspective of having a customer department uses a (an) _____ perspective.a.outside-inb.externalc.inside-outd.modern(a; Challenging)39.Customer-driven marketing usually works well when _____ and when customers_____.a. a clear need exits; are easy to identifyb.customers know what they want; can afford itc. a firm can deliver the goods desired; are thoroughly researchedd. a clear need exists; know what they want(d; Challenging)40.Mary Tanaka enjoys her work at Times Designs, Pte Ltd. Her organizationunderstands customer needs even better than customers themselves do and creates products and services that will meet existing and latent needs, now and in the future.Mary’s firm practices _____ marketing.a.customer-drivenb.customer-drivingc.relationshipd.none of the above(b; Challenging)41.Now many companies are beginning to think of _____ interests as well as their owncustomers’ needs.a.society’sb.stockholders’c.investors’d.lenders’(a; Easy)42.The societal marketing concept seeks to establish a balance between consumer short-run wants and consumer_____.a.short-run costs and profitsb.short-run ethicsc.long-run welfared.health(c; Moderate)43.You find yourself in a new job. Your marketing manager is heavily involved in theprocess of building and maintaining profitable customer relationships by delivering superior customer value and satisfaction. Your manager is concerned with which one of the following?a.database managementb.Web site hitsc.relationship managementd.customer relationship management(d; Moderate)panies today face some new marketing realities that mean there are fewercustomers to go around. Changing demographics, _____, and overcapacity in many industries are great concerns.a.more sophisticated competitorsb.higher unemploymentc.slowing incomesd.9/11(a; Challenging)45._____ is an important concept when we realize that losing a customer means losingmore than a single sale. It means losing the entire stream of purchases that thecustomer would make over a lifetime of patronage.a.Heuristics profitc.Customer lifetime valued.Relationship marketing(c; Moderate)46.Experience has taught us that the key to building lasting customer relationships is tocreate superior customer value and _____.a.satisfactionb.great servicepetitive pricesd.long-term relationships(a; Easy)47.Customers buy from stores and firms that offer the highest _____.a.value for the dollarb.customer perceived valuec.level of customer satisfactiond.both b and c(b; Challenging)48.Since customers tend to act on perceived values, they often do not judge productvalues and costs _____.a.reliablyb.accuratelyc.objectivelyd.accurately or objectively(d; Moderate)49.Tommy Gray attempts to deliver customer satisfaction every day in his AudioExpressions installation business. He is a smart operator who knows that the key to this goal is to match _____ with _____.a.customer expectations; competitive pricespany performance; competitive pricesc.customer expectations; company performancepany performance; unique products(c; Moderate)50.All of the following are associated with highly satisfied customers except one.a.They are less price sensitive.b.They remain loyal for a longer period.c.They spend a higher percentage of their discretionary income on personal items.d.They talk favorably to others about the company and its products.(c; Moderate)51.Shania works hard with her Internet customers to create an emotional relationship forher customers with the products and services she and her staff sell. She and her staff have created _____.a.customer delightb.customer satisfactionc.customer valued.customer loyalty(a; Challenging)52.Beyond simply retaining good customers, marketers want to constantly increase their“share of customer.” Describe what this means in marketing terms.a.Marketers want to increase their market share.b.Marketers want to increase the share they get of the customer’s purchasing intheir product categories.c.Marketers want to increase the profit margin with this target market.d.none of the above(b; Challenging)53._____ is one of the best ways to increase share of customer.a.Selling uping bait and switchc.Cross sellingd.Relationship selling(c; Easy)54.Karrie Romanov wants to capture the full essence of customer relationshipmanagement. Which of the following will Karrie take into consideration?a.own the customers for lifeb.capture their lifetime valuec.build overall customer equityd.all of the above(d; Moderate)55.Is the following statement true? Clearly, the more loyal the firm’s customers, thehigher the firm’s customer equity.a.nob.yesc.maybed.cannot tell accurately(b; Easy)56.Surveys show that in markets with few customers and high margins, sellers want tocreate _____ with key customers.a.basic relationshipsb.relationship marketingc.extreme partnershipsd.full partnerships(d. Moderate)57.Some firms find themselves in markets with many low-margin customers. AsAssistant Marketing Director, what type of relationship would you develop with these customers?a.full partnershipsb.basic relationshipsc.relationship marketingd.key customer marketing(b; Challenging)58.Many organizations today realize that in addition to providing financial benefits tocustomers, they must also add _____ benefits.a.socialb.emotionalc.rationald.psychographic(a; Easy)59.By supplying customers with special equipment or computer linkages that help themmanage their orders, payroll, or inventory, a business marketer would be building customer relationships by adding _____.a.greater customer serviceb.partnership marketingc.structural tiesd.none of the above(c; Moderate)60.You have just read a report in a leading business magazine. It states that the majormarketing developments as we enter the new millennium can be summed up in what single theme?a.relationship marketingb.connectingc.partneringworking(b; Challenging)61.You will learn that marketing ultimately involves attracting, keeping, and _____profitable customers.a.trackingb.placing in a databasec.growingd.none of the above(c; Moderate)62.We can say that the major force behind the new “connectedness” is explosiveadvances in information, transportation, and _____.puter telecommunicationsb.improved market researchc.better-trained marketing departmentsd.Web sites(a; Easy)63.A tremendous advantage of modern communication and advertising tools is thatmarketers can zero in on selected customers with carefully _____.a.selected customer profilesb.customized productsc.flexible pricing rangesd.selected targeted messages(d; Moderate)64.You have just been told by your supervisor at work that a New Economy hasemerged. What is the technology behind this new force?a.the Internetb.Web sitesc.voice maild.cell phones(a; Easy)65.Pete Santina has just realized something that he needs to tell his marketing manager atwork. Pete knows that today few firms still practice true _____.a.production orientationb.sales orientationc.mass marketingd.market segmenting(c; Moderate)66.Many marketers use a concept today to determine which customers can be servedprofitably and which ones cannot. They target the winning ones for pampering.What is this concept called?a.selective relationship managementb.target marketingc.market segmentingd.selective targeting(a; Challenging)67.There is a trend today to do away with unprofitable customers. This ends upimproving the _____ of the firm.a.databaseb.profitabilityc.imaged.customer relationships(b; Moderate)68.In addition to connecting more deeply with customers, many companies are alsoconnecting more _____.a.directlyb.frequentlyc.inexpensivelyd.none of the above(a; Easy)69.Suzie Chan strengthens her company’s connections with partners all along the supplychain. What type of management is she using?a.outside partneringb.supplier connectingc.channelingd.supply chain(d; Easy)70.Most companies realize that they need partners to go beyond supply chainmanagement. What do we call this association?a.strategic alliancesb.strategic planningc.partneringd.mutual reciprocity(a; Moderate)71.Today, in countries around the world, managers are going beyond a local view of thecompany’s industry and competitors. _____ opportunities are becoming morecommon.a.Globalb.Ethnicc.Subculturald.Internal(a; Easy)72.Your authors have expressed that in the next century winning companies may well bethose that have built the best _____.a.channels of distributionb.sales forcec.global networksernmental relations(c; Moderate)73.Many firms today are taking a proactive orientation by becoming more socially and_____ responsible.a.environmentallyb.financiallyc.ethicallyd.all of the above(a; Challenging)74.Today, which of the following types of organizations use various marketing strategiesin addition to larger corporations?a.small businessesb.minority owned businessesc.not-for-profit organizationsd.all of the above(d; Easy)ernmental agencies are becoming more involved in marketing as the years pass.When a local government advertises keeping the area’s streams and water supply cleaner, it is involved in _____.a.green marketingb.social marketing campaignsc.demarketingd.environmental marketing(b; Challenging)76.Is it true that every type of organization can connect through marketing?a.yesb.noc.maybed.cannot be determined(a; Easy)77.A more modern view of marketing is that it has evolved from customer acquisition tocustomer _____.a.involvementb.carec.exploitationd.service(b; Easy)78.The old marketing view emphasized trying to make a profit on each sale rather thantrying to profit by managing what value?a.customer lifetime valueb.customer satisfaction indexc.cognitive dissonanced.all of the above(a; Challenging)79.Which word is missing from the following statement? Marketers need to _____,create, communicate, and deliver real value to customers.a.findb.understandc.explored.seek(b; Easy)80.Modern companies are improving their customer knowledge and customer _____.a.appreciationb.awarenessc.connectionsd.none of the above(c; Easy)True – False81.It is safe to say that today’s most important marketing concept is customerrelationship management.(True; Easy)82.The best-known dot com business name in the world is Ebay.(False; Moderate) is an outstanding marketing company. The key to its future is itsrelationships with its customers.(True; Easy)’s unique blend of benefits includes huge selection, good value,convenience, and customer satisfaction.(False; Moderate)85.Internet-based companies tend to spend tremendous outlays on customer acquisition. (True; Moderate)86.Like , today’s successful companies at all levels have one thing incommon – they are strongly supplier focused and heavily committed to cost savings. (False; Challenging)87.The simplest definition of modern marketing is managing profitable customerrelationships.(True; Easy)88.A thorough definition of marketing tells us that it is a business and managerialprocess by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others.(False; Moderate)89.The difference between human needs and wants is that needs are states of feltdeprivation.(True; Easy)90.Harry Porter is addressing customer needs by putting forth a set of benefits hepromises to consumers to satisfy them. Harry is concerned with valueproposition.(True; Moderate)91.Smart marketers look beyond the attributes of the products and services they sell.They create brand meaning and brand experiences for consumers.(True; Moderate)92.Customer value in relation to a purchase depends on how well the product’sperformance lives up to the customer’s expectations.(False; Moderate)93. Marketing management is interested in serving all customers in every way toremain competitive in today’s markets.(False; Moderate)94. At times it becomes necessary to reduce demand for some products and services.When the government tries to reduce smoking of tobacco products, it adds more tax to the products and is practicing demarketing.(True; Easy)95. Aminah’s law office has developed a new format and wording for wills. The staffbelieves they offer the most in quality, performance, and innovative features. Her law office is practicing the production concept.(False; Moderate)96. The selling concept holds that consumers will not buy enough of the firm’sproducts unless it undertakes a large-scale selling and promotion effort. (True; Easy)97. Your department holds that achieving organizational goals depends on knowingthe needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfaction better than competitors do. Your department is practicing the selling concept. (False; Moderate)98. We say that the selling concept is an inside-out perspective.(True; Challenging)99. The major difference between customer-driving marketing and customer-drivenmarketing is that the former considers existing and latent needs, now and in thefuture.(True; Easy)100. The societal marketing concept questions whether the pure marketing concept overlooks possible conflicts between consumer short-run and long-run welfare. (True; Moderate)101. One Asian company, Kao, Japan’s largest toiletries group ‘wants to make a larger contribution to society to make life easier for people’. This firm practices societal marketing.(True; Moderate)102. Your supervisor is concerned with the entire stream of purchases each customer makes over the lifetime of his or her patronage. We call this customer lifetimevalue.(True; Easy)103. Customers buy from businesses that offer the highest customer perceived value. (True; Easy)104. A smart company tries to delight customers by promising more than it can deliver and delivering more than it promises.(False; Moderate)105. Loyal customers must be more than satisfied, they must be highly satisfied. (True; Easy)106. To increase their “share of customer”, a firm concentrates on retaining as many customers as possible over their lifetimes.(False; Challenging)107. To practice customer equity, a company must be concerned with the total combined customer lifetime values of all major purchasers of its products. (False; Challenging)108. In order to develop full partnerships with key customers, firms should add financial and social benefits to customer purchases.(True; Moderate)109. The major marketing development of our day is summed up in a single theme called “connecting.”(True; Moderate)Essay110. Define marketing in more than one way.In its simplest definition it is managing profitable customer relationships. It alsomeans satisfying customer needs. Marketing is applied as a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others.(Easy; pp. 4 and 5)111. How do marketers differentiate between needs, wants, and demands?Marketers realize that humans have needs when they are in a state of feltdeprivation. These needs take on the form of wants as they are shaped by culture and individual personality. When backed by buying power, wants becomedemands. Companies research demands and supply the needs that drive them. (Easy; p. 5)112. Explain marketing management in today’s terms.Marketing management is the art and science of choosing target markets andbuilding profitable relationships with them. This involves getting, keeping, andgrowing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superiorcustomer value. Thus, marketing management involves managing demand, which in turn involves managing customer relationships.(Moderate; p 10)113. Distinguish between value proposition and marketing offer.Companies address needs by putting forth a value proposition, which means a set of benefits that they promise to consumers to satisfy their needs. It is fulfilledthrough a marketing offer which offers some combination of products, services,information, or experiences to satisfy needs and wants in the market. (Challenging; p. 6)114. Describe the five marketing management orientations.The production concept holds that consumers will favor products that areavailable and highly affordable. The product concept holds that consumers will favor products that offer the most in quality, performance, and innovativefeatures. Those who follow the selling concept hold that consumers will not buy enough of the firm’s products unless it undertakes a large-scale selling andpromotion effort. Using the marketing concept means that achievingorganizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target marketsand delivering satisfactions better than competitors do. The societal marketingconcept holds that the firm should determine the needs, wants, and interests oftarget markets.(Challenging: pp. 10 - 12)115. Explain customer relationship management.Customer relationship is no longer defined as a customer database managementactivity. It is now the overall process of building and maintaining profitablecustomer relationships by delivering superior customer value and satisfaction.(Easy; p. 13)116. Discuss strategies for building lasting customer relationships.Determining the customers’ lifetime values is the place to start. Next, customerperceived value and satisfaction must be built and delivered. When a firm builds customer loyalty and retention, it grows its share of customers and its “share ofcustomer” through customer relationships and equity(Challenging; pp. 13 - 16)117. Analyze the major challenges facing marketers heading into the new “connected”millennium.Marketers must connect faster and better with customers. The latest technologies must be used to ensure delivery of time-based competition. Web sites and e-commerce must be fine-tuned to connect with more carefully selected customers.Many companies are connecting directly with customers to customize their mix of products and services. Partnership relationship and supply chain managementmust be built with strategic alliances to make those domestic and globalchallenges.(Challenging; pp. 17 - 22)118. Explain why is such a successful company. uses the latest in Web technology to build strong, one-to-onecustomer relationships based on creating genuine customer value. It turns a long-term profit as a result. This company has amassed 35 million customers by being relentlessly customer driven. A special experience is delivered to every customer to build customer loyalty.(Moderate; pp. 3 and 4)21。
Chapter 1-1
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Language is ……
What is language?
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Comments on the following ideas
1. Language is a means of communication. 2. Language has a form-meaning correspondence. 3. The function of language is to exchange information.
The subject matter of linguistics
• The subject matter of linguistics is all natural languages, living or dead. • It studies the origin, growth, organization, nature and development of languages. • It discovers the general rules and principles governing languages.
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Phonetics (语音学)
• It is the scientific study of speech sounds, including the articulation, transmission and reception of speech sounds, the description and classification of speech sounds. • [b] 双唇爆破辅音
• Linguistics differs from traditional grammar at least in three basic ways:
Chapter-1-What-is-sociology
Primitive society slavery feudalism capitalism communism
Productivity Economic base and superstructure
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August Comte(1798-1857)
• He was considered the founder of sociology. He had once been personal secretary to SaintSimon. Comte coined the term sociology. Previously, he had called the discipline “positive philosophy”( social physics ), both to stress its scientific nature and to distinguish it from traditional philosophy. The aim of sociology, as he saw it, was to find the “invariable laws” of sociology upon which a new order could be based.
•ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱEarthworm------->dog
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Karl Marx(1818-1883)
• In contrast to Spencer’s view that societies are subjected to “natural” laws, Marx believed that societies follow historical laws determined by economic forces. He saw human history as a series of inevitable conflicts between economic classes.
奇文单词速记法-Chapter1 简易词 形容词、副词
时代周刊1000精选高频词：
2. affluent ['æfluәnt] adj. 富裕的 【同】prosperous, wealthy【反】 poor
Leeson and his wife Lisa never really seemed to fit into the affluent, neo-colonial life-style of Singapore or into the city’s multiethnic society.( TIME, Mar.13,1995,p.40)
Chapter1 简易词 形容词、副词(1)
时代周刊1000精选高频词：
1. accustomed [ә'kʌstәmd] adj. 习惯于 【同】used【反】unaccustomed
Even if they are willing to make the sacrifice in dollars, whether Americans will give up long accustomed personal liberties is another question.(TIME, May 1,1995,p.68)
葛罗夫呈递一份深入、周详的报告，令老板们印象深刻。
时代周刊1000精选高频词：
16. compulsory [kәm'pʌlsәrɪ] adj. 义务的，强制的 【同】mandatory In 1919 while serving a compulsory stint in the military, Nurmi entered a 20-k march carrying a rifle, a cartridge belt and a knapsack filled with 5 kg of sand. (TIME, June 24, 1996, p.66) 1919年，当他在军中服义务役的时候，努尔米带着一支步枪，腰上系着弹带， 背上背着装有5公斤沙子的背包参加20公里行军。 █ stint n. （在某处从事某事的）那段时间
chapter1上课笔记
chapter1上课笔记Chapter 1 动词的时态和语态I would like to apply for the job of hotel office manager at the Paradise Hotel.I come from Mexico City, where my family owns a hotel. I worked in the family business part-time when I was in high school. After high school, I studied hotel and restaurant management at the National University of Mexico. I came to the U.S in 2002 because I wanted to continue my education and learn about managing larger hotels. Since I came to the U.S, I have worked in several American hotels. Over the years my English has improved, and I now consider myself bilingual, fluent in both Spanish and English, which is a plus in the hotel business. I have also studied French and can speak it fairly well. I have been a U.S citizen for the past two years.I received my bachelor's degree from the University of Illinois in 2004 and my master's degree from Northwestern University in 2006. For the past few years, I have been working at the Town and Country Hotel. As you can see from my resume, I have had a lot of experience in various aspects of the hotel business. Now that I have my degree in business administration, I am ready to assume more responsibilities.If you have already filled the manager's position, I would like you to consider me for any other positions at your hotel. I have alwaysloved the hotel business, and I know I can be an asset to your hotel. Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to meeting with you soon.Sincerely,Daniel Mendoza1.Daniel has been(be) in Chicago for a few years. He has had (have) several interviews. Mr. Johnson got (get) a letter from Daniel last week. There have been (be) many applications for the job since the recruitment information was posted (post) on the official website. According to his resume, Daniel's parents have always been (always, be) in the hotel business. Daniel has never worked (never, work) as a programmer. He had written (write) many cover letters before he wrote (write) this one. Our company has interviewed（interview）20 applicants so far. Maybe Daniel will be interviewed (interview) by the HR manager next week. We will have finished (finish) the recruitment by the end of this month.2.HR manager---HR Daniel--DHR: I （have)looked at your resume. I see you work in a hotel.D: Yes, I do.HR: How long have you been doing this job?D: I have been doing this job for only a short time. But I have gained a lot experience in the hotel business. In fact, my parents own a hotel in Mexico.HR: How long have your parents owned a hotel?D: Most of their lives.HR: Have you seen your parents recently?D: Yes, I have. My mother has been to the U.S a few times to see me. But my father has never been here because someone has to stay at the hotel all the time. He has told me many times, "When you are an owner of a business, you don't have time for vacations." But I don't want to be an owner now. I just want a job as a manager. Have you filled the position yet?HR: No, we haven't. I have already interviewed several people and will interview a few more this week. When we make our decision, we will let you know.时间时态标志词过去的过去Had done by+过去时间，过去动作before+ 过去动作过去Did 具体过去时间点yesterday, lastweek, an hour ago, the other day, in2000过去的过去延续到过去Had beendoingby+过去时间，过去动作before+过去动作过去做的动作已经完成，但对现在产⽣影响Have done 1.already, yet, recently, lately, as yet(否定句）系列2.often, sometimes, rarely, always频度副词系列3.now, just, this morning, this year表⽰包括现在在内的时间状语系列过去做的动作到现在仍未完成Have beendoing1）since, for2）until, till, up to now, up to thepresent, so far, thus far, in/for thepast/last few years现在Do 1)主将从现2)真理将来的7种表达⽅式和区别1.Will do2.Be going todo3.do/does4.be to do1.⼀般将来，⽆计划，随机。
Chapter 1 PPT
LinguisticsTime allocation:Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics(2 weeks)Chapter 2 Speech Sounds (2 weeks)Chapter 3 Lexicon (2 weeks)Chapter 4 From Word to Text (2 weeks)Chapter 5 Meaning (2 weeks)Chapter 6 Language and Cognition (2 weeks)Chapter 7 Language, Culture, and Society (2 weeks)Chapter 8 Language in Use (2 weeks)Chapter OneInvitation to Linguistics(1) Teaching aims:Let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics.(2) Teaching difficulties:design features of language;functions of language;some important distinctions in linguistics;1.1 Why study language?Myths about language:⏹Language is only a means of communication.⏹Language has the form-meaning correspondence.⏹The function of language is to exchange information.⏹English is more difficult to learn than Chinese.⏹Black English is not standard and should be reformed. Fundamental views about language:⏹Children learn their native language swiftly, efficiently and withoutinstruction.⏹Language operates by rules.⏹All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system of semantics.⏹Everyone speaks a dialect.⏹Language slowly changes.⏹Speakers of all language employ a range of styles and a set of jargons.⏹Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.⏹Writing is derivative of speech.What is language? (p. 2)Different senses of the word “language”:1. Language is human speech;2. the ability to communicate by this means;3. a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings;4. the written representation of such a system (Webster's New World Dictionary)What is language?Our understanding and definition:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.How do you understand the underlined words?⏹A system----since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules systematically, rather than randomly. They cannot be arranged at will.⏹e.g. He the table cleaned. (×)⏹The child the street alone crossed. (×)⏹bkli (×) xbo (×)⏹Arbitrary----there is no intrinsic (logic) connection between alinguistic form and its meaning, between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer.⏹Different language have different words for the same object.椅--chair；桌--table; 玫瑰--rosePeople might call a rose something else.⏹Symbols----words are just the symbols associated with objects, actions, and ideas by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to.⏹Vocal-------- the primary medium for all languages is sound, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms.e. g. Small children learn and can only learn to speak and listen before they write or read indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written.People with little or no literacy can also be competent language users.⏹Human ----language is human-specific.Human beings have different kinds of brains and vocal capacity.“Language Acquisition Device”(LAD)What does it mean to“know’’ a language?1. knowing the sounds that are part of thelanguage and those that are note.g. Bach ch German sound outside the English sound system ,2. knowing which sounds may start a word, end a word, and follow each othere.g. English spelling & pronounciationph- phrase, phone, elephantpf- What’s the word?3. knowledge of a language enables you to combine words to form phrases, and phrases to form sentences, to be able to produce new sentences never spoken before and to understand sentences never heard beforeNoam Chomsky calls this ability ---the part of the creative aspect of language use.4.knowing what sentences are appropriate in various situationsThere are formal and informal situations. People also use formal and informal language in their communication.A professor talking with somebody:with another professor in the office;with the dean;with a child;with his wife;1.3 Design features of languageA question for you to consider:What makes our language advantageous over animal languages?e.g. the singing of the birdsthe dancing of the beesthe bark of the dogs1.3.1 Arbitrariness（任意性）(p. 4)According to Saussure, Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the formof linguistic signs bare no natural relationship to their meanings.⏹There is no logical connection between sound and meaning.⏹e.g. A dog might be a pig if only the first person of group of persons had used it for a pig.⏹Language is therefore largely arbitrary.Onomatopeic words⏹The linguistic sign and its meaning⏹They are words that sound like the sounds that describe.⏹In English: Bang, cuckoo, tick-tack, jingle, clink, crack, etc.⏹In Chinese: 叮咚，叮呤，咕咚，轰隆，咣铛But there are only few of these compared with the total number of words in one language.Arbitrariness at the syntactic levelAccording to systemic-functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.When we make up sentences, we must obey grammar rules. The sentences must be constructed according to the grammar of arrangement.Look at the sentences on p.5, which sentence is acceptable?1. He came in and sat down.2. He sat down and came in.3. He sat down after he came in.Arbitrariness and convention⏹The relation between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.⏹The linguistic forms and meaning are conventionally accepted.⏹When we learn a foreign language, the conventionality of the language is much more worth noticing than its arbitrariness.1.3.2 Duality（二重性）Look at the definition given by Lyons (1981: 20) on p.5: Language has two levels of structures:1. Sounds: (secondary units) a sequence of segments which lack anymeaning in themselves;The only function of the sounds is to combine with one another to form units that have meaning.2. Words: (primary units) Language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units.⏹The secondary units are meaningless.⏹The primary units have distinct and identifiable meaning. Discuss the following statement:Many animals communicate with special calls. But animal communication system do not have this design feature. Remember the following statements:(P. 6)⏹The lowest level of language consists of dozens of bits of meaningless sounds which occur in champs that we call syllables. A syllable is the smallest meaningless unit that is normally spoken. Scores of syllables become the carriers of hundreds of meaningful segments of words. With thousands of words we associate millions of meanings.⏹ A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements—tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of English.1.3.3 Creativity（创造性）⏹Creativity refers to the ability that we all have to construct and understand an definitely large number of sentences in our native language, including sentences that we have never heard before, but that are appropriate to the situation in which they are uttered.⏹The grammar rules and the words are finite, but thesentences are infinite. Every speaker uses language creatively.⏹Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. We can use it to create new meanings.⏹Words can be used in new ways to mean new things, and can be instantly understood by people who have nevercome across that usage before.Examples of sentences:⏹He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a school which was known for its graduateswho ...⏹She killed the man that visited the jeweler that made the ring that won the prize that was given at the fair that was held …1.3.4 Displacement（移位性）⏹Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.⏹Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.Look at the two groups of words:Group A: Group B:Confucius North PoleGeorge Washington AmericaWilliam Shakespear Big BenKing George Sydney Opera HousePeople use language to describe the people and the places far away from them.1.4 Origin of Language⏹Scripture in the Bible:In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with the god, and the Word was God.And the lord said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and they begin to do; and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do.(P. 8)⏹The bow-wow theory⏹The pooh-pooh theory⏹The yo-he-ho theory1.5 Functions of LanguageWe know that⏹Language is a tool for people to have communication.⏹Language is a tool for people to know the world.⏹Language is a tool for people to create artistic works.⏹For Jakobson, language is above all for communication.⏹In his famous article, Linguistics and Poetics, he defined six primary factors of any speech event, namely:⏹addresser, addressee, context, message, code, contact. (P.9)⏹ 1. Referential（所指功能）-- to convey message and information;⏹ 2. Poetic（诗学功能）-- to indulge in language for its own sake;⏹ 3. Emotive（感情功能）-- to express attitudes, feelings, emotions;⏹ 4. Conative（意动功能）-- to persuade and influence others through commands and requests;⏹ 5. Phatic（交感功能）-- to establish communion with others⏹ 6. Metalingual function（元功能）-- to clear up intentions and meanings;1.5.1 Informative（信息功能）⏹People use language to record facts and express thoughts. For example:a speaker / writer: supply informationa listener / reader: receive information1.5.2 Interpersonal function（人际功能）⏹It is the most important sociological use of language. People use language to establish and maintain status in a society and have different communicative roles.For example:The ways people address others and refer to themselves indicate the various grades of interpersonal relations.Dear Sir, Dear Professor,sincerely yours;Which sentence do you use if you speak politely?⏹Would you please pass me the salt?⏹Pass me the salt.⏹I need some salt.⏹I have been waiting for a long time.⏹You must stop using it. It is my turn.1.5.3 Performative（施为功能）⏹This function of language is to change the social status of persons. For example:⏹I apologize. (In the process of speaking the sentence, the speaker has already carried out the act of saying sorry to the listener. )⏹I advice you to give up smoking. ( In the process of speaking the sentence, the speaker has already carried out the act of giving advice. )1.5.4 Emotive function（感情功能）⏹It is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for / against sth. or sb.For example:My goodness! (surprise)Dame it! (dislike or hatred)What a sight! (appreciation and like)Wow, Ugh, Ow (surprise, sympathy)1.5.5 Phatic communion（交感性谈话）⏹Some seemingly meaningless expressions are used to maintain good personal relations.Ritual exchanges about health, weather, etc.For example: Good morning. God bless you.Nice day. Good luck.Nice to meet you.1.5.6 Recreational function（娱乐功能）⏹The use of language for the sheer joyFor example:⏹Entertainment program⏹Verbal duelings: one person begins a few lines and challenges his opponent tocontinue the content or provide a rejoinder in a similar rhythm and rhyme scheme.⏹Children’s nursery rhymes;⏹Poetry writing: the pleasure of using language for its sheer beauty;1.5.7 Metalingual function（元功能）⏹Language is used to talk about itself.For example:1. Book (a word)Write a book to talk about “book”.2. Change the linear order of the sentence to organize a written text into a coherent one.For example:The lion chased the unicorn all around the town.All around the town the lion chased the unicorn.1.6 What is linguistics?(P. 14)Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language, or as the scientific study study of language.It has firmly established its place as a major branch of humanity and social science as well.1.7 Main branches of linguistics(Students are suggested to read this section by themselves.)⏹Phonetics 语音学⏹Phonology 音系学⏹Morphology 形态学⏹Syntax 句法学⏹Semantics 语义学⏹Pragmatics 语用学1.7.1 PhoneticsPhonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the sounds of speech, thedescription and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc.1.7.2 PhonologyPhonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as he point of departure. A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning. English has approximately forty-five phonemes. If you repeat the /p/ sound ten times, each production will vary slightly for some physiological reasons. In addition, the /p/ sound differs from that in poor or soup because each is influenced by the surrounding sounds. Even so, each /p/ sound is similar enough so as not to be confused with another phoneme.1.7.3 MorphologyMorphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning—morphemes and word-formation processes. Although many people think of words as the basic meaningful elements of a language, many words can be broken down into still smaller units, called morphemes. Morphemes serve different purposes. Some derive new words by changing the meaning or the part of speech, others only refine and give extra grammatical information about the already existing meaning of a word. As morphemes are pairings of sounds with meanings, there are many complexities involved.1.7.4 SyntaxSyntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences. The form or structure of sentence is governed by the rules of syntax. These specify word order, sentence organization, and the relationships between words word classes and other sentence elements. We know that words are organized into structures more than just word order.1.7.5 SemanticsSemantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is not only concerned with meanings of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language below the word and above it, e.g. meaning of morphemes and sentences. The following are what the key concepts look like: semantic components, denotation of words, sense relations between words such as antonymy and synonymy, senserelations between sentences such as entailment and presupposition.1.7.6 PragmaticsPragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It deals with particular utterances in particular situations and is especially concerned with the various ways in which the many social contexts of language performance can influence interpretation. In other words, pragmatics is concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured. 1.8 Macrolinguistics(Students are suggested to read this section by themselves.)psycholinguisticsSociolinguisticsAnthropological linguisticsComputational linguistics1.9 Important distinctions of linguistics⏹Descriptive vs. prescriptive⏹Synchronic vs. diachronic⏹Langue & parole⏹Competence and performance1.9.1 Descriptive vs prescriptive(描写式与规定式）⏹In our textbook (P. 19): Don't say X. People don't say X.⏹The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a descriptive statement.⏹The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.⏹If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard" behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.(e.g. Grammar)⏹In the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively.⏹The grammarians then tried to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and for all.⏹Some usages were prescribed to be learned by heart, followed accurately or avoided altogether.⏹The nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with description instead of prescription.1.9.2 Synchronic vs diachronic（共时与历时）(p. 20)⏹Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study and most linguistic studies are of this type.A Grammar of Modern EnglishA Grammar of Modern GreekThe Structure of Shakespeare’s EnglishThey can be the description of a single present / past state of language.⏹The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.1.9.3 Langue and parole（语言与言语）⏹Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as langue and parole.⏹Langue and parole are French words; Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.⏹Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by, and parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.⏹Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use. Parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events.⏹Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.1.9.4 Competence and performance（语言能力与语言应用）⏹This fundamental distinction is discussed by Chomsky in hisAspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965).⏹Competence refers to the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance refers to the in linguistic communication. actual realization of this knowledgeDiscuss:Can a person who has perfect knowledge (excellent competence) of his language have excellent performance?⏹According to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized set of rules about his language, this enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous.⏹Despite his perfect knowledge of his own language, a speaker can still make mistakes in actual use, e. g., slips of the tongue, and unnecessary pauses. This imperfect performance is caused by social and psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and embarrassment.Major points in this chapter:To sum up, students need to be familiar with the following points:⏹What is language?⏹Design features of language⏹Functions of language⏹Important distinctions of linguistics。
希尔 《国际商务》第11版 英文PPT Chapter 1Chapter1
Chapter 1
Globalization
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
What Is Globalization?
➢Globalization - the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy
➢The world is moving away from self-contained national economies toward an interdependent, integrated global economic system
1-7
Why Do We Need Global Institutions?
➢Global institutions
➢ help manage, regulate, and police the global marketplace ➢ promote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 1工程英语翻译概述
通顺是指译文语言要符合规范，行文通顺。要力争 做到忠实与通顺的辩正统一。
一方面要防止对忠实的片面理解，一味追求形式上 的相似，造成逐字死译。另一方面又要防片面强调 “通顺”，而不忠实于原文。
工程英语注重逻辑性，因此分词连接成分 (Participle Connectors) 的使用率很高， 例如：
Supposing that …假定、假设 Assuming that …假定、假设 Provided that …倘若、只要 Seeing that …由于、鉴于
3. 透彻分析深层结构
Examples:
1.Progress control is obtained by comparing actual performance on the work against the desired performance set up on the master or detailed schedules. 进度控制是通过比较工程实际进度与主要（或详细） 进度表中确定的预期进度来进行的。
工程英语翻译
第一章 工程英语翻译概述
Warm-up Exercise
Placing is the process of transferring the fresh concrete from the conveying device to its final place in the forms. Prior to placing, loose rust must be removed from reinforcement, forms must be cleaned, and hardened surfaces of previous concrete lifts must be cleaned and treated appropriately. Placing and compacting are critical in their effect on the final quality of the concrete. Proper placement must avoid segregation, displacement of forms or of reinforcement in the forms, and poor bond between successive layers of concrete.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP_AND_VENTURE_CAPITAL_-_Chapter_1
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND VENTURE CAPITALChapter 1: Introduction to EntrepreneurshipThe subject of entrepreneurship is receiving considerable attention worldwide in recent years as more and more people have discovered the opportunities that entrepreneurship presents to them. Further, in many countries in the world, starting and running your own business is the first, and often only, option for most people. Literally tens of millions of small businesses exist in all parts of the world. These small businesses provide the economic viability and well-being for billions of people. This text is designed to introduce this important topic in a new way as we focus our attention on the special tactics required to bring new technology to market, largely through the development of new companies.There are many sources for explanations of entrepreneurship and we will look a t a few of these. However, the purpose of this text is to examine the topic from the perspective of those who have access to new technology and who desire to commercialize that technology. In many instances, but certainly not all cases, this commercialization will result in the formation and development of a new company. We will examine the process of opportunity evaluation, business planning, and financing the new venture is significant detail in the chapters that follow. A good number of worksheets and planning guides will be provided so that the interested entrepreneur can be thorough in the business evaluation and planning. As much as anything, this book is a tool to assist you in planning a new venture and for creating the strategic and business plans that will give direction and substance to your planning.Defining EntrepreneurshipMany definitions of entrepreneurship have been offered over the last century. The word “entrepreneur” comes from a French word meaning “to do” or “to go between”. Another way of describing that meaning is that an entrepreneur attempts to go between two groups and do something of value for both groups. A dictionary definition of an entrepreneur is one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risk of a business. A definition that is very useful is that an entrepreneur innovates or creates for personal gain; takes the initiative to create wealth, and accepts personal risk of the activities.Other definitions include the following from students at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York:“An entrepreneur is a person who is willing to take risks in order to obtain positive results.”“An entrepreneur is one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise.”“An entrepreneur is a person who has the vision and the drive to make a project happen.”“An entrepreneur is a person who a ssembles and deploys resources in new combinations that disrupt an otherwise static market.”“Entrepreneurship is the discovery of new combinations of resources under uncertain situations that generate profits as a reward for risk-taking.”An additional way to look at entrepreneurship is as the Austrian Economist Joseph Schumpeter did nearly 100 years ago. He emphasized the role of innovation in entrepreneurship, focusing on:∙New products∙New production methods∙New markets∙New forms of corporate organizationAccording to Schumpeter, wealth is created when innovation results in new demand with the entrepreneur combining input factors such as new technology or new procedures to generate value for the customer. The hope is that the value created for customer will exceed the cost of the inputs factors, resulting in superior returns to the entrepreneur.Peter Drucker, famous American management advisor and author, said, “Entrepreneurs innovate. Innovation is the specific instrument of entrepreneurship. It is the act that gives resources a new capacity to create wealth. Innovation, indeed, creates a resource.”We will use these definitions because of the emphasis we will take in this book about new and innovative technologies or procedures that give rise to entrepreneurial opportunities.Entrepreneurship is where the excitement of business really occurs. While we will emphasize that entrepreneurship usually results in the formation of a new company, we also understand that new technologies may more appropriately be used by existing companies, so there is an important role for innovation within existing companies of all sizes. But whether a new company is formed or an existing company is expanded, entrepreneurship is the creative outlet for those who are willing to innovate, create value, and take risk.’Entrepreneurship is where dreams and reality meet – or collide! It is where large companies have their small beginnings. Every large company today had its start as the entrepreneurial dream of its founders. Pick any large corporation in the world, and at some point in its history it started as a small operation, usually under with one or two founders who had a dream and were not afraid of the risks. These companies come in various shapes and sizes, have differing reasons and results; it is where time and talent are put to the test in the marketplace. Guy Kawasaki, a successful entrepreneur and teacher in the US, emphasized the role of action in entrepreneurship when he wrote, “…doing, not learning to do, is the essence of entrepreneurship.”1 The Germa n author Goethe said, “What you can do, or dream you can do, begin it! Boldness has genius, power, and magic in it.”An example of such a new venture that has quickly grown to worldwide status is the Shanghai-based company called Focus Media. In 2002, Jason Jiang (**will need his Chinese name here**) observed that many Chinese will wait for elevators in the numerous buildings where they work and live. He decided that there would be an opportunity to advertise to these people as they wait for elevators. By 2003 he had secured contracts to put advertising screens next to these elevators in 50 locations in Shanghai. His risk taking innovation has proven to be auspicious! By 2008 Focus Media has nearly 200,000 screens in nearly 100 cities in China, resulting in revenues estimated to be about US$500 million with earnings of about US$150 million. The company is listed on NASDAQ (Ticker symbol FMCN) and has a market cap of nearly US$4 billion. This innovative idea has made Jason Jiang one of China’s richest young entrepreneurs.The example of Focus Media is exactly what Jeffry Timmons had in mind when he wrote his pioneering book on entrepreneurship entitled, New Venture Creation, Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century, “Entrepreneurs, as they invent, mold, recognize, and pursue opportunities, are the genius and energy behind this extraordinary value and wealth creation phenomenon: the entrepreneurial process.”2 Timmons further declared that, “Entrepreneurship…is arg uably the single most powerful force to create economic and social mobility.”3Entrepreneurship is both Art and ScienceArt and science are often thought of as very distinct disciplines. Artistic expression as exhibited in the arts is usually considered to be creative, impulsive, full of energy and emotion, and insightful. Science, on the other hand is more methodical, analytical, approached with a disciplined mind and a systematic approach. Just like the merging of two powerful rivers in Chongqing to form the mighty Chang Jiang, in entrepreneurship the merging of the two streamsof art and science are blended to form a powerful combination that stimulates economic growth worldwide. Entrepreneurship requires a good bit of artistry in creativity, energy, and insight. But accompanying such artistic flair is the disciplined, methodical analysis that must evaluate each opportunity and challenge in order to find solutions that will create value for customers and founders alike.The careful blending of both art and science in entrepreneurship is having tremendous results. “Entrepreneurs are driving a revolution that is transforming and renewing economies worldwide. Entrepreneurship is the essence of free enterprise, because the birth of new businesses gives a market economy its vitality. New and emerging businesses create a very large proportion of innovative products and services that transform the way we work and live, such as personal computers, software, the Internet…,biotechnology drugs…There has nev er been a better time to practice the art and science of entrepreneurship.”4One on-going study that shows the impact that entrepreneurship is having worldwide is the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Started in 1997, GEM looks at the economic impact and determinants of entrepreneurship in more than 50 countries worldwide. GEM defines two type of entrepreneurship: opportunity based and necessity based. In general, nations with high per capital income levels have more opportunity-based entrepreneurship and those nations with lower per capital income level see much more necessity driven entrepreneurship. GEM also reports that regardless of the income level of the countries, young people in the age group 25-34 years old are the most active in early stage ventures. But in all countries, except the Philippines, men are more likely to be the entrepreneurs, though women are gaining ground in the years since the study began. (For the full report for 2006 and prior years, go to/ and click on GEM Publications at the top of the page and then GEM Global Reports. You can then select the year of the report you want to read.)Entrepreneurship is about combining dreams and ambitions with analysis and discipline to achieve the best possible results for the customers and for the entrepreneurs. Art and science combine to make an opportunity emerge for the entrepreneur. The entrepreneur will identify a need or opportunity, create or develop a solution, and implement the solution in a way that creates value. Entrepreneurs perhaps take risks more than others, but they focus on the opportunity, have confidence in their dream and in their ability to make it happen. They prepare themselves carefully and systematically study the opportunity in order to reduce the risks to manageable levels. This combination of artistic flair and technical competence allows the entrepreneur to maximize the chances of success while minimizing the risk incurred. This bookwill help the entrepreneur unleash his or her creative powers while providing the tools for a systematic review of opportunities.。
Chapter1
1 pc 3.26 ly
1.2 A quick tour of the cosmos
To understand the universe, we must understand the relative scales of planets, stars, galaxies and the universe as a whole. We will journey from a campus scene to the limits of the cosmos in 12 steps. In each step we will widen our view by a factor of 100. That is, each successive picture will show a region of the universe that is 100 times wider than the preceding picture.
THE UNITED NATIONS DECLARES 2009 THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF ASTRONOMY 联合国宣布 2009年为国际天文年！ 纪念伽利略400年前 首次使用望远镜观测太空。
Astronomy
The Solar System and Beyond
Michael A. Seeds Joseph R. Grundy Observatory Franklin and Marshall College
Fig. 1-4 Field of view enlarged 100 times from the previous image (NASA). This step in our journey shows our entire planet. The earth is 12,756 km in diameter and rotates on its axis once a day.
朗文英语1A-Chapter-1
Period 1 Made by 梁倩滢
Enjoy a song~!
Hello.
Hi.
早上好
Good morning. Good morning.
中午好
Good afternoon. Good afternoon.
Goodbye！
Bye！
Miss
Sir
Good morning.
Good morning
.
Practice: Choose.（选择）
Miss
Sir
Good afternoon , children.
Good afternoon ,
Brown.
Words
boy
girl children
Miss
Sir
Sentences
What is your name?
Good morning,__si_r__.
Question2: What are they doing? Morning roll call!(早点名)
Tom.
Present, sir.
Good morning.
What is your name? My name is Beeno.
Question3:What is his name?
G1
G2
Competitionຫໍສະໝຸດ Round 2G1
G2
Competition
Round 2
G1
G2
Let’s chant!
你好！你好！ Hello! Hello!
早上见面 morning!
Good
中午相见 Good afternoon!
英语测试课程chapter-1
考试语言馈入性质 （1）语言材料是通过听觉还是视觉渠道输入的。还是两 者方式都有。 （2）输入的是语言材料还是非语言材料（如看图作文） （3）材料是否经过改写。 （4）输入材料的速度（如听力速度的快慢）。 （5）问题表达的明确与否。 （6）使用权用语言的性质，即语言的长度、信息的分布 （紧缩的还是分散的）、信息的类型（抽象的还是个 体的，事实性的还是非事实性的，肯定地还是否定 的）。
考试预期回答性质 考试预期回答性质就是指答题方式。 （1）采取什么样的形式（选择还是填空）。 （2）回答的方式（语言的还是非语言的，还是两者兼有）。 （3）使用语言的性质（母语还是目标语言）。
馈入与回答的关系 （1）相互型(reciprocal)。指一个考生的语言对另一个 考试的影响。如口试中两个考生为一组进行测试 时，口语好的考生对口语差的考生有一定影响。 （2）非相互型(non-reciprocal)。指语言使用者之间无 相互影响。如在阅读考试中，考生对作者通常没有 任何信息反馈。 （3）相互顺应型(adaptive)。指答题影响到试题的输 入，但无反馈。在电脑顺应性测试中，电脑提供给 考生的题目其难易程度是由考生完成前一个题目的 好坏情况决定的。
英语测试概述：过去、现在与未来
一、四种英语语言测试法 (根据测试理论进行阶段分类) 写作-翻译法 结构主义心理测量法 综合法 交际法 二、近20年的发展动态 考试方式的影响 考试分析 考生特征 语言能力性质的再认识 三、当代国内外大规模考试一览 国内 国外
1、写作-翻译法(the essay-translation approach) 主要特征： Ａ、对测试的技能或专长没有特殊的要求，主要依靠教师的主 观判断力； Ｂ、试卷通常包括翻译、写作和语法分析等项目； Ｃ、试卷内容带有较浓厚的文学或文化色彩； Ｄ、试题一般采用书面回答形似，试卷需人工评阅。 由于写作-翻译法全以教师或命题人员的经验和主观判断来 确定，没有什么科学理论依据，故20世纪40年代以前的测试 统称为科学前语言测试。
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1、课程内容：
运动学 (kinematics)
动力学 (kinetics)
( ) 理论力学 Theoretical Mechanics
研究物体机械运动一般规律的科学
静力学 (Statics)
( ) 材料力学 Mechanics of Materials
研究物体变形及破坏一般规律的科学
2、课程性质和特点：
♠ 是工科专业重要的承前启后的技术基础课
♠ 可直接应用于道路、桥梁、建筑、航空航天以及工程
机械设计
♠ 在基础课与专业课之间起桥梁作用，为学习后续课
程（如：结构力学、弹性力学、混凝土/钢结构原理 等） 打下基础
♠ 本课程的研究方法对今后的学习工作有很大帮助
2、课程性质和特点：
♠内容的系统性强 ♠方法的科学性强 ♠理论联系实际的密切性强 ♠概念多、公式多、数字计算多
3） 教学安排：
• 理论课 1-17周，考试周考试 • 实验课(力学实验中心） • 期末考试+平时成绩（作业、期中考试、课堂讨论表现等） • 课外学时:课内学时 2:1 • 学习通：邀请码 （ ） • 公邮：engmech115@
绪论
1、课程内容 2、课程性质和特点 3、课程任务 4、变形固体的基本假定 5、构件的几何特征 6、内力、应力、变形、应变 7、杆件变形的基本形式
材料力学
1同济大学航力学院基础力学教学部)，同济大学出版社
• 材料/力学练习册 ( 同济大学航力学院基础力学教学部)，同济大学
出版社
• 材料力学教学实验（同济大学航力学院力学实验中心)，同济大学
出版社
2）参考书：
• 材料力学 （4th, 单辉祖），高等教育出版社
材料力学