2016年职称英语教材重点文章-卫生类

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2016年职称英语卫生类C级阅读理解历年真题及解析

第⼀篇 Better Control of TB Seen if a Faster Cure Is Found The World Health Organizationl estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis. Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis. Current treatments take at least six months. Patients have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be.A professor of international health at Harvard University led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others. The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve. The World Health Organization developed the DOTS program in 1990. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment. Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses. 31. Each year, about __________ people die of TB, according to the World Health Organization. A. one-third of all B. eight million C. two million D. one million 32. The mathematical model tested in Southeast Asia shows that a faster cure is developed and in wide use as early as the year of __________. A.1990 B.2020 C.2030 D.2012 33. Now there are __________ most common drugs being used for more than forty years. A. one B. two C. three D. four 34. Which of the following statements in NOT right in Paragraph 2? A. Current treatments of TB take at least six months. B. Shorter treatment program would likely mean more patients cured, and fewer infectious patients. C. The patients have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. D. The patients should stop taking antibiotic drugs as soon as they feel better. 35. The long-term goal of the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development is a treatment that could work A. in half a year B. in two months C. in ten doses D. in ten days 第⼆篇 Most Adults in U.S. Have Low Risk of Heart Disease More than 80 percent of US adults have a less than 10-percent risk of developing heart disease in the next 10 years, according to a report in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Just 3 percent have a risk that exceeds 20 percent. "I hope that these numbers will give physicians, researchers, health policy analysts, and others a better idea of how coronary heart disease is distributed in the US population." lead author Dr. Earl S. Ford, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, said in a statement. The findings are based on analysis of data from 13,769 subjects, between 20 and 79 years of age, who participated in the third National Health and Nutrition Exanimation Survey from 1988 to 1994. Overall,82 percent of adults had a risk of less than 10 percent,15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent, and 3 percent had a risk above 20 percent. The proportion of subjects in the highest risk group increased with advancing age, and men were more likely than women to be in this group. By contrast, race or ethnicity had little effect on risk distributions. Although the report suggests that most adults have a low 10 -- year risk of heart disease, a large proportion have a high or immediate risk, Dr. Daniel S. Berman, from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, and Dr. Nathan D. Wong, rom the University of California at Irvine, note in a related editorial. Aggressive treatment measures and public health strategies are needed to shift the overall population risk downward, they add. 36. Which of the following statements is NOT right? A. The 10-year risk of heart disease is low for most U.S. adult. B. Elderly people have a higher risk of heart disease than younger people. C. Women have a higher risk of heart disease than men. D. The distribution of the risk of heart disease is hardly related to race. 37. According to the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, __________ of the U.S. adults had a risk of developing heart disease above 20 percent in the next 10 years. A. three percent B. ten percent C. twenty percent D. eighty-two percent 38. __________ does have the least effect on risk distribution. A. Age B. Gender C. Race D. Blood group 39. What's the percentage that 15% of the U.S. adults had a risk of developing heart disease in the next 10 years? A. About 3%. B. Less than 10%. C. Between 10% and 20%. D. Above 20%. 40. Dr. Daniel and Dr. Nathan suggest reducing the risk of overall population by __________. A. losing weight B. aggressive treatment measures C. public health strategies D. both B and C 第三篇 Dangers Await Babies with Altitude Women who live in the world's highest communities tend to give birth to under-weight babies,a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes. Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. But it wasn't clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished--many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down. To find out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of400 births in Bolivia during 1976 and 1998.The babies were born in both rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. La Paz is the highest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers. Sure enough, Giussani found that the average birth weight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz. This was true in both high and low-income families. Even babies born to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz. "We were very surprised by this result," says Giussani. The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth. "This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child, "says Giussani. His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies. This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to rest of the body. Giussani wants to fred out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, for example. Low birth weight is a risk factor for coronary (冠状的) heart disease. And newborns with ahigh ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life. 41. What does the new study discover? A. Babies born to wealthy families are heaver. B. Women living at high altitude tend to give birth to underweight babies. C. Newborns in cities are lighter than average. D. Low-altitude babies have a high risk of heart disease in later life. 42. Gussani and his team are sure that A. babies born in La Paz are on average lighter than in Santa Cruz B. people living at high altitudes tend to give birth to under-weight babies C.. the birth weigh of babies born to wealthy families in Santa Cruz D. mothers in La Paz are commonly under-nourished 43. It can be inferred from what Gussani says in Paragraph 4 that __________ . A. the finding was unexpected B. he was very tired C. the study took longer than expected D. he was surprised to find low-income families in La Paz 44. The results of the study indicate the reason for the under-wight babies is __________ . A. lack of certain nutrition B. poverty of their mother C. different family backgrounds D. reduction of oxygen levels 45. It can be learned about from the last paragraph that __________ . A. high-altitude babies tend to have high blood pressure in later life B o under-weight babies have a shorter life span C. babies born to poor families lack hormones before birth D. new born wealthy families have larger heads compared with their bodies 2014年真题第⼀篇 The Bilingual Brain When Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea's a teenager, he had a hard time learning English. Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language. As a graduate student, Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, a neuroscientist in New York. Their work led to an important discovery. They found evidence that children and adults don't use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language. The researchers used an instrument called an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people. One group consisted of those who had leamed a second language as children. The other consisted of people who, like Kim, learned their second language later in life. People from both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner. This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active. They asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before, first in one language and then the other. They couldn't speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning. Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain- Broca's area,which is believed to control speech production, and Wernicke's area, which is thought to process meaning. Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke's area no matter what language they were speaking. But their use of Broca's area was different. People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca's area for both their first and second languages. People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Broca's area for their second language. How does Hirsch explain this difference? Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area. Once that programming is complete, the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain. A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults. Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch,sound, and sight. And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class. 31. Karl Kim's study showed that __________ . A. people learn English and Korean in different way B. children and adults use the different parts of the brain to lean a second language C. it is not possible for an adult to speak a second language fluently D. people's brains will not change when they learn a second language 32. How did Kim and Hirsch study the brains of two groups of bilingual people? A. They interviewed them in English and Korean. B. They asked them to speak the same language. C. They used an MRI scanner to observe their brains. D. They asked them to talk about what they had done the day before. 33. Which aspect of the two languages centers in the brain does Paragraph 3 discuss? A. Impact. B. Function. C. Location. D. Size. 34. Kim and Hirsch find that children __________ . A. use the same region in Broca's area to learn their first and second language B. learn a second language slower than adults C. are better at acquiring the sound system of a second language than adults D. use special parts of the brain to program the structures of their first language 35. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that __________ . A. students do better in high school than in college B. bilingual children will learn better in college classes C. mothers are good language teachers D. it takes more time for a d u l t s t o l e a r n a s e c o n d l a n g u a g e / p >。

2016年职称英语（卫生类）教材概括大意文章及练习（9）

Aspirin — a New Miracle Druging aspirin,an over-the-counter pill on sale1 in every supermarket without a prescription,to treat serious circulatory disease may seem almost like quackery.But today doctors recognize this drug as a potent compound as important as antibiotics,digitalis and other miracle drugs.2.In its natural form as willow bark and leaves,this remarkable remedy dates back to Hippocrates2.In 1829 the chemical in the willow tree that can relieve pain and reduce fever was discovered to be salicin.By 1899 the Bayer Company in Germany had marketed a variant,acetylsalicylic acid，3 under the name of aspirin.3.Since then,aspirin and confounds containing aspirin have been taken by tens of millions of arthritis patients.As a pain killer aspirin is,according to one study,more effective than all other analgesics and narcotics available for oral use.It also acts on4 the body's thermostat,turning down fever.4.But some of its powers remained unsuspected until recently.In 1950 the late Dr.Craven wrote to a small western medical journal about 400 overweight,sedentary male patients to whom he had given one or two aspirin tablets a day.None had had a heart attack.He enlarged his group to 8，000 and in 1956 reported："Not a single case of detectable coronary or cerebral thrombosis5 " and "no major stroke" had occurred in patients who had taken one or two tablets daily for from one to ten years.But his observations were largely ignored.5.Then Dr.Vane proved that aspirin turned off the body's prostaglandins6 hormonelike chemicals that can be secreted by every cell.Some potent prostaglandins are harmful compounds that create fever,pain and arthritis.One of them stimulates platelets in the blood to begin forming clots inside arteries.Aspirin blocks this dangerous effect.6.Vane's finding caused some researchers to recall Craven’s 1956 observations,which now had a possible scientific explanation.Numerous studies were begun to find out whether aspirin could indeed inhibit heart attacks and stroke.7.In 1972,ten US medical institutions began two "double-blind" trials7 of 303 patients who suffered from transient ischemic attacks （TIAs）8.Four aspirin tablets a day were given to 153 patients,while placebo tablets were given to 150.Neither patients nor doctors knew which was which.After six months,the patients on aspirin had experienced much fewer TIAs,and fewer strokes and deaths from strokes than the "controls"。

2016职称英语卫生C级阅读理解文章及译文(1-16篇)

第一篇纳米保健技术走向贫困国家纳米技术的应用对象都是分子级和原子级的物质。

如今，长度为一纳米，即十亿分之一米的粒子已被开发出多种用途，如制造美容产品和抗污型服装等。

但其中一个领域科学家认为潜力尤为巨大，那就是医药领域。

在上周于华盛顿Woodrow Wilson国际中心召开的一个项目会议上，科学家们探讨了如何将纳米技术应用于贫困国家人口保健的事宜。

来自多伦多大学的Peter Singer声称一项名为量子点的纳米技术可被应用于疟疾的诊断。

相对于传统的仅用显微镜观察血液样本的方法，此技术要先进得多。

由于贫困国家往往没有条件应用此项新技术，许多健康人被误诊为疟疾患者，而药物的滥用又导致了抗药性的产生。

所谓量子点是指一些被激活后会发光的粒子，如今科学家正在研究为它们编程的方法，以便当靶分子存在的时候就能够通过发光来诊断疾病。

纳米技术的优越性不光体现在疾病的诊断，还包括疾病的治疗。

国立卫生研究所的Piotr Grodzinski与大家共同探讨了如何运用纳米技术来增强药效。

以一些已经使用了纳米技术的抗癌药物为例，他指出，如果药物可以针对癌症病灶而不是整个人体，治疗所需药量就会大大减少，副作用也会降低。

Andrew Maynard是Woodrow Wilson中心新兴的纳米技术工程部骨干科学家，他注意到巴西、印度、中国及南非正在开发可被贫困国家所应用的纳米技术。

与此同时他指出，与较大分子不同，纳米材料的颗粒在人体和体外环境中的作用可能有所不同，因此纳米技术的应用存在一定风险，若要深入研究这些风险则需要更大的资金投入。

Bringing Nanotechnology to Health Care for the PoorNanotechnology uses matter at the level of molecules and atoms. Researchers are finding different uses for particles with a length of one nanometer, or one-billionth of a meter. These include things like beauty products1and dirt-resistant clothing. But one area where many experts believe nanotechnology holds great promise is medicine.Last week, speakers at a program in Washington discussed using .nanotechnology to improve health care in developing countries. The program took place at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Peter Singer at the University of Toronto says a nanotechnology called quantum dots2 could be used to confirm eases of malaria. He says it could offer a better way than the traditional process of looking at a person's blood under a microscope.In poor countries, this process is often not followed. As a result, sick people may get treated for malaria even if they do not have it. Such misuse of medicines can lead to drug resistance. Quantum dots are particles that give off3 light when activated. Researchers are studying ways to program them to identify diseases by lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule. 4Experts say nanotechnology shows promise not just for diagnosing diseases, but also for treating them. Piotr Grodzinski of the National Institutes of Health5talked about how nanotechnology could make drugs more effective. He talked about cancer drugs already developed with nanotechnology. He says if a drug can target a cancer locally in the body, then much less of it might be needed, and that means lower side effects. 6Andrew Maynard is chief scientist for the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies at the Woodrow Wilson Center. He noted that Brazil, India, China and South Africa are currently doing nanotechnology research that could help poor countries. But he also noted that there is some risk in using nano-materials. He saysnanometer-sized particles behave differently in the body and the environment compared to larger particles7. Experts say more investment in research is needed to better understand these risks.练习：1.Which of the following uses of nanotechnology is NOT mentioned in the passage?以下选项未提及纳米技术的用途的是？ BA To make beauty products and dirt-resistant clothing. ,B To produce better and lighter building materials. 好的农产品和发光的建筑材料C To help more accurately diagnose diseases.D To help more effectively treat diseases.2.How can quantum dots be used to confirm diseases? 怎样能使量子点被应用于确认疾病？ CA By traditionally looking at a person's blood under a microscope.B By letting a person take some kind of medicine.C By lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule. 当靶分子存在的时候就能通过发光来诊断疾病D By subjecting a person to an X-ray examination.3.How can nanotechnology be used to make a drug more effective? 纳米技术如何被用于提高疗效？A By making a drug target the focus of a disease. 使药物对准疾病的病灶√B By changing the structure of the body cells.C By lowering the side effects caused by a drug.D By letting a patient take a dose as large as possible.4.The following developing countries are doing very well scientific research on nanotechnology EXCEPTC下述发展中国家在纳米技术方面没有做很好的科学研究的是A ChinaB BrazilC Iran 伊朗D India5.Which of the following is the possible risk in using nano-materials mentioned in the passage? D在利用纳米原料可能存在的危险下面提到的一句是A They may cause some damage to the body cells.B They are harmful materials themselves.C They may store in the body.D They may behave differently in the body and the environment.纳米材料的颗粒在体和在体外环境中作用可能不太一样第二篇医学杂志医学杂志是向医生和其他卫生专业人员提供医学信息的出版物。

2016年卫生类A级职称英语概括大意与完成句子

2016年卫生类A级职称英语概括大意与完成句子第十一篇：Surgery Involving the Heart1. The heart-lung machine (pump-oxygenator1) is a valuable addition to the modern operating room. This machine has made it possible to perform many operations on the heart and other thoracic organs which could not otherwise be done. There are several types of machines in use, all of which serve as2 a temporary substitute for3the patient‟s heart and lungs.2. The machine siphons off4 the blood from the large vessels entering the heart on the right side so that no blood passes through the heart and lungs. The blood is returned to the general circulation for body distribution through one of the large arteries. While passing through the machine, the blood is oxygenated by means of5 an oxygen inlet, and carbon dioxide6 is removed by various chemical means. These are the processes that normally take place between the blood and the air in the lung tissue. While in the machine, the blood is also “defoamed” to be sure that all air bubbles are removed, since such bubbles could be fatal to the patient by obstructing blood vessels. An electric motor in the machine serves as a pump during the surgical procedure todistribute the processed blood throughout the body by means of the artery mentioned above.3. Diseased valves may become deformed and scarred from endocarditis so that they are ineffective and often obstructive. In some cases a special small knife can be inserted into the heart chamber and the valve can be cut so that it no longer obstructs the blood flow. The valve may even become partially functional. In other cases there may be so much damage that replacement is the only resort. Substitute valves made of7 plastic materials have proved to be a lifesaving measure for many patients. Very thin butterfly valves made of dacron or other synthetic material have also been successfully used.4. Artificial hearts or parts of hearts designed to assist the ventricles in their pumping function have not proved as successful as the artificial valves. However, research continues and it is quite possible that an effective device may soon be ready for use. More spectacular is the transplantation of a human heart from the body of a person who has recently died. Tissues of the donor and the recipient should be as closely matched as possible to avoid rejection by the recipient‟s antibody mechanism. This rejection syndrome is the most serious problem related to heart transplants.词汇：thoracic/θɔ(:)ˈræsik/ adj.胸的，胸廓的endocarditis/ˌendəukɑ:ˈdaitis/ n.心内膜炎artery/ˈɑ:təri/ n.动脉valve/vælv/ n.瓣，瓣膜oxygenate/ˈɔksidʒineit/ n.氧合，充氧dacron/ˈdeɪˌkrɔn, ˈdækˌrɔn/ n.漆纶inlet/ˈinlet/ n.进入，入口；插入物synthetic/sinˈθetik/ adj.合成的defoam /di:'fəʊm/ vt.去除……的泡沫ventricle/ˈventrɪkl/ n.室，心室bubble/'bʌb(ə)l/ n.水泡，气泡recipient/rɪ'sɪpɪənt/ n.接受者obstruct /əb'strʌkt/ vt.阻塞，堵塞antibody/'æntɪbɒdɪ/ n.抗体注释：1. pump-oxygenator：氧合气泵2. serve as：充当，作为3. substitute for：代替，替换4. siphon off：吮吸出5. by means of：用，依靠6. carbon dioxide：二氧化碳7. made of ：由……制成的请注意下面两个词组的区别：be made of ：由……材料制成（只是经过物理变化）be made from ：由……原料制成（需要经过化学变化）例如：The bridge is made of steel.这座桥是用钢材造的。

2016年职称英语（卫生类）教材概括大意文章及练习（8）

Lung Cancer1. The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years. It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts. There are many possible causes,but it is still controversial which are most blameworthy. Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air （smoke particles,smog,exhaust fumes）,and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.2. Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits. Among heavy smokers —21 to 30 cigarettes per day —the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers. It is expected the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.3. Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an x-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis. Too often,however,a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation1 from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer. Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained2. Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger,at least to those over 40 years of age,that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completely removed.34. A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma4,so-called because the malignancy originates in5 a bronchus. The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked,cutting off6 the supply of air to that lung. The lung then collapses,and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected,with a resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess. Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes7 of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body. The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure,before secondary growths have had time to form,is to remove the lung completely. This operation is called pneumonectomy.5. Malignant tumors of the stomach,the breast,the prostate gland8 and other organs may spread to the lungs,causing secondary growths.词汇：blameworthy 该受责备的 bronchus.⽀⽓管irritant刺激物；adj.有刺激性的 smog烟雾secretion .分泌（作⽤）；分泌物 fume （浓烈或难闻的）烟；⽓pneumonia .肺炎 correlation 相关，关联abscess 脓肿 mortality 死亡率pneumonectomy 肺切除术 tuberculosis 结核病malignant 恶性的，有害的注释：1.exposure to radiation：接触放射线2.if any possibility of cure is to be maintained：如果想要保持治愈的可能性的话。

2016年职称英语等级考试教材词汇(综合、卫生、理工通用版)

词汇学习1：1.Will you please call my husband as soon as possible?A contactB consultC phoneD visit2.We’ll give every teacher space to develop.A chanceB employmentC roomD opportunity3.I have to go at once.A soonB immediatelyC nowD early4.The policeman asked him to identify the thief.A nameB distinguishC captureD separate5.We were all there when the accident occurred.A happenedB brokeC spreadD appeared6.It took me exactly a week to complete the work.A doB achieveC improveD finish7.The herb medicine eventually cured her disease.A nicelyB apparentlyC finallyD naturally8.We had a long conversation about her parents.A talkB speechC debateD discussion9.Please let me know if you are unable to attend the meeting.A go toB prepare forC speak toD do to10.He have made up his mind to give up smoking.A triedB attemptedC agreedD decided11.Your teacher will take your illness into account when marking your exams.A calculationB computationC considerationD assessment12.We have to put up with her behavior.A tolerateB acceptC swallowD take13.They have given up the hope to save their friend from drowning.A endedB abandonedC builtD strengthen14.I seldom watch TV.A rarelyB frequentlyC normallyD occasionally15.The dentist has decided to take out the girl’s bad tooth.A digB drawC pullD extract词汇学习2：1. America’s emphasis on the importance of education for everyone has spurred scientific research.A encouragedB endangeredC endorsedD enlarged*2. Photojournalist Margaret White became famous for her coverage of significant events during the Second World War.A baggageB orphanageC reportageD usage3.Below 600 feet ocean waters range from dimly lit to completely dark.A inadequatelyB hardlyC faintlyD sufficiently*4. “I’m not meddling,” Mary said mildly. “I’m just curious.”A gentlyB shylyC weaklyD sweetly5.In 1861 it seemed inevitable that the Southern states would break away from the Union.A strangeB certainC inconsistentD proper6.Many of novelist Carson McCullers’ characters are isolated, disappointed people.A solitaryB gloomyC feebleD frugal7.The workers finally called off the strike.A put offB endedC canceledD participated in8.John ha made up his mind not to go to the meeting.A wantedB promisedC decidedD agreed9.I catch cold now and then.A alwaysB occasionallyC constantlyD regularly10.He often finds fault with my work.A criticizesB praisesC evaluatesD talks about11. The little girl grasped her mother’s arm as she crossed the street.A understoodB had a hold overC took hold ofD left hold of12. In judging our work you should take into consideration the fact that we have been very busy recently.A thoughtB mindC accountD memory*13. I can no longer tolerate his actions.A put up withB acceptC takeD suffer from14.The doctors have abandoned the hope to rescue the old man.A leftB given upC turned downD refused15.Have you talked to her lately?A lastlyB shortlyC recentlyD immediately词汇学习3：·1. Even in a highly modernized country, manual work is still needed.A expressiveB physicalC exaggeratedD dubious+2. Techniques to harness the energy of the sun are being developed.A convertB storeC utilizeD receive3.Many residents of apartment complexes object to noisy neighbors,A managersB occupantsC landlordsD caretakers*4. The steadily rising cost of labor on the waterfront has greatly increased the cost of shipping cargo by water.A continuouslyB quicklyC excessivelyD exceptionally*5. Hundreds of years ago cloves were used to remedy headaches.A disruptB diagnoseC evaporateD cure·6. John Hanson helped draft instructions for Maryland’s delegates to the Stamp Act Congress.A clarifyB formulateC reviseD contribute7. Practically all species of animals communicate either through sounds or through a large repertory of soundless codes.A SimultaneouslyB AlmostC AbsolutelyD Basically8.Sulphur has occasionally been found in the earth in an almost pure state.A regularlyB accidentallyC sometimesD successfully9.When doves are about two weeks old, they are covered with grey feathers and are ready to try their wings.A growB wrapC hideD test10.I rarely wear a raincoat because I spend most of my time in a car.A normallyB seldomC continuouslyD usually*l l. When she was invited to the party, she readily accepted.A willinglyB suddenlyC firmlyD quickly·12. The dentist has decided to extract her bad tooth.A take outB repairC pullD dig13.You must shine your shoes.A lightenB cleanC washD polish*14. The majority of people around here are decent people.A honestB richC good-lookingD high-ranking·15. A deadly disease has affected these animals.A contagiousB seriousC fatalD worrying词汇学习4：1.Many fine cooks insist on ingredients of the highest quality.A demandB rely onC prepare forD create2. Since the Great Depression, the United States government has protected farmers from damaging drops in grain prices.A slightB surprisingC suddenD harmful3.Cement was seldom used in building, during the Middle Ages.A crudelyB rarelyC originallyD symbolically4.Nerve signals may travel through nerve or muscle fibers at speeds as high as two hundred miles per hour.A velocitiesB impulsesC ratiosD atrocities5.The poet William Carlos Williams was a New Jersey physician.A doctorB professorC physicistD resident6.Medicine depends on other fields for basic information, particularly some of their specialized brunches.A conventionallyB obviouslyC especiallyD inevitably7.We shall take the treasure away to a safe place.A cleanB prettyC distantD secure8. An important part of the national government is the Foreign Service, a branch of the Department of State.A a unityB a divisionC an embassyD an invasion*9. The child’s abnormal behavior puzzled the doctor.A hadB frighteningC repeatedD unusual+10. There is an abundant supply of cheap labor in this country.A a steadyB a plentifulC an extraD a meager+11. In order to improve our standard of living, we have to accelerate production.A step upB decreaseC stopD control+12. Gas does accumulate in the mines around here.A increaseB spreadC collectD grow13. Our plan is to allocate one member of staff to handle appointments.A assignB persuadeC askD order*14. Her behavior is extremely childish.A simpleB immatureC beautifulD foolish+15. We also want to use the water to irrigate barren desert land.A hairlessB bareC emptyD bald词汇学习5：1. They have been living under the most appalling conditions for two years.A dreadfulB badC unpleasantD poor2. I wasn’t qualified for the job really but I got it anyhow.A besidesB anywayC wellD anymore3. He achieved success through hard work.A reachedB reapedC attainedD took4. The standards set four years ago in Seoul will be far below the athletes’ capabilities now.A capacitiesB strengthsC possibilitiesD abilities5. The army should have operated in conjunction with the fleet to raid the enemy’s coast.A togetherB in successionC in allianceD in connection6. His claims seem credible to many people.A workableB convincingC practicalD reliable7. Jack is a diligent worker.A ambitiousB lazyC hardworkingD clever8. Society is now much more diverse than ever before.A colorfulB attractiveC flexibleD varied+9. Their interpretation was faulty.A wrongB ambiguousC unclearD unbelievable+10. These old buildings are gorgeous.A ridiculousB lovelyC magnificentD peculiar11.Contact your doctor if the cough persists.A insistsB perseveresC continuesD resists12.The powers of the European Commission to regulate competition in the Community are increasing.A fightB abolishC removeD control+13. They scattered after dinner.A separatedB fledC departedD spread+14. From my standpoint, you know, this thing is just ridiculous.A positionB point of viewC knowledgeD opinion+15. The story was touching.A inspiringB boringC movingD frightening词汇学习6：*1. With immense relief, I stopped running.A muchB enormousC littleD extensive·2. The scientists began to accumulate a huge mass of data.A build upB put upC make upD dear up·3. When Jack eventually overtook the last truck he pulled over to the inside lane.A skippedB passedC reachedD led*4. Because of the popularity of the region, it is advisable to book hotels in advance.A possibleB profitableC easyD wise*5. Data from Voyager Ⅱhave presented astronomers with a puzzle about why our outermost planet exists.A problemB mysteryC questionD point*6. He rolled up his trouser leg to exhibit his wounded knee.A spreadB openC showD examine*7. Why can’t you stop your eternal complaining!A everlastingB longC monotonousD lengthy+8. This poem depicts the beautiful scenery of a small town in the South.A describesB drawsC writesD introduces+9. The telephone system is no longer operative.A runningB movingC rotatingD working+10. Hundreds of buildings were wrecked by the earthquake.A shakenB fallenC damagedD trembled+11. The latest car model embodies many new improvements.A consists ofB includesC makes upD marks+12. Thick clouds obscured the stars from view.A darkenedB heldC blackenedD prevent+13. The parents have to restrain their daughter from running out into the street.A disallowB reduceC preventD confine+14. The discovery was sensational.A sexyB surprisingC exceptionalD exciting+15. After supper we usually take a stroll around the park for about an hour.A walkB restC bathD breath词汇学习7：1.Loud noises can be annoying.A hatefulB painfulC horrifyingD irritating·2. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree to which they can be deliberately controlled and modified.A sufficientlyB noticeablyC intentionallyD absolutely*3. The Constitution’s vague nature has given it the flexibility to be adapted when circumstances change.A impreciseB conciseC unpolishedD elementary4. The expedition reached the summit at 10: 30 that morning.A top of the mountainB bottom of the mountainC starting pointD site+5. The latest census is encouraging.A countB statementC agreementD estimate+6. Acad emic records from other institutions often become part of a university’s official file and can neither be returned to a student nor duplicated.A borrowedB purchasedC copiedD rewritten7.While serving in the Senate in the early 1970’s, Barbara Jordan supported legislation to ban discrimination and to deal with environmental problems.A listB forbidC handleD investigate*8. Gambling is lawful in Nevada.A legalB irresistibleC enjoyableD profitable*9. They always mock me because I am ugly.A smile atB look down onC belittleD laugh at*10. These are our motives for doing it.A reasonsB argumentsC targetsD stimuli*11. It was a question of making sure that certain needs were addressed, notably in the pensions area.A noticeablyB remarkablyC particularlyD significantly*12. His new girlfriend had omitted to tell him that she was married.A forgottenB failedC deletedD left out+13. Many of their ideas are being incorporated into orthodox medical treatment.A acceptableB conservativeC westernD conventional+14. Charges for local telephone calls are outrageous.A unheard ofB unacceptableC unbelievableD ridiculous15.Guests were scared when the bomb exploded.A frightenedB killedC endangeredD rescued词汇学习8：+1. Philip Roth was hailed as a major new author in 1960.A publishedB challengedC acclaimedD guided2.He was one of the principal organizers of the association.A plannersB employeesC actorsD recipients+3. It is postulated that population trends have an effect on economic fluctuations.A challengedB assumedC deductedD decreed+4. This kind of animals are on the verge of extinction, because so many are being killed for their fur.A drying upB dying outC being exportedD being transplanted+5. The train came to an abrupt stop, making us wonder where we were.A slowB noisyC suddenD jumpy+6. During the Second World War, all important resources in the U. S. were allocated by the federal government.A nationalizedB commandeeredC taxedD distributed*7. The little boy was so fascinated by the mighty river that he would spend hours sitting on its bank and gazing at the passing boats and rafts.A very strongB very longC very greatD very fast*8. The stories of Sarah Orne Jewett are considered by many to be more authentically regional than those of Bret Harte.A elegantlyB genuinelyC intentionallyD thoroughly+9. The number of the United States citizens who are eligible to vote continues to increase.A encouragedB enforcedC expectedD entitled10. Formulated in 1823, the Monroe Doctrine asserted that the Americas were no longer open to EuropeanA stated firmlyB argued light-mindedlyC thought seriouslyD announced regrettably11. Smoking is not permitted in the office.A probableB possibleC admittedD allowed12. The chairman proposed that we should stop the meeting.A statedB declaredC suggestedD announced13. I feel regret about what’s happened.A sorryB disappointedC shamefulD disheartened14. She has proved that she can be relied on in a crisis.A lived onB depended onC lived offD believed in15. John removed his overcoat.A took AwayB left asideC took offD washed off词汇学习9：1. Although originally a German innovation, kindergarten got its real start in the United States as a movementto provide an improved learning environment for children.A an easyB a playfulC an openD a better2.There is always excitement at the Olympic Games when an athlete breaks a previous record of performance.A beatsB matchesC maintainsD announces3. The attack on Fort Sumter near Charleston provoked a sharp response from the North, which led to the American Civil War.A demandedB elicitedC extractedD defied*4. Illinois has produced writers such as Carl Sandburg, gangsters such as Al Capone, and architects such as Louis Sullivan.A violent criminalsB politiciansC musiciansD industrialists5.The towers of a suspension bridge serve as n rigid framework to which the cables are attached.A boundaryB skeletonC enclosureD material*6. The use of the chemical may present a certain hazard to the laboratory workers.A protectionB indicationC immunityD danger*7. Many economists have given in to the fatal lure of mathematics.A errorB functionC attractionD miracle*8. The development of the transistor and integrated circuits revolutionized the electronics industry by allowing components to be packaged more densely.A compactlyB inexpensivelyC quicklyD carefully9. The leading astronomers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were fascinated by cornets.A intriguedB infectedC inconveniencedD inclined+10. In their productions, choreographers of modern dance have introduced humor, protested social injustice, a nd probed psychological problems.A solvedB exploredC involvedD disputed11. They agreed to settle the dispute by peaceful means.A solveB determineC untieD complete+12. The children trembled with fear when they saw the policeman.A weptB criedC ranD shook13. We were shocked to find that Mary didn’t know her guest’s name.A frustratedB disturbedC relievedD surprised+14. We have got to abide by the rules.A stick toB persist inC safeguardD apply+15. The river widens considerably as it begins to turn east.A extendsB stretchesC broadensD traverses词汇学习10：+1. It was hard to say why the man deserved such shabby treatment.A unforgettableB unbelievableC unfairD unthinkable2.The curious look from the strangers around her made her feel uneasy.A difficultB worriedC anxiousD unhappy3.It is said that the houses along this street will soon be demolished.A pulled downB rebuiltC renovatedD whitewashed4.The advertising company was surprised by the adverse public reaction to the poster.A delayedB quickC positiveD unfavorable5.He began his talk by giving a concise definition of post-modernism.A long and detailedB short and clearC comprehensiveD professional6.The staff of the company are always courteous and helpful.A efficientB respectableC well-informedD respectful7.The new job will provide you with invaluable experience.A simply uselessB really practicalC every littleD extremely useful8.The whole idea to build a deluxe hotel here sounds insane to me.A reasonableB sensibleC crazyD unbelievable9.In his two-hour-long lecture he made an exhaustive analysis of the issue.A extremely thoroughB long and boringC superficialD unconvincing +10. We all think that the new device he has proposed is ingenious.A effectiveB cleverC implausibleD original+11. Reading the job ad, he wondered whether he was eligible to apply for it.A competitiveB diligentC qualifiedD competent+12. He impressed all his colleagues as a vigorous man in the prime of his career.A hot-temperedB healthyC friendlyD patient13.Not all member states abided by the principle they had agreed on previously.A adhered toB abandonedC appliedD adopted14.Examination papers of the class were marked without bias.A immediatelyB correctlyC fairlyD carefully15.The construction of the railway is said to have been terminated.A resumedB put an end toC suspendedD re-scheduled。

职称英语卫生类阅读理解原文模拟第8篇1

职称英语卫生类阅读理解原文模拟第8篇1Kidney Disease and Heart Disease Spur Each OtherHearts and kidneys: If one's diseased, better keep a close eye on1 the other. Surprising new research shows kidney disease somehow speeds up heart disease well before it has ravaged the kidneys. And perhaps not so surprising, doctors have finally proven that heart disease can trigger kidney destruction, too.The work, from two studies involving over 50,000 patients, promises to boost efforts to diagnose simmering kidney disease earlier. All it takes are urine and blood tests that cost less than $ 25, something proponents want to become as routine as cholesterol checks. 2 "The average patient knows their cholesterol,"says Dr. Peter McCullough, preventive medicine chief at Michigan's William Beaumont Hospital. "The average patient has no idea of3 their kidney function."Chronic kidney disease, or CKD, is a quiet epidemic: Many of the 19 million Americans estimated to have it don't know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren't obviousuntil the organs are very damaged. End-stage kidney failure is rising fast, with 400,000 people requiring dialysis or a transplant to survive, a toll that has doubled in each of the last two decades, sAnd while CKD patients often are terrified of having to go on dialysis, the hard truth is that most will die of heart disease before their kidneys disintegrate to that point, something kidney specialists have recognized for several years but isn't widely known, s Indeed, the newresearch is highlighted in this month's Archives of Internal Medicine with a call for doctors who care for heart patients to start rigorously checking out the kidneys, and for better care of early kidney disease. 7The link sounds logical. After alla , high blood pressure and diabetes are chief risk factors for both chronic kidney disease and heart attacks. But the link goes beyond" those risk factors, stresses McCullough: Once the kidneys begin to fail, something in turn10 accelerates heart disease, not just in the obviously sick or very old, but at what he calls "a shockingly early age." McCullough and colleagues tracked more than 37,000 relatively young people-average age 53 - who volunteered for a kidney screening. Three markers ofkidney function were checked: The rate at which kidneys filter blood, called the GFR or glomerular filtration rate11; levels of the protein albumin in the urinei and if they were anemic. They also were asked about previously diagnosed heart disease.The odds of having heart disease rose steadily as each of the kidney markers worsened. More striking was the death data. At this age, few deaths are expected, and indeed just 191 people died during the study period. But those who had both CKD and known heart disease had a threefold increased risk of death in a mere 2 1/2 years, mostly from heart problems. "This study is very much a wake-up call," McCullough says.词汇：kidney/'kidni/n.肾spur/spE:/v.刺激ravage/5rAvidV/v．蹂躏；破坏；毁掉trigger/5tri^E/v．激发，引起destruction/dis5trQkFEn/n．破坏；毁灭simmer/5simE/v.认(用小火)慢慢地煮(炖)；(感情等)即将爆发proponent/prE5pEunEnt/n.提议者；支持者cholesterol/kE5lestErEul, -rCl/n．胆固醇epidemic/7epi5demik/adj．流行性的;流行病；(流行病)流行filter/5filtE/n．过滤，滤过，滤清bloodstream//n.血流dialysis/dai5Alisis/n．透析transplant/trAns5plB:nt/认移植n．移植；移植物toll/tEul/n．代价；损失；(事故等)伤亡人数terrify/5terifai/vt．吓倒，吓坏disintegrate/dis5inti^reit/v．瓦解；蜕变highlight/5haIlaIt/vt.使突出，使注意archive/`B:kaIv/n.(常用复数)档案；档案室rigorously/adv．严格地diabetes/7daiE5bi:ti:z, -ti:s/n．糖尿病，多尿症shockingly//adv．极度地，极端地marker/5mB:kE/n．标示物albumin/Al5bjumin/n．清蛋白，白蛋白anemic/E5ni:mik/adj．贫血的odds/Cdz/n. (单复数同)可能性，机会注释：1．keep a close eye on：密切地关注......2．All it take sare urine and blood tests that cost less than $25，something proponents want to become as routine ascholesterol checks．这种对缓慢形成的肾病的早期诊断所采取的全部措施就是尿检和血检，其费用不足25美元，提出这项建议的人希望它能像胆固醇检查那样成为一种常规检查。

2016年职称英语卫生类a级概况大意真题及答案

2016年职称英语卫生类a级概况大意真题及答案第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23——30题，每题1分，共8分) 题目暂无下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23——26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2——5 段每段选择1个标题;(2)第27——30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个选项。

SleepWell to Be Well1 Doyou often feel tired in the morning even though you’ve been in bed for seven oreight hours the night before? Like many people, you are not sleeping as much asyou think you are. In other words, your sleep efficiency is not that good.2 Sleepexperts define “sleep efficiency”as the percentage of time lying down that youare actually sleeping. According to explanatory journalism website , thescience of sleep efficiency is still young. There is no specific number forefficiency that’s been proven as linked to poorhealth. However, according to aNew York Times report about sleep quality, some experts estimate a roughballpark (范围) of 85 percent or above as a decent place to be.3 Shortwavelength blue light, emitted (放出) by the sun and by the screens of computers, iPads and smartphones,stops production of the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin (褪黑素) andmakes you feel more alert. Blue light tells your brain it’s daytime. Expertssuggest turning off your computers and smartphones one hour or at least 30minutes before bed.4 Goto bed and wake up at the same time, or relatively the same time, every day.Avoid binge sleeping (狂睡) on the weekend. Consistency is key to a good night’s sleep,especially when it comes to waking up. When you have a consistent wake-up time,your brain acclimates to this and moves through the sleep cycle in preparationfor you to feel rested and alert at your wake-up time.5 Oneof the biggest peaks in melatonin production happens during the 1 to 3 pm timeframe, which explains why most people feel sleepy in the afternoon. If youaren’t getting enough sleep at night, you’re likely going to feel anoverwhelming desire to sleep in the afternoon. When thishappens, you’re betteroff taking a short nap (less than 30 minutes) than resorting to caffeine orstrong tea to keep you awake. A short nap will give you the rest you need toget through the rest of the afternoon, and you’ll sleep much better in theevening than if you drink caffeine or take a long afternoon nap.23. Paragraph 224. Paragraph 325. Paragraph 426. Paragraph 5A. Definethe sleep related termsB. TakenapsC. Turnoff the devices emitting blue lightD. Keepa consistent sleep scheduleE. Improvesleep qualityF. Avoidblue light at night27. The tiredness in the morning even aftermany hours in bed is due to28. Sleeping less than 85% of the timespent lying in bed might cause29. A lower production of the hormone melatoninis due to30. A strong desire to sleep in theafternoon is the result ofA. along afternoon napB. thepeak production of melatoninC. poorhealthD. lowsleep efficiencyE. goodsleep efficiencyF. exposureto blue light。

职称英语卫生类阅读文章(6)

XX年职称英语卫生类精选阅读文章（6）Old And Active It is well—known that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries. A recent report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the world.A healthy long life is the result of improvement in social environment. Scientists are trying to work out exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be learnt from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we make any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret ingredient in the Japanese diet that is particularly beneficial to the human body? Another factor contributing to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline inbirthrate.Although longer life should be celebrated, it is actually considered a social problem.The number of older people had doubled in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costs.The country could soon be facing an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked after and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them. Rising the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem. Work can give the elderly a sense ofresponsibility and mission in life. It’s important thatthe elderly play active roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations.。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-57

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-571、Parkinson's Disease1. Parkinson's disease affects the way you move. It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally, these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine(多巴胺). Dopamine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement. It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do. When you have Parkinson's, these nerve cells break down. Then you no longer have enough dopamine, and you have trouble moving the way you want to.2. No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down. But scientists are doing a lot of research to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes, including aging and poisons in the environment. Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people. But so far, there is not enough proof to show that it is always inherited.3. Tremor (颤抖) may be the first symptom you notice. It is oneof the most common signs of the disease, although not everyone has it. Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the body. It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you move the limb or you are asleep. In time, Parkinson's affects muscles all through your body, so it can lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation(便秘) . In the later stages of the disease, a person with Parkinson's may have a fixed or blank expression, trouble speaking, and other problems. Some people also have a decrease in mental skills. 4. At this time, there is no cure for Parkinson's disease. But there are several types of medicines that can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with. You may not even need treatment if your symptoms are not obvious. Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of your daily life. Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse. You may need to take several medicines to get the best results. One of the most common signs of Parkinson's is tremor, ______.【单选题】A.if there isn’t enough dopamine in your bodyB.what affects muscles all through your bodyC.which cannot be cured yetD.if you have a fixed or blank expressionE.which may be the first symptom you noticeF.what causes Parkinson's disease正确答案:E答案解析:本题难度不大，带着题干信息词回文章定位，答案依据是文章第三段的第一句：Tremor may be the first symptom you notice，谈到颤抖会是你注意到的第一个症状，回来看选项，E项和原文句意相符，是答案。

2016江苏省职称英语卫生试卷6教材

2016江苏职称英语卫生类考试真题试卷【六】说明：本试卷共七大题，申报高级职称者全做，满分为120分；申报中级职称者做第一、二、三、四、五、七大题，满分为100分。

第六大题申报中级职称者不做，做了也不判分【注：高级单独列出】一、词汇与语法选择（20小题，每小题0.5分。

共10分，建议完成时间10分钟）101. It is difficult to ______ of a plan to solve the problem.很难想象出计划来解决这个问题。

A, conceive想象 B. consist组成C. consider考虑D. wonder想知道102. The sound of new machine was _____ even from a distance. 新机的声音即使从远处听也是清楚的。

A. definite确切的B. distinct清楚的C. sharp强烈的D. edible 可食用的.103. He ______ a great interest in the Chinese traditional style of architecture他对中国传统风格的建筑保持着极大的兴趣A. contained 包含.B. secured 保护C. reserved 保留D. maintained保持104. I remember _____ to help us if we ever got into trouble. 我记得他会提供帮助，如果我们陷入麻烦。

A. once offeringB. him once offeringC. him to offer提供D. to offer him105. This laser printer is______ with all kinds of leading software这台激光打印机兼容所有种类的领先的软件A. compatible兼容的B. comparable可比较的C. companion陪伴D. company交往106. Putting in a new window _____ cutting away part of the roof打开一个新的窗口需要割掉屋顶的一部分A. was involvedB. involved涉及.C. was involvingD. involved in_____ attention 107. As we cannot study all the resources we have found, I suggest weon one of them. 因为我们无法学习我们已经找到的所有的资源，我建议，我们专注于其中一个。

2016年职称英语卫生类A级教材补全短文打印版

补全短文第十一血病Leukemia is the most common type of cancer kids get, but it is still very rare. Leukemia involves the blood andblood-forming organs, such as the bone marrow._ Bone marrow is the innermost part of some bones where blood cells are first made._A kid with leukemia produces lots of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow. Usually, white blood cells fight in-fection, but the white blood cells in a person with leukemia don’t work the way they’re supposed to. _They don’t protect the person from infections very well._The abnormal white blood cells multiply out of control1, filling the bone marrow and making it hard for enough normal, infection-fighting white blood cells to form. Other blood cells — such as red blood cells (that carry oxygen in the blood to the body’s tissues) and platelets (that allow blood to clot) — are also crowded out2 by the white blood cells of leukemia. These cancer cells may also move to other parts of the body, including the bloodstream, where they continue to multiply and build up3.Although leukemia can make kids sick, most of the time it is treatable, and kids get better. Almost all leukemia patients are treated with chemotherapy, which means using anti-cancer drugs._ The chemotherapy drugs are given through a catheter, a narrow tube that is inserted into a blood vessel, sometimes in the kid’s upper chest._Chemotherapy quickly goes to work, traveling through the blood to the bone marrow. There, the drugs can attack the cancer cells. After several weeks of chemotherapy, many kids begin to feel better.Some children with leukemia will also have to have radiation therapy, too. _ Radiation therapy uses invisible high-energy waves (similar to X-rays) to kill cancerous cells._If the cancer isn’t getting better fr om using the usual amounts of chemotherapy and radiation, then kid with leukemia will probably need more treatment —with higher doses of chemotherapy and radiation to finally kill the cancer cells. But this heavy-duty treatment will also harm the normal ce lls in the kid’s bone marrow too, and the bone marrow will no longer be able to produce normal blood cells. So, doctors will then give a kid — or anyone else with bone marrow that is no longer working — normal bone marrow tissue from someone else who is healthy. __ This is a special procedure called a bone marrow transplant, and it helps the patient make new blood cells so they can recover from the leukemia._译文：白血病是儿童所得癌症中最普遍的一种病症，不过这种病仍然是很少的。

2016年职称英语卫生类A级教材阅读判断打印版

阅读判断+第十一篇Disease, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention生病、诊断、治疗与预防Disease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on all its required functions. There are marked variations in the extent of the disease and in its effect on the person.In order to treat a disease, the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness –that is, make a diagnosis. A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together. The doctor must know the symptoms, which are the changes in body function felt by the patient; and the signs (also called objective symptoms) which the doctor himself can observe. Sometimes a characteristic group of signs (or symptoms) accompanied a given disease. Such a group is called syndrome. Frequently certain laboratory tests are performed and the results evaluated by the physician in making his diagnosis.Although nurse do not diagnose, they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs, encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms, and then reporting this information to the doctor. Once the patient’s disorder is known, the doctor prescribes a course of treatment, also referred to as therapy. Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the n urse under the physician’s orders.In recent years physicians, nurses and other health workers have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention. Throughout most of medical history, the physician’s aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease. However, the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop disease before it actually happens—to keep people well through the promotion of health. A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose, ranging from the World health Organization (WHO) on an international level down to local private and community health programs. A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is education individual patients toward the maintenance of total health—physical and mental.1.By disease is meant the condition in which one or more parts of the body fail to function properly. A. Right2.A syndrome refers to a complex of signs and/or symptoms typical of a specific disease. A. Right3.The diagnostic aids are indispensable in any case for a physician to diagnose a disease. B. Wrong4.Because nurses can observe patients closely, they have the authority to deal with any critical condition happening to patients. B. Wrong5.Modern medicine attaches much more importance to disease prevention than traditional medicine. A. Right6.An effective system of disease prevention and treatment has been established in every country all over the would. C. Not mentioned7.Generally speaking, the physician is more willing to treat patients’ physical disease than their mental illness. C. Not mentioned译文：所谓生病，即部分或整个身体不能够正常调节，或不能够维持应有的功能。

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-33

职称英语考试《卫生类》章节练习题精选及答案0524-331、The chairman proposed that we stop the meeting.【单选题】A.statedB.announcedC.demandedD.suggested正确答案:D答案解析:主席建议我们中止会议。

本题难度不大，考察的是基本意义，干扰项干扰不大。

propose和suggest都有“建议”的意思，是近义词，A项指“陈述”，B项指“宣布”，C项指“要求”和答案意义差异大，最佳答案是D。

1、Importance of Children's Oral HealthFebruary is National Children's Dental(牙齿的) Health Month, but in children good oral(口部的) care is critical every day. The first comprehensive study on the nation's oral health, released recently by the Office of the U. S. Surgeon General, calls dental and oral diseases a "silent epidemic (流行病)", even in children. The report states that more than 51 million school hours are lost each year to dental - related illness. In fact, a recent study pointed to dental care as the most common unmet health need among American children.To help counter this, the American Academy of Periodontology (牙周病学) (AAP) is launching an effort to educate children and parents about the prevention of dental diseases in children. "This is important because oral problems can impact self -esteem for children and lead to problems of eating, speaking and attending to learning," said Michael McGuire, president ofthe AAP.Common dental problems seen in children are cavities (龋洞) and gingivitis (龈炎), which are found in the majority of U. S. children. "When these problems are not caught early and treated, they can develop into more severe problems and cause unnecessary suffering," said McGuire. "However, much of the time, oral problems are avoidable problems."In the Rio Grande Valley in Texas, a group of more than 120 dentists(牙医) volunteers to deliver dental care to thousands of low - income children each year with its Mobile Dental Unit that travels from school to school."According to the Surgeon General's Report, about 37 percent of children have not had a dental visit before starting school," said McGuire. When children don't see dentists, they miss the opportunity to have problems caught early before they develop into larger, more expensive problems to treat, and parents miss the opportunity to learn how to promote good oral habits in their children.Only in February should attention be paid to children's oral health.【单选题】。

职称英语(卫生类)新增文章译文及解析

Eat to LiveA meager diet may give you health and long life, but it’s not much fun — and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don’t start to diet until old age. Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse’s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won’t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindler’s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old — equivalent to about 70 human years.The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production一probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes."This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,”says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D. C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful. “There’s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isn’t sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, the y live longer, but they’re hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, it’s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: ‘I can only eat half of that,. ”Spindler hopes we soon won’t need to diet at all. His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.练习：1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?D We have to begin dieting since childhood.2. Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2?B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.3. What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage?D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.4. According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?A The mice that started dieting in old age.5. According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes thatC dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life.第二十九篇“Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New MeaningIn what may be bad news for bars and pubs，a European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies2 and another 3，500 adults who had never had cancer.After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals3 faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal4 cancer. “ Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites5 traced to smoking or drinking6 by the study volunteers，”Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didn’t eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.For their new analysis，the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups，based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week7. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to8 20 drinks 狂week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day.9 Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only withmeals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx10. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers.People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk in the high-intake, with-meals-only group11 was only triple that12 in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals. “Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer. ”Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissue’s lower exposure to alcohol.1. Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with peopleA who drink alcohol outside of mealsur2. Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”?C It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.3. Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day?A 3 drinks.4. Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage?B Laryngeal cancer.5. According to the last paragraph, tissue’s lower exposure to alcoholD reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer.第三十九篇SaunaCeremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath，or sauna, which may be taken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and' pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges.The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a firethat naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. A fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna, “ savusauna”，is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available.Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving, Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion arid speed recovery time. The body’s core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitating a slight fever. The sauna could be considered to fol low the old saying “feed a cold，starve a fever' The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place.Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Adults sweat about 2 lbs8 of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water weight is temporary as the body's physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system9 gets a work out10 as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute.A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctor's advice. The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant women should not take saunas, particularly in the first three months. Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions11 at first to become accustomed to this type of bath.1. Ceremonial bathing _________.C) has various forms2. What is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience?B) Saunas with smoke.3. According to the third paragraph, saunas can do all of the following EXCEPT .D) curing asthma4. According to the fourth paragraph, sauna gives the skin a healthy glow because_________.A) pores are cleaned by sweat5. Who are advised not to take a sauna?D) All of the above.第二篇 A Biological ClockEvery living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells _ plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells _ insects _ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal _ affect the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur _ because of _ the number of hours of daylight. In the short _ days _ of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration _ flight _ twice each year. Birds _ prevented from _ flying become restless when it is time for the trip，_ but _ they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which _ parts _ of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain _ seems to control the timing of some of our actions. These _ cells _ tell a person when to _ awaken _ ，when to sleep and when to seek food . Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr. Moorhead is studying _ how _ our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours._ It _ can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said _ such _ understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production,第九篇The Case of the Disappearing FingerprintsOne useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing _ them._ could become troublesome. A casereleased online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a _ problem _ of losing fingerprints is.Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to _ treat._ his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the _ drug. ，the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U. S. customs officials _ for 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn't get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly _ marks _ appearing from his index finger.U. S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are printed _ and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys—terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler，one potential _ side _ effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. _ Hence _ ，no fingerprints.“It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will _ begin _ to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine，” Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who _ prescribe _ the drug to provide their patients with .a doctor’s note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passport didn’t raise any red flags. But he，s also now got the explanatory doctor’s note —and won’t leave home _ without _ it.By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, _ which _ approved use of the drug11 years ago, should consider _ updating _ its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where _ does _ it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.第十四篇Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more _ likely _ to go on to university，reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study involved 1.2 million Swedishmen doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analyzed the _ results _ of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.The study shows a clear link _ between _ good physical fitness andbetter results for theIQ test.Thestrongestlinks are for _ logical_thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays arole _ in the results for the IQ test，and not strength. “Being fit meansthat you also have good heart and lung _ capacity _ and that your braingets plenty of oxygen _ ，”says Michael Nilsson, professor at theSahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the SahlgrenskaUniversity Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons why _ we can seea clear link with fitness, but not with muscular strength _. We are alsoseeing that there are growth factors that are important. ”By analyzing data for twins, the researchers have been able _ todetermine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes thatexplain the link between fitness and a _ higher _ IQ.“We have also shown that those youngsters who _ improve _ theirphysical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitiveperformance,” says Maria Aberg, researcher at the SahlgrenskaAcademy and physician at Aby health centre. “This being th e case6,physical _ education _ is a subject that has an important place in schools,and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and othertheoretical subjects.”The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests _during _ national service with the socio-economic status of the menlater in _ life _. Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go intohigher education, and many secured more qualified jobs.X。

2016年卫生类职称英语 A级译文

概括大意与完成句子11.译文：心脏手术心肺机(氧合气泵)是现代化手术室中的医生必不可少的助手。

如果没有人工心肺机，许多胸外科手术就无法进行。

现在使用的心肺机有若干类型，它们都是暂时替代病人的心肺起作用。

心肺机将从右侧进入心脏的大血管中的血液抽出，使得没有血液流经心肺。

血液又通过一根大动脉返还到整个循环当中，供身体分配。

血液通过机器时经由氧气入口得以充氧，又通过各种化学方法清除二氧化碳。

这就是肺组织里血液和空气之间正常发生的过程。

而在机器里，血液也要被去除泡沫，以确定所有气泡都被清除，原因在于气泡会阻塞血管，对病人造成致命危险。

在手术过程中，机器内的电动机充当气泵，将加工后的血液通过上述方式经动脉分送到全身。

瓣膜出了问题表现为外形受损以及由于心内膜炎而出现伤痕，从而不能有效工作，常常产生堵塞。

一些病例采用的方法是将一把专门的小刀插入心室，切割瓣膜使其不再堵塞血液流动。

瓣膜甚至还能起一定作用。

在其他病例当中，瓣膜严重受损，唯一可行的办法就是替换。

对于众多患者，由塑料材料制成的替代瓣膜这一措施已证明能够救生。

由涤纶或其他合成材料制成的超薄蝴蝶瓣膜也得以成功应用。

旨在帮助心室抽吸功能的人工心脏或心脏部件证明不如人工瓣膜有效。

但是，研究工作还在继续，一种有效的装置极有可能很快投入使用。

更惊人的方法是，移植刚刚逝去的人的心脏。

捐献者与接受移植者的组织应尽可能匹配，以避免接受者抗体机制的排异反应。

这种排异反应正是心脏移植中最重要的事情。

12译文：人参有利于癌症治疗美国研究人员在星期六发表了两份最重要的、严格的对替代药物的科学观察报告。

报告指出：亚麻籽可以减缓男性前列腺肿瘤的生长，而人参则能缓解癌症患者常见的疲劳状态。

这些研究反映了医生想要努力去探究病人平时所食用的食物和添加剂有些什么利弊，然而医生们要想帮助他们却拿不出多少科学根据。

根据全国卫生统计中心的数据，美国人一年在补充治疗和替代疗法上的花费大约是360亿到470亿美元。

2016年职称英语教材新增文章

答案与题解： 1. B 文中第一部分主要介绍快速眼动睡眠期，而且前一句正好提到每晚快速眼动睡眠期的间隔时间、出现频率及其持续时间的情况。 2. F 题目所在的前一句提到大多数人会忘记晚上所发生的几乎所有事情，而后一句中又提到人们对梦的记忆好像没有完全丢失，由此可以推断出中间这一句应该说的是人有时会记起自己的梦。 3. C 文中第三部分提到梦是彩色的，前面主要讲的是人们可能意识不到这个问题以及意识不到的原因，由此可以推断后面应该会提到那些可以意识到这个问题的人。因此，答案为 C。 4. A 文中第四部分讲的是梦的意义，纵观六个选项与部分主题相关的只有选项 A，而且后面主要提到人们会利用梦做些什么，这也就意味着人们会思考他们的梦而且相信梦是有意义的。 5. E 由第五部分的标题就可以锁定选项 E，而且后一句讲的是要寻找梦与现实的联系，正好与选项 E 的意思相吻合。参考译文：关于梦的常见问题
每个人都会做梦吗？是的。研究表明我们都会做梦。在一种叫作快速眼动（REM）的睡眠期里，我们会有最清晰生动的梦。在这种睡眠期里，大脑非常活跃，眼睛在眼睑下面来来回回地快速移动，而且身体的大肌肉会得到放松。快速眼动睡眠期每隔 90~100 分钟会出现一次，一晚会出现 3~4 次，而且随着入夜渐深，每次持续的时间也会变长。最后一次快速眼动睡眠期可能会持续长达 45 分钟。我们在夜晚的其他时间段也会做梦，但是那些梦没有快速眼动睡眠期里的梦清晰生动。人们会记得他们的梦吗？一些人会记得他们的梦。然而，大多数人会忘记晚上所发生的几乎所有的事——梦、思想以及他们醒着时的短暂时光。但是，有时人们会在当天晚些时候或改天突然想起他们的梦。他们对梦的记忆好像并没有完全消失，但出于某种原因却很难回忆起来。如果你想记住自己的梦，最好的办法是一醒来就把它写下来。梦是彩色的吗？大多数梦是彩色的。然而，人们可能不会意识到这一点。这是基于两方面的原因：人们通常不会记住梦的细节，或者因为颜色是我们生活中的自然组成部分，所以不会注意到。那些在醒着的时候意识到颜色的人可能会更经常注意到梦的颜色。梦有意义吗？科学家们不停地讨论这个问题。然而，那些花时间思考他们梦的人相信梦是有意义的、有用的。有些人借助梦更多地了解自己的情感、思想、行为、动机和价值观。其他人发现梦可以帮助自己解决问题。艺术家、作家和科学家也确实经常从梦中获得创作的灵感。我如何学会理解自己的梦？要记得最重要的一点就是梦是个人的。梦里的人、行为以及情景都能反映你的经历、思想以及情感。有些梦境专家认为某些类型的梦是很多人都有的，即使他们来自不同的文化或时期。然而，通常对于不同的人，同一个梦会有不同的意义。比如，做梦梦到大象对于一个动物园管理员来说意味着一回事，而对于一个最喜欢大象毛绒玩具的小孩来说就意味着截然不同的事。为了学会理解自己的梦，首先要思考一下梦的每一部分对你意味着什么或者让你想起了什么。然后寻找梦与日常生活中所发生事情的联系。如果你认真思考而且有耐心，或许你会更清晰地理解梦的意义。