2010年同等学力全国统一考试真题试题及答案
同等学力2010工商管理综合真题及答案
★启用前绝密绝密★2010年同等学力人员申请硕士学位学科综合水平全国统一考试工商管理试卷考生须知1.本试卷满分100分。
2.请考生务必将本人考号最后两位数字填写在本页右上角方框内。
3.第一题、第二题的答案一律用2B铅笔填涂在指定的答题卡上，写在试卷上或答题纸上的答案一律无效。
4.在答题卡上正确的填涂方法为在答案所代表的字母上划线，如[A][B][C][D]。
5.其它题一律用蓝色或黑色墨水笔在答题纸指定位置上按规定要求作答，未做在指定位置上的答案一律无效。
6.监考员收卷时，考生须配合监考员验收，并请监考员在准考证上签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。
否则，若发生答卷遗失，责任由考生自负。
工商管理试卷第1页共5页一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分）1．非正式组织是指。
A．正规组织之外的其他组织B．人们自发形成的各种组织C．非法组织D．人与人之间自发结合而成的类型化心理状态2．针对那些新颖、例外的问题所做出的决策是指。
A．程序化决策B．非程序化决策C．理性决策D．满意决策3．正在成熟的行业具有的特点是。
A．高速增长导致竞争加剧B．企业间的兼并和收购减少C．加速增加生产能力D．注重成本和服务上的竞争4．以下属于纵向并购的优点的是。
A．并购竞争对手，获得现成的生产线，迅速扩大生产能力，实现规模经济B．利用规模经济降低成本C．降低企业交易成本D．有利多元化经营，可以降低单一行业经营风险5．百科全书属于。
A．选购品B．便利品C．非渴求商品D．特殊品6．目标利润定价法属于。
A．成本导向定价B．需求导向定价C．竞争导向定价D．混合导向定价工商管理试卷第2页共5页7．企业针对最终消费者，花费大量的资金从事广告和消费者促销活动，以增加产品的需求，这被称为。
A．快速掠取策略B．推式策略C．拉式策略D．快速渗透策略8．如果证券价格完全反映了一切公开的和非公开的信息，这种市场属于。
A．无效市场B．弱式有效市场C．次强式有效市场D．强式有效市场9．在其他条件不变的情况下，如果企业资产负债率增加，则财务杠杆系数将会。
同等学力人员申请硕士学位2010年同等学力《中国语言文学》考试真题及答案考前冲刺练习
2010 年同等学力人员申请硕士学位学科综合水平全国统一考试中国语言文学试卷考生须知1. 本试卷满分100 分。
2. 请考生务必将本人考号最后两位数字填写在本页右上角方框内。
3. 考生一律用蓝色或黑色墨水笔在答题纸指定位置上按规定要求作答，未做在指定位置上的答案一律无效。
4. 监考员收卷时，考生须配合监考员验收，并请监考员在准考证上签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。
否则，若发生答卷遗失，责任由考生自负。
一、填空（每空1分，共10分。
错别字不给分）1．汉语方言分为七大方言区，其中长沙话属于______ 方言区。
2．如果一个词组的直接成分间可以插入“的”而不改变基本意思，那么从语法关系看，这个词组是___ 结构。
3．“热情”是一个兼类词，在“很热情”中属于形容词，在“有热情”中属于名词，在“热情态度”中属于________ 。
4．刘歆《七略》的六大类中，六艺、诸子、______ 分别是经学、哲学、文学类书籍。
5．《诗经》中借助其他事物作为诗歌开头的手法被称作_________ 。
6．曹丕的《________ 》是一首完整的七言诗。
7．盛唐诗人中______，以七绝著名，被称为“七绝圣手”。
8．宋代“说话”艺术主要有“四家”，其中“小说”和______ 两家影响最大。
9．《送东阳马生序》是明代初年_______ 的散文名篇。
10．当代作家_______ 的《男人的一半是女人》是一部描写男主人公在“受难”中获得“女性的爱情”帮助，从而实现“自我超越”的小说。
二、名词解释（在以下10小题中任意选做7小题，每小题5分，共35分。
多做则按所做前7小题计分）1．语流音变2．聚合关系3．聚珍本4．“伤痕文学”5．《青春之歌》6．新月社7．小说8．灵感9．“劝百讽一”10．《花间集》三、古文标点、释词、翻译（共15分）1．给下面一段古文加上标点。
标点连同原文都必须写在答题纸上，每一个字每一个标点都占一格。
（6分）2．解释下文中带点词的意义。
同等学力人员申请硕士学位2010年《公共管理》真题及答案-考前冲刺练习
2010年同等学力人员申请硕士学位公共管理真题及答案第一部分公共基础部分（共30分，每位考生必答）一、单项选择题（答案一律用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，答在试卷或答题纸上无效，每小题1分，共10分）1．随着市场经济的发展，各地商会（如浙江商会）非常活跃。
就组织性质而言，这些商会属于。
A．社会团体B．营利组织C．事业单位D．民办非企业单位2．在农村农民承包的土地中，其地下所埋藏的矿产资源属于。
A．农民个人所有B．集体所有C．国家所有D．乡镇所有3．政府有关在社会各阶层或团体中进行有意识的财富、收入、权利的转移性分配的公共政策属于。
A．分配性政策B．调节性政策C．自我调节性政策D．再分配性政策4．公共政策问题是指。
A．社会问题B．公共问题C．已被纳入政策议程的公共问题D．已通过政策解决了的社会问题5．当前的房地产政策牵动了很多人的心，一些政府举办的大学成立的房地产研究所纷纷就房地产政策进行评估，这种评估属于。
A．官方评估B．非官方评估C．内部评估D．前期评估6．在下列四个特点中，属于公共伦理特点的是。
A．强制性B．非强制性C．法律明文规定D．非法性7．在战略管理中，为实现战略思想和战略目标而采取的重要措施或手段，被称为。
A．战略重点B．战略对策C．战略导向D．战略管理8．在绩效评估中，一般需要一个参照系，以其自身的绩效进行进程性比较，即以其过去的绩效作为参照，这个参照系称为。
A．异类参照系B．同类参照系C．纵向参照系D．横向参照系9．在以下国家中，最早兴起“新公共管理改革运动”的有。
A．英国、美国、新西兰B．英国、美国、日本C．英国、法国、新西兰D．英国、法国、印度10．我国政府职能转变的目标是。
A．宏观调控、微观搞活、社会管理、公共服务B．宏观调控、市场监管、社会保障、公共服务C．经济调节、市场监管、社会管理、公共服务D．经济调节、市场监管、社会保障、公共服务二、简答题（每小题10分，共20分）1．影响政策有效执行的主要因素有哪些？2．西方国家以公共服务取向为目标的改革主要包括哪些内容？二部分专业知识部分（每位考生根据所学专业，选择其中一个专业作答）Ⅰ．行政管理学（共70分）一、名词解释（每小题4分，共20分）1．行政决策体制2．非正式沟通3．监察院制度4．政务官5．法律方法二、简答题（10分）简述现代领导集体应具备的素质结构。
2010年同等学力申硕工商综合考试真题参考答案及解析
2010年同等学力申硕工商综合考试真题参考答案及解析一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分）1、非正式组织是指（）。
A．正规组织之外的其他组织B．人们自发形成的各种组织C．非法组织D．人与人之间自发结合而成的类型化心理状态【正确答案】D（原理：第二章第二节/大纲P46/10年单选）【解析】（1）非正式组织，是两个或两个以上个人无意识地体系化、类型化了的多种心理因素的系统。
（2）组织分为：正式组织和非正式组织。
掌握两者之间的相互作用。
2、针对那些新颖、例外的问题所做出的决策是指（）。
A．程序化决策B．非程序化决策C．理性决策D．满意决策【正确答案】B非程序化决策（原理：第四章第三节/P68/10年单选）【解析】（1）非程序化决策——“结构不良”的决策，是针对那些新颖、无结构问题所做出的决策。
这类决策没有固定程序和规律可以依据，需要单独做出处理。
（2）参考大纲P68表4-2，区分程序化决策与非程序化决策在传统决策技术与现代决策技术上的不同之处。
（08年多选题）3、正在成熟的行业具有的特点是（）。
A．高速增长导致竞争加剧B．企业间的兼并和收购减少C．加速增加生产能力D．注重成本和服务上的竞争【正确答案】D（战略：第四章第四节/大纲P237/07论述）【解析】（1）产业周期阶段：1）新兴产业2）高动荡产业3）成熟产业4）停滞和衰退产业5）分散产业（2）成熟产业的特点：1）需求增长缓慢加剧竞争2）越来越复杂的顾客需求3）注重成本和服务上的竞争4）生产能力日益过剩的问题突出5）难以出现产品革新和新的用途6）国际竞争加剧7）产业利润下降8）兼并削减了产业竞争者的数量。
4、以下属于纵向并购的优点的是（）。
A．并购竞争对手，获得现成的生产线，迅速扩大生产能力，实现规模经B．利用规模经济降低成本C．降低企业交易成本D．有利多元化经营，可以降低单一行业经营风险【正确答案】C（大纲第二版（旧版内容））【解析】参考新大纲（第三版）第五章第二节/P240并购战略类型：1）按并购的出资方式划分的并购：出资购买资产；出资购买股票；以股票换取资产；以股票换取股票。
2010年同等学力人员申请硕士学位机械工程全国统一考试A卷
2．根据图示有限元模型，给出有限元法计算时的各节点的等效载荷。
机械工程试卷
第 5 页 共 10 页
B组
一、填空题（每空 1 分，共 8 分） 1．工程数据库管理系统一般向用户提供两个接口，它们是 2．虚拟企业的特点是它在三个方面的虚拟，即 虚拟化。 3．精良生产的特征是以 目标。 为中心，以 为手段，以 为最终 、 和 、 。 的
E组
一、填空题（每空 1 分，共 8 分）
1．汽车质量换算系数主要与
的 有关。
的转动惯量、
的转动惯量以及传动系
2．当具有过多转向特性的汽车，车速到达临界车速时，只要极其微小的前轮摆角，便会
发生很大的 滑或翻车。 ，而且不断增加，这意味着汽车面临失稳发生 而侧
3．在前后车轮都不抱死的前提下，影响汽车制动强度的主要因素有
（1）该式中，等号处为 ＜、＝ 和 ＞ 情况下，分别代表车辆的哪三种状态？ f y* 1 （2）该式中 11 W ， f 22 w 和 W 分别为哪三个物理量？ 2 r0 （3）该式中 、W、 和 rO 为何种参数？
1
2．在 Karnopp 提出的半主动悬挂及控制方法中：
（1）什么是“天棚阻尼”减振器？ （2）写出可控阻尼器开关控制的数学表达式。 （3）画出半主动悬挂及控制示意图。 机械工程试卷 第 8 页 共 10 页
不平顺、 轨道方
2．轮对一面
移动、一面又绕通过其质心的
轴转动，这两种运动的
耦合称为蛇行运动。
3．设轮对左右滚动圆的横向距离为 2b，轮对前进速度为 V，由于轮对摇头 ψ 而引起的左
右车轮的纵向蠕滑率为 和 。 在不变的
4．在建立曲线通过分析方法时，所谓稳态运动是指车辆以一定的
2010-2015年6年全国同等学力英语真题及参考答案
2010年同等学力英语真题及参考答案Paper One(90 minutes)Part I Dialogue Communication (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 for each )Section A Dialogue CompletionDirections: In this section, you will read 5 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, to complete the dialogue. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.1. A. Can you take over for me here for a little while I have a friend coming to see me.B. I’d like to, but _____________. Ask Peter, he is not so occupied at this moment.A. How can I do itB. that’s alright.C. I have my hands full. B. that’s impossible2. A: To get an outside line, just dial 0 and the phone number. Or we can place a call for you, if you want.B. No, thanks a lot.A. Just put me throughB. I’ll try it my selfC. I’d rather notD. I’ll appreciate your help3. A: Now, it’s just work, work, work. I work hard all day, every day.B: Oh, come .You’re making a good salary now.A. Don’t complain.B. Sorry to hear about itC. Anything I can do for youD. What’s your plan4. A: Pamela, can you come to a meeting on FridayB: ________________Let me check my schedule. When are you having itA. No bit deal.B. I am not sureC. Can ID. Sure thing5. A: I am really getting fed up with the salespersons who keep calling.B: _______________A. I hope it is nothing seriousB. They are so stupid!C. So am I. It is so annoyingD. You are right. Forget it.Section B Dialogue ComprehensionDirections: In this section, you will read 5 short conversions between a man and a woman. At Choose the best answer to the question from the 4 choices by marking the corresponding better with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.6. Man: I have figured it all out. It looks like it will take us about 5 hours to drive from here to Chicago.Woman: It’d be more relaxing to take the train. But I guess we should watch our expenses. Question: What does the woman implyA. She likes to drive when she travelsB. She doesn’t want to go to Chicago.C. She doesn’t know the cost of the train trip.D. It’s cheaper to got to Chicago by car7. Man: How about the examination last weekWoman: If I’d got more time. I could have made it.Question: What does the woman implyA. She was asked to take another examinationB. She failed the examination last weekC. She did quite well in the examinationD. She didn’t take the examination last week8. Man: Harvard or the State University, have you decided yetWoman: Well, I’d rather be a big fish in a small pond.Question: Which university is the woman likely to chooseA. The State UniversityB. HarvardC. NeitherD. She hasn’t decided yet.9. Man: I have just found a great location to open a new shop.Woman: But you haven’t researched the market. Don’t you think this putting the cart beforethe horseQuestion: What does the woman meanA. The man shouldn’t make the decision so quicklyB. It’s risky to choose such a locationC. The man is doing things in the wrong orderD. It’s possible for him to make a better choice10. Woman: My results are a bit flattering because I have had quite a lot of luck.Man: Nonsense, you’re head and shoulders above the others in your group.Question: What does the man think is the reason for the woman’s successA. She is really luckyB. She is far better than the othersC. She’s got the others’ supportD. She’s been working hardPart II Vocabulary (20 minutes, 10 points, for each)Section ADirections: In this section there are 10 sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.11. Betty was offended because she felt that her friends had ignored her purposefully at the party.A. desperatelyB. definitelyC. deliberatelyD. decisively12. There has been enough playing around so let’s get down to business.A. make a dealB. begin our workC. reach an agreementD. change our plan13. How is it possible for our human body to convert yesterday’s lunch into today’s muscleA. alterB. developC. modifyD. turn14. It is important for families to observe their traditions even as their children get older.A. noticeB. watchC. followD. celebrate15. It is difficult to comprehend, but everything you have ever seen, smelt, heard or felt is merely your brain’s interpretation of incoming stimuli.A. explanationB. evaluationC. re cognitionD. interruption16. Life is more important than the pressures and stress that we place on ourselves over work and other commitments.A. appointmentsB. arrangementsC. obligationsD. devotions17. If you continue to indulge in computer games like this, you future will be at stake.A. in dangerB. without questionC. on guardD. at large18. Romantic novels, as opposed to realistic ones, tend to present idealized versions of life, often with a happy ending.A. in contrast toB. in regard toC. in terms ofD. in light of19. Most people would agree that, although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no correlative increase in wisdom.A. improvesB. precedesC. imposesD. exceeds20. Many students today display a disturbing willingness to choose institutions and careers on the basis of earning potential.A. offensiveB. depressiveC. troublesomeD. tiresomeSection BDirections: In this section, there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSERS SHEET.21. My oldest son had just finished an _________ holiday stay prior to moving to a new State, a new job, and the next chapter in his life.A. enlargedB. expandedC. extendedD. increased22. Blacks and American Indians __________ less than 10% of students in the top 30 business schools, while they are about 28% of the . population.A. make upB. take upC. reach outD. turn out23. With demand continuing to rise in _____ economies such as China and India, energy traders believe that oil futures are a good bet.A. employingB. emergingC. embracingD. emitting24. Laws and regulations in each country have to be made ___________ the constitution of the country.A. in honor ofB. in memory ofC. in return forD. in line with25. The jury’s ________ was that the accused was guiltyA. verdictB. sentenceC. trialD. debate26. In English learning, a __________ cycle occurs when a student makes more errors after being scolded.A. verticalB. viciousC. vividD. vigorous27. Isn’t it ___________ when you learn something you’ve never known beforeA. coolB. crazyC. coldD. cute28. There are several factors ___________ the rapid growth of sales promotion, particularly in consumer markets.A. resorting toB. appealing toC. applying toD. contributing to29. The Internet has been developing at a speed ___________ people’s expectations in the past two decades.A. overB. ofC. underD. beyond30. It is obvious that the sports games are no longer amateur affairs; they have become professionally __________________.A. laid offB. laid outC. put offD. put outPartⅢReading Comprehension (45minutes, 30point)Directions: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choosethe best one and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across thesquare brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneLoneliness has been linked to depression and other health problems. Now, a study says it can also spread. A friend of a lonely person was 52% more likely to develop feelings of loneliness. And a friend of that friend was 25% more likely to do the same.Earlier findings showed that happiness, fatness and the ability to stop smoking can also growlike infections within social groups. The findings all come from a major health study in the American town of Framingham, Massachusetts.The study began in 1948 to investigate the causes of heart disease. Since then, more tests have been added, including measures of loneliness and depression.The new findings involved more than 5,000 people in the second generation of the Framingham Heart Study. The researchers examined friendship histories and reports of loneliness. The results established a pattern that spread as people reported fewer close friends.For example, loneliness can affect relationships between next-door neighbors. The loneliness spreads as neighbors who were close friends now spend less time together. The study also found that loneliness spreads more easily among women than men.Researchers from the University of Chicago, Harvard and the University of California, San Diego, did the study .The findings appeared last month in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.The average person is said to experience feelings of loneliness about 48 days a year. Thestudy found that having a lonely friend can add about 17 days .But every additional friend can decrease loneliness by about 5%,or two and a half days.Lonely people become less and less trusting of others .This makes it more and more difficultfor them to make friends-and more likely that society will reject them.John Cacioppo at the University of Chicago led the study .He says it is important torecognize and deal with loneliness. He says people who have been pushed to the edges of society should receive help to repair their social networks.The aim should be to aggressively create what he calls a “protective barrier” against loneliness. This barrier, he says, can keep the whole network from coming apart.31. Besides loneliness, which of the following can also spread among peopleA. FriendshipB. HappinessC. DepressionD. Smoking32. The Framingham Heart Study starting from 1948 ________________A. expanded its research topicsB. involved 5,000 patients of depressionC. identified loneliness as one key factor for heart diseaseD. examined the relationship between loneliness and depression33. Which of the following is true about the spread of lonelinessA. It leads to a gradual loss of friendsB. It is a common phenomenon among womenC. it is often found in the neighborhoodD. it ruins the relationships between close friends34. Having a lonely friend, you are more likely to_________________A. strengthen your friendshipB. develop new friendshipC. increase the sense of lonelinessD. reduce the sense of loneliness35. According to John Cacioppo at the University of Chicago, loneliness can _____________A. result in aggressivenessB. cause people to be overprotectiveC. infect social networksD. push people to the verge of poverty36. What is the main idea of the passageA. Loneliness can spreadB. Loneliness is linked to depressionC. Lonely people tend to grow fatD. Lonely people need more friendsPassage TwoCalifornia has a new program called the Digital Textbook Initiative. “Starting this fall withhigh school math and science .we will be the first state in the nation to provide schools with a state –approved list of digital textbooks.” That was Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in June, talking about his effort to get schools to use materials available free online .He listed reasons why he thinks digital textbooks make sense.California approves traditional textbooks in six-year cycles. Digital one can offer the latest information. They lighten the load of school bags. They save paper and trees, and make learning more fun and interactive .And above all, he said, they help schools with their finances.The state has had to make severe cuts in school spending because of deep financial problems. More than six million students attend California public schools.Earlier this year, California invited content developers to offer digital math and science materials for high schools. These had to meet at least 90%of the state’s learning requirements. Specially trained teachers examined 16 textbooks and approved ten of them.Six of the ten were published by the CK12 Foundation, a nonprofit group that had been developing digital science and math books for about two years. The foundation paid teachers and other education professionals to write and edit them. The money came from a group financed by the Khosla Family.California cannot require schools to use the digital textbooks. Individual school districts will have to decide for themselves.Susan Martimo, a California Department of Education official, says she does not expect widespread use right away. Her best guess is that some schools with a lot of technology will be the first to use them, but only in addition to their traditional books.School administrators point out that the texts may be free online, but students need a way to access them. Not everyone has a computer or electronic reader. Schools could print out copies, but that would not help the environment. Also, there is the cost to train teachers to use digital textbooks effectively.37. The Digital Textbook Initiative _______________A. will probably take effect in six yearsB. covers all the high school subjectsC. has been approved by all statesD. is advocated by California state governor38. The main reason for promoting digital textbooks is to ______________A. help save moneyB. benefit the environmentC. provide interesting materialsD. reduce students’ heavy burden39. The digital textbooks were approved by ___________________A. trained teachersB. content developersC. Khosla FamilyD. CK12 Foundation40. What is true of CK12 FoundationA. It produced 16 digital textbooksB. It paid teachers to write digital textbooks.C. It is financed by California state government.D. It makes money through developing digital textbooks.41. According to Susan Martimo, digital textbooks __________________A. are not likely to have a widespread useB. will soon replace traditional onesC, will first be adopted by well-equipped schoolsD.are certain to be approved by school districts2011年同等学力英语考试历年真题及参考答案Part One (90 minutes)Part 1 Dialogue communication (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 for each)Section A Dialogue completion1. A: David said he bought a new BMW for $5,000!B: _____. Sounds pretty cheap to me!A: Well, that’s what he said.A.Are you suree to think of it.C.Do you think soD.Is he crazy2. A: We just came back from Phoenix. And we had the best vacation in years. B: ____. I’m glad to hear it.A.Oh, my goodness!B.How was itC.Oh, there you go again.D.Good for you.3. A: I just can’t stand this class an ymoreB: ____. It’s required, and you have to sit in it in order to graduate.A.Well, why not just drop out of itB.Why, you can say that again!C.Well, you might as well get used to it.D.Why, I couldn’t agree more!4. A: I don’t know about you, but I thought t hat film was terrific.B: ____. The action was great, and so was the music.A.Just the same.B.I’m with you there.C.More or less.D.I sure do.5. A: Dan gave me a free ride home, but I paid for the gas.B: You know what they say, ____.A.there’s no free lunchB.d on’t bite off more than you can chewC.one good turn deserves anotherD.it’s who you know that countsSection B Dialogue Comprehension6. Woman: I’d rather not talk about it. Just don’t ask.Man: Come on. I think you need to let off some steam.Question: What does the man advise the woman to doA.To talk to him about the problem.B.To keep the secret.C.To reduce the workload.D.To have a good rest.7. Woman: Julie’s dress looks funny. That style went out last year.Man: Oh, come on, as long as it looks good on her.Question: What does the man try to emphasizeA.Julie’s dress is not outdated.B.Julie’s dress does not suit her.C.Julie should follow the fashion.D.Julie looks fine in that dress.8. Man: What kind of snacks do you preferWoman: Oh, I’ve got a sweet toot h, you know.Question: What does the woman probably likeA.Sandwich.B.Hot dogs.C.Ice cream.D.Potato chips.9. Woman: I’m tired of driving all the way to work and back every day. If only cars could drive themselves!Man: Well, some car manufactures are worki ng on them. I guess you’ll soon buy one if you can afford it.Question: What does the man implyA.The woman will be able to buy an intelligent car.B.Cars that drive themselves may be very expensive.C.He is working with a car producer on intelligent cars.D.Driving to work is really a headache.10. Man: Annie, how does it not even cross your mind that you might want a future with someoneWoman: It’s simple. I don’t mind being married to my career.Question: What’s Annie’s attitude towards her futureA.She will stay with someone unmarried.B.She will live a simple life.C.She will quit her job to get married.D.She will fully focus on her job.Part II Vocabulary (20 minutes, 10 points, for each)Section A11. The news reports completely overlooked the more profound political implications of the events.A.neglectedB.foresawC.exploredD.assessed12. Teachers and nurses who deal with children are obliged to report cases of suspected child abuse to authorities.A.remindedB.expectedpelledD.requested13. Your grade will be based in large part on the originality of your ideas.A.creativityB.popularityC.feasibilityD.flexibility14. We suspect there is a quire deliberate attempt to sabotage the elections and undermine the electoral commission.A.consciousB.desperateC.clumsyD.intentional15. So strange were the circumstances of my story that I can scarcely believe myself to have been a party to them.A.justB.hardlyC.almostD.definitely16. Smoke particles and other air pollutants are often trapped in the atmosphere, thus forming dirty fog.A.constrainedB.caughtC.concealedD.concentrated17. Employees in chemical factories are entitled to receive extra pay for doing hazardous work.A.poisonousB.difficultC.dangerousD.harmful18. Curt Carlson, the wealthiest man in Minnesota, owned a hotel and travel company with sales reaching in the neighborhood of $9 billion.A.preciselyB.merelyC.substantiallyD.approximately19. The tendency of the human body to reject foreign matter is the main obstacle to successful organ transplantation.A.factorB.constituentC.barrierD.break20. Whenever you need Tom, he is always there whether it be an ear or a helping hand, so you can always lean on him.A.count onB.benefit fromC.stand forD.stick toSection B21. It ____ without saying that consumers would be happier if prices were lower.A.takesB.appearsC.makesD.goes22. The world economic recession put an ____ end to the steel market upturn that began in 2002.A.irregularB.illegalC.abruptD.absurd23. I’m ____ about how you discovered my website, and am very glad if you enjoy it.A.mysteriousB.furiousC.seriousD.curious24. The Labor Party’s electoral strategy, based on an ____ with other smaller parties, has proved successful.A.acquaintanceB.integrationC.allianceD.intimacy25. The new aircraft will be ____ to a test of temperatures of -65℃ and 120℃.A.suspendedB.suppressedC.summonedD.subjected26. The money I got from teaching on the side was a useful ____ to my ordinary income.A.profitB.supplementC.subsidyD.replacement27. Chinese people are now enjoying better dental health, as shown by the declining ____ of tooth decay.A.treatmentB.incidenceC.consequenceD.misfortune28. Many countries have conversation programs to prevent certain ____ of fish from becoming extinct.A.speciesB.sourcesC.numbersD.members29. Susan never took any cookery courses; she learned cooking by ____ useful tips from TV cookery programs.A.picking upB.bringing upC.putting upD.pulling up30. The President _____ his deputy to act for him while he was abroad.A.promotedB.substitutedC.authorizedD.displacedPart III Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 for each)Passage OneUntil last spring, Nia Parker and the other kids in her neighborhood commuted to school on Bus 59. But as fuel prices rose, the school district needed to find a way to cut its transportation costs. So the school’s busing company redrew its route map, eliminating Nia’s bus altogether. Now Nia and her neighbors travel the half mile to school via a “walking school bus”—a group of kids, supervised by an adult or two, who make the walk together.Like the rest of us, school districts are feeling pinched by rising fuel costs—and finding new way to adapt. The price of diesel fuel has gone up 34 percent in the past two years. For the typical American school district, bus bills total 5 percent of the budget. As administrators look to trim, busing is an inviting target, s ince it doesn’t affect classroom instruction (or test scores). More than one third of American school administrators have eliminated bus stops or routes in order to stay within budget.Many parents are delighted to see their kids walking to school, partly because many did so themselves: according to a 1969 survey, nearly half of school kids walked or biked to school, compared with only 16 percent in 2001. Modern parents have been unwilling to let kids walk to school for fear of traffic, crime or simple bullying, but with organized adult supervision, those concerns have diminished.Schools and busing companies are finding other ways to save. In rural areas where busing is a must, some schools have even chosen four-day school weeks. Busing companies instruct drivers to eliminate extra stops from routes and to turn off the engine while idling. They are also using computer software to determine the most fuel-efficient routes, which aren’t always the shortest ones.There could be downsides, however, to the busing cutbacks. If every formerly bused student begins walking to school, it’s an environmental win—but if too many of their parents decide to drive then instead, the overall carbon footprint can grow. Replacing buses with many more parent-driven cars can also increase safety risks: A 2002 report concluded students are 13 times safer on a school bus than in a passenger car, since buses have fewer accidents and withstand them better due to their size. And some students complain about the long morning hikes, particularly when the route contains a really big hill.31. The “walking school bus” _____.A．does not consume fuelB．aims to keep children fitC．seldom causes traffic jamsD．is popular with school kids32. In America the responsibility for busing kids to school lies with ____.A．individual schoolsB．school districtsC．teacherD．parents33. As regards walking to school, modern parents seem much concerned with the _____.A．time spent on the wayB．changes in the routeC．kid’s physical strengthD．safety of their children34. To save money, some schools choose to _____.A．take the shortest routesB．shorten the school weekC．give drives better trainingD．use fuel efficient buses35. Busing cutbacks may eventually lead to _____.A．fierce competition among bus companiesB．more students taking public transportationC．an increase in carbon dioxide emissionsD．a decrease in the safety of school buses36. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards busing cutbacksA．FavorableB．CriticalC．ObjectiveD．IndifferentPassage TwoPeople are living longer than ever, but for some reason, women are living longer than men. A baby boy born in the United States in 2003 can expects to live to be about 73, a baby girl, about 79. This is indeed a wide gap, and no one really knows why it exists. The greater longevity （长寿）of women, however, has been known for centuries. It was, for example, described in the seventeenth century. However, the difference was smaller then – the gap is growing.A number of reasons have been proposed to accounts for the differences. The gap is greatest in industrialized societies, so it has been suggested that women are less susceptible to work strains that may raise the risk of heart disease and alcoholism. Sociologists also tell us that women are encouraged to be less adventurous than men (and this may be why they are more careful drivers, involved in fewer accidents).Even smoking has been implicated in the age discrepancy. It was once suggested that working women are more likely to smoke and as more women entered the work force, the age gap would begin to close, because smoking is related to earlier deaths. Now, however, we see more women smoking and they still tend to live longer although their lung cancer rate is climbing sharply.One puzzling aspect of the problem is that women do not appear to be as healthy as men. That is, they report far more illnesses. But when a man reports an illness, it is more likely to be serious.Some researchers have suggested that men may die early because their health is more strongly related to their emotions. For example, men tend to die sooner after losing a spouse than women do. Men even seem to be more weakened by loss of a job. (Both of these are linked with a marked decrease in the effectiveness of the immune system.) Among men, death follows retirement with an alarming promptness.Perhaps we are searching for the answers too close to the surface of the problem. Perhaps the answers lie deeper in our biological heritage. After all, the phenomenon is not isolated to humans. Females have the edge among virtually all mammalian (哺乳动物的) species, in that they generally live longer. Furthermore, in many of these species the differences begin at the momentof conception; there are more male miscarriages（流产）. In human, after birth, more baby boys than baby girls die.37. What can we learn from the first two paragraphsA．Men’s lifespan remains almost unchanged.B．Researchers have found the cause of the age gapC．The more advanced a society, the greater the age gap.D．The age gap was noticed only recently.38. As is suggested in Paragraph 2, the two factors relevant to women’s longer lifespan are ____.A．diseases and road accidentsB．industrialization and work strainsC．their immunity to heart disease and refusal of alcoholD．their endurance of work strains and reluctance for adventure39. According to Paragraph3, which of the following statements is trueA．The great number of male smokers contributes to the age gap.B．The growing number of smoking women will narrow the age gap.C．Female workers are more likely to smoke than make workers.D．Smoking does not seem to affect women’s longevity.40. Which of the following phenomena makes researchers puzzledA．Men’s health is more closely rela ted to their emotions.B．Though more liable to illnesses, women still live longer.C．Men show worse symptoms than women when they fall ill.D．Quite a number of men die soon after their retirement.41. The word “edge” in Paragraph 6 means “_____”.A．marginB．sideC．advantageD．quality42. What is the main idea of the passageA．The greater longevity of women remains a mystery.B．That women are healthier than men well explains their longevity.C．People are living longer as a result of industrialization.D．Women are less emotionally affected by difficulties in life.Passage ThreeMany are aware of the tremendous waste of energy in our environment, but fail to take advantage of straightforward opportunities to conserve that energy. For example, everyone knows that lights should be switched off when no one is in an office. Similarly, when employees are not using a meeting room, there is no need to regulate temperature.Fortunately, one need not rely on human intervention to conserve energy. With the help of smart sensing and network technology, energy conservation processes such as turning off lights and adjusting temperature can be readily automated. Ultimately, this technology will enable consumers and plant managers to better identify wasteful energy use and institute procedures that lead to smarter and more efficient homes, buildings and industrial plants.Until now, wires and cables for power and connectivity have limited the widespread adoption of sensor (传感器) networks by making them difficult and expensive to install and maintain. Battery-powered wireless networks can simplify installation and reduce cost. But their high power consumption and the corresponding need for regular battery replacement has made wireless networks difficult and costly to maintain. Nobody wants to replace hundreds or thousands of window sensor batteries in a large building on a regular basis.The promise of wireless sensor networks can only be fully realized when the wiring for both the data communication and the power supply is eliminated. Doing so requires a true battery-free wireless solution, one that can utilize energy harvested directly from the environments. To。
2010年同等学力申硕《管理科学与工程学科综合水平考试》真题及答案
2010年同等学力申硕《管理科学与工程学科综合水平考试》真题及答案一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共16分）1.产品产量与单位成本之间的简单相关系数为0.92，并通过检验，这说明二者之间存在着（A）。
A.高度相关B.中度相关C.低度相关D.极弱相关1.【答案】A【解析】相关系数r用来度量两个定量变量之间的线性相关程度。
根据经验可将相关程度分为以下几种情况：①当|r|≥0.8时，可视为高度相关;②当0.5≤|r|<0.8时，可视为中度相关;③当0.3≤|r|<0.5时，视为低度相关;④当|r|<0.3时，说明两个变量之间的相关程度极弱。
2.在因变量的总方差中，若回归方差所占比重大，而相应剩余方差所占比重小，则自变量与因变量（D）。
A.零相关B.相关程度低C.完全相关D.相关程度高2.【答案】D【解析】自变量所能解释的方差在总方差中所占的比重很大，即该回归方程的拟合程度很好，进而决定系数的取值接近1。
说明自变量和因变量的相关程度高。
3.作为公司的首席执行官，李栋在与下属沟通时最经常的表达是：你做的很好，你觉得还需要什么帮助吗？这件事情要是你负责，你想怎么做？这说明李栋的领导行为是（C）。
A.指示型领导B.支持型领导C.参与型领导D.成就导向型领导3.【答案】C【解析】目标——途径领导理论将领导行为分为四类：①指示性领导行为。
让下属明确任务的具体要求，怎么做，及安排好工作日程，决策都由领导做出（此方式类似于主导型结构和任务导向型行为）;②支持型领导行为。
与下属友善相处、作风平易近人、关心下属的福利、公平待人（与关心型及关系导向型相似）;③参与型领导行为。
与下属商量，征询下属的建议，允许下属参与决策;④成就导向型领导行为。
提出有挑战性的目标，要求下属有高水平的表现，鼓励下属并对下属的能力表示出充分的信心。
题干中“这件事情要是你负责，你想怎么做?”体现出征询下属的建议，允许下属参与决策。
4.控制道德风险的方法中，有一个是使用（B）。
2010真题答案
2010年同等学力英语真题（A卷）参考答案【口语】1-5 CBABC6-10 DBACB【词汇】11-15 CBDCA16-20 CAADC21-25 CBBDA26-30 BADDB【阅读】31-36 BABCCA37-42 DAABCB43-48 ABDDBD49-54 ADBCDC55-60 ADCBCB【完型】61-65 BDABC66-70 DDABC71-75 BDBDC2010年同等学力英语真题（B卷）参考答案【口语】1-5 DDABA6-10 ACABD【词汇】11-15 CDDAC16-20 DBDBB21-25 CCDAA26-30 CBABA【阅读】31-36 CBBADA37-42 BACCAC43-48 ABADDB49-54 BCDADB55-60 BCADCD【完型】61-65 ACBAD66-70 CCBAD71-75 ACACD2010年同等学力人员中请硕士学位外国语水平全国统一考试英语试卷二参考答案Part I Translation (30 minutes, 20 points, 10 for each section)Section A生态系统就是一个动植物群体，这个群体生活在特定区域而且彼此之间以及与它们的环境之间相互影响。
生态系统包括物理的和化学的成分，例如，土壤，水以及供给有机体生活的养分。
这些有机体中既有巨型动物也有小的微生物细菌。
生态系统也可以被看作是特定区域所有有机体的互动；例如，一个物种可能是另外一个物种的食物。
人类也是他们生活和工作的生态系统的一部分。
人类的活动会伤及甚至破坏当地的生态系统，除非诸如房地产或商业发展的土地政策考虑到了保护和维持当地的生态系统。
Section BAs a new trend of economic and social development, globalization has brought opportunities as well as challenges to china. On one hand, china is becoming the centre of the world manufacture industry and is playing increasingly important role in the international stage. On the other hand, we are facing the problem on how to develop the economy and sustain the excellent cultural tradition in the course ofglobalization.Part II WritingThe Value of FailureIn the above story, the writer is really a great man. He paid a lot to finish wring the draft of his masterpiece, however, the draft was destroyed because of other’s carelessness. Facing the painful result, the writer kept his high spirits instead of losing his heart. He was so confident to treat the failure and never gave up, which impressedme most[s1]描述短文内容We should learn from this great writer. It is true that life is full of difficulties and setbacks. What should we do when we are faced with something disappointing? From my perspective, on one hand, we should not get frustrated. On the other hand, weshould try our best to draw lessons from failure. Only in this way will we achieve success in the future.[s2]发表你对短文内容的看法。
2010年同等学力工商综合真题参考答案
2010年同等学力工商综合真题参考答案一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分）1．D 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．C6．A7．C 8．D 9．B 10．D二、多项选择题（每小题2分，共8分）11．ACD 12．ABE 13．ADE 14．ADE三、名词解释（每小题3分，共12分）1．业务规范：业务规范是针对业务活动过程中那些大量存在、反复出现，又能摸索出科学处理办法的事物所制定的作业处理规定。
2．交易风险：交易风险是指企业因进行跨国交易而取得外币债权或承担外币债务时，由于交易发生日的汇率与结算日的汇率不一致，可能使收入或支出发生变动的风险。
交易风险主要表现在以下几个方面：（1）以外币表示的借款或贷款；（2）以外币表示的商品及劳务的赊账业务；（3）尚未履行的期货外汇合约；（4）其他方式所取得的外币债权或应承担的外币债务。
3．选择分销：选择分销是指制造商在某一地区仅仅通过几个精挑细选的、最合适的中间商推销其生产品。
选择分销适用于所有产品，但相对而言，消费品中选购品和特殊品最宜于采取选择分销。
4．虚拟组织：虚拟组织是指企业保留核心资源，而把业务分包给其他组织完成，从而创造竞争优势。
虚拟组织的主要优势在于对产品和市场的灵活性，其劣势是管理人员对公司的主要职能活动缺乏强有力的控制。
四、简答题（每小题7分，共28分）1．简述分工给组织带来的弊端。
答：分工给组织带来的弊端：（1）分工会带来工作的单调化；（2）分工会阻碍组织内部人员的合理流动，降低其对组织变化的适应能力；（3）专业化会助长组织内部的冲突。
2．简述矩阵组织结构的优点。
答：矩阵组织结构是指在原有按直线指挥系统与职能部门组成纵向垂直领导系统的基础上，又建立一个横向的以产品（项目）为中心的领导系统，两者合成为矩阵形结构。
矩阵组织结构的优点是：（1）适于进行以项目为中心的经营活动；（2）能最有效地发挥职能部门管理人员的作用；（3）能激发管理人员的创造性，利于开展多种业务项目；（4）中层管理人员可以更多地接触企业战略问题。
同等学力人员申请硕士学位2010年教育学学科综合水平全国统一考试试题及参考答案
2010年同等学力人员申请硕士学位教育学学科综合水平全国统一考试试题一、单项选择题（每小题 1.5 分，共30 分）1．人类历史上早出现的专门论述教育问题的著作是（）。
A．《论语》B．《学记》C．《大教学论》D．《普通教育学》2．第一个从理论上系统论述班级授课制的教育家是（）。
A．夸美纽斯B．洛克C．卢梭D．斯宾塞3．着眼于训练心理官能，偏重发展智力的教育理论是（）。
A．传统教育理论B．形式教育理论C．实质教育理论D．现代教育理论4．“教学有法，而无定法”这句话所说明的教师劳动特点是（）。
A．复杂性B．示范性C．创造性D．广延性5．前苏联教育家马卡连柯提出的“平行教育影响”是指（）。
A．言行一致原则B．教育影响的一致性和连贯性原则C．理论联系实际原则D．集体教育原则6．西周时期诸侯所设大学称为（）。
A．辟雍B．泮宫C．东序D．太学7．宋代教育家朱熹的主要著作是（）。
A．《大学》B．《道德经》C．《四书章句集注》D．《春秋繁露》8．中国1922 年颁布的新学制的特点是（）。
A．仿效美国的单轨制B．仿效日本的双轨制C．仿效苏联的混合学制D．仿效德国的双轨制9．美国在19 世纪30 年代掀起了一场公立学校运动，其倡导者是（）。
A．科南特 B 杜威C．克伯屈D．贺拉斯•曼10．倡导现代公民教育和劳作教育的德国教育家是（）。
A．赫尔巴特B．凯兴斯坦纳C．福禄培尔D．费希特11．个体的思维已具有一定的弹性，可以逆转，同时获得长度、体积、重量和面积等方面的守恒。
该个体所处的认知发展阶段是（）。
A．感知运动阶段B．前运算阶段C．具体运算阶段D．形式运算阶段12．最早以动物为实验研究对象，系统地研究动物的学习行为的心理学家是（）。
A．托尔曼B．苛勒C．桑代克D．华生13．莫雷诺首创的用于测量学生的人际关系的方法称为（）。
A．行为评定法B．心理测验法C．自我报告法D．社会测量法14．观察者因看到榜样受到强化而间接受到的强化称为（）。
2010年在职(同等学力)考研西医综合真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2010年在职（同等学力）考研西医综合真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. A1型题 2. A2型题 3. B1型题 4. X型题1．属于神经调节的生理过程是A．减压反射B．血糖值稳定C．消化期胃液分泌D．氧解离曲线偏移E．动作电位发生正确答案：A解析：神经调节是通过神经系统的活动实现的，是机体功能的主要调节方式。
调节特点：反应速度快、作用持续时间短、作用部位准确。
基本调节方式为反射，指机体在中枢神经系统的参与下，对刺激的规律性应答。
减压反射指颈动脉窦和主动脉弓压力感受性反射。
当动脉血压升高时，这一反射过程引起的效应是使血压下降，故称减压反射。
所以减压反射是神经调节。
2．正确的反馈概念是A．信号作用于控制系统的过程B．信号作用于受控系统的过程C．受控系统发出的信号作用于控制系统的过程D．干扰信号作用于控制系统的过程E．干扰信号作用于受控系统的过程正确答案：C解析：反馈控制系统是一个闭路系统，其控制部分不断接受受控部分的影响，即受控部分不断有反馈信息返回输给控制部分，改变着它的活动。
这种控制系统具有自动控制的能力。
3．借助通道进行跨膜转运的物质是A．氧气B．钠离子C．葡萄糖D．氨基酸E．脂肪酸正确答案：B解析：易化扩散是指某些非脂溶性小分子物质或某些离子借助于膜结构中的特殊蛋白质(载体或通道)的帮助所实现的顺电一化学梯度的跨膜转运。
如葡萄糖、氨基酸等的转运方式是以载体介导的易化扩散。
它具有下列特点：(1)高度的结构特异性。
(2)饱和现象。
(3)竞争性抑制。
Na+，K+，Ca2+的转运方式是以通道为中介的易化扩散，离子通道可迅速开放或关闭，这依赖于某些化学物质和激素、递质的作用或受膜电位的控制。
根据影响因素的不同，可将离子通道分为电压门控、化学门控和机械门控等离子通道。
4．同时具有酶活性的受体是A．促离子型受体B．促代谢型受体C．G蛋白偶联受体D．受体酪氨酸激酶E．酪氨酸激酶结合型受体正确答案：D解析：酶偶联受体主要包括：受体Tyr激酶(RTK)、受体鸟苷酸环化酶、受体Tyr磷酸酶、受体Ser／Thr激酶和结合Tyr激酶的受体。
2010年同等学力申硕经济学真题及答案
（4）基本步骤是：①根据政府确定的建设项目，提出多种备选方案；②以货币为统一 尺度，分别计算各备选方案的各种有形成本并加总；③按照各备选方案的总成本 高低排出顺序，提供给决策者选择。
AC = TC ；边际成本是每增加一单位产品所增加的成本量， MC = dTC （3 分）。
Q
dQ
（2）边际成本 MC 的变动规律是：开始时，边际成本 MC 随产量的增加而下降，当产
量增加到一定程度时，就随产量的增加而增加，即边际成本 MC 是一条先下降后
上升的 U 形曲线（1 分）。
（3）如图所示：平均成本 AC 高于平均可变成本 AVC，且相互之间的距离越来越接近。
M m = 。在名义货币量 M 既定的条件下，联立方程：
P
⎧I (r) = S(Y )
⎪ ⎨M
消除利率 r 可求得总需求函数（2 分）。
⎪⎩ P = L1(Y ) + L2 (r)
经济学试卷答案 第 2 页 共 5 页
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天津在职研究生网同等学力频道
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二、名词解释（每小题 3 分，共 12 分） 1．自然失业率 2．科斯定理 3．公共定价法 4．里昂惕夫反论
天津在职研究生网同等学力频道
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4．从总需求有：Y= C + I + G+ X 从总供给有：Y= C + S + T + M 令 T = G ，变换： C+I+X=C+S+M I+X=S+M 设 dI 为投资增量，dX 为出口增量，dS 为储蓄增量，dM 为进口增量，有： dI + dX = dS + dM 变形后：dI + dX = (dS/ dY + dM/ dY) dY dY = [ 1/（dS/ dY+ dM/ dY）]（dI + dX） 令：dS = dI，则有： dY = [1/（dM/ dY）]dX 【评分说明】回答出总需求和总供给公式给 2 分。回答出 T = G 变换给 1 分。回答 出 dI + dX = dS + dM，给 2 分，其余内容给 3 分。
2010年同等学力法学真题及详细参考答案
2010年同等学力人员申请硕士学位学科综合水平全国统一考试法学试卷一、判断题（每小题1分，共8分。
判断下列各命题是否正确，正确的用“A”表示，错误的用“B”表示。
请在答题卡上将正确选项的字母涂黑）1．扩充解释是对法条文字所作的广于立法原意的解释。
解析：B。
本题考查法律解释。
扩充解释，是指对法律规范所作的关于法律条文的字面含义，以充分实现立法原意。
扩充解释的目的是要体现立法原意，突破的只是字面含义，而不是要突破立法原意，因此本题说法错误。
2．由于类推可能造成法律责任的溯及既往，因此我国不允许对法律进行类推适用。
解析：B。
本题考查法律的类推。
类推，是指法律适用机关在处理具体案件或问题时，援引最相类似或基本类同的法律规定，以解决疑难问题的推理。
类推属于实质推理的一种形式。
在刑法领域，基于罪刑法定原则，在法律上是否定刑事审判中的类推的，但类推适用在实际上不可能取消，特别是在民事审判中更是如此。
在法律实践中，出现新奇或棘手案件，此时司法机关不能以“法无明文规定”为由拒绝受理，应当援引最相类似或基本类同的法律规定做出裁决。
因此，我国在刑事诉讼以外的领域并未不允许类推适用。
本题说法错误。
3．任意性规则既规定了主体的法定权利和义务，又允许当事人自行协商确定权利义务。
解析：A。
本题考查任意性规则。
根据法律调整是否允许当事人进行自主调整，即按照自己的意愿自行设定权利和义务，可以把法律规则分为强行性规则和任意性规则。
任意性规则在规定主体权利义务的同时，也允许当事人在法律许可的范围内通过协商自行设定彼此的权利与义务，只有在当事人没有协议的情况下，才适用法律规则的规定。
4．与自然经济和计划经济相比，市场经济更需要法律调控。
解析：A。
本题考查法治与经济。
现代市场经济是法治经济。
从市场经济和法治的产生发展历史来看，二者并蒂连枝，如同孪生。
市场经济的发展孕育了法治的精神和社会基础，法治为市场经济的发展提供了制度保障。
市场经济之下，各类市场主体的活动、各种市场要素的相互作用是纷繁复杂的。
2010同等学力真题
2010年同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语水平全国统一考试试题ENGLISH QUALIFYING TEST FOR MASTER-DEGREE APPLICANTS(Time Limit: 150 minutes)Paper One 试卷一Part I Dialogue Communication (10 minutes, 10 points)Part II Vocabulary (20 minutes, 10 points)Part III Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 30 points)Part IV Cloze (15 minutes, 15 points)Paper Two 试卷二Part I Translation (30 minutes, 20 points)Part II Writing (30 minutes, 15 points)Paper One 试卷一(90 minutes)Part I Dialogue Communication (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 for each)Section A Dialogue CompletionDirections: In this section, you will read 5 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.1. A: Can you take over for me here for a little while? I have a friend coming to see me.B:I‟d like to,but _____ Ask Peter, he‟s not so occupied at this moment.A．how can I do it? B．that‟s alright.C．I have my hands full. D．that‟s impossible.2. A: To get an outside line, just dial 0 and the phone number. Or we can place a call for you,if you want.B: No, thanks a lot. _____A．Just put me through. B．I‟ll try it myself.C．I‟d rather not. D．I‟ll appreciate your help.3. A:Now, it‟s just work, work, work. 1 work hard all day, every day.B: Oh, come on. _____ You‟re making a go od salary now.A．Don‟t complain. B．Sorry to hear about it.C．Anything I can do for you? D．What‟s your plan?4. A: Pamela, can you come to a meeting on Friday?B: _____Let me check my schedule. When are you having it?A．No big deal. B．I'm not sure.C．Can I? D．Sure thing!5. A: I'm really getting fed up with the salespersons who keep calling.B: _____A．I hope it‟s nothing serious. B．They are so stupid!C．So am I. It‟s so annoying. D．You are right. Forget it.Section BDirections: In this section, there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.6. Man:I‟ve figured it all out. It looks like it‟ ll take us about 5 hours to drive from here to Chicago.Woman: It‟d be more relaxing to take the train. But I guess we should watch our expenses.Question: What does the woman imply?A．She likes to drive when she travels.B．She doesn‟t want to go to Chicago.C．She doesn‟t know the cost of the train trip.D．It's cheaper to go to Chicago by car.7. Man: How about the examination last week?Woman: If I‟d got more time, I could have made it.Question: What does the woman imply?A．She was asked to take another examination.B．She failed the examination last week.C．She did quite well in the examination.D．She didn‟t take the examination last week.8. Man: Harvard or the State University, have you decided yet?Woman: Well, I‟d rather be a big fish in a small pon d．Question: Which university is the woman likely to choose?A．The State University. B．Harvard．C．Neither. D．She hasn‟t decided yet.9. Man: I‟ve just foun d a great location to open a new shop.Woman: But you haven‟t researched the market. Don‟t you think this is putting the cart before the horse?Question: What does the woman mean?A．The mail shouldn‟t make the decision so quickly.B．It‟s too risky to c hoose such a location.C．The man is doing things in the wrong order.D．It‟s possible for him to make a better choice.10. Woman: My results are a bit flattering because I‟ve had quite a lot of luck.Man: Nonsense, you‟re head and shoulders above the others in your group.Question: What does the man think is the reason for the woman‟s success?A．She‟s really lucky. B．She‟s far better than the others.C．She‟s got the others‟ support. D．She‟s been working har d．Part II Vocabulary (20 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 for each)Section ADirections:In this section, there are 10 sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined．Choose the one from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.11. Betty was offended because she felt that her friends had ignored her purposefully at the party.A．desperately B．definitely C．deliberately D．decisively12. There has been enough playing around, so let‟s get down to business.A．make a deal B．begin on workC．reach an agreement D．change our plan13. How is it possible for our human body to convert yesterday's lunch into today‟s muscle?A．alter B．develop C．modify D．turn14. It is important for families to observe their traditions even as their children get older.A．notice B．watch C．follow D．celebrate 15. It is difficult to comprehend, but everything you have ever seen, smelt, heard or felt ismerely your brain‟s interpretation of incoming stimuli.A．explanation B．evaluation C．recognition D．interruption 16. Life is more important than the pressures and stresses that we place on ourselves overwork and other commitments.A．appointments B．arrangements C．obligations D．devotions 17. If you continue to indulge in computer games like this, your future will be at stake.A．in danger B．without question C．on guard D．at large18. Romantic novels, as opposed to realistic ones, tend to present idealized versions of life,often with a happy ending.A．in contrast to B．in regard toC．in terms of D．in light of19. Most people would agree that, although our age far surpasses all previous ages inknowledge, there has been no correlative increase in wisdom.A．improves B．precedes C．imposes D．exceeds20. Many students today display a disturbing willingness to choose institutions and careers onthe basis of earning potential.A．offensive B．depressive C．troublesome D．tiresomeSection BDirections: In this section, there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.21. My oldest son had just finished an _____ holiday stay prior to moving to a new state, anew job, and the next chapter in his life.A．enlarged B．expanded C．extended D．increased 22. Blacks and American Indians _____ less than 10％of students in the top 30 businessschools, while they are about 28％of the U. S. population.A．make up B．take up C．reach out D．turn out23. With demand continuing to rise in _____ economies such as China and India, energytraders believe that oil futures are a good bet.A．employing B．emerging C．embracing D．emitting 24. Laws and regulations in each country have to be made _____ the constitution of thecountry.A．in honor of B．in memory ofC．in return of D．in line with25. The jury‟s _____ was that the accused was guilty.A．verdict B．sentence C．trial D．debate26. In English learning, a _____ cycle occurs when a student makes more errors after beingscolded.A．vertical B．vicious C．vivid D．vigorous 27. Isn‟t it _____ when you learn something you‟ve never known before?A．cool B．crazy C．cold D．cute28. There are several factors _____ the rapid growth of sales promotion, particularly inconsumer markets.A．resorting to B．appealing to C．applying to D．contributing to 29. The Internet has been developing at a speed _____ people‟s expectations in the past twodecades.A．over B．of C．under D．beyond30. It is obvious that the sports games are no longer amateur affairs；they have becomeprofessionally _____.A．laid off B．laid out C．put off D．put outPart III Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 for each)Directions: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneLoneliness has been linked to depression and other health problems. Now, a study says it can also spread. A friend of a lonely person was 52％more likely to develop feelings of loneliness. And a friend of that friend was 25％more likely to do the same. Earlier findings showed that happiness, fatness and the ability to stop smoking can also grow like infections within social groups. The findings all come from a major health study in the American town of Framingham, Massachusetts.The study began in 1948 to investigate the causes of heart disease. Since then, more tests have been added, including measures of loneliness and depression.The new findings involved more than 5,000 people in the second generation of the Framingham Heart Study. The researchers examined friendship histories and reports of loneliness. The results established a pattern that spread as people reported fewer close friends.For example, loneliness Can affect relationships between next—door neighbors. The loneliness spreads as neighbors who were close friends now spend less time together. The study also found that loneliness spreads more easily among women than men.Researchers from the University of Chicago, Harvard and the University of California, San Diego, did the study. The findings appeared last month in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.The average person is said to experience feelings of loneliness about 48 days a year. The study found that having a lonely friend Can add about 17 days. But every additional friend Can decrease loneliness by about 5％, or two and a half days.Lonely people become less and less trusting of others. This makes it more and more difficult for them to make friends—and more likely that society will reject them.John Cacioppo at the University of Chicago led the study. He says it is important to recognize and deal with loneliness. He says people who have been pushed to the edges of society should receive help to repair their social networks.The aim should be to aggressively create what he calls a ……protective barrier”againstloneliness. This barrier, he says, can keep the whole network from coming apart. 31. Besides loneliness, which of the following can also spread among people?A．Friendship. B．Happiness.C．Depression. D．Smoking.32. The Framingham Heart Study starting from 1948 _____.A．expanded its research topicsB．involved 5,000 patients of depressionC．identified loneliness as one key factor for heart diseaseD．examined the relationship between loneliness and depression33. Which of the following is true about the spread of loneliness?A．It leads to a gradual loss of friends.B．It is a common phenomenon among women.C．It is often found in the neighborhood．D．It ruins the relationships between close friends.34. Having a lonely friend, you are more likely to _____.A．strengthen your friendshipB．develop new friendshipC．increase the sense of lonelinessD．reduce the sense of loneliness35. According to John Cacioppo at the University of Chicago, loneliness can _____.A．result in aggressivenessB．cause people to be overprotectiveC．infect social networksD．push people to the verge of poverty36. What is the main idea of the passage?A．Loneliness can spread.B．Loneliness is linked to depression.C．Lonely people tend to grow fat.D．Lonely people need more friends.Passage TwoCalifornia has a new program called the Digital Textbook Initiative. “Starting this fall with high school math and science, we will be the first state in the nation to provide schools with a state-approved list of digital textbooks.”That was Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in June, talking about his effort to get schools to use materials available free online. He listed reasons why he thinks digital textbooks make sense.California approves traditional textbooks in six-year cycles. Digital ones can offer the latest information. They lighten the load of school bags. They save paper and trees, and make learning more fun and interactive. And above all; he said, they help schools with their finances.The state has had to make severe cuts in school spending because of deep financial problems. More than six million students attend California public schools.Earlier this year, California invited content developers to offer digital math and science materials for high schools. These had to meet at least 90％of the state‟s learning requirements. Specially trained teachers examined 16 textbooks and approved ten of them.Six of the ten were published by the CK l2 Foundation, a nonprofit group that had been developing digital science and math books for about two years. The foundation paid teachers and other education professionals to write and edit them. The money came from a group financed by the Khosla Family.California cannot require schools to use the digital textbooks. Individual school districts will have to decide for themselves.Susan Martimo, a California Department of Education official, says she does not expect widespread use right away. Her best guess is that some schools with a lot of technology will be the first to use them, but only in addition to their traditional books.School administrators point out that the texts may be free online, but students need a way to access them. Not everyone has a computer or electronic reader. Schools could print out copies, but that would not help the environment. Also, there is the cost to train teachers to use digital textbooks effectively.37. The Digital Textbook Initiative _____.A．will probably take effect in six yearsB．covers a11 the high school subjectsC．has been approved by all statesD．is advocated by California state governor38. The main reason for promoting digital textbooks is to _____.A．help save moneyB．benefit the environmentC．provide interesting materialsD．reduce students‟ heavy burden39. The digital textbooks were approved by _____.A．trained teachers B．content developersC．Khosla Family D．CK l2 Foundation40. What is true of CK l2 Foundation?A．It produced 16 digital textbooksB．It paid teachers to write digital textbooks.C．It is financed by California state government.D．It makes money through developing digital textbooks.41. According to Susan Martimo, digital textbooks _____.A．are not likely to have a widespread useB．will soon replace traditional onesC．will first be adopted by well-equipped schoolsD．are certain to be approved by school districts42. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _____.A．schools are reluctant to print out copiesB．the use of digital textbooks is not really freeC．students need to pay for computersD．training teachers to use the textbooks is not efficientPassage ThreeDoctors in Britain are warning of all obesity time bomb, when children who are already overweight grow up. So, what should we do? Exercise more? Eat less? Or both? The government feels it has to take responsibility for this expanding problem.The cheerful Mr. Pickwick, the hero of the novel by Charles Dickens, is seen in illustrations as someone who is plump（胖乎乎的）—and happy. In 18th century paintingsbeauty is equated with rounded bodies and soft curves. But nowadays being overweight is seen as indicating neither a cheerful character nor beauty but an increased risk of heart disease and stroke.So what do you do? Diet? Not according to England's chief medical officer, Sir Liam Donaldson. He says that physical activity is the key for reducing the risks of obesity, cancer and heart disease. And the Health Secretary John Reid even said that being inactive is as serious a risk factor in heart disease as smoking.So, having bought some cross trainers, how much exercise should you do? According to Sir Liam Donaldson, at least 30 minutes of moderate activity five days a week. Is going to the gym the answer? Luckily for those who find treadmills（跑步机）tedious, the Health Development Agency believes that physical activity that fits into people‟s lives may be more effective. They suggest taking the stairs rather than the lift, walking up escalators, playing active games with your children, dancing or gardening. And according to a sports psychologist, Professor Biddle, gyms… are not making the nation fit‟, and may even cause harm.There‟s new scientific evidence that too much exercise may actually be bad for you. Scientists at the University of Ulster have found that unaccustomed exercise releases dangerous free radicals that can adversely affect normal function in unfit people. The only people who should push their bodies to that level of exercise on a regular basis are trained athletes.So, should we forget about gyms and follow some experts‟ advice to increase exercise in our daily life? After all, getting off the bus a stop early and walking the rest of the way can‟t do any harm! One final thought. How come past generations lacked gym facilities but were leaner and fitter than people today?43. This passage is mainly about _____.A．how to keep fit and avoid fatnessB．increased risks for overweight peopleC．the dangers of exercise in the gymD．the benefit of a balanced diet44. What does this expanding problem（Para. 1）refer to?A．The slow growing up of overweight children.B．The obesity time bomb warned of by doctors.C．Too little exercise and too much diet.D．Neglect of the health issue by the government.45. Why does the author mention Mr. Pickwick in Charles Dickens‟ novel?A．He was portrayed in an 18th century painting.B．He is the hero of a world famous novel.C．He suffered from heart disease and stroke.D．He is the image of being plump and happy.46. According to Sir Liam Donaldson, what is the best way to avoid obesity?A．Being on diet.B．Giving up smoking.C．Being as inactive as possible.D．Doing physical activities.47. Which of the following is NOT recommended by the Health Development Agency?A．Walking up escalators, dancing or gardening.B．Going to the gym to walk on treadmills.C．Taking the stairs rather than the lift.D．Playing active games with your children.48. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _____.A．too much exercise may actually be bad for healthB．experts‟ advice cannot be always followedC．past generations longed for gym facilities we have todayD．moderate daily-life exercise can make us leaner and fitterPassage FourA metaphor is a poetic device that deals with comparison. It compares similar qualities of two dissimilar objects. With a simple metaphor, one object becomes the other: Love is a rose. Although this does not sound like a particularly rich image, a metaphor can communicate so much about a particular image that poets use them more than any other type of figurative language. The reason for this is that poets compose their poetry to express what they are experiencing emotionally at that moment. Consequently, what the poet imagines love to be may or may not be our perception of love. Therefore, the poet‟s job is to enable us to experience it, to feel it the same way as the poet does.Let‟s analyze this remarkably unsophisticated metaphor concerning love and the rose to see what it offers. Because the poet uses a comparison with a rose, first we must examine the characteristics of that flower. A rose is spectacular in its beauty, its petals（花瓣）are nicely soft, and its smell is pleasing. It‟s possible to say that a rose is actually a feast to the senses of sight, touch, and smell. The rose‟s appearance seems to border on perfection, each petal seemingly symmetrical in form. Isn‟t this the way one‟s love should be? A loved one should be a delight to one‟s senses and seem perfect. However, there is another dimension added to the comparison by using a rose. Roses have thorns. The poet wants to convey the idea that roses can be tricky. So can love, the metaphor tells us. When one reaches out with absolute trust to touch the object of his or her affection, ouch, a thorn can cause great harm! “Be careful,” the metaphor warns: Love is a feast to the senses, but it can overwhelm us, and it can also hurt us and cause acute suffering. This is the poet‟s perception of love —all admonition（劝诫）. What is the point? Just this: It took almost 14 sentences to clarify what a simple metaphor communicates in only four words! That is the artistry and the joy of the simple metaphor.49. According to the passage, what is a metaphor?A．A comparison between two different objects with similar features.B．A contrast between two different things to create a vivid image.C．A description of two similar objects in a poetic way.D．A literary device specially employed in poetry writing.50. The main idea of this passage is that _____.A．rose is a good image in poetryB．love is sweet and pleasingC．metaphor is ambiguousD．metaphor is a great poetic device51. It can be inferred from the passage that a metaphor is _____.A．difficult to understandB．rich in meaningC．not precise enoughD．like a flower52. As is meant by the author, thons of a rose ______.A．protect the rose from harmB．symbolize reduced loveC．add a new element to the image of loveD．represent objects of one‟s affection53. The meaning of the love-is-a-rose metaphor is that ______.A．love is a true joyB．true love comes once in a lifetimeC．love does not last longD．love is both good and bad experiences54. According to the passage, poetry is intended to______.A．release angerB．entertain the readersC．express poets‟ ideasD．reward the sensesPassage FiveSome 23 million additional U.S. residents are expected to become more regular users of the U.S. health care system in the next several years, thanks to the passage of health care reform. Digitizing medical data has been promoted as one way to help the already burdened system manage the surge in patients. But putting people‟s health information in databases and online is going to do more than simply reduce redundancies. It is already shifting the very way we seek and receive health care.“The social dynamics of care are changing,” says John Gomez, vice president of Eclipsys, a medical information technology company. Most patients might not yet be willing to share their latest CT scan images over Facebook, he notes, but many parents post their babies‟ ultrasound images, and countless patients nowadays use social networking sites to share information about conditions, treatments and doctors.With greater access to individualized health information —whether that is through a formal electronic medical record, a self-created personal health record or a quick instant-messaging session with a physician —the traditional roles of doctors and patients are undergoing a rapid transition.“For as long as we‟ve known, health care has been …I go to the physician, and they tell me what to do, and I do it,‟” says Nitu Kashyap, a physician and research fellow at the Yale Centerfor Medical Informatics. Soon more patients will be arriving at a hospital or doctor‟s office having reviewed their own record, latest test results and recommended articles about their health concerns. And even more individuals will be able to skip that visit altogether, instead sending a text message or e-mail to their care provider or consulting a personal health record or smart phone application to answer their questions.These changes will be strengthened by the nationwide shift to electronic medical records, which has already began. Although the majority of U.S. hospitals and doctors‟ offices are still struggling to start the change over, many patients already have electronic medical records —and some even have partial access to them. The My Chart program, in use at Cleveland Clinic, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas and other facilities, is a Web portal（门户）through which patients can see basic medical information as well as some test results.Medical data is getting a new digital life, and it is jump-starting a “fundamental change in how care is provided,” Gomez says.55. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?A．The Future of Your Medical DataB．Challenges Against Doctors and HospitalsC．Benefits of the U. S. Health Care ReformD．How to Access and Share Your Health Information56. Putting patient information in databases and online _____.A．enables more Americans to join the health care systemB．contributes to the passage of health care reformC．increases the burden of the U. S. health care systemD．changes how people seek and receive health care57. According to John Gomez, many patients use social networking sites to _____.A．change their social interactionsB．post their latest CT scan imagesC．share information about their health careD．show their babies‟ recent pictures58. Which of the following is NOT changing the traditional roles of doctors and patients?A．A formal electronic medical record.B．An easier access to information online.C．A self-created personal health record．D．A quick instant—messaging session with a doctor.59. According to Nitu Kashyap, more patients in the future will _____.A．refuses to follow their doctors‟ adviceB．be more dependent on their doctorsC．leave out their visit to doctors‟ offices and hospitalsD．have their health conditions examined through e-mall60. It is stated in the passage that _____.A．nationwide digitalization of medical data will begin soonB．most of U. S. hospitals and doctors are against the shiftC．patients are worded about the security of their health informationD．patients are starting to make use of their electronic medical recordsPart IV Cloze (15 minutes, 15 points, 1 for each)Directions：In this part, there is a passage with 15 blanks. For each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Are you single but too busy to search for love? Then you need to try the latest dating phenomenon that is sweeping __61__ the UK--speed dating.Speed dating __62__ men and women meeting in a room and finding out as much as they can about possible __63__ in three minutes. It‟s proving very __64__ with Britain‟s young people who find that they haven‟t got the time to meet that special one.At a speed dating event you are given three minutes to talk, __65__,with a member of the opposite sex. Then a bell is __66__ and you move to another person and start chatting again. By the end of the evening you will have spoken with up to twenty men or women!If, by the end of a conversation, you __67__ the person or would like to see him or her again, you write it __68__ on a card. Then, if the other person also fancies you, the organizers will contact you with their details.But is three minutes long enough to make an impression and __69__ if you want to see someone again? Research suggests that __70__ Can be felt within the first thirty seconds of meeting someone, and that is __71__ speed dating is all about, knowing quickly if you are going。
2010年同等学力英语真题
2010年同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语水平全国统一考试试题Paper One 试卷一(90 minutes)PartⅠDialogue Communication (10 minutes，10 points，1 for each)(略）PartⅡVocabulary (20 minutes，10 points，0. 5 for each)Section ADirections；In this section there are 10 sentences，each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.11. Most people would agree that, although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge,there has been no correlative increase in wisdom.A. improvesB. precedesC. exceedsD. imposes12. Many students today display a disturbing willingness to choose institutions and careers on thebasis of earning potential.A. offensiveB. depressiveC. tiresomeD. troublesome13. Betty was offended because she felt that her friends had ignored her purposefully at the party.A. desperatelyB. definitelyC. decisivelyD. deliberately14. There has been enough playing around, so let‟s get down to business.A. begin our workB. make a dealC. reach an agreementD. change our plan15. How is it possible for our human body to convert yesterday‟s lunch into today‟s muscle?A. alterB. developC. turnD. modify16. It is important for families to observe their traditions even as their children get older.A. noticeB. watchC. celebrateD. follow17. It is difficult to comprehend, but everything you have ever seen, smelt, heard or felt is merelyyour brain‟s interpretation of incoming stimuli.A. evaluationB. explanationC. recognitionD. interruption18. Life is more important than the pressures and stresses that we place on ourselves over workand other commitments.A. appointmentsB. arrangementsC. devotionsD. obligations19. If you continue to indulge in computer games like this, your future will be at stake.A. without questionB. in dangerC. on guardD. at large20. Romantic novels, as opposed to realistic ones, tend to present idealized versions of life, oftenwith a happy ending.A. in regard toB. in contrast toC. in terms ofD. in light ofSection BDirections:In this section，there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine- scoring ANSWER SHEET.21. There are several factors ______ the rapid growth of sales promotion, particularly inconsumer markets.A. resorting toB. appealing toC. contributing toD. applying to22. The Internet has been developing at a speed______ people‟s expectations in the past twodecades.A. overB. ofC. beyondD. under23. My oldest son had just finished an ______ holiday stay prior to moving to a new state, a newjob, and the next chapter in his life.A. enlargedB. expandedC. increasedD. extended24. Blacks and American Indians______ less than 10% of students in the top 30 businessschools, while they are about 28% of the U. S. population.A. take upB. make upC. reach outD. torn out25. With demand continuing to rise in______ economies such as China and India, energytraders believe that oil futures are a good bet.A. emergingB. employingC. embracingD. emitting26. Laws and regulations in each country have to be made______ the constitution of thecountry.A. in honor ofB. in memory ofC. in line withD. in return for27. The jury‟s______ was that the accused was guilty.A. sentenceB. verdictC. trialD. debate28. In English learning, a______ cycle occurs when a student makes more errors after beingscolded.A. viciousB. verticalC. vividD. vigorous29. Isn‟t it______ when you learn something you‟ve never known before?A. crazyB. coolC. coldD. cute30. It is obvious that the sports games are no longer amateur affairs; they have becomeprofessionally______.A. laid outB. laid offC. put outD. put offPart ⅢReading Comprehension (45 minutes，30 points，1 for each)Directions:There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by 6 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneCalifornia has a new program called the Digital Textbook Initiative. “Starting this fall with high school math and science, we will be the first state in the nation to provide schools with a state-approved list of digital textbooks.”That was Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in June, talking about his effort to get schools to use materials available free online. He listed reasons why he thinks digital textbooks make sense.California approves traditional textbooks in six-year cycles. Digital ones can offer the latest information. They lighten the load of school bags. They save paper and trees, and make learning more fun and interactive. And above all, he said, they help schools with their finances.The state has had to make severe cuts in school spending because of deep financial problems. More than six million students attend California public schools.Earlier this year, California invited content developers to offer digital math and science materials for high schools. These had to meet at least 90% of the state's learning requirements. Specially trained teachers examined 16 textbooks and approved ten of them.Six of the ten were published by the CK12 Foundation, a nonprofit group that had been developing digital science and math books for about two years. The foundation paid teachers and other education professionals to write and edit them. The money came from a group financed by the Khosla Family. 'California cannot require schools to use the digital textbooks. Individual school districts will have to decide for themselves.Susan Martimo, a California Department of Education official, says she does not expect widespread use right away. Her best guess is that some schools with a lot of technology will be the first to use them. But only in addition to their traditional books.School administrators point out that the texts may be free online, but students need a way to access them. Not everyone has a computer or electronic reader. Schools could print out copies but that would not help the environment. Also，there is the cost to train teachers to use digital textbooks effectively.31. The Digital Textbook Initiative_______.A. w ill probably take effect in six yearsB. c overs all the high school subjectsC. i s advocated by California state governorD. h as been approved by all states32. The main reason for promoting digital textbooks is to ______.A. b enefit the environmentB. h elp save moneyC. p rovide interesting materialsD. r educe students‟ heavy burden33. The digital textbooks were approved by______ .A. c ontent developersB. t rained teachersC. K hosla FamilyD. C K12 Foundation34. What is true of CK12 Foundation?A. I t paid teachers to write digital textbooks.B. I t produced 16 digital textbooks.C. I t is financed by California state government.D. I t makes money through developing digital textbooks.35. According to Susan Martimo digital textbooks______.A. a re not likely to have a widespread useB. w ill soon replace traditional onesC. a re certain to be approved by school districtsD. w ill first be adopted by well-equipped schools36. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that______.A. t he use of digital textbooks is not really freeB. s chools are reluctant to print out copiesC. s tudents need to pay for computersD. t raining teachers to use the textbook is not efficientPassage TwoDoctors in Britain are warning of an obesity time bomb，when children who are already overweight grow up. So，what should we do? Exercise more? Eat less? Or both? The government feels it has to take responsibility for this expanding problem.The cheerful Mr. Pickwick, the hero of the novel by Charles Dickens, is seen in illustrations as someone who is plump (胖乎乎）一and happy. In 18th century paintings beauty is equated with rounded bodies and soft curves. But nowadays being overweight is seen as indicating neither a cheerful character nor beauty but an increased risk of heart disease and stroke.So what do you do? Diet? Not according to England‟s chief medical officer, Sir Liam Donaldson, He says that physical activity is the key for reducing the risks of obesity, cancer and heart disease. And the Health Secretary John Reid even said that being inactive is as serious a risk factor in heart disease as smoking.So，having bought some cross trainers，how much exercise should you do? According to Sir Liam Donaldson, at least 30 minutes of moderate activity five days a week. Is going to the gym the answer? Luckily for those who find treadmills (跑步机）tedious, the Health Development Agency believes that physical activity that fits into people‟s lives may be more effective. They suggest taking the stairs rather than the lift, walking up escalators, playing active games with your children, dancing or gardening. And according to a sports psychologist, Professor Biddle, gyms “are not making the nation fit,” and may even cause harm.There‟s new scientific evidence that too much exercise may actually be bad for you. Scientists at the University of Ulster have found that unaccustomed exercise releases dangerous free radicals that can adversely affect normal function in unfit people. The only people who should push their bodies to that level of exercise on a regular basis are trained athletes.So, should we forget about gyms and follow some experts‟ advice to increase exercise in ourdaily life? After all，getting off the bus a stop early and walking the rest of the way can't do any harm! One final thought. How come past generations lacked gym facilities but were leaner and fitter than people today?37. This passage is mainly about ______.A. i ncreased risks for overweight peopleB. h ow to keep fit and avoid fatnessC. t he dangers of exercise in the gymD. t he benefit of a balanced diet38. What does “this expanding problem” (Para. 1) refer to?A. T he obesity time bomb warned of by doctors.B. T he slow growing up of overweight children.C. T oo little exercise and too much diet.D. N eglect of the health issue by the government.39. Why does the author mention Mr. Pickwick in Charles Dickens‟ novel?A. H e was portrayed in an 18th century painting.B. H e is the hero of a world famous novel.C. H e is the image of being plump and happy.D. H e suffered from heart disease and stroke.40. According to Sir Liam Donaldson what is the best way to avoid obesity?A. B eing on diet.B. G iving up smoking.C. D oing physical activities.D. B eing as inactive as possible.41. Which of the following is NOT recommended by the Health Development Agency?A. G oing to the gym to walk on treadmills.B. W alking up escalators，dancing or gardening.C. T aking the stairs rather than the lift.D. P laying active games with your children.42. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that______.A. t oo much exercise may actually be bad for healthB. e xperts‟ advice cannot be always followedC. m oderate daily-life exercise can make us leaner and fitterD. p ast generations longed for gym facilities we have todayPassage ThreeLoneliness has been linked to depression and other health problems. Now, a study says it can also spread. A friend of a lonely person was 52% more likely to develop feelings of loneliness. And a friend of that friend was 25% more likely to do the same.Earlier findings showed that happiness, fatness and the ability to stop smoking can also grow like infections within social groups. The findings all come from a major health study in the American town of Framingham, Massachusetts.The study began in 1948 to investigate the causes of heart disease. Since then, more tests have been added, including measures of loneliness and depression.The new findings involved more than 5，000 people in the second generation of the Framingham Heart Study. The researchers examined friendship histories and reports of loneliness. The results established a pattern that spread as people reported fewer close friends.For example, loneliness can affect relationships between next-door neighbors. The loneliness spreads as neighbors who were close friends now spend less time together. The study also found that loneliness spreads more easily among women than men.Researchers from the University of Chicago, Harvard and the University of California, San Diego, did the study. The findings appeared last month in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,The average person is said to experience feelings of loneliness about 48 days a year. The study found that having a lonely friend can add about 17 days. But every additional friend can decrease loneliness by about 5%, or two and a half days.Lonely people become less and less trusting of others. This makes it more and more difficult for them to make friends and more likely that society will reject them.John Cacioppo at the University of Chicago led the study. He says it is important to recognize and deal with loneliness. He says people who have been pushed to the edges of society should receive help to repair their social networks.The aim should be to aggressively create what he calls a “protective barrier”against loneliness. This barrier, he says, can keep the whole network from coming apart.43. Besides loneliness, which of the following can also spread among people?A. Happiness.B. Friendship.C. Depression.D. Smoking.44. The Framingham Heart Study starting from 1948 ______.A. involved 5，000 patients of depressionB. expanded its research topicsC. identified loneliness as one key factor for heart diseaseD. examined the relationship between loneliness and depression45. Which of the following is true about the spread of loneliness?A. It is a common phenomenon among women.B. It leads to a gradual loss of friends.C. It is often found in the neighborhood.D. It ruins the relationships between close friends.46. Having a lonely friend, you are more likely to______.A. strengthen your friendshipB. develop new friendshipC. reduce the sense of lonelinessD. increase the sense of loneliness47. According to John Cacioppo at the University of Chicago, loneliness can______.A. result in aggressivenessB. cause people to be overprotectiveC. push people to the verge of povertyD. infect social networks48. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Loneliness is linked to depression.B. Loneliness can spread.C. Lonely people tend to grow fat.D. Lonely people need more friends.Passage FourSome 23 million additional U. S. residents are expected to become more regular users of the U. S. health care system in the next several years, thanks to the passage of health care reform. Digitizing medical data has been promoted as one way to help the already burdened system manage the surge in patients. But putting people‟s health information in databases and online is going to do more than simply reduce redundancies. It is already shifting the very way we seek and receive health care.“The social dynamics of care are changing,” says John Gomez, vice president of Eclipsys，a medical information technology company. Most patients might not yet be willing to share their latest CT scan images over Facebook, he notes, but many parents post their babies‟ultrasound images, and countless patients nowadays use social networking sites to share information about conditions, treatments and doctors.With greater access to individualized health information—whether that is through a formal electronic medical record, a self-created personal health record or a quick instant messaging session with a physician the traditional roles of doctors and patients are undergoing a rapid transition.“For as long as we‟ve known, health care has been …I go to the physician, and they tell me what to do，and I do it, ‟”，says Nitu Kashyap, a physician and research fellow at the Yale Center for Medical Informatics. Soon more patients will be arriving at a hospital or doctor‟s office having reviewed their own record, latest test results and recommended articles about their health concerns. And even more individuals will be able to skip that visit altogether, instead sending a text message or e-mail to their care provider or consulting a personal health record or smart-phone application to answer their questions.These changes will be strengthened by the nationwide shift to electronic medical records, which has already begun. Although the majority of U. S. hospitals and doctors; offices are still struggling to start the changeover, many patients already have electronic medical records—and some even partial access to them. The My Chart program, in use at Cleveland Clinic, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas and other facilities, is a Web portal (门户）through which patients can see basic medical information as well as some test results.Medical data is getting a new digital life, and it is jump-starting a “fundamental change in how care is provided”，Gomez says.49. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?A. Challenges Against Doctors and HospitalsB. The Future of Your Medical DataC. Benefits of the U. S. Health Care ReformD. How to Access and Share Your Health Information50. Putting patient information in databases and online______.A. enables more Americans to join the health care systemB. contributes to the passage of health care reformC. changes how people seek and receive health careD. increases the burden of the U. S. health care system51. According to John Gomez, many patients use social networking sites to______.A. change their social interactionsB. post their latest CT scan imagesC. show their babies‟ recent picturesD. share information about their health care52. Which of the following is NOT changing the traditional roles of doctors and patients?A. An easier access to information online.B. A formal electronic medical record.C. A self-created personal health record.D. A quick instant-messaging session with a doctor.53. According to Nitu Kashyap, more patients in the future will______.A. refuse to follow their doctors‟ adviceB. be more dependent on their doctorsC. have their health conditions examined through e-mailD. leave out their visit to doctors‟ offices and hospitals54. It is stated in the passage that______.A. nationwide digitalization of medical data will begin soonB. most of U. S. hospitals and doctors are against the shiftC. patients are starting to make use of their electronic medical recordsD. patients are worried about the security of their health informationPassage FiveA metaphor is a poetic device that deals with comparison. It compares similar qualities of two dissimilar objects. With a simple metaphor, one object becomes the other: Love is a rose. Although this does not sound like a particularly rich image, a metaphor can communicate so much about a particular image that poets use them more than any other type of figurative language. The reason for this is that poets compose their poetry to express what they are experiencing emotionally at that moment. Consequently, what the poet imagines love to be may or may not be our perception of love. Therefore, the poet‟s job is to enable us to experience it, to feel it the same way as the poet does.Let‟s analyze this remarkably unsophisticated metaphor concerning love and the rose to see what it offers. Because the poet uses a comparison with a rose，first we must examine the characteristics of that flower. A rose is spectacular in its beauty, its petals (花辦）are nicely soft, and its smell is pleasing. It‟s possible to say that a rose is actually a feast to the senses of sight, touch, and smell. The rose‟s appearance seems to border on perfection, each petal seemingly symmetrical in form. Isn‟t this the way one‟s love should be? A loved one should be a delight to one‟s senses and seem perfect. However, there is another dimension added to the comparison by using a rose. Roses have thorns. The poet wants to convey the idea that roses can be tricky. So can love, the metaphor tell us. When one reaches out with absolute trust to touch the object of his or her affection, ouch, thorn can cause great harm! “Be careful，” the metaphor warns: Love is a feast to the senses，but it can overwhelm us, and it can also hurt us and cause acute suffering. This is the poet's perception of love—an admonition (劝诚).What is the point? Just this: It took almost 14sentences to clarify what a simple metaphor communicates in only four words! That is the artistry and the joy of the simple metaphor.55. According to the passage，what is a metaphor?A. A contrast between two different things to create a vivid image.B. A comparison between two different objects with similar features.C. A description of two similar objects in a poetic way.D. A literary device specially employed in poetry writing.56. The main idea of this passage is that______.A. rose is a good image in poetryB. love is sweet and pleasingC. metaphor is a great poetic deviceD. metaphor is ambiguous57. It can be inferred from the passage that a metaphor is______.A. rich in meaningB. difficult to understandC. not precise enoughD. like a flower58. As is meant by the author thorns of a rose______.A. protect the rose from harmB. symbolize reduced loveC. represent objects of one‟s affectionD. add a new element to the image of love59. The meaning of the love-is-a-rose metaphor is that______.A. love is true joyB. true love comes once in a lifetimeC. love is both good and bad experiencesD. love does not last long60. According to the passage, poetry is intended to ______.A. release angerB. entertain the readersC. reward the sensesD. express poets‟ ideasPart ⅣCloze (15 minutes，15 points，1 for each)Directions:In this part, there is a passage with 15 blanks. For each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Are you single but too busy to search for love? Then you need to try the latest dating phenomenon that is sweeping 61 the UK—speed dating.Speed dating 62 men and women meeting in a room and finding out as mush as they can about possible 63 in three minutes. It‟s proving very 64 with Britain‟s young people who find that they haven't got the time to meet that special one.At a speed dating event you are given three minutes to talk, 65 ，with a member of the opposite sex. Then a bell is 66 and you move to another person and start chatting again. By theend of the evening you will have spoken with up to twenty men or women!If，by the end of a conversation，you 67 the person or would like to see him or her again, you write it 68 on a card. Then, if the other person also fancies you, the organizers will contact you with their details.But is three minutes long enough to make an impression and 69 if you want to see someone again? Research suggests that 70 can be felt within the first thirty seconds of meeting someone, and that is 71 speed dating is all about, knowing quickly if you are going to like someone.And what about romance? Is it possible to make a good 72 in such a short time? 73 ，people say you can‟t hurry love. However Britain will soon have its first marriage from a speed date.So, if you are on a 74 to find Mr. or Miss Right, what have you got to lose?75 ，you still go home on your own. But at best，the person of your dreams could be just three minutes away.61. A. across B. off C. over D. through62. A. requires B. inquires C. involves D. revolves63. A. spouses B. partners C. friends D. counterparts64. A. popular B. practical C. favorable D. normal65. A. all in one B. one after one C. one and all D. one on one66. A. knocked B. shaken C. rung D. swung67. A. attract B. enjoy C. fancy D. chase68. A. off B. down C. up D. back69. A. work out B. work on C. work at D. work up70. A. emotion B. sentiment C. attachment D. chemistry71. A. what B. how C. all D. where72. A. conclusion B. reflection C. judgment D. guess73. A. After all B. In all C. Of all D. And all74. A. tour B. route C. mission D. direction75. A. At last B. At first C. A t end D. At worstPaper Two 试卷二(60 minutes)PartⅠTranslation (30 minutes, 20 points，10 for each section)Section ADirections: T ranslate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.An ecosystem is a group of animal and plants living in a specific region and interacting with one another and with their physical environment. Ecosystems include physical and chemical components, such as soils, water, and nutrients that support the organisms living there. These organisms may range from large animals to microscopic bacteria. Ecosystems also can be thoughtof as the interactions among all organisms in a given area；for instance, one species may serve as food for another. People are part of the ecosystems where they live and work. Human activities can harm or destroy local ecosystems unless actions such as land development for housing or businesses are carefully planned to conserve and sustain the ecology of the area.Section B(略）PartⅡWriting (30 minutes，15 points)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to -write a composition of no less than 150 'words. Your composition should be based on the following two questions after you have read the story given in Chinese.1. What do you think about the story?2. What d o you learn from it?英国史学家卡莱尔经过多年的伏案，写成了《法国大革命史》的全部文稿。
2010年在职申硕同等学力(经济学)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2010年在职申硕同等学力（经济学）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 名词解释 3. 简答题 4. 论述题单项选择题1．经济政策的基本目标是( )。
①经济增长②物价稳定③效率、增长、稳定④分配公正⑤国际收支平衡⑥经济福利A．①②B．③④⑤C．③④⑥D．②④⑥正确答案：C解析：经济政策的基本目标大体上可以分为效率、增长、稳定，经济福利，分配公正。
而经济增长、物价稳定、国际收支平衡是经济政策的基本目标派生出的具体目标。
2．某地区对新汽车需求的价格弹性Ed=—1．2，需求的收入弹性Ey=3．0，在其他条件不变的情况下，( )。
A．价格提高1％将导致需求增加1．2％B．收入增加2％将导致需求减少6．0％C．价格提高3％将导致需求减少3．6％D．收入增加4％将导致需求增加4．8％正确答案：C解析：注意需求价格弹性与收入价格弹性的计算方法及其经济含义。
3．在两部门经济中，若消费函数表示为C=100+0．6Y，这表明( )。
A．边际储蓄倾向等于0．6B．边际消费倾向与边际储蓄倾向之和等于100C．边际储蓄倾向与平均消费倾向之和等于lD．平均储蓄倾向与平均消费倾向之和等于1正确答案：D解析：边际储蓄倾向是指在增加1单位收入中增加的储蓄所占的比重。
边际消费倾向则是指增加l单位收入中用来消费的比重。
由于Y=C+S，因此边际储蓄倾向与边际消费倾向之和为1。
平均储蓄倾向是指任一收入水平上储蓄在收入中所占的比重，平均消费倾向指的是任意收入水平上消费在收入中所占的比重。
两者之和也为l。
在本题中，边际消费倾向是消费函数C：对国民收入Y求导后的结果，为0．6。
因此边际储蓄倾向应为0．4。
综上，答案为D。
4．货币市场存款账户是一种( )。
A．负债业务的创新B．资产业务的创新C．中间业务的创新D．清算业务的创新正确答案：A解析：对于银行而言，其负债业务包含存款业务。
货币市场存款账户是西方商业银行为竞争存款而开办的一种业务。
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2010年同等学力全国统一考试真题试题及答案
2010年同等学力申硕《心理学》真题试题参考答案
一、选择题
1，C 2，D 3，A 4，C 5，A
6，B 7，C 8，D 9，C 10，B
11，A 12，B 13，A 14，A 15，D
16，B 17，C 18，D 19，B 20，A
二、名词解释：
1.表象：指事物不在面前时，在人们头脑中出现的关于事物的形象。
2.品德：道德品质的简称，是个人根据一定的道德行为规范行动时所表现出来的稳固的特征或倾向。
3.β错误：又叫II型错误，即虚无假设为假时，接受虚无假设所犯的错误的概率。
即为存伪错误。
4.效标效度：也叫实证效度，是指一个测验对处于特定情景中的个体的行为进行预测时的有效性，也就是对于研究者所感兴趣的行为能够预测得怎么样。
其中，被预测的行为是检验测验效度的标准，简称效标。
5.概念同化：指在课堂学习的条件下，利用学生认知结构中原有的有关概念以定义的方式直接向学生揭示概念的关键特征，从而使学生获得概念的方式。
6.观点采择：是指儿童能采取别人的观点来理解他人的思想与情感的一种必需的认知技能。
观点采择能力是指儿童能采取别人的观点来理解他人的思想与情感的一种必需的认知技能。
由于儿童在7岁时就克服了思维上的自我中心性所以在小学阶段，儿童观点采择能力获得了很明显的发展。
弗拉维尔认为观点采择能力是以了解别人观点为目的，由不同的环节所组成的认知加工过程，它包括四个阶段:存在阶段、需要阶段、推断阶段和应用阶段。
塞尔曼通过两难故事法测查儿童观点采择能力的发展，认为分以下几个阶段: 阶段1:社会信息角色采择;
阶段2:自我反省式观点采择;
阶段3:相互性角色采择;
阶段4:社会和习俗系统的角色替换。
7.社会影响：由于社会压力而发生的个人行为与态度朝社会占优势的方向变化的过程，称作社会影响。
8.去个性化：
去个性化的概念是由费斯廷格于1952年提出的，它是指个人在群体中因丧失个性特征、自我理性和责任意识而表现出来的自身同一性意识下降，自我评价和控制水平降低的无理智状态。
三、简答题：
1、简述艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线的含义：
①德国心理学家艾宾浩斯最早采用自然科学的方法研究了遗忘的发展进程。
根据研究他认为"保持和遗忘是时间的函数"，他将实验的结果绘成曲线，得到了著名的艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线，即在时间进程上，遗忘是一个先快后慢的过程。
②艾宾浩斯在记忆研究中，为了避免由过去经验产生的意义联想对记忆保持量的测定造成干扰，采用了无意义音节作记忆材料。
无意义音节是由中间一个元音、两边各一个辅音构成的音节，如XIQ、ZEH和C.UB等。
他以自己作为被试，采用机械重复的记忆方法对词表进行系列学习。
在记忆保持量的测量方面采用节省法，又叫重学法，即学习材料到恰能成诵时，间隔一段时间再重新进行学习，达到同样能背诵的程度，然后比较两次学习所用的时间和诵读次数，就可以得出一个绝对节省值。
为了避免在间隔时间内对学过的材料进行回忆，他还在间隔时间内为自己安排了其他材料的学习任务。
③艾宾浩斯对记忆的研究是一种首创性的工作，他使记忆这种比较复杂的心理现象得到了数量化的研究。
2、简述影响测验信度的主要因素
答:影响信度的因素主要包括误差变异、被试样本、题目数量等，这些因素对于信度的影响如下:
(1)误差变异
误差变异越大，信度愈低。
凡受试者、主试者、测验内容和施测情境等各个方面能引起随机误差而导致分数不一致的因素，都会降低测验的信度。
①受试者方面，包括身心健康状况、动机、注意力、持久性、求胜心、作答态度等因素。
如果受试者的状态是异常的，则产生的结果就不可信。
②主试者方面，包括不按规定实施测验，制造紧张气氛，给予特别协助，评分主观等因素。
如果主试不经过严格训练，在测验过程中很可能对受测者产生的影响差异较大，比如会鼓励，这样会影响测验的标准化实施。
③测验内容方面，包括试题取样不当，内部一致性低，题数过少，题意模糊等因素。
测验内容对信度的影响很大，如果内容不清晰，则被试作出的反应根本没有参考的价值，结论更谈不上可信。
④施测情境方面，包括测验现场条件，如通风、温度、光线、噪音、桌面好坏、空间阔窄等因素。
测验情景差异较大或者有干扰情况出现，则测验结果出现的差异不能够确定是个体本身的因素还是外界的因素，导致结果没有价值。
(2)被试样本
影响信度系数的一个重要因素是用来确定信度的被试团体的特性。
①团体的异质性。
信度系数受分数分布范围的影响，分数范围与被试团体的异质程度有关。
团体越是异质，其分数范围越大，信度系数就越高。
②团体的平均水平。
对于不同水平的团体，题目具有不同的难度，每个题目在难度上的微小差异累积起来便会影响信度。
(3)题目的数量
题目的数量即测验的长度，也是影响信度系数的一个因素。
一般说来，当其他条件不变时，在一个测验中增加同质的题目即测验长度越长，信度越高，因为增加测验的长度可以加大分数范围。
(4)测验难度
测验的难度对信度估计没有直接影响，但是若测验对某团体太难，被试对许多题目只能做随机反应，即猜测时，测验分数的差别就主要取决于随机分布的测量误差，信度系数趋近于0。
相反，如果测验太容易，被试对许多测题的反应都为正确，测验分数就相当接近，分数分布范围变得狭窄，从而使信度降低。
这表明，要使信度达到最高，能产生最广分数分布的难度水平方为合适。
(5)间隔时间
以再测法或复本法求信度，两次测验相隔时间越短，其信度系数越大;间隔时间越久，其他变因介入的可能性越大，受外界的影响也越多，信度系数便越低。
3、简述引起不随意注意的原因：
不随意注意也称无意注意，指没有预定目的也不需要意志努力的注意。
引起无意注意的原因有两方面：刺激物本身的特性和人本身的状态
刺激物本身的特性包括：刺激物的强度、刺激物的新异性、刺激物的运动变化、刺激物的对比性。
人本身的状态包括：需要和兴趣、情绪情感、个人期待、有机体状态。
4、简述方差分析的使用条件：
(1)数据正态性，总体分布是正态或近似正态
(2)方差可加，总方差应为各方差分量的和
(3) 方差齐性，各实验处理的方差相等
数据变化不大
可用检验方法确定
如果各组被试人数相等可视为方差齐性
(4)因变量数据若为等比或等距数据，用参数的方法;
(5)若为等级变量，则应该用非参数方法
5、简述确定样本大小需要考虑的因素：
样本大小通常取决于以下几方面因素：1、研究的类型;2、预定分析的精确程度;3、允许误差的大小;4、总体的同质性;5、研究者的时间、人力和物力;6、取样方法等。
6、如何对研究报告的方法部分进行评价：
(1)、作者的研究方法是否能够检验研究假设;(2)、研究的自变量、因变量和无关变量是什么，被试如何取样，是否合理;(3)、按照作者的研究方法，预测将取得怎样的结果;(4)、自己提出的检验假设方法是否比作者的好。
四、论述题
1、论述动机的含义及其功能
动机是由一种目标或对象所引导、激发和维持个体活动的内在心理过程或内部动力。
动机是构成人类大部分行为的基础。
动机的功能包括以下几点:
(1)激活功能
动机是个体能动性的一个主要方面，它具有发动行为的作用，能推动个体产生某种活动，使个体由静止状态转向活动状态。
动机激活力量的大小，是由动机的性质和强度决定的。
一般认为，中等强度的动机有利于任务的完成。
(2)指向功能
动机不仅能激发行为，而且能将行为指向一定的对象或目标。
动机不一样，个体活动的方向和所追求的目标也是不一样的。
(3)维持和调整功能
动机具有维持功能，它表现为行为的坚持性。
当动机激发个体的某种活动后，这种活动能否坚持下去，同样要受动机的调节和支配。
人们在成功的机会很小时，也会坚持某种行为，这时人的长远信念起决定作用。
2、论述幼儿思维的基本特点：
幼儿思维发展的一般特点是思维的具体形象性以及进行初步抽象概括的可能性。
(1)思维的具体形象性
思维的具体形象性是指思维活动主要是凭借事物的具体形象或表象进行的，而不是凭借对事物的内在关系和本质的理解，即概念、判断和推理来进行的。
例如，一个幼儿能够正确回答:"6个苹果，2个人平分，每人能分到几个"，却不能回答3+3=?幼儿的这种思维特点与其知识贫乏及第一信号系统占优势是分不开的。
(2)思维的抽象性开始萌芽
幼儿中期以后，开始出现抽象思维的萌芽。
在解决同一个任务中，幼儿园小班儿童更多的是在感知水平上解决问题，而中班和大班儿童逐步地学会在词的水平上解决问题。
直觉行动思维、具体形象思维和抽象逻辑思维这三种思维形式在幼儿思维中所占的地位随年龄的增长而变化。
幼儿的直觉行动思维的水平比婴儿期有明显的提高，具体形象思维有很大程度的发展，抽象逻辑思维只是刚刚发展，幼儿对其经验范围内的事物能够进行简单的逻辑思维。
(3)言语在幼儿思维中的作用日益增强
幼儿园小班儿童的动作主要是受视觉映像或表象调节，言语在动作过程中不起什么作用，只有在做完动作以后，他才能在言语中把它反映出来;中班儿童往往是一面动作，一面言语，言语的计划作用还很差;大班儿童已能在行动之前就用言语表达想要做什么和如何做等，这时儿童的言语具有目的性和计划性。
来源：
(青年人同等学力网/stu/td/ )。