托福TPO44听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO45听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO45听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO45听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO45听力Conversation2文本Narrator: Listen to a conversation between a student and her economics professor.Professor:Excellent presentation you made at the end of class yesterday.Student:Oh, thanks.Professor:I'm so glad you volunteered to present first. Starting out by outlining what you were going to say, then at the end summarizing the key points.It was a very effective way of getting your points across.Student:I'm glad you think so. I was afraid it might come across as too formal.Professor:Not at all. In fact, I think it's a great approach in general for these presentations. So I hope the others were taking note, and the economic model you discussed: build operate transfer. I think everyone was quite interested.Student:Yeah. It makes so much sense. If governments allow private companies to build public works like a power plant and then operate it for a decade or two before transferring ownership to the government, everyone benefits.Professor:Yes, the private companies make a profit. The public gets immediate infrastructure.Student:And all without the government having to spend any money up- front, which is amazing.Professor:Right.Student:Anyway as I said in my presentation, this model isbeing used in Turkey right now and you said when you handed out that brochure in class last week, about the university's global enrichment initiative. You said one of the countries involves in that is Turkey.Professor:Yes, that's right.Student:So I wanted to see if there's a chance the university sends fifteen students overseas to study.Professor:Fifteen students per country, fifteen for Turkey, fifteen for Brazil,fifteen for Russia. We've got a total of six countries participating next summer.Student:Oh!Professor:Yeah. And you spend six weeks in whichever country you are selected for. The classroom component consists of seminars on that country's culture, politics and economy. Most sessions are taught in English by local professors. But two of our faculty accompany each group and also give seminars. I'll be going to Brazil to teach a seminar on coffee next summer.Student:But you're an economist.Professor:Coffee's played a central role in Brazil's economic development for over 200 years. About a third of the coffee consumed worldwide is produced in Brazil.Student:Oh I had no idea. Hmm...So if I applied, I mean, can students pick the country they want to go to 'cause if I could go to Turkey...Professor:Well, the primary goal of the Global Enrichment Initiative is simply cultural exchange. So students who've never been overseas before can broaden their perspective.This is why on the application you are asked to indicate your first, second and third choice countries.Student:I'm only interested in Turkey, though. I'm studying both Turkish and Turkish history this term.Professor:I see. Student:And maybe I could learn more about how they're implementing the build operate transfer model there. Plus, I wouldn't want to take a spot away from someone who really wanted to go to one of the other countries.Professor:Well. I guess you could leave the second and third choices blank.托福TPO45听力Conversation2题目1.Why does the woman go to see the professor?A. To get suggestions about what to include in her next presentationB. To follow up on a question she had raised in classC. To update him on a research project she is helping him organizeD. To get information about a program that he had mentioned in class。
tpo44综合写作解析
tpo44综合写作解析
摘要：
1.TPO44 概述
2.综合写作的组成部分
3.TPO44 综合写作的解析过程
4.总结
正文：
【1】TPO44 概述
TPO44 是托福考试中的一套练习题，主要针对托福考试中的听力、口语和写作三个部分进行训练。
在这套练习题中，有一个重要的部分是综合写作，它是托福考试中写作部分的一个关键内容。
【2】综合写作的组成部分
综合写作主要由两部分组成，听力部分和写作部分。
听力部分主要是通过听取一篇文章或者对话，理解其主旨和细节，然后在写作部分中进行归纳和总结。
写作部分主要是根据听力部分的内容，进行综合分析和写作。
【3】TPO44 综合写作的解析过程
TPO44 的综合写作题目是“你是否同意在城市中设立更多的公园和绿地？”。
在听力部分，考生需要听取一篇关于城市公园和绿地的文章，理解其观点和论据。
在写作部分，考生需要根据听力部分的内容，进行综合分析和写作。
对于这个问题，可以从以下几个方面进行分析：
首先，设立更多的公园和绿地可以提高城市的环境质量，改善人们的生活质量。
其次，公园和绿地可以提供休闲娱乐的场所，增加人们的户外活动，有益于身体健康。
最后，公园和绿地也可以提高城市的美观度，增加城市的吸引力。
【4】总结
综合写作是托福考试中一个重要的部分，它需要考生具备良好的听力能力、归纳总结能力和写作能力。
托福TPO43听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO43听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO43听力Conversation2文本 Narrator:Listen to part of a conversation between a student and his theater professor. Student:Hi. Professor Davis. Sorry I missed the class yesterday. I was just getting over a cold. Professor:That's alright, Andrew. Feeling better now? Student:Oh, yeah, fine. Um, I had a question though. For the mid-term, how much do we need to know like about the different acting styles?Since the last few chapters have been on writing our own material, scripts and stuff ...well...will the exam be about that?Or about stuff in the earlier chapters?Like...um... Professor:Oh, Andrew. Before I forget, I will get to your question, but, now, don't leave without taking the tickets for tomorrow's field trip. I have a last-minute meeting so I can't make it after all. But since you helped organize the trip, I'll let you hand out the tickets. I've got everything you need right here. Student:Sure, no problem. Professor:And you don't need directions to the theater. You've been there before, right? Student:Yup. Professor:Good. Oh, oh, also, please remind everyone about the reception afterward. It'll be an opportunity to ask Alan Altman about his acting in the play, which we can discuss in class next week. Student:Ok, I'll tell them. It's really something! I mean, I know our acting professors must in plays all the time, but it isn't every day you get to see one right here in town. Professor:Oh, you might be surprised. There's a calendar on the main bulletin board listing all the local productions that faculty are involved in. Student:Well, it seems like Professor Altman is a really popular actor. I just read his bio in the local paper. I know the critics always praise him, but I had no idea he was such a commercial success, too. And it said he just won an award lastyear for...uh...playwriting, wasn't it? Professor:Well, there is a general playwriting category, but actually, his award was for script adaptation. He adapted a novel into a play. Student:Script adaptation? Professor:Oh, it's a very specialized skill. Writing a play based on some other written work, novels, short stories. Now we've been studying original plays, which are pretty much based on the writer's imagination. But think about adapting a script... Student:Yeah, seems like it might be easier, like to start with something that's already written. Professor:Well, actually think about it, transferring that material to a whole different genre, from narration to live dialogue. Imagination is a part of it, sure, but it also requires a lot of technical knowledge of about theater production, acting and so on. So Professor Altman, for example, he took a novel and made it into a play, dealing with all the different conventions that plays have. You know, like limitations of scene changes and...uh...well, it'd be a good thing to ask him about it at the reception tomorrow. Student:Yeah, sounds like an interesting topic. Professor:Oh, and before I forget, the packet with the tickets has a list of the students' addresses. Since Ivan is picking you up first, you can direct the driver to the other students' dorms. Student:Sure. That was the plan. Professor:Okay, good. Now, about the mid-term... 托福TPO43听力Conversation2题目 1.What are the speakers mainly discussing? (Click on 2 answers.) A. he man’s concerns about the midterm exam B. An acting award that Professor Davis recently won C. A professor’s playwriting accomplishments D. Arrangements for attending a local play。
托福TPO44口语Task2题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO44口语Task2题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO44独立口语Task2题目： Some people believe that primary schools should no longer teach children how to write by hand, and instead should spend time teaching them how to type on a computer. Other people believe that it is still important for schools to teach children to have good handwriting. Which point of view do you agree with? Explain why. 托福TPO44独立口语Task2满分范文： It is unquestionable that primary students should learn how to write by hand, as computer continues barriers to people’s communication in the society. Firstly, writing things out by hand may be a critical way we train our brains. What’s more, handwriting helps children learn letters and shapes, improves their composition of ideas, and may also boost fine-motor skills development. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO44口语Task2题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO44口语Task2题目+满分范文
托福TPO44口语Task2题目+满分范文为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO44口语T ask2题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO44独立口语Task2题目：Some people believe that primary schools should no longer teach children how to write by hand, and instead should spend time teaching them how to type on a computer. Other people believe that it is still important for schools to teach children to have good handwriting. Which point of view do you agree with? Explain why.托福TPO44独立口语Task2满分范文：It is unquestionable that primary students should learn how to write by hand, as computer continues barriers to people’s communication in the society. Firstly, writing things out by hand may be a critical way we train our brains. What’s more, handwriting helps children learn letters and shapes, improves their composition of ideas, and may also boost fine-motor skills development.以上是给大家整理的托福TPO44口语T ask2题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福｜TPO44口语题目+文本
小编给考生们带来了托福TPO44口语文本，希望大家多做题，多积累、多研究，有针对性的规划考试。
托福TPO44口语task1题目：Talk about a special job you have had in the past or would like to have inthe future.托福TPO44口语task2题目:Some people believe that primary schools should no longer teach childrenhow to write by hand, and instead should spend time teaching them how to type ona computer. Other people believe that it is still important for schools to teachchildren to have good handwriting. Which point of view do you agree with?Explain why.托福口语TPO44 Task3(阅读+题目):Decide Funding for Student OrganizationsReading Part:Create Student Committee to Decide Funding for Student OrganizationsI think students should be in charge of deciding which studentorganizations (for example, the jazz band or the hiking club) receive money fromthe university. Students should also be in charge of how much money eachorganization receives. A special committee made up of students could be createdto make these decisions. Currently, these funding decisions are made byuniversity administrators, but a student committee would know better than theadministrators which organizations are most important to students and mostdeserving of the financial support from the university. I am sure a lot ofstudents would be interested in serving on the committee, and those who do servewill gain valuable leadership experience.Question:The man expresses his opinion of the proposal given in the letter. Statehis opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.托福口语TPO44 Task4(阅读+题目):Scope CreepReading Part:Businesses that perform services or carry out projects for clientsgenerally come to an agreement with their clients about the extent or scope of a project before beginning the project. However, as a project progresses, clients may ask for more than the business originally expected to provide, and the scope of the project may grow larger than intended. This phenomenon is known as scope creep, and it can cause conflict between businesses and their clients. Scope creep is especially common when the terms or conditions of the initial agreement are not clearly defined, and a client may expect more than the business had planned to provide.Question:Explain how the example in the lecture illustrates the concept of scope creep.托福口语TPO44 Task5(听力+题目):New roommateListen to a conversation between two studentsMan : Hey, didn't you get the new roommate recently? Linda is her name,right? How's that working out?Woman : oh, Linda is nice, but well, that is sort of problem .Man : oh?Woman : Yeah, our schedules are totally conflict. I'd like to do my。
托福听力tpo44 两篇对话精析
托福听力tpo44两篇对话精析Conversation1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (7)Conversation2 (9)原文 (9)题目 (11)答案 (14)译文 (14)Conversation1原文NARRATOR:Listen to a conversation between a student and her sociology professor.MALE PROFESSOR:I'm glad you got my message and were able to make it,but where are the other members of your group,Tom and Jane? FEMALE STUDENT:They're actually at the library.They have a biology lab assignment that's due later this afternoon,so I'm here to represent the whole group.But,um,when we got your e-mail message—about being worried about our research project—we were a little confused.We thought you were excited about our idea for the project.MALE PROFESSOR:Well,I think it's a great research topic,but when I looked closely at your plan for accomplishing the research,I realized that your group was probably asking for some trouble.FEMALE STUDENT:What do you mean?I thought that you know,by monitoring students studying in the library,we could really,uh,get a good understanding of people’study habits and stuff.MALE PROFESSOR:The thing is,I think you might have a problem because of the Hawthorne effect.FEMALE STUDENT:The Hawthorne effect?MALE PROFESSOR:The Hawthorne effect is a technical term for when researchers.uh,more or less forget about a specific variable,the variable of the researchers themselves.Now,the students in the library,they're going to know that you’re observing them,right?So you have to consider the effect your very presence will have on the people you’re observing.FEMALE STUDENT:But,so you think,I-I mean,it's not like our observations would be a secret.The students would know exactly whatwe'd be doing.I mean,we'd put up a sign right outside the library. MALE PROFESSOR:Yes,but that’s just it.When people know they're being watched,they act differently.Let me explain how the Hawthorne effect got its name and well,you'll get the idea.See,there was a manufacturing facility called the Hawthorne plant.And researchers conducted some experiments there to see what conditions made workers the most productive.FEMALE STUDENT:What sort of conditions?MALE PROFESSOR:Well,one thing they experimented with was the lights.Were workers more productive with bright lights or dim lights? Well,here’s the thing:Whatever the researchers did,the workers’productivity increased.When the lighting was improved,productivity went up.When the lighting was dimmed,productivity went up again. FEMALE STUDENT:That doesn't make a lot of sense.MALE PROFESSOR:Exactly.So initially,the experiment was considered a failure.But then the researchers realized that their own presence had affected the workers'productivity.The workers knew that the researchers were watching them,and with so much attention on them, the workers felt compelled to work harder.FEMALE STUDENT:Oh,I guess that really could be an issue with mygroup's research.MALE PROFESSOR:Yes.But I don't want to send you all back to square one,so how about you set up a meeting with your group members and discuss this.Then we can meet again and go over your ideas and I think that we should be able to figure out a way to get around the problem.题目1.Why does the student go to see the professor?A.To get his opinion about why a project she recently completed had unexpected results.B.To discuss how a topic covered in class is similar to her group's research topic.C.To ask him for suggestions to address a problem in her research.D.To discuss the professor's concern about her group's research project.2.In response to the professor's question,what does the woman say about Tom and Jane?A.They are working on an assignment for another class.B.They are already observing students for the research project.C.They are dealing with a technical issue at the library.D.They are making arrangements at the library for their research project.3.What had the group of students planned to research?A.The effect of noise on the productivity of library employees.B.The effect of changing the amount of light in the library.C.The study habits of students in the library.D.The effect that being observed while studying has on students.4.Why does the professor mention lighting?A.To explain why production costs gradually increased over the years at a manufacturing plantB.To give a reason for a decline in productivity at two manufacturing plantsC.To compare the working conditions at two manufacturing plantsD.To give an example of a working condition that was adjusted at a manufacturing plant5.Why does the student say this?Now,the students in the library…they're going to know that you’re observing them,right?So you have to consider the effect your very presence will have on the people you’re observing.FEMALE STUDENT:But,so you think,I mean,it's not like our observations would be a secret.The students would know exactly what we'd be doing.A.She is disappointed with the observations that the members of her group have made so far.B.She does not understand the point that the professor is making.C.She wants to determine a way for her group to make observations in secret.D.She is aware that her group’s presence might affect student behavior.答案D A C D B译文旁白：请听一段学生和她的社会学教授的对话。
TPO-45 听力题目文本——对话部分(conversation) (2)
Conversation 11. Why does the student go to see the man?(Click on 2 answers)□ To discontinue a campus service□ To pay the fee for her campus mailbox□ To get information about mailing a package□ To pick up a package2. What does the man say about the campus mailbox service?O Its rates for all students have recently gone down.O It is the only way to receive certain mailings about university eventsO All students are required to use it.O It is more reliable than e-mail.3. How does the student usually obtain information about campus events? (Click on 2 answers)□ She reads about them on the university Web site.□ She learns about them at her place of work.□ She sees the posters on a bulletin board.□ Her roommate tells her about them.4. What does the man offer to do for the student?O Reduce the cost of renting a mailboxO Send her a form to fill outO Provide university organizations with her new addressO Deliver a package to her apartment5. Why does the student say this:O To indicate that she agrees with the manO To inform the man of a recent developmentO To prevent a misunderstandingO To support her own positionConversation 21. Why does the woman go to see the professor?O To get suggestions about what to include in her next presentationO To follow up on a question she had raised in classO To update him on a research project she is helping him organizeO To get information about a program that he had mentioned in class2. What do the speakers agree is a benefit of the build-operate-transfer economic model that they discuss?O It permits government engineers to work on private construction projects.O It helps private companies buy facilities that were built by the government.O It enables public facilities to be constructed without government funding.O It enables private companies to operate public facilities that the government builds.3. Why does the professor point out how much coffee is produced in Brazil?O To give an example of the economic model the woman is interested inO To explain why it is appropriate for him to teach a seminar about coffeeO To help clarify one of the goals of the Global Enrichment InitiativeO To correct a common misperception about Brazil's economy4. Why is the woman interested in applying to go only to Turkey? (Click on 2 answers)□□ She has been studying Turkey's history and language.□ She has already visited Brazil and Russia.□ She believes that selecting just one country will help her get accepted into the program.□ She would like to see how an economic model she studied is put into practice there.5. What does the professor imply when he says this:O He thinks that going first helped the woman be less nervous about giving a presentation.O He hopes other students will structure their presentations the way the woman did. O The woman was the first student ever to give a presentation on Turkey's economy in his class.O He is relieved that the class is staying on schedule for making presentations.。
托福｜TPO44口语题目+文本
托福｜TPO44口语题目+文本小编给考生们带来了托福TPO44口语文本，希望大家多做题，多积累、多研究，有针对性的规划考试。
托福TPO44口语task1题目：Talk about a special job you have had in the past or would like to have inthe future.托福TPO44口语task2题目:Some people believe that primary schools should no longer teach childrenhow to write by hand, and instead should spend time teaching them how to type ona computer. Other people believe that it is still important for schools to teachchildren to have good handwriting. Which point of view do you agree with?Explain why.托福口语TPO44 Task3(阅读+题目):Decide Funding for Student OrganizationsReading Part:Create Student Committee to Decide Funding for Student OrganizationsI think students should be in charge of deciding which studentorganizations (for example, the jazz band or the hiking club) receive money fromthe university. Students should also be in charge of how much money eachorganization receives. A special committee made up ofstudents could be createdto make these decisions. Currently, these funding decisions are made byuniversity administrators, but a student committee would know better than theadministrators which organizations are most important to students and mostdeserving of the financial support from the university. I am sure a lot ofstudents would be interested in serving on the committee, and those who do servewill gain valuable leadership experience.Question:The man expresses his opinion of the proposal given in the letter. Statehis opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.托福口语TPO44 Task4(阅读+题目):Scope CreepReading Part:Businesses that perform services or carry out projects for clientsgenerally come to an agreement with their clients about the extent or scope of a project before beginning the project. However, as a project progresses, clients may ask for more than the business originally expected to provide, and the scope of the project may grow larger than intended. This phenomenon is known as scope creep, and it can cause conflict between businesses and their clients. Scope creep is especially common when the terms or conditions of the initial agreement are not clearly defined, and a client may expect more than the businesshad planned to provide.Question:Explain how the example in the lecture illustrates the concept of scope creep.托福口语TPO44 Task5(听力+题目):New roommateListen to a conversation between two studentsMan : Hey, didn't you get the new roommate recently? Linda is her name,right? How's that working out?Woman : oh, Linda is nice, but well, that is sort of problem .Man : oh?Woman : Yeah, our schedules are totally conflict. I'd like to do my。
TPO44听力文本
TPO 44 听力文本Conversation 1Listen to a conversation between a student and her sociology professor.Man: I’m glad you got my message and we’re able to make it, but where are the other members of your group, Tom and Jane?Woman: There’re actually at the library.They have a biology lab assignment that’s due later this afternoon. So I’m here to represent the wh ole group, but..umm, when we got your email massage about being worried about our research pro ject, we were a little confused. We thought you were excited about our idea for the project. Man: Well I think it’s a great research topic but when I looked closely at your plan for accomplish ing the research, I realized that your group is probably asking for some trouble.Woman: What do you mean? I thought that, you know, by monitoring student studying in the libra ry. We could really..ah..get a good understanding of pe ople’s study habits and stuff.Man: The thing is, I think you might have a problem because of the Hawthorne Effect. Woman: The Hawthorne Effect?Man: The Hawthorne Effect is a technical term for when researchers…ah…more or less forget ab out a specific variable, the variable of the researchers themselves. Now, the students in the library, they’re going to know that you are observing them, right? So you have to consider the effect your very presence will have on the people you’re observing.Woman: But…so you think… I mean, it’s not like our observations would be a secret. The student s would know exactly what we would be doing. I mean, we’d put up a sign right outside the librar y.Man: Yes, but that’s just it. When people know they’re being watched, they act differently. Let me explain how the Hawthorne Effect got its name and…well…you’ll get the idea. See, there was a manufacturing facility called the Hawthorne Plant, and researchers conducted some experiments t here to see what condition make the workers most productive.Woman: What sort of conditions?Man: Well…one thing they experimented with is with the lights. Were workers more productive with the bright lights or dim lights. Well, here’s the thing, whatever the researches did, the workers’ productivity increased. When the lighting was improved, productivity went up. When the lightin g was dimmed, productivity went up again.Woman: That doesn’t make a lot of sense..Man: Exactly, so initially the experiment was considered a failure, but then the researchers realize d that their own presence had affected the workers’ productivity. The workers knew that the resear chers were watching them, and with so much attention on them, the workers felt compelled to wor k harder.Woman: Oh…I guess that really could be an issue with my group’s research.Man: Yes, but I don’t want to send ya’ll back to square one, so how about you set up a meeting wi th your group members and discuss this. Then we can meet again and go over your ideas, and I thi nk that we should be able to figure out a way to get around the problem.Conversation 2Listen to a conversation between a student and an art professor.S: Hi, Dr. Morga n, I’m Karen Stern. I met you briefly about a year ago when I was applying to the university. You were on a penal professors and you were talking about the art department.P: Um, and you now a student here, I guess I said the right thing.S: Yeah, right now I’m doing the intro courses in the art department, but I’m really interested in painting.P: Well, I teach several of the painting courses, so I hope to see you in the future.S: Actually, I was wondering you are in charge of student art exhibitions at the university gallery, right?P: Right.S: So I know all the exhibitors are students, but I was wondering how you choose the works to exhibit every month. Is there like a submission process or something?P: No. There is a submission process, yes, we have a gallery review committee. But we already have our exhibition’s plan for the rest of the school year. Generally our exhibitors are third and forth year students, well into their course work.S: Oh, well, I guess that’ll be something to look forward to then. Tell me do you show all kinds of paintings?P: Well actually, we started doing something different with the gallery this year. We are fetching a specific technique each month. Next month exhibition for will fetch drip paintings.S: Really? Like Jackson Pollock?P: Ah, so you are familiar with Pollock’s work.S: Well, sort of, though I’ve see n photographs of it. I know he dripped paint onto the canvas instead of using a brush. I read his stretched out his canvases on the floor of a studio, and he climbed up on a ladder to pour paint, ordinary house paint, from a can onto the canvas.P: That’s right. That was characteristic of Pollock in the late 40s and what we call his drip period. And the object was to produce a constant and stream paint to create continuous lines. Because as you know, when you use a brush directly on a canvas you get broken lines. So, you like Pollock. S: Yeah, I do. I like abstract towards in general. There’s a class on abstract art right?P: Actually I teach that class, and drip painting was one of our themes last year. Some students from last year’s class have continued experimenting with it. They created some incredible pieces, using everything from squeeze bottles to computer control spears.S: Do they look a lot like Pollock’s work?P: Well, our goal was to imitate Jackson Pollock. The object was to get students to look at different ways of a planning paint to a canvas. But you don’t have to enroll in a specific course to be invited to exhibit your work. It just has to fit the theme for one of our exhibitions.Lecture 1Listen to part of the lecture in a material science classOkay. Last time we finished going over some of the fundamental concepts of nanotechnology, the multi-disciplinary science of manipulating or controlling extremely small units of matters on the scale of molecule or even atoms.So, I want to talk about how nanotechnology has been used today. And just to give you an idea, we will look at one particular application. A team of material scientists in Massachusetts have been working on a new ultrathin coating, a nana coating that might be applied to objects like bathroom mirrors, car windows and eye glasses to prevent fogging. And the coating has the potential to be a permanent solution, unlike the kinds of anti-fogging spray-on liquids that run on the market today.Now, fogging often occurs when a cold surface comes into contact with warm moist air, such as when a glass shower door or a mirror fogs up during a warm shower. Now, what’s actually happening is, or what the fog is, is thousands of tiny spherical water droplets condensing on the surface of the glass. Light hits the water droplets and is scattered in random directions, causing the fogging effect. Now, the kind of spray-on treatment, I mentioned, well they wear off. What happens is they cause the tiny water droplets to flatten when they condense on the surface of shower door or bathroom mirror or whatever the object it is, it’s been applied to. Because the droplets are flatten when the light hits them, the light doesn’t scatter, but, as I said, those kind of treatment don’t last very long.The new coating has two important components: one, negatively charged the silica nano-particles, these are basically tiny particles of glass, and two, a positively charged polymer which you already know. A polymer is a chemical compound. They are layered over each other. The polymer then the silica nanoparticles, the polymer then the silica nanoparticles, you see. They are layered in such a way that the silica nanoparticles don’t pack together tightly, in other words, the structure has pores or holes, little tiny pockets throughout it. The coating prevents fog from developing, because it loves water. It attracts the water droplets, sucking them into the tiny pores, and that offers the shape of the droplets, the droplets are forced to flatten and to join together into a single sheet of water rather than remaining as single droplets, each of which is a sphere that scatters the light into different directions. Okay. So, instead of being scattered, the light passes through the thin sheet of water. So, there is no fogging effect. The ultrathin coating can be made more durable by heating it and of course the object is applied to, to an extremely hot temperature, 500 degree Celsius, what that does is burning the polymer away and fuse the silica nanoparticles together while maintaining the structure of pores. But that’s possible only on materials that they can withstand high heat. Glass, yes, plastics, no. But they are working on solving that problem, trying to come up with a way to coat plastics and other materials durably and effectively.Interestingly, it was a plant, the lotus’ plant that inspired this work, I guess you can say, inspired it in an indirect sort of way. The leaves of this plant are what we call super-hydrophobic. Lotus’ leaves been super-hydrophobic don’t attract water. They repel it in a big way. When raindrops fall on lotus’ leaves, they remain spherical, they roll right off. So for a long time, the Massachusetts scientists try to create a coating that active like these lotus’ leaves, a coating that was super-hydrophobic. But, then they begin tothink of the opposite of extreme. Could they accomplish their goal by making a coating that instead of repelling water, actually attracting water? Well, they seem to get quite far with this approach. It’s really strong work with a range of interesting consumer applications. It’s not costly to manufacture the coating. Some car makers are interested in planning to their windshields, looks likable, probably we see it on the markets and everyday products in the next few years.Lecture 2Listen to part of the lecture in an introduction to drama class.Professor: Now, throughout the history of drama, there’s been a, well, a relationship between the structure of a play, and the structure of the space where the play was performed. And this goes all the way back to the ancient Greeks. The Greeks built the first theatre in the 5th century BCE. These were out-door theatres. The architects looked for sight where you had a natural bowl-like formation on the side of a hill, and that’s where they set the theatre. All Greek theatres were pretty much the same. There was some natural variation to accommodate the size and shape of the site. But as far as the basic elements went, those remained constant.Have a look at this diagram. Let's start with the area where the actors performed, like what we called the stage today. The Greeks referred to this space as the “skene”. Eh, there’s some confusion about the use of words “skene” by different scholars. Some authors use it to refer only to the structure behind the stage, while others use it to refer to the structure and the stage together, and that’s how I’ll use the term, to refer to both the stage and the building. Em, so, anyway, the “skene” started as a simple wooden platform, but eventually became much more elaborate. The front wall of the building was decorated like a palace or a temple, and served its background scenery for the play. The building was also a storage place for customs, props, things like that.Yes, Robber?Student: So, did they decorate the “skene” for each play or, em, change the scenery during the play, like we do today, or did the whole story take place in one setting?Professor: Well, everything the audiences saw happened in that one setting usually in front of either a temple or a palace. But audiences didn’t witness all events in the story. Some of them couldn’t be presented convincingly so the playwrights had them take place somewhere off the stage where the audiences couldn't see them, and then news of the event would be reported by one of the characters. ..Diane?Student: Last summer I saw Hippolytus.Professor: Excellent! I hope you enjoy it.Diane: Definitely! So one point, you see Hippolytus been sent off by his father, then a little later a messenger arrives and describes how Hippolytus was ridding in his chariot when a giant bull appeared at the ocean and caused the chariot to crush. And then after we hear what happened to Hippolytus, he’s carried back on stage where he dies. Professor: Exactly! I mean can you imagine trying to show all that action of giant animal rising out of the sea?Okay. The next theory was the space the ancient Greeks called the “orchestra”. The orchestra was either round as you see here or a semi-circle. Em, in ancient Greek, the word “orchestra” actually meant the dancing place because this is where the chorus danced and sang. But to understand Greek plays you need to understand an additional function of the chorus. Yes, the ancient Greek chorus did most definitely sing and dance like chorus do today. But, chorus’s most important role was commenting on what the characters on the stage were doing and thinking. In fact, Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, thought the chorus should be considered as acting out a role in the play.Student: Yeah, I read that a chorus could have a distinct personality, just like a person.Professor: Absolutely. In fact, you’ll see an excellent example of that in a first play we’ll be studying. Okay, the last space was the sitting area for the audiences. This was called the “theatron”. In ancient Greek, “theatron” means “seeing”. That’s S-E-E-I-N-G, seeing place. The “theatron” was shaped in a semi-circle with rows of sitting rising up the sides of the bowl. It was designed to take advantage of the natural acoustics benefits of the setting. The shape of the bowl captured the sound and followed it upward. So that even in the top rows, spectators were able to hear the performers, very clearly. Actually, that the name “theatron” means “seeing place” is kind of ironic. Some theatres have fifty or more rows of seats accommodating up to fourteen thousand spectators, ascending way of the hillside, and this was long before theatre binoculars were invented. Lecture 3Listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class.Woman:So,we’ve been talking about early civilizations,how they develop,and early agriculture.And it’s believed that agriculture arose independently in a few areas of th e world about10000years ago,and then spread from those areas to the rest of the wor ld.Those cradles of agriculture include the Middle East,China and Southeast Asia an d parts of the Americas.Now,for many years’archaeologists have speculated that agr iculture also arouse independently in another centre too.New Guinea,which is just no rth of Australia,in the South Pacific Ocean.You can see it on this map.So,it had bee n assumed for a long time that New Guinea,that domesticated plants and animals,the practice of agriculture generally,had been introduced from Southeast Asia about3500 years ago,had come south essentially.Then in the1960s and70s,research was conducted at sites in New Guinea to explore the possibility of independent agricultural development.But unfortunately the evidence gathered at that time was inconclusive.For instance,although evidence was found of deforestation,you know,cutting down trees,from at least7000years ago,th at is long before we thought previously,It was unclear whether the forest had been cle ared by farmers to plant fields,or by hunter gatherers so they could hunt more easily, and many plant remains like seeds and fruits don’t preserve well in swampy soils.In h umid environments,like you often find in New Guinea,so really the proof was limite d.But, recent researchers turned up some pretty convincing support. A group of archaeologists returned to a site that had been previously examined, Kuk Swamp, which is in a mountain valley in the highlands of what is now Papua New Guinea. Based on their findings, they identified a succession of phases of agricultural development in the wet lands there. With several of these phases predating the earliest known agricultural influence from Southeast Asia.At the siting Kuk, they used in a ray of modern archaeological methods to analyze sediments samples from the soil. From the oldest soil layer, dating back 10000 years, they found evidence of pits, stake holes and ditches. Now, these all indicate that the crops were being planted. Plants are tied to stakes, and ditches are for, for drainage, a proof of a very early first phase of agricultural development. The second phase, which they identified from a higher layer of soil, featured regularly distributed mounds. Mounds were constructed to plant crops that can’t tolerate very wet soil, such as bananas.Because remember, Kuk was a swampy wetland and bananas won’t endure narrowly grow well there, and in the layer from Kuk’s third phase, they found evidence of an extensive network of ditches and drainage channels, indicating a further refinement of wetland cultivation. Because they had more advanced techniques and more available to earlier researchers, the archeologists also were able to identify actual plant remains, microfossils in the soil, from banana plants, and, and also grains of starch from taro on the edges of stone tools that date from about 10000 years ago.Finding the taro remains was very important, because in meant that they must have been planted there, brought from the low lands, because taros doesn’t grow naturally in the highlands. And, as for the bananas, researchers also found a high percentage of fossils from banana plants in sediment samples dating from about 7000 years ago, proved that the bananas were deliberately planted, because where bananas grow naturally, the concentration of the plant fossils is lower. Bananas don’t naturally grow so densely. As a matter of fact, recent genetic research, genetic comparisons of banana species, suggest that the type of banana grow in New Guinea, was domesticated there and then brought to Southeast Asia. So… aren’t you warm going with this, well, usually, we expect to see the certain social changes are brought about by the development of agriculture.Structural changes in the society like rapid population growth, different social classes, but New Guinea, it’s largely unchanged. It’s remained in egalitarian and rural society, so what does that tell us about the usual assumption?Lecture 4Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class.Woman: Now there’s growing interest these days in generating electricity from renewable energy sources, right? From developing wind farms to tapping into an underground source of geothermal energy, and when you’re considering a new project, it’s important to look at the cost, as well as benefits of developing that energy source. Let me give you an example of the kind of thing I’m talking about. There’s currently a lot of interests in harnessing the power of the oceans, of the ocean tides that is the movement of huge amounts of water which causes the water level of the oceans to rise and fall. The idea is that if we can harness that tidal energy, it’d be a great clean renewable energy source. One place where this tidal energy can be harnessed is at a shallow body of water, such as an estuary. Now, can anyone tell us what an estuary is? Yes Ted.Student: An estuary is where a river enters the ocean. The fresh water meets the ocean water. Sometimes it’s covered in water, sometimes it’s not.Professor: Some parts of the estuary, as the tides go in and out, but other parts are always submerged. Now, estuaries are an ideal place to try to capture energy from changes in tides, because, well, there’s an exceptionally large difference between the water level at the high tide and at low tide. All that movement of water generates a lot of energy. And one way to harness that energy is by building a structure called a “barrage” there.A barrage is basically a large low dam that’s build across an estuary. When the tides go in and out, the moving water flows through tunnels in the barrage. So you have huge amounts of water trying to flow through these relatively small tunnels, and that turns turbines that generate electricity. Now these estuaries are important because of their high level of biological productivity. They’re home to lots of birds, fish and other marine life. So when you proposed a construct a barrage, you have lots of issues to consider. For example, it would change the exciting water levels in the estuary, since a lot of water is getting held up by the barrage，the incoming tides won’t go as high, but they wouldn’t be as low during low tide either. This might help prevent flooding, but it would also affect the mud flats, those areas of mud that normally are exposed when the tide recedes.Student: But don’t lots of birds rely on exposed mud flats for food? I mean, don’t they eat tiny animals that live in the mud? and what about those tiny animals? What would happen to them if the mud flats were endangered?Professor: So you’re saying some of the potential problems with the barrage, but consider this, right now the water in estuaries very cloudy; the tidal currents are constantly turning up the sediments that rivers deposit in the estuary. But a barrage would reduce the tidal currents, so a lot of that sediments would settle to the floor of the estuary. It wouldn’t get stirred up so much. The water would be clearer, allowing more sunlight to reach deeper into the water, which might need to more food for birds and other animals, attracting new wild life into the area. So it’s a complicated environmental picture.Ted: Have they tried this anywhere, built a barrage?Professor: Yes, there are several in operation. There’s one in France, now they have to be careful there about how they turn on the turbines, because they create currents and waves that can affect boats, but I haven’t read about any major ecological problems. In fact the fishing is supposed to have been improved. Plus there’s been even more bird life. But some of the barrages were considering now would be much larger then that one, there’s one been proposed for the estuary of Great Britain’s Severn River, one of the largest estuaries in the world. It would be 16 kilometers long, just to give you an idea the barrage in France is less then a kilometer. Outside the environmental concerns, such a project would be hugely expensive, and that’s another argument against barrages. Well, such large ones anyway. Critics say that it would be better to use that money for something else, such as improving the energy efficiency of buildings. You can make a lot of buildings more efficient with all that money, and that would reduce the need for electricity.。
tpo44三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
托福阅读tpo44解析阅读-1 (2)题目 (2)答案 (7)阅读-2 (7)原文 (7)译文 (9)题目 (10)答案 (15)背景知识 (15)阅读-3 (16)原文 (16)译文 (17)题目 (18)答案 (23)背景知识 (24)阅读-1题目1.Paragraph1supports which of the following statements about fish evolution?A.Lobe-finned fish were among the earliest types of fish to appear.B.Fish began living in freshwater habitats only after originating elsewhere.C.Lobe-finned fish radiated into almost all available aquatic habitats.D.During the Devonian,lobe-finned fish were more common in marine than in freshwater habitats.2.According to paragraph2,what do the minerals in the delta rocks containing rhipidistian crossopterygian fossils reveal?A.These deltas formed in dry periods but gradually became wetter.B.These deltas contain different types of iron minerals than do the surrounding areas.C.Most rhipidistian crossopterygian fish died when the climate became dry.D.Rhipidistian crossopterygian fish lived in areas that experienced alternate dry and wet periods.3.The word"advantageous"in the passage is closest in meaning toA.beneficialB.necessaryC.remarkablemon4.In paragraph2,why does the author include the information that mud inside rhipidistian crossopterygian fossils differed in consistency and texture depending on where the mud was located?A.To provide evidence that rhipidistian crossopterygian lived in river channels and lakes on large deltas.B.To identify an effect of the oxidation of iron minerals on the evolution of rhipidistian crossopterygian.C.To help explain why scientists have concluded that rhipidistian crossopterygian probably had lungs.D.To explain why scientists decided to cut cross sections through some fossils of rhipidistian crossopterygian.5.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Because the lungs of these fish were able to provide only a small amount of oxygen,these fish obtained most of their oxygen through their gills during periods of drought.B.During periods of extended drought,these fish used their lungs to increase their intake of oxygen beyond the levels absorbed by the gills in normal times.C.Although these fish primarily used their gills to obtain oxygen,they used their lungs to obtain oxygen from the air when there was not enough in the water.D.During periods of extended drought,the gills became an auxiliary breathing device and the lungs became the main source of oxygen for these fish.6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Because the lungs of these fish were able to provide only a small amount ofoxygen,these fish obtained most of their oxygen through their gills during periods of drought.B.During periods of extended drought,these fish used their lungs to increase their intake of oxygen beyond the levels absorbed by the gills in normal times.C.Although these fish primarily used their gills to obtain oxygen,they used their lungs to obtain oxygen from the air when there was not enough in the water.D.During periods of extended drought,the gills became an auxiliary breathing device and the lungs became the main source of oxygen for these fish.7.The word"adjacent"in the passage is closest in meaning to:A.nearbyB.availableC.temporaryD.fresh8.The word“progressively”in the passage is closest in meaning to:A.increasinglyB.noticeablyC.occasionallyD.rapidly9.In paragraph4,why does the author point out that crabs and other arthropods were already living on land when the ancestors of the first tetrapods began living there?A.To account for the presence of dead fish along the edges of ponds and streams during the Devonian.B.To support the claim that climate change caused freshwater habitats to become more restricted during the Devonian.C.To identify a consequence of the emergence of plants into terrestrial habitats near ponds and streams.D.To identify a possible reason for why certain fish gradually became terrestrial organisms.10.According to paragraph4，teeth of the earliest tetrapods suggest that these tetrapodspeted with other animals for proteinB.were probably carnivoresC.could easily climb out of waterD.were able to eat plants11.According to paragraph5,which of the following was true of the first tetrapods?A.They became dependent for food on organisms already living on land.B.They needed to develop new mechanisms for obtaining nutrients.C.They continued to live in close association with aquatic environments.D.They were evolutionarily far removed from their rhipidistian ancestors.12.According to paragraph5,what was the main way that the earliest tetrapods differed from their immediate fish ancestors?A.The tetrapods had a different skeletal structure.B.The tetrapods had more sources of food availableC.The tetrapods had a circulation system.D.The tetrapods could move to new pools of water.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.These would have been deposited by the receding waters of droughts,during which many aquatic animals must have died.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square[■]to add the sentence to the passage④What ecological pressures might have caused fishes to gradually abandon their watery habitat and become increasingly land-dwelling creatures.Changes in climate during the Devonian may have had something to do with this if freshwater areas became progressively more restricted.Another impetus may have been new sources of food.The edges of ponds and streams surely had scattered dead fish and other water-dwelling creatures.[■]In addition,plants had emerged into terrestrial habitats in areas near streams and ponds,and crabs and other arthropods were also members of this earliest terrestrial community.[■]Thus,by the Devonian the land habitat marginal to freshwater was probably a rich source of protein that could be exploited by an animal that could easily climb out of water.[■]Evidence from teeth suggests that these earliest tetrapods did not utilize land plants as food;they were presumably carnivorous and had not developed the ability to feed on plants. [■]14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong.To remove an answer choice,click on it.To review the passage,click VIEW TEXTFreshwater lobe-finned fish may be the direct ancestors of terrestrial tetrapods.A.Rhipidistian crossopterygian had features such as primitive lungs and thick fins that could have helped it survive dry periods.B.During the Devonian,the number of bones increased in the fins of rtiipidistians, improving such animals’ability to swim and move over landC.Shortly after the earliest tetrapods developed lungs,plants and other animals began to flourish on land.D.By the Devonian period,lobe-finned fish preferred freshwater habitats to life in the ocean.E.A drier climate and new sources of food on land may have encouraged the lobe-finned fish’s move to a terrestrial existence.F.Early tetrapods remained closely connected to water,but several of their body structures were adapted for life on land.答案1-5.B D A C C6-10.D A A D B11-13.C A A14.AEF阅读-2原文The Use Of The Camera Obscura①The precursor of the modern camera,the camera obscura is a darkened enclosure into which light is admitted through a lens in a small hole.The image of the illuminated area outside the enclosure is thrown upside down as if by magic onto a surface in the darkened enclosure.This technique was known as long ago as the fifth century B.C.in China.Aristotle also experimented with it in the fourth century B.C.,and Leonardo da Vinci described it in his notebooks in1490.In1558 Giovanni Battista Della Porta wrote in his twenty-volume work Magia naturalis (meaning"natural magic")instructions for adding a convex lens to improve the quality of the image thrown against a canvas or panel in the darkened area whereits outlines could be ter,portable camera obscuras were developed,with interior mirrors and drawing tables on which the artist could trace the image.For the artist,this technique allows forms and linear perspective to be drawn precisely as they would be seen from a single viewpoint.Mirrors were also used to reverse the projected images to their original positions.②Did some of the great masters of painting,then,trace their images using a camera obscura?Some art historians are now looking for clues of artists'use of such devices.One of the artists whose paintings are being analyzed from this point of view is the great Dutch master,Jan Vermeer,who lived from1632to1675 during the flowering of art and science in the Netherlands,including the science of optics.Vermeer produced only about30known paintings,including his famous The Art of Painting.The room shown in it closely resembles the room in other Vermeer paintings,with lighting coming from a window on the left,the same roof beams,and similar floor tiles,suggesting that the room was fitted with a camera obscura on the side in the foreground.The map hung on the opposite wall was a real map in Vermeer's possession,reproduced in such faithful detail that some kind of tracery is suspected.When one of Vermeer’s paintings was X-rayed,it did not have any preliminary sketches on the canvas beneath the paint,but rather the complete image drawn in black and white without any trial sketches.Vermeer did not have any students,did not keep any records,and did not encourage anyone to visit his studio,facts that can be interpreted as protecting his secret use of a camera obscura.③In recent times the British artist David Hockney has published his investigations into the secret use of the camera obscura,claiming that for up to400years,many of Western art’s great masters probably used the device to produce almost photographically realistic details in their paintings.He includes in this group Caravaggio,Hans Holbein,Leonardo da Vinci,Diego Velazquez, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres,Agnolo Bronzino,and Jan van Eyck.From an artist’s point of view,Hockney observed that a camera obscura compresses the complicated forms of a three-dimensional scene into two-dimensional shapes that can easily be traced and also increases the contrast between light and dark, leading to the chiaroscuro effect seen in many of these paintings.In Jan van Eyck’s The Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami,the complicated foreshortening in the chandelier and the intricate detail in the bride’s garments are among the clues that Hockney thinks point to the use of the camera obscura.④So what are we to conclude?If these artists did use a camera obscura,does that diminish their stature?Hockney argues that the camera obscura does not replace artistic skill in drawing and painting.In experimenting with it,he found that it is actually quite difficult to use for drawing,and he speculates that the artists probably combined their observations from life with tracing of shapes.译文相机暗箱的使用①现代相机的前身是暗箱，它是一个暗黑的密封箱子，通过一个小孔中的镜头可以使光线进入其中。
托福听力tpo44 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo44lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (19)译文 (19)Lecture4 (20)原文 (21)题目 (23)答案 (25)译文 (25)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a materials science class.MALE PROFESSOR st time we finished going over some of the fundamental concepts of nanotechnology—the multidisciplinary science of manipulating—or controlling—extremely small units of matter,on the scale of molecules or even atoms.So,I want to talk about how nanotechnology is being used today,and,just to give you an idea,we'll look at one particular application.A team of materials scientists in Massachusetts has been working on a new,ultrathin coating,a nanocoating that might be applied to objects like bathroom mirrors,car windows,and eyeglasses to prevent fogging.And the coating has the potential to be a permanent solution,unlike the kinds of anti-fogging,spray-on liquids that are on the market today...Now,fogging often occurs when a cold surface comes into contact with warm,moist air,such as when a glass shower door or mirror fogs up during a warm shower.…Now,what's actually happening is,uh,what the fog is,is thousands of tiny spherical water droplets condensing on the surface of the glass.Light hits the water droplets and is scattered in random directions,causing the fogging effect.Now,the kind of spray-on treatments I mentioned,well,they wear off.What happens is they cause the tiny water droplets to flatten when they condense on the surface of the shower door,or bathroom mirror,or whatever object it is that it's been applied to.Because the droplets are flattened,when light hits them,the light doesn't scatter. But as I said,those kinds of treatments don't last very long.The new coating has two important components.One:negatively charged silicananoparticles—these are basically tiny particles of glass.And two:a positively charged polymer—which,you already know,a polymer is a chemical compound. These're layered over each other…the polymer,then the silica nanoparticles,the polymer,then the silica nanoparticles,you see.They're layered in such a way that the silica nanoparticles don't pack together tightly.In other words,the structure has pores,or holes,little tiny pockets,throughout it.The coating prevents fog from developing because it loves water.It attracts the water droplets—sucking them into the tiny pores.And that alters the shape of the droplets; the droplets are forced to flatten and to join together into a single sheet of water, rather than remaining as single droplets—each of which is a sphere that scatters light in different directions.OK,so instead of being scattered,the light passes through the thin sheet of water.So there's no fogging effect.The ultrathin coating can be made more durable by heating it—and of course the object it's applied to—to an extremely hot temperature—500degrees Celsius.What that does is burn the polymer away and fuse the silica nanoparticles together—while maintaining the structure of pores.But that's possible only on materials that can withstand high heat.Glass,yes.Plastics, no.But they're working on solving that problem;trying to come up with a way to coat plastics and other materials durably and effectively.Interestingly,it was a plant—the lotus plant—that inspired this work,I guess you could say inspired it in an indirect sort of way.The leaves of this plant are what we call“superhydrophobic.”Lotus leaves,being superhydrophobic,don’t attract water—they repel it—in a big way.When raindrops fall on lotus leaves,they remain spherical.They roll right off.So for a long time the Massachusetts scientists tried to create a coating that acted like these lotus leaves—a coating that was superhydrophobic.But then they began to think about the opposite extreme.Uh,could they accomplish their goal by making acoating that,instead of repelling water,actually attracted water?Well,they seem to have gotten quite far with this approach.It’s really strong work with a range of interesting consumer applications.It's not costly to manufacture the coating.Some car makers are interested in applying it to their windshields.Looks like we'll probably see it on the markets in everyday products in the next few years.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A.To provide an example of a practical use of nanotechnology.B.To show the origins of the field of nanotechnology.C.To give a brief outline of the main concepts of nanotechnology.D.To explain the growing interest in nanotechnology research.2.How does the professor organize the information he presents to the class?A.He describes the inspiration behind the nanocoating,then how the coating works.B.He describes how the nanocoating is currently marketed,then the inspiration behind it.C.He explains how fogging occurs,then the basic concepts of nanotechnology.D.He explains how fogging occurs,then how the nanocoating prevents it.3.According to the professor,how does the new nanocoating work?A.By forcing light to bounce off a glass-coated polymer.B.By forcing water droplets to roll off an ultrathin surface.C.By causing water droplets to merge into a single sheet of water.D.By causing light to scatter randomly in many directions.4.According to the information in the lecture,why does the new nanocoating not last as long on plastic as it does on glass?A.Plastic cannot withstand extremely high temperatures.B.The internal structure of plastic repels a positively charged polymer.C.The coating solution scatters when it comes into contact with plastic.D.Plastic surfaces scratch more easily than glass surfaces do.5.What inspired the team of scientists in developing the new coating?A.A problem the team frequently encountered in everyday life.B.The ineffectiveness of spray solutions in flattening water droplets.C.The leaves of a plant that the team had been investigating.D.Interactions observed between silica nanoparticles and polymers.6.What is the professor's opinion about the approach inventors took to the development of the new nanocoating?A.He thinks other inventors should use a similar approach.B.He is impressed by the flexibility of their approach.C.He is surprised the research process took so long.D.He thinks they should have spent more time testing a superhydrophobic coating.答案A D C A C B译文旁白：请听一段材料科学的讲座。
TPO 44答案及解析
Conversation 11. Why does the student go to see the professor? 【主旨题】A. To get his opinion about why a project she recently completed had unexpected results.B. To discuss how a topic covered in class is similar toher group’s research topic.C. To ask him for suggestions to address a problem in her research.D. To discuss the professor's concern about her group's research project.答案：D破题关键词汇：解析：(从32秒开始，原文重现：Well, I think it's a great research topic, but when I looked closely at your plan for accomplishing the research, I realized that your group was probably asking for some trouble.)此处教授提到学生的研究话题很好，但是可能会在研究过程中面临一些困难。
结合选项判断，A选项的recently completed 错误， B的similar to her group 未提及，C的ask him for suggestions未提及。
因此正确答案为D，对应professor's concern。
2. In response to the professor’s question, what does the woman say about Tom and Jane? 【细节题】A. They are working on an assignment for another class.B. They are already observing students for the research project.C. They are dealing with a technical issue at the library.D. They are making arrangements at the library for their research project.答案：A破题关键词汇：Tom and Jane解析：(从10秒开始，原文重现： Where are the other membersof your group? Tom and Jane?They are actually at the library. They have a biology lab assignment that's due later this afternoon. So I'm here to represent the whole group.)此处教学询问学生其他两位成员在哪，女学生回答他们正在生物实验室赶作业，她到这里来是作为整个团队的代表。
【威学教育】托福口语TPO44综合体听力文本
【威学教育】托福口语TPO44综合体听力文本托福口语TPO44综合体听力文本TPO44Task3Now listen to two students discussing the letter.So what do you think of the proposal?I don't like itWhy not?Actually, I don't think students are the right people to be making these decisions. They are tooclose to the situation.What do you mean?Well, because students are directly involved in the groups, they can't be as objective, as fair asadministrators. I mean, what will prevent students on the committee from just giving money totheir friends' groups or favoring the groups they're in themselves. I think having the universityadministrators make the decisions is more fair.Well, at least it would be good experience for the students who serve on the committee.Well, that's another thing. I think they'd have a hard time finding students to serve on it.I mean,there are already a number of leadership positions open in various campus groups, but moststudents just aren't interested in them.That's true. The Student Council doesn't even have a vice presidentRight. Most students are just too busy. There's no way you are gonna find enough students whoare willing to volunteer their time for this committee. It's too big of a timecommitment.Task 4Now listen to part of a lecture in a business class.OK, so, for example, I have a friend who owns a company that does construction. His company'soften hired to make improvements to someone's house or yard. So, recently, this woman hired him to build a fence around her yard. She said she wanted a wooden fence running all the wayaround her backyard. She and my friend quickly settled on a price for the job. They basically justmade a verbal agreement about the work that will be done without putting any of the agreement in writing.And so my friend got to work building the fence. So when my friend was almost finished building the fence around the woman's yard, the woman told my friend that she wanted the fencepainted white. My friend was surprised by this, because he did not think that he had been hiredto also paint the fence. He told the woman this, that he had just been hired to build the fence,not paint it. But the woman said she thought when she hired him to build the fence that this alsomeant the fence would be painted. They ended uparguing and eventually my friend finally agreed to paint the fence without charging extra just to be nice, but he wasn't happy about it.Task5Listen to a conversation between two students.Hey. Didn't you get a new roommate recently? Linda's her name, right? How's that working out?Oh. Linda's nice, but...well, there's sort of a problem.Oh?Yeah. Our schedules totally conflict. I like to do my studying late at night in our room, but shelikes to go to sleep early. So unfortunately, my studying, my typing on thecomputer, is keeping her awake.What are you gonna do?Well, we've talked about it. Linda has to get up early every morning for class, so there'snothingshe can do. So as I see it, I've got two options.What are they?Well, I could adjust my schedule, start going to bed earlier and doing my studying either in themorning or sometime during the day, the way Linda does.So you change your daily schedule so it's more like your roommate's?Yeah. That way I wouldn't be keeping her up at night.Sure.The thing is I'm not really a morning person when it comes to s tudying, so I’m not sure how muchwork I'd get done in the morning or at other times of the day since I tend to be busy then doingother things.What's your other option?Well, I could go to the library at night, do my studying there Why not do that? Use the library.Well, the thing is I prefer the convenience of my own room.The library is okay, but you know, I'vegot a really comfortable desk chair in my room and all my other stuff's there too, my books, mynotes, the stuff I really need to help me study.Task6Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.So we've been talking about forest fires. And usually when a forest fire occurs, the animals in thearea will of course run away, flee as fast as they can so as not to get hurt by the flames. Someanimals, though, actually benefit from forest fires and so will seek them out because forest firescan be helpful, can help them fulfill certain survival needs.Let's discuss two benefits forest fires could have for these animals.One benefit is that they can make it easier for predators to find food. A forest fire will forceanimals out of their hiding places and out into the open, which predators take advantage ofbecause fleeing animals are much easier to catch than they normally are when they are hiding.For example, scientists have observed wild turkeys doing this. These birds will go to the edge of aforest fire and wait there in order to catch all the insects running out of the burning forest, whichis a much easier way to catch insects than the normal way of pecking for them on the ground.Another benefit forest fires could have is to help provide a good place for the development ofyoung animals. Forest fires can make an otherwise harmfulenvironment more suitable for theirdevelopment. For example, some trees in the forest are poisonous to beetles. They have a specialchemical that keeps beetles away. But after a fire, beetles will seek out these trees because thetrees are dead and beetles are able to lay their eggs in the trees without being hurt by thechemical. The young beetles use the trees' nourishment until they mature into adult beetles.。
托福TPO43听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO43听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO43听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO43听力Conversation2文本Narrator:Listen to part of a conversation between a student and his theater professor.Student:Hi. Professor Davis. Sorry I missed the class yesterday. I was just getting over a cold.Professor:That's alright, Andrew. Feeling better now?Student:Oh, yeah, fine. Um, I had a question though. For the mid-term, how much do we need to know like about the different acting styles?Since the last few chapters have been on writing our own material, scripts and stuff ...well...will the exam be about that?Or about stuff in the earlier chapters?Like...um...Professor:Oh, Andrew. Before I forget, I will get to your question, but, now, don't leave without taking the tickets for tomorrow's field trip. I have a last-minute meeting so I can't make it after all. But since you helped organize the trip, I'll let you hand out the tickets. I've got everything you need right here.Student:Sure, no problem.Professor:And you don't need directions to the theater. You've been there before, right?Student:Yup.Professor:Good. Oh, oh, also, please remind everyone about the reception afterward. It'll be an opportunity to ask Alan Altman about his acting in the play, which we can discuss in class next week.Student:Ok, I'll tell them. It's really something! I mean, I know our acting professors must in plays all the time, but it isn't everyday you get to see one right here in town.Professor:Oh, you might be surprised. There's a calendar on the main bulletin board listing all the local productions that faculty are involved in.Student:Well, it seems like Professor Altman is a really popular actor. I just read his bio in the local paper. I know the critics always praise him, but I had no idea he was such a commercial success, too. And it said he just won an award last year for...uh...playwriting, wasn't it?Professor:Well, there is a general playwriting category, but actually, his award was for script adaptation. He adapted a novel into a play.Student:Script adaptation?Professor:Oh, it's a very specialized skill. Writing a play based on some other written work, novels, short stories. Now we've been studying original plays, which are pretty much based on the writer's imagination. But think about adapting a script...Student:Yeah, seems like it might be easier, like to start with something that's already written.Professor:Well, actually think about it, transferring that material to a whole different genre, from narration to live dialogue. Imagination is a part of it, sure, but it also requires a lot of technical knowledge of about theater production, acting and so on. So Professor Altman, for example, he took a novel and made it into a play, dealing with all the different conventions that plays have. You know, like limitations of scene changes and...uh...well, it'd be a good thing to ask him about it at the reception tomorrow.Student:Yeah, sounds like an interesting topic.Professor:Oh, and before I forget, the packet with the ticketshas a list of the students' addresses. Since Ivan is picking you up first, you can direct the driver to the other students' dorms.Student:Sure. That was the plan.Professor:Okay, good. Now, about the mid-term...托福TPO43听力Conversation2题目1.What are the speakers mainly discussing? (Click on 2 answers.)A. he man’s concerns about the midterm examB. An acting award that Professor Davis recently wonC. A professor’s playwritin g accomplishmentsD. Arrangements for attending a local play。
TPO-47 听力题目文本——对话部分(conversation) (2)
Conversation11.Why does the student go to the woman’s office?A.To schedule an audition to join an orchestraB.To ask a question about a music class he is takingC.To get information for an article he is writingD.To ask a question about a lecture the woman gave2.Why does the woman assume that the student wants to join the orchestra?A.He has taken some music classes.B.He plays the double bass.C.She has advertised for musicians in the newspaper.D.She hears that request often.3.What does the woman imply about the members of the orchestra?Click on 2 answers.A.They might know more about the history of Appalachian music than she does.B.They will teach the student to play the banjo.C.They are all music majors.D.Some of them have lived in the Appalachian Mountains.4.According to the professor, how did immigrants’ music change when theymoved to the Appalachians?Click on 2 answers.A.It began to incorporate new instruments.B.Musicians began to experiment with new rhythms.C.Singers started to use a nasal singing style.D.The words of some of the songs were changed.5.Why does the woman say this:A.To emphasize a point she just madeB.To find out if the student needs more informationC.To suggest that the student take notesD.To praise the student for having a good memoryConversation21.W hy does the student go to the professor’s office?A.To hand in an assignment that he rewroteB.To ask for additional time to complete an assignmentC.To persuade the professor to allow him to rewrite an assignmentD.To receive feedback on an assignment that he has already submitted2.Why will the professor probably not grade the film review the student hassubmitted?A.She realizes that the film she assigned was too difficult for the student to review.B.She thinks that she may not have explained the assignment very well.C.The student did not follow the professor’s guidelines for choosing a film.D.The review the student submitted was only a first draft.3.According to the professor, what are two elements of a good review that thestudent did NOT include?Click on 2 answers.A. A detailed summary of the filmB.The student’s opinion of the filmC. A comparison of the film to other filmsD.An explanation of the film’s popularity4.Why does the professor decide to ask the students to review one of the filmsbeing shown by the campus film club?A.So they can experience a film in an authentic reviewing atmosphereB.So they can compare the film club’s film with the original films they reviewedC.So they have a chance to rewrite their original reviewsD.So they have a chance to attend a film with a professional reviewer5.What does the professor imply when she says this: ?A.She would like her colleague’s opinion about the student’s film review.B.She will ask her colleague to help the man rewrite his review.C.She does not want to read more than one film review from each student.D.She would like more information before making a decision about the assignment.。
托福TPO44阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO44阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
The Use of the Camera Obscura The precursor of the modern camera,the camera obscura is a darkened enclosure into which light is admitted through a lens in a small hole。
The precursor of the modern camera,the camera obscura is a darkened enclosure into which light is admitted through a lens in a small hole.The image of the illuminated area outside the enclosure is thrown upside down as if by magic onto a surface in the darkened enclosure.This technique was known as long ago as the fifth century B.C.in China.Aristotle also experimented with it in the fourth century B.C.,and Leonardo da Vinci described it in his notebooks in 1490.In 1558 Giovanni Battista Della Porta wrote in his twenty-volume work Magia naturalis(meaning “natural magic”)instructions for adding a convex lens to improve the quality of the image thrown against a canvas or panel in the darkened area where its outlines could be traced.■A Later,portable camera obscuras were developed,with interior mirrors and drawing tables on which the artist could trace the image.■B For the artist,this technique allows forms and linear perspective to be drawn precisely as they would be seen from a single viewpoint.■C Mirrors were also used to reverse the projected images to their original positions.■D Did some of the great masters of painting,then,trace their images using a camera obscura?Some art historians are now looking for clues of artists’use of such devices.One of the artists whose paintings are being analyzed from this point of view is the great Dutch master,Jan Vermeer,who lived from 1632 to 1675 during the flowering of art and science in the Netherlands,including the science of optics.Vermeer produced only about 30 known paintings,including his famous The Art of Painting.The room shown in it closely resembles the room in other Vermeer paintings,with lighting coming from a window on the left,the same roof beams,and similar floor tiles,suggesting that the room was fitted with a camera obscura on the side in the foreground.The map hung on the opposite wall was a real map in Vermeer’s possession,reproduced in such faithful detail that some kind of tracery is suspected.When one of Vermeer’s paintings was X-rayed,it did not have any preliminary sketches on the canvas beneath the paint,but rather the complete image drawn in black and white without any trial sketches.Vermeer did not have any students,did not keep any records,and did not encourage anyone to visit his studio,facts that can be interpreted as protecting his secret use of a camera obscura. In recent times the British artist David Hockney has published his investigations into the secret use of the camera obscura,claiming that for up to 400 years,many of Western art’s great masters probably used the device to produce almost photographically realistic details in their paintings.He includes in this groupCaravaggio,Hans Holbein,Leonardo da Vinci,Diego Velazquez,Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres,Agnolo Bronzino,and Jan van Eyck.From an artist’s point of view,Hockney observed that a camera obscura compresses the complicated forms of a three-dimensional scene into two-dimensional shapes that can easily be traced and also increases the contrast between light and dark,leading to the chiaroscuro effect seen in many of these paintings.In Jan van Eyck’s The Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami,the complicated foreshortening in the chandelier and the intricate detail in the bride’s garments are among the clues that Hockney thinks point to the use of the camera obscura. So what are we to conclude?If these artists did use a camera obscura,does that diminish their stature?Hockney argues that the camera obscura does not replace artistic skill in drawing and painting.In experimenting with it,he found that it is actually quite difficult to use for drawing,and he speculates that the artists probably combined their observations from life with tracing of shapes. Paragraph 1 The precursor of the modern camera,the camera obscura is a darkened enclosure into which light is admitted through a lens in a small hole.The image of the illuminated area outside the enclosure is thrown upside down as if by magic onto a surface in the darkened enclosure.This technique was known as long ago as the fifth century B.C.in China.Aristotle also experimented with it in the fourth century B.C.,and Leonardo da Vinci described it in his notebooks in 1490.In 1558 Giovanni Battista Della Porta wrote in his twenty-volume work Magia naturalis(meaning “natural magic”)instructions for adding a convex lens to improve the quality of the image thrown against a canvas or panel in the darkened area where its outlines could be traced.■A Later,portable camera obscuras were developed,with interior mirrors and drawing tables on which the artist could trace the image.■B For the artist,this technique allows forms and linear perspective to be drawn precisely as they would be seen from a single viewpoint.■C Mirrors were also used to reverse the projected images to their original positions.■D 1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about Giovanni Battista Della Porta’s contribution to the camera obscura? A.He translated a Chinese description of the use of the camera obscura and made the technique available to artists. B.His convex lens made the projected image easier to trace. C.His version of the camera obscura allowed for the later addition of a mirror. D.His improvements relied heavily on design changes proposed earlier by Leonardo。
TPO 44 托福综合写作+独立写作范文
TPO 44综合写作：阅读：coin a fake听力：真的阅读1：发现的地方-----norse settlement 像个比较远听力1：many other objects come from faraway places. 推断：可能喜欢远出来的东西，长途跋涉带回阅读2：no other coin found听力2：not permanent settlement back to eu packed up all their valuable possessions阅读3：不当作钱听力3：value attractive or unusual objects 交换，漂亮in necklace or other jewelry独立写作：Question: Some people believe that when busy parents do not have a lot of time spend with their children, the best use of that time is to have fun playing games or sports. Other believe that it’s best to use that time doing things together that are related to schoolwork.Which of the two approaches do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.主语，限定人群和范畴，归题点1. 学校任务不需要家长的帮助：在学校在家都可以得到很好的知道，有问题可以问老师，而且老师更加专业2. play games：有助于孩子的智力开发乐高3. play sports: 有助于身体健康/ 久坐看电视有助于学习Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Sometimes we are assigned to work in a group on a project. The group will be helped more by a person who will be willing to do what other group members want than by person who often strongly insists that things should be done in a way that is different from what the group wants to do.观点：理由1：中心句：解释（为什么/原因）：举例/对比：理由2：中心句：解释（为什么/原因）：举例/对比：让步：It is important to read or watch the news presented by people whose views are different from your own or presented by people whose views are similar to your own?观点：听取跟自己观点不同的新闻理由1：中心句：了解信息更全面解释（为什么/原因）：每个人看问题的角度不同，得出的结论也是不同举例/对比：理由2：中心句：可以激发探索新知识的兴趣解释（为什么/原因）：寻找正确答案，查找耕种资料，学习到相关领域的新知识举例/对比：让步：相似的观点带来认同感自信心，但是不能进步，不能意识到自己的错误。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO44听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO44听力Conversation2文本
Narrator:Listen to a conversation between a student and an art professor.
Student:Hi. Dr. Morten. I'm Karen Stern. I met you briefly about a year ago when I was applying to the university. You were on a panel of professors and you were talking about the art department.
Professor:Ah...and you are now a student here. I guess I said the right thing.
Student:Yeah. Right now I am doing the intro-courses in the art department, but I am really interested in painting.
Professor:Well, I teach several of the painting courses so I hope to see you in the future.
Student:Actually I was wondering: you are in charge of student art exhibitions at the university gallery, right?
Professor:Right!
Student:So I know all the exhibitors are students, but I was wondering how you choose the works you exhibit every month. Is there like a submission process or something?
Professor:No. There is a submission process, yes. We a have gallery review committee, but we already have our exhibitions planned for the rest of the schoolyear. Generally our exhibitors are third- and fourth-year students, well into their coursework.
Student:Oh, Well, I guess that will be something to look forward to then. Tell me, do you show all kinds of paintings?
Professor:Well, actually we started doing something different with the gallery this year. We are featuring a specific technique each month. Next month's exhibition, for instance, will feature drip paintings.
Student:Really? Like Jackson Pollock?
Professor:Ah....so you are familiar with Pollock's work.
Student:Well, sort of, though I've only seen photographs of it. I know he dripped paint onto the canvas instead of using a brush. I read he stretched out his canvases on the floor of a studio and then he climbed up on a ladder to pour paint, ordinary house paint, from a can onto the canvas.
Professor:That's right. That was characteristic of Pollock in the late forties, in what we call his drip period. And the object was to produce a constant stream of paint to create continuous lines, because as you know when you use a brush directly on a canvas you get broken lines. So, you like Pollock.
Student:Yeah, I do. I like abstract works in general. There's a class on abstract art, right?
Professor:Actually I teach that class and drip painting was one of our themes last year. Some students from last year's class have continued experimenting with it and created some incredible pieces using everything from squeezed bottles to computer controlled sprayers.
Student:Do they look a lot like Pollock's work?
Professor:Well, our goal wasn't to imitate Jackson Pollock. The object was to get students to look at different ways of applying paint to a canvas. But you don't have to enroll in a specific course to be invited to exhibit your work. It just has to fit the theme for one of our exhibitions.
托福TPO44听力Conversation2题目
1.Why does the student go to see the professor?
A. To find out whether the university gallery accepts student artwork.
B. To find out how artwork is selected for university gallery exhibitions.
C. To learn the focus of an upcoming exhibition of student artwork.
D. To learn which techniques the professor will cover in his class on abstract art.
2.Why does the student mention Jackson Pollock?
A. To indicate to the professor that she is familiar with the drip technique.
B. To find out if she can see an original painting by Jackson Pollock in the university gallery.。