欧洲文化入门小论文范文

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欧美文学经典论文1200字_欧美文学经典毕业论文范文模板

欧美文学经典论文1200字_欧美文学经典毕业论文范文模板

欧美文学经典论文1200字_欧美文学经典毕业论文范文模板欧美文学经典论文1200字(一):欧美及亚非经典文学中精神文化浅探论文文学是在语言文字最初的交流和记录功能之上发展、升华出来的思想情感的表达方式,是人们对客观世界的认识和主观感受的外在流露。

由北京大学出版社出版,涂险峰、张箭飞主编的《外国文学》一书,按照文学本身的发展规律,分别以时序和国家地区为标准,遴选了一批在历史上各个时期的各个民族和地区最具代表性的作家和作品,全方位地勾画出一幅世界文学发展地图,并提炼出其中的精华部分呈现给读者。

本书是中国文学工作者和爱好者了解、研究世界其他国家和地区文学、文化的极富价值的图书。

本书中篇幅最长、着墨最多的是欧美部分。

欧洲文学的源头和第一个高峰是古典时期的古希腊和古罗马文学,这一时期的文学作品为整个西方文学的发展奠定了基调。

无论是《荷马史诗》中的英雄主义、悲剧《俄狄浦斯王》里人与命运的抗争,还是伟大的罗马诗人维吉尔作品中对人类情感的真实表现,都是直至现在仍被不断借鉴的主题。

欧洲文学的第二个高峰出现在文艺复兴时期。

标志文艺复兴发端的是意大利诗人但丁的《神曲》,作品所流露出的反对中世纪的蒙昧主义,追求真理的思想,成了文艺复兴的第一声号角,也对欧洲后世的诗歌创作产生了深远的影响。

此后300多年的时间里,欧洲涌现出了一大批伟大的作家和传世的名作。

无论是薄伽丘的《十日谈》、拉伯雷的《巨人传》,还是塞万提斯的《堂吉诃德》,无不体现着人文主义的精神,为欧洲和世界开启了一个文化的新时代。

而这其中的集大成者是莎士比亚,他在文化上的成就和地位至今无人超越。

流传下来的37部戏剧,154首十四行诗,是留给全人类的一笔巨大的文化遗产。

近代以后,歐洲文学在社会进步的推动下不断向前发展,从新古典主义到浪漫主义,再到以反映真实生活为主的现实主义,呈现出一个又一个高峰。

无论是莫里哀的喜剧,还是歌德的诗歌,巴尔扎克和托尔斯泰的小说,都把人类的精神境界推向更加理性和高尚的层次。

欧洲传统文化论文

欧洲传统文化论文

欧洲传统文化论文欧洲文化是人类社会重要的精神和物质财富 ,其以民主与法制精神 ,科学与理性精神,极大地推动了欧洲现代化的进程。

下文是店铺为大家搜集整理的关于欧洲传统文化论文的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!欧洲传统文化论文篇1谈欧洲传统艺术教育传统艺术教育始于欧洲,欧洲传统的艺术教育为大学艺术教育的教法理论做出了巨大的贡献,既为职业教学提供了教学理论和方法,又为学生提供了社会训练。

欧洲的艺术与设计教育是从传统艺术教育中延伸出来的,艺术与设计教育在西方开始于视觉艺术,也就是传统的绘画和雕塑。

早期与艺术设计有关的教育,主要是传统工艺品的设计,它在很大程度上是受到了基础的影响。

在西方,如果追根溯源,最早的艺术学校是在公元前400年左右在希腊建立的,在帕拉图的著作中提及到有关画室教授学徒。

欧洲传统的艺术教育中,就是以写实型的绘画训练为基础,我们称之为“学院派”,起因是出自于在17世纪中期就形成了这个教育训练方法的法兰西皇家美术学院。

欧洲传统绘画的特点,就是再现与强调描述。

长期以来画家们都是把如何有效地表现故事场景、描绘具体的情节或表达某种寓意来进行艺术创作的。

早在艺复兴时期,艺术教育在意大利就发展得比较成熟了。

文艺复兴时期的艺术家们,在艺术教育的教学教法领域中提出了许多有价值的想法。

在技法纯熟的艺术大师们不断地创作过程中,获得了独特的艺术教育的理论和方法,这些都是按照被保留下来的古代文明的碎片进行了整理和收集。

艺术家们不仅恢复了博大精深的欧洲传统艺术,也为创造了艺术教育历史上的里程碑,达到了人类不为所知的高度。

在14-15世纪早期,画家乔托等就对大自然的景象进行了十分逼真的描绘,与当时的人文主义思想相结合,虽然有些呆板僵硬的痕迹,却也显示出了与中世纪所不同的现实主义风格。

15世纪末到16世纪中叶,出现了达芬奇、米开朗琪罗、拉菲尔“盛期三杰”。

提香·韦切利奥被誉为西方油画之父,继承和发展了威尼斯派的绘画艺术,提香对于欧洲后来的绘画艺术有着很大的影响。

欧洲文化的论文(3)

欧洲文化的论文(3)

欧洲文化的论文(3)关于欧洲文化的论文范文”[7]基督教教义在一定程度上成为了高级文化的载体,它促进了欧洲人的思想开化。

这一过程使得基督教成为欧洲人精神世界的统治者,奠定了其在欧洲人统一意识形态与价值观念中的统治地位。

作为中世纪意识形态的主导,基督教的教条成为了欧洲文化中伦理道德的规范。

基督教在中世纪时期有着其整体化的机构与活动。

其教义的传播者教士是文化的象征,而其物质载体修道院则成为教化民众的场所,是当时社会主要的文化中心。

修道院因其重要的文化地位和影响成为现代大学的前身。

可以说,基督教对欧洲人统一性的精神统治在欧洲认同观念的形成中起到了中流砥柱的作用。

综上所述,欧洲认同观念有着深刻的文化根源。

古希腊罗马文化是欧洲文明的起源,基督教文化是欧洲人共同的精神家园,二者为欧洲认同的形成奠定了坚实的基础。

只有深入探究欧洲认同形成的文化根源才能深刻地认识欧洲及其不断加强的一体化进程。

参考文献:[1] 郑晓云. 文化认同与文化变迁[M]. 北京:中国社会科学出版社,1993.[2] 马克思,恩格斯. 马克思恩格斯选集(第四卷)[M]. 北京:人民出版社, 1972.[3] 伊迪丝·汉密尔顿. 希腊方式—通向西方文明的源泉 [M]. 杭州:浙江人民出版社,1988.[4] W. Fleming. Arts and Ideas [M]. New York, 1968.[5] 陈乐民,周弘. 欧洲文明扩张史[M]. 北京:东方出版中心,1999.[6] Anthony Pagden. The Idea of Europe [M]. Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Cambridge University Press. U.K. 2002.[7] 惠一鸣. 欧洲联盟发展史(上). 北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003年第1版.。

欧洲文化的论文

欧洲文化的论文

河北大学工商学院添些学校《xxx》结课论文题目:欧洲文化之哥特式建筑姓名:黄文泽性别:男专业:xxx班级:xxx学号:xxx欧洲文化之哥特式建筑欧洲文化博大精深历史悠久,无论是其人文艺术方面的发展还是其自然科学的严谨都吸引了广大的研究者和历史文化爱好者,经过本学期老师对欧州文化的讲解,我对本来就很感兴趣的欧洲建筑有了更深的了解和认识,下面我从其起源、建筑特点以及对现代建筑的影响简述下我眼中的欧洲建筑的代表——哥特式建筑。

哥特式建筑是中世纪下半叶起源于法国13——15世纪流行于欧洲的一种建筑风格。

主要见于天主教堂也影响到世俗建筑。

哥特式建筑以其超高的技术和艺术成就,在建筑史上占有重要是地位。

其特点主要是尖塔高耸,尖形拱门,大窗户及绘有圣经故事的花窗玻璃.营造出轻盈修长的飞天的感觉.以及新的框架结构以增加支撑顶部的力量.使整个建筑以直线线条,宏伟的外观和教堂内空阔的空间, 再结合镶着彩色玻璃的长窗,使教堂里产生一种浓厚的宗教气氛.教堂的平面仍是基本的拉丁十字型,但是其西端门的两侧增加一对高塔。

哥特式建筑结构也十分多样,主要有尖肋拱顶,飞扶壁,花窗玻璃等,下面就各国建筑代表为例来介绍哥特式结构在建筑上的体现。

意大利的哥特式建筑于十二世纪由国外传入,主要影响于北部地区.意大利没有真正接受哥特式建筑的结构体系和造型原型,只是把它当做是一种装饰风格,所以在意大利很难找到纯粹的哥特式建筑.威尼斯的世俗建筑有很多的杰作,圣马可广场上的总督宫被认为是中世纪的世俗建筑中最美丽的作品之一,成为广场的标志.城市里一般建有许多高塔,总体轮廓线很美.德国最早的哥特式教堂之一的科隆主教堂于1248年兴工,由建造过亚眠主教堂的法国人设计,有法国盛行的哥特式建筑的风格.德国的教堂很早就形成了自己的形制和风格,如德国的马尔堡的圣伊莉莎白教堂的建筑结构体现了德国教堂建筑的最早特点:屋顶平缓,陡坡屋面罩在拱顶上,高度相等的教堂中厅和侧厅,教堂内部采光是依靠端体墙上高窄普通的窗户,全然去除尖顶、高侧窗、飞扶壁等等之类的样式,可谓一大创新。

欧洲文化概况论文 苏格拉底

欧洲文化概况论文 苏格拉底
Considering 'To know yourself' is sentence of Delphy Temple of the sun as his philosophical principle, Socrates deemed that if people could realize that human beings' wisdom is less value even valueless they could admit God is the most mighty and wise. Actually, Socrates's epistemology lifted ration and recognized its colossal strength which makes all things in the world submit to its rule. Therefore, ‘Know yourself ’ has profound influence on European philosophy.
Socrates's philosophy is an influential part of philosophy, because of his great personality. After he dead, his thoughts has significant impact on successive philosophers, even common people can perceive truth to conduct their life.
Using all his life to show what happiness is, what beauty is, how we can spend our life. We know that Socrates's appearance is as famous as his philosophy, but it is not because he is handsome, conversely, he is ugly. However, he persists into giving speeches on the square. Socrates is intended to tell people that we should experience the reality, and settle present problems. If you are sad because of your appearance, you are really foolish. If you think others pay attention to and laugh at you when you are walking on the street, you are wrong, for they only care themselves. If you are an ugly duckling, the only thing you can do is to believe you are also beautiful, rather than think how to be a white swan. There is no happiness, when there is no reality,

欧洲时尚文化论文

欧洲时尚文化论文

欧洲时尚文化论文随着现代科学技术,尤其是信息通信技术的迅猛发展,时尚文化渗透到人们的日常生活中,影响着人们的思想及行为。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲时尚文化论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!欧洲时尚文化论文篇1浅析欧洲的古老与时尚虽然时尚在中国已经被广泛认可、接受,但作为―个产业还远远不够成熟。

如果不说产业的话,当我们努力发展自己的时尚品牌的时候,都会不自觉地把自己和欧洲相比。

就像高科技喜欢与美国相比,要建设中国的硅谷一样,我们总喜欢说要做中国的阿玛尼、中国的路易・威登、中国的香奈儿……而这些如雷贯耳的品牌无一不是出自欧洲。

欧洲作为时尚的策源地和集大成者,一直是全球时尚的中心。

无论是法国、意大利还是英国,这些欧洲老牌国家都有自己的著名时尚品牌,更有属于自己的时尚特色,比如法国的浪漫奢华、意大利的精工细作、英国古典和前卫的碰撞。

无论是什么风格,欧洲的时尚从来就不是孤芳自赏的小众玩意,而是一个庞大的产业。

在欧洲一些国家,时尚的链条覆盖了非常大的产业,包括时装、钟表、家具、珠宝甚至汽车等,时尚更成为欧洲人生活中不可或缺的必要组成部分。

在英国感受古典与前卫的碰撞了解世界创意产业的人当然不会不知道英国。

就是这个一直以来以保守形象出现在世人面前的国家,第一次提出了创意产业的概念,并且创意产业已经成为英国的支柱性产业。

现在,英国的创意产业理念已经成为全球各国经济发展和转型的重要思想。

事实上,英国并不是我们印象中那样保守的国家,这一点通过英国的创意产业已经可以看出了。

而时尚产业作为创意产业的一部分,在英国的发展更加发达,甚至提到时尚产业已经绝对无法绕过英国。

而且,由于英国发达创意产业的影响,英国的时尚产业也充满了浓重的创意气息,先锋和前卫已经成为其明显标志。

伦敦看上去似乎是一个低调的城市,然而每年时装周他表现出来的让人惊叹的创意姿态却让巴黎与米兰都无法企及。

1994年的伦敦时装周只有15场秀,2002年增长到将近60场秀。

欧洲文化概况论文参考范文

欧洲文化概况论文参考范文

欧洲文化概况论文参考范文在经济全球化的今天,来自各种文化的人群在各个领域的接触日益频繁,欧洲的一些国家也都在纷纷重视文化的作用。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲文化概况论文的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!欧洲文化概况论文篇1试谈欧洲文化线路发展概述摘要:“欧洲文化线路”由欧洲委员会于1984年提出并于1987年正式施行,其目标为“以文化合作的形式提升对欧洲一体化和文化多元化的认同,保护欧洲文化的多样性,鼓励文化间的交流,协助调解地区矛盾”。

经过四十余年理论研究与实践,“欧洲文化线路”计划在文化线路的管理体系、标准设立、资金筹措以及与其他国际组织相关项目合作等方面形成了一套完整成熟的体系。

体系、主题、形式的多元化构成了欧洲文化线路最大特点。

“欧洲文化线路”以推动新兴旅游业(如文化游、体验游等)促进当地发展,对欧洲地区的遗产保护和地区发展具有深远意义。

关键词:文化线路;欧洲委员会;多元化欧洲,作为文化线路概念的发源地,在欧洲委员会的指导下历经三十年的磨合形成了一个顺应时代背景、凝聚欧洲认同感、推动区域经济可持续发展的文化线路体系,成为提升欧洲遗产共享意识、维系民众关系、促进社会、经济、文化发展必不可少的工具。

该体系为其他国家和国际组织文化线路体系的发展奠定了理论和实践基础,对我国正在进行的文化线路和相关线性文化遗产的研究和实践工作具有参考价值。

一、概况(一)发展背景欧洲的“文化线路”(Cultural Routes)起源于欧洲委员会的“欧洲委员会文化线路”(Cultural Routesof the Council of Eur ope,以下简称“欧洲文化线路”)计划。

欧洲委员会是欧洲历史最悠久成员国最多的国际组织,其宗旨是“通过实现成员间相互团结,以维护其被视为共同遗产与促进经济和社会进步的理想和准则”。

多年来,欧洲委员会同欧盟不断致力于开展区域间文化遗产的修复与保护,并通过能力建设、文化交流等方式维护区域稳定,如保护战后科索沃地区文化多样性、格鲁吉亚战后恢复、基辅区域保护计划等。

欧洲文化入门论文

欧洲文化入门论文

欧洲文化入门论文人是文化的存在物,文化是人的存在样式,一部人类历史就是各种文化相互渗透、不断发展创新的历史。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲文化入门论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!欧洲文化入门论文篇1浅析欧洲认同的文化根源摘要:欧洲认同价值观的形成在很大程度上是欧洲人对其同源文化的延伸。

作为欧洲文明的渊源,古希腊罗马文化奠定了欧洲的文化传统。

在中世纪__大一统的文化氛围中,基督__成为欧洲人长期共同秉承的精神家园。

古希腊罗马文化和基督__响早已深入到了欧洲人的血液中,成为欧洲认同的重要文化根源。

关键词:欧洲认同;文化根源;古希腊罗马文化;__欧洲,不仅是一个地理概念,更是一种文化凝聚的象征,在此基础上形成的欧洲认同是欧洲人对自身特性的定位,更是对欧洲超越经济范畴的强大文化凝聚力的肯定。

“欧洲在伦理领域存在着某种文化的共同性。

”[1] (P251) 要正确认识欧洲认同的深刻内涵就必须探究其历史发展中的文化共同性。

从整个欧洲的历史演变及其文化传统来看,欧洲认同的实质即是对希腊罗马文化和__文化的认同。

一、欧洲文明的起源—古希腊罗马文化在古希腊时代,现在“欧洲”所指的这片土地被称作“欧罗巴”,来源于希腊神话。

随着地中海地区以及现在的中欧、西欧广大地区被罗马帝国所征服,希腊罗马文明也随之而来。

人类文明的中心开始由地中海区域向西转移,希腊的文化成就和罗马的帝国统治长远而深入地影响着“欧罗巴”地区,为其同源性文化与社会意识的形成奠定了坚实的基础。

诚然,对古希腊罗马文明的高度认同成为了欧洲认同形成的根本因素。

恩格斯曾指出:“没有希腊文化和罗马帝国所奠定的基础,就没有现代的欧洲。

”[2] (P506)古希腊文化是欧洲文明之源,它在诸多领域如哲学,艺术,自然科学等领域的研究成就以及其繁荣发达的城邦政治文化为欧洲创立了规范。

对真理的不懈追求和理性精神是古希腊文化的核心,也构成了欧洲文化的精神主线。

古希腊重视对各种知识进行分类研究,将哲学独立为一门科学。

关于欧洲文化论文

关于欧洲文化论文

关于欧洲文化论文推荐文章关于欧洲文化的论文热度:医院试用期工作总结以及计划热度:社团文化节领导讲话稿范文热度:2017年校园文化建设工作计划范文热度:欧洲歌唱大赛2017歌单热度:文化存在着多层次性,有全人类的文化,也有各个民族的文化、各个社会的文化,在同一个民族、同一个社会中也会因为地域的不同、信仰的不同,产生出天线不同民族、不同社会、不同地域的文化。

那么关于欧洲的文化是怎么样的呢?下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲文化论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!关于欧洲文化论文篇1古希腊神话——欧洲文化的摇篮古希腊神话大约诞生于公元前8世纪,传承至今,在历史的长河中魅力无穷。

古希腊神话详细描绘了希腊人民自古心中的诸神、自然和宇宙的神话。

它的流传主要是靠古希腊人民长期口头相传下来的。

后来主要通过Homa's epic《荷马史诗》及古希腊的诗集、戏剧、哲学著作记载,传承下来。

古希腊神话包括了希腊神话中最重要的诸神开天辟地、神普关系等方面的故事,是有关希腊神话的早期资料。

古希腊神话不仅滋养了希腊本国的文化发展,而且在后世给予西方文化发展以不可磨灭的推动作用和奠基作用。

一、古代欧洲文艺发展的源泉古希腊神话是古代欧洲文学艺术兴起的源泉和土壤。

世界著名的古希腊三大悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯、索福克里斯和欧利皮德思流传下来的三十四部悲剧中有三十三部是以神话为题材的。

现在人们可以在古希腊历史学家希罗多德的著作《历史》中收索到大量的原始的古希腊神话。

同时,古希腊神话为后期的罗马文学带来了无穷的素材资源和创作想象力。

比如说,在古罗马神话中,诸神的形象与古希腊神话相同,取名不同。

如爱神的希腊名字是Venus,罗马名字是Aphrodite;希腊神话中战神叫Ares,罗马名字则是Mars。

在古希腊奴隶制社会时期,古代欧洲的戏剧和文艺理论各方面都取得了巨大的成就。

其中最具代表性的是著名的古希腊文学家、哲学家柏拉图(Plato)和亚里士多德(Aristotle)。

《欧美文化与风情》论文(精选五篇)

《欧美文化与风情》论文(精选五篇)

《欧美文化与风情》论文(精选五篇)第一篇:《欧美文化与风情》论文本课程考查方式要求:同学们在老师所列题目中任选一题写作学科论文,(题目也可以自拟)字数要达到3000字以上,以此作为课程考察成绩。

注意事项:(1)统一使用学校的作业纸。

(2)最后一次上课时上交论文,过期不再收取作业。

1.英国的社会发展2.英国的文化与生活3.英国的礼仪习俗4.英国观光与旅游5.法国的服饰6.法国的社会发展7.法国的文化与生活8.食在法国9.法国人的生活习俗10.浪漫情怀看法国15.美国政府16.美国的“驴象之争”17.美国的礼貌习俗18.美国的高等教育19.美国大学生的生活20.美国法治一瞥21.美国社会掠影22.加拿大的文化教育22.加拿大的衣食住行23.加拿大的社会福利制度24.走遍加拿大作业题目第二篇:欧美婚礼文化论文11级人力一班魏本栋欧美婚礼文化论文婚礼,一个浪漫而温馨的名词,它是情侣步入婚姻的大门,也是夫妻关系确立的标志,婚礼是一个开始,从此夫妻之间要相互鼓励、相互搀扶,相守一生,因而,各种美好的祝愿也都在这样一个与众不同的日子变得更加有意义、更加的珍贵。

当然,随着祝福而来的就是各种各样的婚俗,人们愿意将每一种仪式都赋予它特殊的意义,充满了浪漫和美好的气息,由于中西方文化的不同,这些婚礼中的仪式和习俗在时间的累积中也渐渐有了差异,虽然随着经济和交流的全球化,许多的中西方的婚俗进行了混合,但是中西方的婚俗始终有不可替代的差异。

对于我们中国人来说,结婚是一件大喜事,既是喜事当然要办的热热闹闹、喜气洋洋,这也是我们自古以来的传统。

中国人喜欢热闹的气氛,因而婚礼的地点当然也要是能闹起来的地方。

在古代,人们会选在开阔的场院里,大家围坐桌前,爽朗的笑声,锣鼓喧天,鞭炮齐鸣,一派祥和与红火。

在当代难以寻得过去的场院,交通方便的大型酒店自然成了首选,与以往一样,从招待到入席,所有的人,无论是主人还是客人,脸上都洋溢着幸福的微笑,席间的欢歌笑语都体现了热闹这一传统。

欧洲文化入门小论文

欧洲文化入门小论文

欧洲文化入门小论文第一篇:欧洲文化入门小论文Renaissance’s influence on Europe IntroductionThe word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”.It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism.Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation.In my paper, I do like to talk about the influence on the Europe which brought by Renaissance, it will be elaborated in aspects of art, economy, politic and humanism.Basic origin of Renaissance On 14th century, with the development of factory manufacturing and commodity economy,capitalist economic relations had gradually formed inside the European feudal system.In the aspect of politics,feudal separationist rules had caused epidemic discontent, and people began to have national consciousness.The public in Europe expressed their strong desires about unity of nation.Thereby, culture and arts areas also showed the interests and requirements about the emerging capitalism in this new period.Thus here came the Renaissance.Renaissance refers to a ideological and cultural movement which started in cities among Italy from 13th century,then extended to western European countries and finally prevailed in the whole Europe.It brought a revolution period of science and arts.Besides, it lifted the curtain on the history of Europe.Renaissance is recognized as the dividing line between the middle ages and modern times.InfluenceRenaissance has an important impact on art, economy,political and humanism of Europe.It is the New Culture Movement and Cultural Revolution of the bourgeoisie.Art In art, the most prosperous period of Italian Renaissance was the 16th century.It’s representative artist are Da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.Renaissance brought about sense of change in all aspects of life and a favorable atmosphere for artistic innovation and experimentation.Colours of arts are very varied and graceful and artist used bright colours bravely to show that people had entered a new period of golden age.Talented artist used their opus to reflect the transition of the thought in the society.For example, Mona Lisa Smile, magnum opus from Da Vinci, it described a wife of merchant instead of noblewoman.This painting told people life can be happy even in such a dark society like that time and it also hinted the change of women’s society statuses.This portraiture was recognized as the laurel of world arts masterpiece.It conveys appreciation to beauty of women and the abundant spirit life of people.What’s more, wealth gathered in towns created demand for refinement in arts and variety in form and content.Renaissance replaced the medieval notions of painting and sculpture as crafts only to decorate churches by that of highly intellectual artistic accomplishments, with merge of art and science.For example, Villa Rotonda , Notre Dame de Paris, St Peter's and so on.Its also prevent free literary creation, but its restless curiosity, its interest in the world and its urban influences created a demand for a native literature that expressed the new life then;and its individuality with a concern for fame drove writers to do experiments to win praise from critics and support from patrons.For example, Dante’s The Divine Melody and Petrarch’s Love sonnets.The arts in Renaissance not only establish the foundation of European realism arts, but also impelpeople to pursuit better society lives with its profound spiritual connotation and exquisite artistry.The masterpieces which created in Renaissance are captivating and master-designed.They become the priceless treasures in treasure house of human.Renaissance had a great influence on development of the world’s art, it can encourage people to lead a positive life and it proposed the explore spirit.It played a essential role in the development of human beings.Economy In financial terms, Renaissance, as a mind emancipation movement to develop and expand cultural of the emerging bourgeoisie, laid an important foundation of the sprout of the early capitalism in it’s transmit.In the meantime, Renaissance accumulated original wealth for the early capitalism.Renaissance first started from Italy, and then transferred to Atlantic coast from the Mediterranean Coast by transmission.Many famous boom city like Roman, Florence, Venice and other cities appeared.Capitalist industry and commerce began to develop prosperously.What’s more, capital started to swarm into the pockets of capitalism.Renaissance provided requirements to exploitation of the new route, reformation of religious reform and the later the revolution of bourgeoisie.Political The occurrence of every important activity will affect the art aspect, the financial term, also the politic.On 14th century, Europe began to enter the modern civilization period.Industry and commerce developed prosperously and capitalism appeared in many cities.Emerging bourgeoisie began to enter the political stage.The needed new ideologies to speak in defense of interests of politic and economy which they pursuit.The needed new academics and culture to support what they want to do.Thus, a totally new Modern spirit came into being.Renaissance was the new culture movement whichobjected to religious authority and feudalism.Then, how did the Renaissance affect the political system in Europe? First, commerce replaced the Catholic as the unifying force in Europe.Second, because of the bourgeoisie’s struggle for political control, the Holy Roman Empire and the Roman Catholic Church declined.Third, rulers of the Italian city-states thus empowered for expansion abroad.Fourth, on account of their wish for peace and order after civil wars, Monarchies was consolidated in France, England and Spain.Humanism The last part I want to talk is the humanism effects brought to Europe by Renaissance.As an individual, one should get important social position by his ability to gain knowledge.With this view, architects begin to design as people-based, painters and sculptors paid much attention to individuals.People tried to comprehend physiology and psychology structure of human beings and thinking process.Renaissance and its accompanying humanist philosophy were the most important reform in the history of human beings.The centre of this power was a knowledge group which named humanist.They pursuit the concept of humanism and their basic theory was realism.Their purposes were reclaiming peaceful and happy lives for people.Humanism studied the value of people, the spirit of people, the life of people and the felicity of people.Then, how did the Renaissance affect the development of humanism? Renaissance made philosophy emphasized the dignity and worth of the individual, it was the originated in the study of classical culture.By the study of grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and ethics of humanities, people developed hisphysically, morally and intellectually.Humanism brought a new art form by its totally new understanding about thecivilization and the world.It connects people and space.ConclusionRenaissance was the shed between middle ages and modern times.It was the consensus premise for bourgeois revolution.It assisted Europe getting rid of the constraints from feudal religious and it was the prelude for Europe to expand to the world.Reference 徐新编著《西方文化史》北京大学出版社叶胜年著《西方文化史鉴》上海外国语教育学院第二篇:欧洲文化入门《巴黎圣母院》读后感读完了《巴黎圣母院》,文中的丑与美,善与恶,在我的脑海里留下了挥之不去的印象。

欧洲文化导论论文

欧洲文化导论论文

欧洲文化导论论文第一篇:欧洲文化导论论文欧洲文化导论论文:文艺复兴摘要:文艺复兴的兴起既是中世纪黑暗之后的必然后果,也有其复杂的历史背景。

作为一次著名的思想解放运动,它对欧洲甚至全世界都产生了巨大的影响。

一.文艺复兴背景:1.宗教因素:中世纪的文明是基督教的文明,一教统治的文明,它对异教的文明是消极的,甚至是敌视的。

在思维上是超理性的,它的道德规范是安分守己、容忍谦恭和卑视财富。

这些教谕是符合农业社会的自给自足的经济的。

而这些教谕完全禁锢了人们的思想,但同时新兴的资产阶级又急于冲破其思想束缚。

2.阶级因素:资本主义是文艺复兴的前提和基础。

资本主义为文艺复兴奠定了深厚的物质基础。

文艺复兴是一个长达三百年的历史时期,在这个时期内不仅有光辉的艺术,宏伟的建筑,人民的起义,还有连绵的战争,肆虐的黑孔病。

如果当时的意大利城市共和国还建筑在中世纪手工业的经济基础上,很难设想意大利在文艺复兴时期能取得辉煌的成就。

资本主义改变了人民的生活方式,从而使人们的价值观念也发生了变化。

人文主义者对财富、对自由和民主的歌颂,反映了新生资产阶级的要求和世界观。

可以说,正是资本主义引导着文艺复兴发展的方向。

3经济因素:经济方面的因素包括贸易和商业的迅速发展和城市的快速崛起。

由于新的商人阶层的形成,这使商人能够获得较高的社会地位,促进了商业的发展。

商业促进了经济的快速发展和社会的繁荣。

商业和贸易依靠的是市场,而市场恰恰是城市经济的中心。

因而我们可以看到城市的复兴步伐加快,加之市民阶层的兴起以及西欧从古典时代继承下来的民主制度,城市自治运动在这时期兴起并得以发展。

二.文艺复兴成就:1.文学三杰:①但丁(1265—1321年),是新旧交替时代承上启下的一位作家,马克思、恩格斯称他为“中世纪的最后一位诗人,同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人。

”其代表作《神曲》主要描写作者在梦中由罗马诗人维吉尔和他的恋人碧雅特丽丝引导他遍游地狱、炼狱、天堂三界的故事。

欧洲文化概论 选修课论文

欧洲文化概论 选修课论文

《十日谈》与“文艺复兴”从初中开始学习世界历史开始,我就知道了这样的一个名词——“文艺复兴”,一个诞生了很多巨星的盛宴,一个产生了无数瑰宝的时代。

曾经,我把但丁的《神曲》、乔万尼·薄伽丘的《十日谈》当成解闷的小品文,我把达·芬奇的画、米开朗基罗的雕塑作品看成打发时间的玩意儿。

其实,“文艺复兴”给当时的社会带来的,给现在留下的不仅仅是这些。

“文艺复兴”一词,原意系指“希腊、罗马古典文化的再生”,是指13世纪末期,在意大利商业发达的城市,新兴的资产阶级中的一些先进的知识分子,借助研究古希腊、古罗马艺术文化,通过文艺创作,宣传人文精神。

以后扩展到西欧各国的,于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动。

它带来了一段科学与艺术革命时期,揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕,被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。

马克思主义史学家认为是封建主义时代和资本主义时代的分界。

“文艺复兴”对历史的推动作用和意义已属于老生常谈,我也不再赘述。

现在就来说说我曾经最喜欢的一本书《十日谈》与“文艺复兴”的关系。

《十日谈》是薄伽丘最优秀的作品。

它完成于1353年,历时5年,灵感大概源于1348年佛罗伦萨爆发的一场灾难性的瘟疫。

这场瘟疫中,居民死亡过半,城市十室九空。

瘟疫刚平息,薄伽丘即着手写作。

他以丰富的生活知识和出色的概括力,通过叙述故事,概括生活现象,描摹自然,叙写细节,刻画心理,塑造了国王、贵族、骑士、僧侣、商人、学者、艺术家、农民、手工业者等不同阶层,展示出意大利广阔的社会生活画面,抒发了文艺复兴初期的人文主义和自由思想。

意大利评论界把薄伽丘的《十日谈》和但丁的《神曲》相媲美,称之为《人曲》。

《十日谈》是一部故事集,但不是普通的汇集故事的作品。

薄伽丘采用故事会的形式,别出心裁地以框架结构把这些故事有机地组成一个严谨、和谐的叙述系统。

大瘟疫作为一个引子,借以引出10名男女青年,并点明自然祸害导致社会秩序、人际关系的堕落,为整部作品涂抹出时代底色。

欧洲文化入门论文

欧洲文化入门论文

2016-2017-1欧洲文化入门期末考试学号:**********姓名:冯**班级:14软件工程从欧洲最早的两大文明:米诺斯文明及迈锡尼文明算起,欧洲的文明史已经超过四千年了,欧洲文明的发源地是在爱琴海及古希腊地区,这里气候宜人,交通方便,为文明的产生提供了先决条件。

欧洲有着悠久的文明发展史。

公元前4000~前2500年在南欧和西欧曾广泛分布有巨石文化,随后位于欧洲东南部的爱琴海地区勃兴为世界古文明的发祥地之一,称爱琴文明,给人类留下了丰富的文化遗产。

公元前6世纪,古罗马国家兴起,逐渐发展成一个囊括半个欧洲(大不列颠群岛至多瑙河口一线以南)及北非、西亚在内的庞大帝国,而意大利所在的意大利半岛一直是其政治和经济的核心区域。

纪元初年,欧洲人口约3200万,其中半数以上分布于南欧,而东欧、北欧及不列颠群岛合计尚不足1/10。

公元3世纪后,罗马帝国渐趋衰弱,原先居住在北欧的日耳曼人及居住在东欧的斯拉夫人相继大量入侵,这一历史进程所伴随的人口大迁移和经济、文化上的广泛交流,大大促进了欧洲的全面开发,14世纪中叶全洲人口达到8100万,南欧的比重降至1/3,其他地区尤其是东欧均明显上升。

15~16世纪,在南欧和西欧的一些国家中,资本主义开始萌芽,通过地理大发现和对海外殖民地的掠夺,西班牙、葡萄牙、荷兰、法国和英国相继发展成为具有世界影响的强国,在随后的资产阶级革命和产业革命中,西欧进一步确立了在欧洲经济、文化中的领先地位。

19世纪中叶,北欧、中欧和东欧诸国也走上了资本主义发展道路,南欧国家发展则相对缓慢。

1900年欧洲人口为4.15亿,南欧的比重已不足1/4。

由于资本主义的迅速发展,19世纪欧洲的经济、文化水平在世界上已遥遥领先,几个欧洲列强的殖民地遍布各大洲,几千万欧洲人移居海外,对世界人文地理和经济地理产生了极大的影响。

20世纪的前半期,欧洲先后成为两次世界大战的主要策源地。

由于战争的破坏,以及资本主义政治、经济发展不平衡规律的作用,欧洲在世界上的地位相对下降,其人口占世界的比重由1900年的25%下降到1950年的20%,工业生产所占比重亦由65%降至45%。

欧洲文化入门期末论文

欧洲文化入门期末论文

欧洲文化入门期末论文Renaissance in ItalyThe word Renaissance is a French word meaning new birth, a name given to the movement in Europe that inspired men to abandon the restraints of the Middle Ages and to develop modern interests, enthusiasm and ideals. Its most noted feature was the Revival of Learning, an awakening of mind and a thirst after the new knowledge.Key words: Italian Renaissance background humanism New Literature Renaissance Art1.BackgroundIn the 12th century, a rediscovery of Greek and Roman literature occurred across Europe that eventually led to the development of the humanist movement in the 14th century. In addition to emphasizing Greek and Latin scholarship, humanists believed that each individual had significance within society. The growth of an interest in humanism led to the changes in the arts and sciences that form common conceptions of the Renaissance.The 14th century through the 16th century was a period of economic flux in Europe, the most extensive changes took place in Italy. After the death of Frederick II in 1250, emperors lost power in Italy and throughout Europe, none of Frederick's successors equaled him. Power fell instead into the hands of various popes; after the Great Schism (1378–1415; see Schism, Great), when three popes held power simultaneously, control returned to secular rulers.During the Renaissance small Italian republics developed into despotisms as the centers of power moved from the landed estates to the cities. Europe itself slowly developed into groupsof self-sufficient compartments. At the height of the Renaissance there were five major city-states in Italy: the combined state of Naples and Sicily, the Papal State, Florence, Milan, and Venice. Italy's economic growth is best exemplified in the development of strong banks, most notably the Medici bank of Florence. England, France, and Spain also began to develop economically based class systems.2.HumanismHumanism is the keynote of Renaissance.Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged by scholars, writers, and civic leaders who are today known as Renaissance humanists. It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of medieval scholastic education, emphasizing practical, pre-professional and pre-scientific studies. The main centers of humanism were Florence and Naples.2.1 The main content of humanism2.1.1Man is the measure of all things, man-centered culture .It emphasize the power, value and dignity of the human beings andholding that human beings are glorious creatures. And the lines of Shakespeare’s Hamlet is the best summary of the core of Renaissance thought---the greatness of man.2,1,2Emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.It emphasize secular happiness and individualism against the medieval ideas of asceticism, shifting man’s interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philosophy, from beauty and greatness of God to the beauty of human body in allits joys and pains.2.1.3Believe human beings were glorious creatures and man has the right to pursue personal happiness, knowledge and wealth.It applies Aristotle’s theory that humanist literature mainly use realistic style and take literature as the mirror or miniature of the society. Therefore these Italians, and many others, helped to make Italy the center of the Renaissance movement in Europe. The movement changed the medieval Western Europe into a modern one.3.New literature3.1Three outstanding heroes of Florence literature3.1.1Giovanni BoccaccioFrench-born Italian poet and writer whose classic work, the Decameron (1351-1353), is a collection of 100 tales told by seven young ladies and three younger gentlemen. In 1348, a terrible plague attacked Florence. Every day, even every hour, large numbers of human remains were carried to the outskirts of the town . From March to July, the death toll amounted to more than 100000, Florence City, became a cemetery ,which is full of wild land, bones. no one could bear to look at it . In order to record human disaster, Boccaccio took this plague as a background, wrote one of the Italy's most famous short story collection" Decameron ". At that time," Decameron " was referred to as the" music", which is known as a companion with Dante’s " Divine Comedy”.3.1.2Francesco PetrarchItalian poet, scholar, and humanist who is famous for Canzoniers, a collection of love lyrics songs written in his Italian dialect. It expresses the author’s true love to his girl friend Lauraand the view of love and happiness. He praised the beauty of the girl in the reality and considered young men and women have the right to enjoy the love. He lapsed into extremely sad when Laura died of illness .A painful emotion can easily seen in his poem. Such feelings have got rid of the abstract and symbolic significance of medieval literature .We look upon him as the father of modern poetry because in his sonnets for Laura he showed himself to be a great humanist writer keenlyaware of mortal and earthly values and he ignored medieval courtly conventions and defined true emotions.3.1.3Dante AlighieriHe was commonly known as Dante, a major Italian poet of the Middle Age, the founder of Modern Italian---one of the pioneering figures in The European Renaissance. His Divine Comedy, originally called Comedy and later called Divine by Boccaccio, is considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature. It is a narrative poem in terza rima containing 14 233 lines organized into 100 cantos approximately 142 lines each and can be calleda spiritual travel book.4.Renaissance art4.1The two peaks of Renaissance artOne is the radical break with medieval methods of representing the visible world occurred in Italy during the 2nd half of the 13th century the other is the decided break with the medieval pictorial tradition until the 2nd decade of the 15th century.4.2Distinct features of Renaissance artThe first is the breakaway from the domination of the church.The second is the changed themes of painting from purely celestial realm to an appreciation of all aspects of nature and man.The third is the studies of the ruins of Roman and Greek temples andthe revival of the principles of ancient civilization into their works.The fourth is the introduction of scientific theories of anatomy and perspective in artistic works.4.3Early Renaissance Artists4.3.1GiottoHe was the forerunner of the Renaissance who was said to have determined the course of painting in Europe. He led the way of restoring dignity to human figures. He also worked towards a more realistic depiction of space.His famous work Flight into Egypt is a painting based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on a donkey that is ready to face the hardship ahead. She looked firm and resolute while her husband Joseph looked hesitant and sorrowful. His another painting, Betrayal of Judas is also very famous.4.3.2Filippo BrunelleschiFlorentine architect, one of the initiators of the Italian Renaissance. His revival of classical forms and his championing of an architecture based on mathematics, proportion, and perspective make him a key artistic figure in the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era. In his designing of the churches he showed a systematic use of perspective. He also introduced motif that was widely imitated during the Renaissance.In 1420 he began to build the dome for the cathedral in Florence and it became the most original construction in the building ofdomes in the world history of architecture.Other early Renaissance artists, including Donatello, Giorgione also made great contribution to the art.4.4High Renaissance Artists4.4.1Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci was known not only as a masterful painter but as an architect, sculptor, engineer, and scientist. His pursuit of knowledge was relentless and his discoveries left lasting changes in the fields of art and science. With his sophisticated skills and love for learning, Leonardo was the quintessential Renaissance man. In painting he stressed the expression of emotional states. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper and Mona Lisa . His other works, The Virgin of the Rocks, Vitruvian Man, Four Caricatures, are also favored by people.4.4.2Michelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo's extraordinary accomplishments in painting, sculpture, and architecture made him one of the outstanding figures in Renaissance art. He is known for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and rendering the human form in a wide variety of positions and with great emotional expression in painting and sculpture, and creating several of the most important works of the Italian Renaissance, such as the sculpture of David and Moses, the marble statue of Dying Slave and so on.Other high Renaissance artists, like Raphael, Titian also left many worldfamous works to us.The Renaissance resulted in numerous investigations of natural events, in a widespread study of art and literature and in a broadening of outlook to a degree never before known.Economic and intellectual changes during the Renaissance both helped to speed up Western social and cultural development and hence prepared the necessary conditions for rapid progress in political, social and ideological areas of the modern Age.。

欧洲文化概况论文

欧洲文化概况论文

欧洲文化概况论文欧洲文化是人类社会重要的精神和物质财富,其以民主与法制精神,科学与理性精神,极大地推动了欧洲现代化的进程。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲文化概况论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!欧洲文化概况论文篇1浅探欧洲地区鹤的文化意蕴摘要:本文旨在搜集欧洲地区鹤的文化,归纳总结出在欧洲,鹤主要承载的文化意蕴,分析得出鹤在欧洲的文化意蕴主要可以分为三大类,褒义文化意蕴、贬义文化意蕴和中性文化意蕴,并对其中有更多文化内容的中性文化意蕴的产生原因作出分析,主要有两大成因:一是欧洲的审美标准,二是欧洲的宗教信仰。

关键词:欧洲;鹤;文化意蕴文化存在着多层次性,有全人类的文化,也有各个民族的文化、各个社会的文化,在同一个民族、同一个社会中也会因为地域的不同、信仰的不同,产生出天线不同民族、不同社会、不同地域的文化。

鹤在中国主要是有着长寿、吉祥的美好文化意蕴,但是在欧洲,鹤所承载的文化意蕴有别于中国。

一、文化意蕴在欧洲,从感情色彩来分析,鹤的文化意蕴主要存在着三大类,一是褒义文化意蕴如美好愿望,二是贬义文化意蕴如厄运,三是中性文化意蕴如生殖、家族谱系、皈依者。

首先是鹤的褒义文化意蕴,即美好的愿望。

不论是哪个民族,春天都是人们美好的愿望、期盼、希望的开始,尤其是在农耕时代,春暖花开时节,人们开始播种,第一只飞回来的鸟就会成为春天的象征,但是由于纬度的差异,导致不同地区的春天里出现的第一只鸟各有不同。

为中国报春的鸟是燕子,尤其是在中国南方,种植水稻的时间完全按照燕子回巢的时间制定,民间歌谣《小燕子》传遍大街小巷。

还有鸭子,如诗词“春江水暖鸭先知”。

欧洲的保加利亚地区的春天也是鸟类迁徙后回巢的时间,其中鹤扮演着核心角色:当第一只鹤出现,意味着春天真得到来了!因此在保加利亚的传说中,鹤是春天的象征。

鹤带来的春天,让人们意识到已经到了播种的季节,也是对新的一年的希望,因此鹤就责无旁贷的承载起人们对新的一年的美好愿望。

其次是鹤的贬义文化意蕴,即厄运。

欧洲文明史论文1

欧洲文明史论文1

欧洲文明史论文浅谈欧洲文艺复兴摘要:“文艺复兴”在人类文明发展史上标志着一个伟大的转折。

它是新文化,是当时社会的新政治、新经济的反映,是新兴的资产阶级在思想和文化领域里的反封建斗争。

关键词:文艺复兴、变革、意义引言:文艺复兴是一次人类从来没有经历过的最伟大的、进步的变革,是人类向未知精神的进军。

正文:“文艺复兴”主要是“人文主义”的兴起。

他在文学、艺术、政治思想及自然科学领域内创造了丰硕的成果。

它唤醒了人们积极进取的精神、创造精神以及科学实验的精神,从而在精神方面为资本主义制度的胜利和确立开辟了道路。

文艺复兴在欧洲历史发展中占有重要地位。

首先是人的发现。

与中世纪对比,文艺复兴在意识形态领域内带来了一系列巨大的变化。

最突出的变化是关于人价值观念的转变。

在中世纪,理想的人应该是自卑、消极、无所作为的,人在世界上的意义不足称道。

文艺复兴发现了人和人的伟大,肯定了人的价值和创造力,提出人要获得解放,个性应该自由。

重视人的价值,要求发挥人的聪明才智及创造性潜力,反对消极的无所作为的人生态度,提倡积极冒险精神。

重视现世生活,藐视关于来世或天堂的虚无飘渺的神话,因而追求物质幸福及肉欲上的满足,反对宗教禁欲主义。

在文学艺术上要求表达人的感情,反对虚伪和矫揉造作。

如:彼特拉克的《歌集》,薄伽丘的《十日谈》。

重视科学实验,反对先验论;强调运用人的理智,反对盲从;要求发展个性,反对禁锢人性;在道德观念上要求放纵,反对自我克制;提倡“公民道德”,认为事业成功及发家致富就是道德行为。

提倡乐观主义的人生态度。

这种不可抑制的求知欲和追根究底的探求精神,对一切事物都要研究个究竟,决不满足于一知半解的精神,为创造现世的幸福而奋斗的乐观进取精神,把人们从中世纪基督教神学的桎梏下解放出来,资产阶级正是在这种精神的指引下创造近代资本主义世界的。

1500年前后的地理大发现,就是这种人文主义精神的外在表现。

意大利是文艺复兴的发源地,而“地理大发现”的主角哥伦布和卡波特都是意大利人。

欧洲文化概况论文

欧洲文化概况论文

欧洲文化之古希腊宗教文化姓名:徐启雄学号:u3学院:土木工程与力学学院专业班级:工程管理1101班上午班【摘要】宗教是人类社会发展到一定阶段的思想和文化的产物。

作为一种文化和社会现象,宗教在一定程度上反映了人类特定时期的思维和认识水平,又对人类社会文明的发展有着广泛和深远的影响。

宗教,可以给人信仰,可以让人在无助时有坚持的毅力与信心,是人类发展必不可少的精神支柱。

广义上讲,宗教本身是一种以为核心的文化,同时又是整个的组成部分。

【关键词】多神崇拜,感性主义,追求至美古希腊神话12位神灵。

它们分别是众神之父宙斯、天后赫拉、智慧之神雅典娜、农神德米忒尔、战神阿瑞斯、匠神赫菲斯托斯、太阳神阿波罗、女猎神阿耳忒弥斯、海神波塞冬、众神之使者赫尔墨斯、美神阿芙狄罗忒、酒神狄奥尼索斯。

希腊多神教从本质上看是自然宗教。

它的产生是因为早期人类的认知能力和理性思维能力比较低下,对于一些自然现象和人类自身的认识比较模糊,只能借助于想像力来解释世界和自身。

正是这种人格化的欲望,到处创造了许多神”。

由于古希腊宗教渊源极其广泛,加之城邦林立且政体与经济形态各异,难于统一等因素的影响,故神的来源广、数量多,神的故事丰富而驳杂,神的系统不一而足。

虽有全希腊崇拜的一些神,如神王宙斯等,但人们对其崇拜并未达到绝对地步,致使这些神从来也没有达到如同古埃及的三位太阳神,古代两河流域的马尔都克与亚述神曾经拥有的至高无上的国神地位,更谈不上享有耶和华、安拉那种唯我独尊的殊荣。

古希腊因此成为泛神论的国土。

一神教始终没能形成。

与多神教相一致,古希腊的神庙几乎随处可见,崇拜中心很多,宗教节日的数目更达到令人吃惊的地步。

在希腊世界里,仅阿尔忒弥斯神庙就有80处之多。

这大概与神的来源说法不同,故事丰富及崇拜者各异有关,有些神,比如宙斯,竟有大约50个别号。

在各地形成的众多崇拜中心,最着名的要数多多那的宙斯庙、德尔斐和提洛岛的阿波罗神庙、地峡泰纳龙角的波塞冬庙、埃皮达夫罗斯的神医圣所与埃莱夫西斯的密仪中心。

古代欧洲文明小作文

古代欧洲文明小作文

古代欧洲文明小作文
不知不知觉中这个学期的课程马上就要结束了,感觉从老师那里学到了很多东西,让我确实长了不少见识,首先谢谢老师的辛勤教诲。

自己也有很多感受,但在脑子里却是不成体系的,下面就简单的概括一下我这学期所学的知识和对西方文化的感受吧。

首先概括的说,欧洲自公元xx年至公元xx年的一千年间被称为中世纪,这个时期历来被认为是欧洲最为黑暗的时期。

当时的情形是,在一个国家里,以皇帝、国王、公爵等为最高领主,其他大贵族则以向其宣誓效忠来换取封地,类似于中国的诸侯国吧,从而成为最高领主的附庸。

这些附庸各自又可以拥有从属于自己的附庸,直到拥有少量土地或无地的骑士们,如此便构成了西欧完整的封建等级体系。

西欧中世纪一般被认为是一个文化衰落的时期,甚至“黑暗”的时期,并且把造成这种“黑暗”和“文化倒退”的原因完全归咎于教会。

但是在一定意义上说,在西欧中世纪早期,教会的活动在特定的历史条件下为西欧文化的发展做出了重大贡献。

教会在客观上促进了中世纪早期西欧文化的复兴,奠定了中世纪西欧教育的基础,促进了西欧各民族文化的交流。

治方面,中世纪的西方国家是一个松弛的封土集合体,并没有明确的国界概念。

就拿他们的庄园制度来说,贵族的领地就是一个庄园,庄园的耕地分两类,一类是贵族直领地,一类是农奴份地。

欧洲文化入门论文范文参考

欧洲文化入门论文范文参考

欧洲文化入门论文范文参考推荐文章学校廉政文化方面论文热度:建筑文化的论文发表热度:关于日本文化概论方面论文热度:日本文化毕业论文优秀范文怎么写热度:中国民俗文化论文范文参考论文热度:欧洲,不仅是一个地理概念,更是一种文化凝聚的象征。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲文化入门论文的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考! 欧洲文化入门论文篇1欧洲高等教育质量文化检查探析摘要:欧洲在高等教育质量保障方面处于世界领先地位。

由欧洲大学联合会于2009-2012年实施的“质量文化检查”是欧洲高等教育质量管理的新项目。

此次检查通过对欧洲高校质量保障现状以及高校质量文化的调研,得出一系列重要结论,并以“质量文化”作为一种反思性分析工具,对欧洲高校质量保障的“战略与政策”“工具与实践”“原则与假设”等方面进行了审视,从而为欧洲高校质量文化的进一步建构奠定了较好的基础。

关键词:欧洲;质量保障;质量文化检查一、“质量文化检查”项目实施背景20世纪80年代和90年代被誉为欧洲高等教育的“质量时代”。

在这段时间,欧洲各国开始探索和建立高等教育质量管理机构和评估制度,并逐步形成了以英国为代表的“中介式”、以法国为代表的“中央集权式”、以比利时为代表的“二元结构型”、以瑞典为代表的“委员会制”等各具特色的高等教育评估与质量保障制度[1]。

成立于2001年的欧洲大学联合会(The European University Association)更是欧洲高等教育质量运动纵深发展的引领者。

这些都使欧洲成为在国际高等教育质量管理方面具有重要影响的地区。

尽管20世纪90年代欧洲各国逐步建立了质量保障机构,但是人们认识到,高校在质量保障方面承担着更重大的责任,应当通过内部质量文化的建立来促进战略性的管理。

在此背景下,欧洲大学联合会于2002-2006年实施了“质量文化项目”[2],以便在大学建立系统的质量文化保障体系,强化学校对构建内部质量文化和推进内部质量管理的必要性的认识。

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Renaissance’s influence on Europe IntroductionThe word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”. It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation. In my paper, I do like to talk about the influence on the Europe which brought by Renaissance, it will be elaborated in aspects of art, economy, politic and humanism.Basic origin of RenaissanceOn 14th century, with the development of factory manufacturing and commodity economy,capitalist economic relations had gradually formed inside the European feudal system. In the aspect of politics,feudal separationist rules had caused epidemic discontent, and people began to have national consciousness. The public in Europe expressed their strong desires about unity of nation. Thereby, culture and arts areas also showed the interests and requirements about the emerging capitalism in this new period. Thus here came the Renaissance. Renaissance refers to a ideological and cultural movement which started in cities among Italy from 13th century,then extended to western European countries andfinally prevailed in the whole Europe. It brought a revolution period of science and arts. Besides, it lifted the curtain on the history of Europe. Renaissance is recognized as the dividing line between the middle ages and modern times.InfluenceRenaissance has an important impact on art, economy, political and humanism of Europe. It is the New Culture Movement and Cultural Revolution of the bourgeoisie.ArtIn art, the most prosperous period of Italian Renaissance was the 16th century. It’s representative artis t are Da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael. Renaissance brought about sense of change in all aspects of life and a favorable atmosphere for artistic innovation and experimentation. Colours of arts are very varied and graceful and artist used bright colours bravely to show that people had entered a new period of golden age.Talented artist used their opus to reflect the transition of the thought in the society. For example, Mona Lisa Smile, magnum opus from Da Vinci, it described a wife of merchant instead of noblewoman. This painting told people life can be happy even in such a dark society like that time and it also hinted the change of women’s society statuses. This portraiture was recognized as the laurel of world arts masterpiece. Itconveys appreciation to beauty of women and the abundant spirit life of people.What’s more, wealth gathered in towns created demand for refinement in arts and variety in form and content. Renaissance replaced the medieval notions of painting and sculpture as crafts only to decorate churches by that of highly intellectual artistic accomplishments, with merge of art and science. For example, Villa Rotonda , Notre Dame de Paris, St Peter's and so on. Its also prevent free literary creation, but its restless curiosity, its interest in the world and its urban influences created a demand for a native literature that expressed the new life then; and its individuality with a concern for fame drove writers to do experiments to win praise from critics and support from patrons. For exam ple, Dante’s The Divine Melody and Petrarch’s L ove sonnets.The arts in Renaissance not only establish the foundation of European realism arts, but also impel people to pursuit better society lives with its profound spiritual connotation and exquisite artistry. The masterpieces which created in Renaissance are captivating and master-designed. They become the priceless treasures in treasure house of human. Renaissance had a great influence on development of the world’s art, it can encourage people to lead a positive life and it proposed the explore spirit. It played a essential role in the development of human beings.EconomyIn financial terms, Renaissance, as a mind emancipation movement to develop and expand cultural of the emerging bourgeoisie, laid an important foundation of the sprout of the early capitalism in it’s transmit. In the meantime, Renaissance accumulated original wealth for the early capitalism. Renaissance first started from Italy, and then transferred to Atlantic coast from the Mediterranean Coast by transmission. Many famous boom city like Roman, Florence, Venice and other cities appeared. Capitalist industry and commerce began to develop prosperously. What’s more, capital started to swarm into the pockets of capitalism. Renaissance provided requirements to exploitation of the new route, reformation of religious reform and the later the revolution of bourgeoisie.PoliticalThe occurrence of every important activity will affect the art aspect, the financial term, also the politic. On 14th century, Europe began to enter the modern civilization period. Industry and commerce developed prosperously and capitalism appeared in many cities. Emerging bourgeoisie began to enter the political stage. The needed new ideologies to speak in defense of interests of politic and economy which they pursuit.The needed new academics and culture to support what they want to do. Thus, a totally new Modern spirit came into being. Renaissancewas the new culture movement which objected to religious authority and feudalism. Then, how did the Renaissance affect the political system in Europe? First, commerce replaced the Catholic as the unifying force in Europe. Second, because of the bourgeoisie’s struggle for political control, the Holy Roman Empire and the Roman Catholic Church declined. Third, rulers of the Italian city-states thus empowered for expansion abroad. Fourth, on account of their wish for peace and order after civil wars, Monarchies was consolidated in France, England and Spain.HumanismThe last part I want to talk is the humanism effects brought to Europe by Renaissance. As an individual, one should get important social position by his ability to gain knowledge. With this view, architects begin to design as people-based, painters and sculptors paid much attention to individuals. People tried to comprehend physiology and psychology structure of human beings and thinking process. Renaissance and its accompanying humanist philosophy were the most important reform in the history of human beings. The centre of this power was a knowledge group which named humanist. They pursuit the concept of humanism and their basic theory was realism. Their purposes were reclaiming peaceful and happy lives for people. Humanism studied the value of people, the spirit of people, the life of people and the felicity of people. Then, how did the Renaissance affect the development of humanism? Renaissancemade philosophy emphasized the dignity and worth of the individual, it was the originated in the study of classical culture. By the study of grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and ethics of humanities, people developed his physically, morally and intellectually. Humanism brought a new art form by its totally new understanding about the civilization and the world. It connects people and space.ConclusionRenaissance was the shed between middle ages and modern times. It was the consensus premise for bourgeois revolution. It assisted Europe getting rid of the constraints from feudal religious and it was the prelude for Europe to expand to the world.Reference徐新编著《西方文化史》北京大学出版社叶胜年著《西方文化史鉴》上海外国语教育学院。

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