材料学院外文翻译封面
本科毕业论文外文翻译【范本模板】
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目:不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法学院：机械自动化专业：工业工程学号: 201003166045学生姓名: 宋倩指导教师：潘莉日期: 二○一四年五月Assembly line balancing under uncertainty: Robust optimization modelsand exact solution methodÖncü Hazır , Alexandre DolguiComputers ＆Industrial Engineering，2013,65：261–267不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法安库·汉泽，亚历山大·多桂计算机与工业工程，2013，65：261–267摘要这项研究涉及在不确定条件下的生产线平衡，并提出两个鲁棒优化模型。
假设了不确定性区间运行的时间。
该方法提出了生成线设计方法,使其免受混乱的破坏。
基于分解的算法开发出来并与增强策略结合起来解决大规模优化实例.该算法的效率已被测试,实验结果也已经发表。
本文的理论贡献在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精确算法的开发.另外，基于我们的算法设计出的基于不确定性整合的生产线的产出率会更高，因此也更具有实际意义。
此外,这是一个在装配线平衡问题上的开创性工作,并应该作为一个决策支持系统的基础。
关键字：装配线平衡；不确定性; 鲁棒优化；组合优化；精确算法1.简介装配线就是包括一系列在车间中进行连续操作的生产系统。
零部件依次向下移动直到完工。
它们通常被使用在高效地生产大量地标准件的工业行业之中。
在这方面，建模和解决生产线平衡问题也鉴于工业对于效率的追求变得日益重要。
生产线平衡处理的是分配作业到工作站来优化一些预定义的目标函数。
那些定义操作顺序的优先关系都是要被考虑的,同时也要对能力或基于成本的目标函数进行优化。
就生产（绍尔，1999）产品型号的数量来说，装配线可分为三类：单一模型（SALBP）,混合模型(MALBP）和多模式（MMALBP）。
外文翻译中英对照版
VOLUME 30 ISSUE 2 October 2008Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing EngineeringCopyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved.2008 151 Research paper 2008年十月期2卷30材料与制造工程成果期刊版权所有：国际OCSCO 世界出版社。
一切权利保有。
2008 ？？151研究论文1. Introduction Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state welding method developed by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991 [1]. The weld is formed by the excessive deformation of the material at temperatures below its melting point, thus the method is a solid state joining technique. There is no melting of the material, so FSW has several advantages over the commonly used fusion welding techniques [2-10].1.导言摩擦搅拌焊接（FSW）是焊接学？会于1991年研发的一种新型固态焊接方法。
这种焊接？是由材料在低于其熔点的温度上过量变形形成，因此此技术是一种固态连接技术。
材料不熔化，所以FSW 相比常用的熔化焊接技术有若干优势。
例如，在焊接区无多孔性或破裂，工件（尤其薄板上）没有严重扭曲，并且在连接过程中不需要填料、保护气及昂贵的焊接准备there is no significant distortion of the workpieces (particularly in thin plates), and there is no need for filler materials, shielding gases and costly weld preparation during this joining process. FSW被认为是对若干材料例如铝合金、镁合金、黄铜、钛合金及钢最显著且最有潜在用途的焊接技术FSW is considered to be the most remarkable and potentially useful welding technique for several materials, such as Al-alloys, Mg-alloys, brasses, Ti-alloys, and steels [1-16]. 然而，在FSW过程中，用不合适的焊接参数能引起连接处失效，并且使FSW连接处的力学性能恶化。
建筑结构设计及材料中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Structure in Design of ArchitectureAnd Structural MaterialWe have and the architects must deal with the spatial aspect of activity, physical, and symbolic needs in such a way that overall performance integrity is assured. Hence, he or she well wants to think of evolving a building environment as a total system of interacting and space forming subsystems. Is represents a complex challenge, and to meet it the architect will need a hierarchic design process that provides at least three levels of feedback thinking: schematic,preliminary, and final.Such a hierarchy is necessary if he or she is to avoid being confused , at conceptual stages of design thinking ,by the myriad detail issues that can distract attention from more basic considerations .In fact , we can say that an architect’s ability to distinguish the more basic form the more detailed issues is essential to his success as a designer .The object of the schematic feed back level is to generate and evaluate overall site-plan, activity-interaction, and building-configuration options .To do so the architect must be able to focus on the interaction of the basic attributes of the site context, the spatial organization, and the symbolism as determinants of physical form. This means that ,in schematic terms ,the architect may first conceive and model a building design as an organizational abstraction of essential performance-space in teractions.Then he or she may explore the overall space-form implications of the abstraction. As an actual building configuration option begins to emerge, it will be modified to include consideration for basic site conditions.At the schematic stage, it would also be helpful if the designer could visualize his or her options for achieving overall structural integrity and consider the constructive feasibility and economic ofhis or her scheme .But this will require that the architect and/or a consultant be able to conceptualize total-system structural options in terms of elemental detail .Such overall thinking can be easily fed back to improve the space-form scheme.At the preliminary level, the architect’s emphasis will shift to the elaboration of his or her more promising schematic design options .Here the architect’s structural needs will shift to approximate design of specific subsystem options. At this stage the total structural scheme is developed to a middle level of specificity by focusing on identification and design of major subsystems to the extent that their key geometric, component, and interactive properties are established .Basic subsystem interaction and design conflicts can thus be identified and resolved in the context of total-system objectives. Consultants can play a significant part in this effort; these preliminary-level decisions may also result in feedback that calls for refinement or even major change in schematic concepts.When the designer and the client are satisfied with the feasibility of a design proposal at the preliminary level, it means that the basic problems of overall design are solved and details are not likely to produce major change .The focus shifts again ,and the design process moves into the final level .At this stage the emphasiswill be on the detailed development of all subsystem specifics . Here the role of specialists from various fields, including structural engineering, is much larger, since all detail of the preliminary design must be worked out. Decisions made at this level may produce feedback into Level II that will result in changes. However, if Levels I and II are handled with insight, the relationship between the overall decisions, made at the schematic and preliminary levels, and the specifics of the final level should be such that gross redesign is not in question, Rather, the entire process should be one of moving in an evolutionary fashion from creation and refinement (or modification) of the more general properties of a total-system design concept, to the fleshing out of requisite elements and details.To summarize: At Level I, the architect must first establish, in conceptual terms, the overall space-form feasibility of basic schematic options. At this stage, collaboration with specialists can be helpful, but only if in the form of overall thinking. At Level II, the architect must be able to identify the major subsystem requirements implied by the scheme and substantial their interactive feasibility by approximating key component properties .That is, the properties of major subsystems need be worked out only in sufficient depth to very the inherent compatibility of their basic form-related and behavioral interaction . This will mean a somewhat more specificform of collaboration with specialists then that in level I .At level III ,the architect and the specific form of collaboration with specialists then that providing for all of the elemental design specifics required to produce biddable construction documents .Of course this success comes from the development of the Structural Material.The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and masonry brick, stone, or tile, and similar materials. The courses or layers were bound together with mortar or bitumen, a tar like substance, or some other binding agent. The Greeks and Romans sometimes used iron rods or claps to strengthen their building. The columns of the Parthenon in Athens, for example, have holes drilled in them for iron bars that have now rusted away. The Romans also used a natural cement called puzzling, made from volcanic ash, that became as hard as stone under water.Both steel and cement, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century. Steel, basically an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon had been made up to that time by a laborious process that restricted it to such special uses as sword blades. After the invention of the Bessemer process in 1856, steel was available in large quantities at low prices. The enormous advantage of steel is its tensile forcewhich, as we have seen, tends to pull apart many materials. New alloys have further, which is a tendency for it to weaken as a result of continual changes in stress.Modern cement, called Portland cement, was invented in 1824. It is a mixture of limestone and clay, which is heated and then ground into a power. It is mixed at or near the construction site with sand, aggregate small stones, crushed rock, or gravel, and water to make concrete. Different proportions of the ingredients produce concrete with different strength and weight. Concrete is very versatile; it can be poured, pumped, or even sprayed into all kinds of shapes. And whereas steel has great tensile strength, concrete has great strength under compression. Thus, the two substances complement each other.They also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where both compression and tension are factors. Steel rods are embedded in concrete to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tensions will develop. Concrete and steel also form such a strong bond─ the force that unites them─ that the steel cannot slip within the concrete. Still another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid.The adoption of structural steel and reinforced concrete caused major changes in traditional construction practices. It was no longer necessary to use thick walls of stone or brick for multistory buildings, and it became much simpler to build fire-resistant floors. Both these changes served to reduce the cost of construction. It also became possible to erect buildings with greater heights and longer spans.Since the weight of modern structures is carried by the steel or concrete frame, the walls do not support the building. They have become curtain walls, which keep out the weather and let in light. In the earlier steel or concrete frame building, the curtain walls were generally made of masonry; they had the solid look of bearing walls. Today, however, curtain walls are often made of lightweight materials such as glass, aluminum, or plastic, in various combinations.Another advance in steel construction is the method of fastening together the beams. For many years the standard method was riveting.A rivet is a bolt with a head that looks like a blunt screw without threads. It is heated, placed in holes through the pieces of steel, and a second head is formed at the other end by hammering it to hold it in place. Riveting has now largely been replaced by welding, the joining together of pieces of steel by melting a steel materialbetween them under high heat.Priestess’s concrete is an improved form of reinforcement. Steel rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strengths. They are then used to priestess concrete, usually by one of two different methods. The first is to leave channels in a concrete beam that correspond to the shapes of the steel rods. When the rods are run through the channels, they are then bonded to the concrete by filling the channels with grout, a thin mortar or binding agent. In the other (and more common) method, the priestesses steel rods are placed in the lower part of a form that corresponds to the shape of the finished structure, and the concrete is poured around them. Priestess’s concrete uses less steel and less concrete. Because it is a highly desirable material.Progressed concrete has made it possible to develop buildings with unusual shapes, like some of the modern, sports arenas, with large spaces unbroken by any obstructing supports. The uses for this relatively new structural method are constantly being developed.建筑中的结构设计及建筑材料建筑师必须从一种全局的角度出发去处理建筑设计中应该考虑到的实用活动，物质及象征性的需求。
毕业论文外文文献翻译要求
毕业论文外文文献翻译要求
一、翻译的外文文献可以是一篇，也可以是两篇，但英文字符要求不少于2万
二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并在中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处，外文原文后应附中文译文。
三、中文译文的基本撰写格式为：
1.题目:采用三号、黑体字、居中打印；
2.正文:采用小四号、宋体字，行间距一般为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。
页边距为左3cm，右2.5cm，上下各2.5cm，页面统一采用A4纸。
四、英文的基本撰写格式为：
1.题目：采用三号、Times New Roman字、加黑、居中打印
2.正文：采用小四号、Times New Roman字。
行间距一般为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。
页边距为左3cm，右2.5cm，上下各2.5cm，页面统一采用A4纸.
3.脚注：五号,Times New Roman，顺序为作者.题目.出处，
五、封面格式由学校统一制作（注：封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目,封面中文小四号宋体，英文小四号Times New Roman），
六、装订：左侧均匀装订，上下共两个钉，并按“封面、外文原文、译文”的顺序统一装订。
七、忌自行更改表格样式
大连工业大学艺术与信息工程学院
毕业设计(论文)外文文献
外文题目
翻译题目
系别
专业班级
学生姓名
指导教师
大连工业大学艺术与信息工程学院
毕业设计(论文)开题报告
题目名称
系别
专业班级
学生姓名
指导教师
开题报告日期年月日。
外文翻译指导记录怎么写
外文翻译指导记录怎么写外文翻译指导记录怎么写外文翻译、开题报告要求一套完整的毕业设计(论文)材料由外文翻译、开题报告和毕业设计(论文)正文三部分组成，按照统一的封面和格式编写。
和字体大小将按照学院的规定。
文本格式和书写要求（一）外文翻译通过文献综述和翻译，进一步提高外语运用能力，熟悉本专业几大外文书刊，了解国内外毕业设计(论文)信息和动态。
1、格式：（1）外文（译文前面附被翻译的外文原件复印件）；（2）翻译成中文格式：①标题②署名（作者名）** 著译者：***③翻译正文④外文著录为了反映文稿的科学依据和译者尊重他人研究成果的严肃态度以及向读者提出有关信息的出处，要求译者按著录/题名/出版事项顺序排列注明：期刊——著者，题名，期刊名称，出版年，卷号（期号），起始页码。
书籍——著者，书名、版次（第一版不标注），出版地，出版者，出版年，起始页码。
2、内容要求：（1）阅读每位学生在文献查阅环节中，必须阅读5～10万个印刷符号的外语文献资料（最好阅读与课题或本专业有联系的内容），择其重要的翻译1～2万个印刷符号（约3000汉字）。
（2）翻译①标题应真实地反映出翻译外文的主体内容或原外文标题内容，一般控制在20个汉字以内。
可以用副标题对标题予以补充说明；②标题下方正中为外文作者署名；③外文翻译成中文的内容；④外文著录（二）开题报告1、格式：（1）课题名称；（2）学生、专业、指导教师和教学单位署名；（3）开题报告的正文撰写。
2、内容要求：（1）课题名称要求与毕业设计（论文）正文标题名称一致（一般控制在20个汉字以内，可以用副标题对标题予以补充说明）。
（2）学生、指导教师和教学单位署名：题目下方中间是学生签名，学生签名下方是专业名称，专业名称下方是指导老师签名，指导老师签名下方是教学单位签名(教学单位指学院)。
（3）开题报告的正文撰写要求包括（不少于2500字）：①课题来源②研究目的和意义③研究的内容与途径④国内外研究现状与发展趋势通过提问和分析问题，综合前人文献提出的理论和事实，比较各种学术观点，明确所提问题的历史、现状和发展方向。
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of。。。Steelmaking Process外文翻译
学生毕业设计（论文）外文译文学院冶金与材料工程学院专业班级冶金工程学生姓名学号译文要求1.外文翻译必须使用签字笔，手工工整书写，或用A4纸打印。
2.所选的原文不少于10000印刷字符，其内容必须与课题或专业方向紧密相关，由指导教师提供，并注明详细出处。
3.外文翻译书文本后附原文（或复印件）。
文献出处：METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B, 2010, 41B(6): 1354-1367.电弧炉炼钢过程中超音速聚流氧枪的流体动力学模拟MORSHED ALAM, JAMAL NASER, GEOFFREY BROOKS, andANDREA FONTANA摘要：超音速的气体射流现在广泛应用于电弧炉炼钢，其他许多工业用来增加气液混合，反应速率和能量效率。
然而，对于超音速聚流氧枪，已有的基本物理研究非常有限。
在本研究中，超音速射流流体动力学（CFD）在有火焰覆盖环境温度和室温中的实验数据进行验证。
数值结果表明，超音速氧、氮的射流在火焰覆盖的潜在的核心长度分别比无火焰覆盖的超过4倍和3倍，这是与实验数据相吻合。
使用火焰笼罩的超音速射流相比常规的超音速射流的扩展率显着下降。
本CFD模型被用于在大约1700K（1427℃）炼钢条件下研究连续超音速氧气射流的特性。
连续超音速氧气射流在炼钢条件的潜在的核心长度是在室温环境温度的1.4倍。
1 引言在碱性氧气转炉和电弧炉炼钢中，高速气体射流被广泛使用于熔炉中提纯铁液和搅拌溶液。
由于动高压与其联合使之具有更高更深的穿透力和能够更好的融合，所以超音速气体射流优于亚音速气流。
拉法儿喷嘴在炼钢中过去常被用来加快气体射流使之接近马赫数2.0的超音速速度[1]。
当一个超音速射流从拉法儿喷嘴喷出时，它便于周围的环境相互作用产生一个湍流混合的区域。
在与喷嘴距离加大的过程中，射流直径会增加，射流速度会减缓。
在吹氧期间，液面与喷嘴出口之间的距离越大，周围流体的夹带越多，反过来又降低了冲击速度以及渗透液面的深度。
金属材料专业外文翻译--利用神经网络预测与其他预测方法对δ铁素体不锈焊缝的分析和比较
翻译原文Delta ferrite prediction in stainless steel welds using neural network analysis and comparison with other prediction methodsM. Vasudevan a,∗, A.K. Bhaduri a, Baldev Raj a, K. Prasad Raoba Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research,Kalpakkam, Indiab Department of Metallurgy, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, IndiaReceived 2 May 2002; received in revised form 11 December 2002; accepted 17February 2003AbstractThe ability to predict the delta ferrite content in stainless steel welds is important for many reasons. Depending on the service requirement,manufacturers and consumers often specify delta ferrite content as an alloy specification to ensure that weld contains a desired minimum or maximum ferrite level. Recent research activities have been focused on studying the effect of various alloying elements on the delta ferrite content and controlling delta ferrite content by modifying the weld metal compositions. Over the years, a number of methods including constitution diagrams, Function Fit model, Feed-forward Back-propagation neural network model have been put forward for predicting the delta ferrite content in stainless steel welds. Among all the methods, neural network method was reported to be more accurate compared to other methods. A potential risk associated with neural network analysis is over-fitting of the training data. To avoid over-fitting, Mackay has developed a Bayesian framework to control the complexity of the neural network. Main advantages of this method are that it provides meaningful error-bars for the model predictions and also it is possible to identify automatically the input variables which are important in the non-linear regression. In the present work, Bayesian neural network (BNN) model for prediction of delta ferrite content in stainless steel weld has been developed. Theeffect of varying concentration of the elements on the delta ferrite content has been quantified for Type 309 austenitic stainless steel and the duplex stainless steel alloy 2205. The BNN model is found to be more accurate compared to that of the other methods for predicting delta ferrite content in stainless steel welds.1. IntroductionThe ability to estimate the delta ferrite content accurately has proven very useful in predicting the various properties of austenitic SS welds. A minimum delta ferrite content is necessary to ensure hot cracking resistance in these welds [1,2], while an upper limit on the delta ferrite content determines the propensity to embrittlement due to secondary phases, e.g. sigma phase, etc., formed during elevated temperature service [3]. At cryogenic temperatures, the toughness of the austenitic SS welds is strongly influenced by the delta ferrite content [4]. In duplex stainless steel weld metals,a lower ferrite limit is specified for stress corrosion cracking resistance while the upper limit is specified to ensure adequate ductility and toughness [5]. Hence, depending on the service requirement a lower limit and/or an upper limit on delta ferrite content is generally specified. During the selec-tion of filler metal composition, the most accurate diagram to date WRC-1992 is used generally to estimate the_-ferrite content [6]. The Creq and Nieq formulae used for generating the WRC-1992 constitution diagram is given by Creq=Cr+Mo+0.7Nb and Nieq=Ni+35C+20N+0.25Cu. The limitation of these equations is that values of the coefficients for the different elements remain unchanged irrespective of the change in the base composition of the weld. However, the relative influence of each alloying addition given by the elemental coefficients in the Creq and Nieq expressions is likely to change over the full composition range. Furthermore,these expressions ignore the interaction between the elements. Also, there are a number of alloying elements that have not been considered in the WRC-1992 diagram. Elements like Si, Ti, W have not been given due to considerations, though they are known to influence the delta ferrite content. Hence, the delta ferrite content estimated using the WRC-1992 diagram would always be less accurate and may never be close to the actual measured value.In the Function Fit model [7] for estimating ferrite, the difference in free energy between the ferrite and the austenite was calculated as a function of composition and this was related to ferrite number (FN). The equation used in this model to determine FN is given below:FN = A[1 + exp(B + C_G)]−1 (1)where A, B and C are the constants. The advantages of this semi-empirical model over the WRC-1992 diagram include its considering effect of other alloying elements and the ease of extrapolation to higher Creq and Nieq values. This Function Fit method can be used for a wide range of weld metal compositions and owing to the analytical form of this model, the FN can be quantified easily. However, the accuracy of this method is not greater than the WRC-1992 diagram. Vitek et al. [8,9] sought to overcome the major limitation of the constitution diagram and the Function Fit method of not taking into account the elemental interactions, by using neural networks for predicting ferrite in SS welds.The improvement in accuracy in predicting the delta ferrite content by using neural networks, involving a feed-forward network with a back-propagation optimization scheme, has been clearly brought in their study. The effect of various elements on the delta ferrite content for a few base compositions was examined by calculating the FN as a function of composition. However, it was not possible in their analysis to directly interpret the elemental contributions to the final FN. The prediction and measurement of ferrite in SS welds remains of scientific interest due to limitations in all the current methods, and newer methods and constitution diagrams are continuously being proposed to predict the delta ferrite content for a wider range of SS types. It was in this context that the development of a more accurate neural network based predictive tool for estimating the effect of various alloying elements on the delta ferrite content for different SS welds was taken up in this work.A potential risk associated with neural network analysis is over-fitting of the training data. To avoid over-fitting, Mackay [10] developed a Bayesian framework to control the complexity of the neural network, with its main advantages being that itprovides meaningful error-bars for predictions and also enables identifying the input variables that are important in the non-linear regression. Hence, in the present study, Bayesian neural network (BNN) analysis was applied to develop a generalized model for FN prediction in stainless steel welds and the effect of variations in the concentration of the elements on the FN for 309 stainless steel and duplex stainless steel base compositions were also quantified.2. DatabaseAs the aim of the present work was to model for the FN as a function of chemical composition, the database of 924 datasets for shielded metal arc (SMA) weld compositions and delta ferrite contents, representing the common 300-series SS weld compositions (viz., 308, 308L, 309,309L, 316, 316L, etc.) and duplex stainless steels used for generating the WRC-1992 diagram was used [11]. For the datasets in which the composition values for elements such as Nb, Ti, V, Cu and Co were not available, their values were assumed zero. Table 1 shows the range, mean and standard deviation of the each composition variable (input) and the FN (output). This simply gives the idea of the range coveredand cannot be used to define the range of applicability of the neural network model as the input variables are expected to interact in neural network analysis. In BNN analysis, size of the error-bars define the range of useful applicability of the trained network.Table 1 Range, mean and standard deviations of the composition variables (input) and the FN (output)3. BNN analysisThe networks employed consist of 13 input nodes xi representing the 13 composition variables, a number of hidden nodes hi and one output y. The schematic structure of the network is shown in Fig. 1. The single output represents the FN. Both the input and output variables were normalized within the range ±0.5 as follows:where xN is the normalized value of x, which has maximum and minimum values given by x max and x min. Eighty different neural network models were created using the datasets, with the number of the hidden units varying from 1 to 16 and with five different sets of random seeds used to initiate the network for a given number of hidden units. All these models were trained on a training dataset that consisted of a random selection of half the datasets (i.e. 462 datasets), while the remaining half formed the test dataset that was used to examine how the model generalizes with unseen data. For calculating the outputs from the inputs, the linear functions of the inputs xj are multiplied by the weights wij and operated by the following hyperbolic tangent transfer function so that each input contributes to every hidden unit, where N is the total number of input variables:Here the bias is designated as θ and is analogous to the constant in linearregression. The transfer from the hidden units to the output is linear, and is given by:The output y is therefore a non-linear function of xj, with the function usually selected for flexibility being the hyperbolic tangent. Thus, the network is completely described if the number of input nodes, output nodes and the hidden units are known along with all the weights wij and biases θi.These weights wij are determined by training the network and involves minimization of a regularized sum of squared errors.The BNN analysis of Mackay [10] allows the calculation of error-bars with two components—one representing the perceived level of noise (σv) in the output and the other indicating the uncertainty in the data fitting. This latter component of the error-bars emanating from the Bayesian framework allows the relative probabilities of the models with different complexity to be assessed. This enables estimation of quantitative error-bars, which vary with the position in the input space depending on the uncertainty in fitting the function in that space. Hence, instead of calculating a unique set of weights, a probability distribution of weights is used to define the uncertainty in fitting. Therefore, these error-bars become large when data are sparse or locally noisy. In this context, a very useful measure of the error is the logarithm of the predictive error (LPE) given by the following:where t is the target for the set of inputs x, while y the corresponding network output. σy is related to the uncertainty of fitting for the set of inputs x. By using LPE, the penalty for making a wild prediction is reduced if that prediction is accompanied by an appropriately large error-bar, with a larger value of the LPE implying a better model. Further, by this method it is also possible to automatically identify the input variables that are significant in influencing the output variable, as the input variables that are less significant are down-weighted in the regression analysis.3.1. Over-fitting problemIn BNN analysis, two solutions are implemented which contribute to avoidover-fitting. The first is contained in the algorithm due to MacKay [12]: the complexity parameters α and β are inferred from the data, therefore allowing automatic control of the model complexity. The second resides in the training method. The database is equally divided into a training set and a testing set. To build a model, about 80 networks are trained with different number of hidden units and seeds, using the training set; they are then used to make predictions on the unseen testing set and are ranked by LPE.3.2. Committee modelThe networks with different number of hidden units will give different predictions. But predictions will also depend on the initial guess made for the probability distribution of the weights (the prior). Optimum predictions are often made using more than one model, by building a committee. The prediction .y of a committee of networks is the average prediction of its members, and the associated error-bar is calculated according to Eq. (6):where L is the number of networks in a committee. Note that we now consider the predictions for a given single set of inputs and that exponent l refers to the model used to produce the corresponding prediction y(l ). In practice, an increasing number of networks are included in a committee and their performances are compared on the testing set. Most often,the error is minimum when the committee contains more than one model. The selected models are then retrained on the full database.4. Results and discussionsThe characteristics of the BNN model on FN is discussed in detail elsewhere [13]. The comparison between the predicted and measured FN values for the committee of models (38 models in the committee) is shown in Fig. 2 for the complete dataset. There was excellent agreement between the measured and the predicted FN values. The correlation coefficient was determined to be 0.98025.4.1. Significance of the individual elements on the FNFig. 3 indicates the significance σw of each of the input variables as perceived by the first five neural network models in the committee. The σw value represents the extent to which a particular input explains the variation in the output, as for a partial correlation coefficient in linear regres-sion analysis. It is observed from Fig. 3 that the elements Mn and Nb are not significant in influencing the FN. The observation of Mn not having a significant influence on the FN for the 300-series austenitic SS is in agreement with the reported results that the variation in Mn from 1 to 12 wt.% had almost no effect on the as-deposited FN [14]. However, the element Nb, which was found in the present study to have an insignificant effect on the FN is included in the Creq formula used in the WRC-1992 diagram. As expected, Cr and Ni were found to be the main elements influencing the FN. As per the present model, the elements that influence the FN in order of significance are: Mo >N >V >Ti >Cu >Co >Si >C >Fe.However, some of these elements namely V, Ti, Co and Si are not included in the Nieq and Creq formulae used in the WRC-1992 diagram.Fig. 2. Comparison between the predicted and measured FN values for the entire dataset using the committee of modelsFig. 3. Perceived significance σw values of the first five FN models for each input.4.2. Comparison of accuracy of present model with other existing methodsAnalysis of the error distributions (measured FN–predicted FN) for the present BNN model shows that the absolute error was <2.5 for most of the datasets used in thetraining, while for the FNN-1999 model the absolute error was <3 for about 80% of the dataset used in training. It is important to note here that in the present BNN model, the entire datasets were used for retraining the committee of models, while in the FNN-1999 model only 90% of the datasets were used for training. Further, the error distributions for the present BNN model is symmetrical about zero (Fig. 4) implying good fitting of the model to the datasets. Also, the ―tail‖ of the error distributions is less compared to the other methods. Table 2 shows the comparisons of the errors for the BNN model and the FNN-1999 model. Comparison of the quantified error distributions with those of the FNN-1999 model shows that the present BNN model is superior. It has been reported that the FNN-1999 model is more accurate compared to the WRC-1992 diagram and Function Fit model. Hence, the root mean square (RMS) error between the measured and predicted FN values for the present BNN model and the other three methods were compared and it was found that the present BNN model has the lowest error among the four methods, BNN model showing an improvement of 43%over the FNN-1999 model and about 65% over the WRC-1992 diagram and Function Fit model. Table 3 shows the RMS error values for all the four methods. As the RMS error values represent the quan- titative measure of the degree of fit of the various models to the datasets on which they were trained, this comparison clearly establishesthat among the available methods the present BNN model is the most accurate model for prediction of FN in austenitic SS welds.Fig. 5.Predicted FN vs concentration of the elements for 309 austenitic stainless steelsweld. The plot shows the variation in the FN when one of the element is varied and all other concentration are held constant at the 309 SS composition except Fe, which is adjusted to compensate for the varying element concentration.4.3. Effect of compositional variations on the FNThe severe limitation of the WRC-1992 diagram is that the coefficients in the terms for Creg and Nieg formulas are constant and hence the influence of an individual element on FN is same irrespective of the change in the base composition. As neural networks can take into account the interaction between the input variables on their influence over the output variable, the interaction between the different elements on their influence over the FN is quantified for stainless steel welds using the BNN analysis. The results for 308, 308L, 316, 316LN have already been presented elsewhere [13,15]. In the present work, the effect of variations in the concentration of the elements on FN have been quantified for 309 stainless steel and duplex stainless steel welds. This was done with two starting base compositions and then al- lowing each element to vary over a limited range adjusting Fe concentration accordingly but holding all other element concentrations constant. Table 4 shows the base compositions of the 309 SS and duplex stainless steel welds used in the present study.4.3.1. The 309 stainless steel weldThe variation in the predicted FN as a function of the variation in the concentration of the elements is found to be non-linear (Fig. 5). The FN is found to decrease with increasing concentration of the elements C, N and Ni. These elements acts as austenite stabilizers. The FN is found to increase with increasing concentration of the elements Cr, Si and V and these elements are called ferrite stabilizers. The above observations are in agreement with the literature. The elements Mn, Mo, Nb, Ti, Cu and Co do not influence the FN value for 309 base composition used. However, in the WRC-1992 diagram the composition of the element Cu is taken in to account for calculating the Nieq and the composition of Mo and Nb are included for calculating the Creq. Thus, estimation of delta ferrite content by usingthe WRC-1992 diagram will always be less accurate. The BNN model generated by us is more accurate compared to the WRC-1992 diagram which was generated based on the linear regression analysis. Hence, the trends of the influence of concentration of the elements on FN predicted by the model is more useful in controlling FN through compositional modifications in this type of steel (Fig. 5).Fig. 6.Predicted FN vs concentration of the elements for duplex stainless steel weld.The plot shows the variation in the FN when one of the element is varied and all other concentration are held constant at the duplex stainless steel composition except Fe, which is adjusted to compensate for the varying element concentration.4.3.2. Duplex stainless steel (alloy 2205) weldThe variation in the FN with variation in the concentration of the elements is found to be non-linear (Fig. 6). The increase in the concentration of the elements C, N, Mn and Ni is found to decrease the FN. However, the effect of Mn is not as significant as the other austenite stabilizers. The increase in the concentration of the elements Cr, Si, Mo, V and Co is found to increase the FN for the duplex stainlesssteel welds. The effect of vanadium is not as significant as the other ferrite stabilizers. The elements Cu, Nb and Ti are found not to influence the FN for duplex stainless steel welds. However, the elements Cu and Nb are included in the WRC-1992 diagram in calculating the Nieq and Creq,respectively. The trends identified by this analysis of the influence of concentration of the elements on the FN is very useful in controlling the FN by adjusting weld metal composition in duplex stainless steel welds. Hence, depending on the base composition, the influence of individual elements on the FN is different. However, the WRC-1992 diagram uses the same equation for all the stainless steel welds and is the severe limitation of the diagram (Fig. 6).5. Conclusions1. The generalized model for predicting the FN in stainless steel welds using BNN analysis has been developed. The accuracy of the BNN model in predicting FN is superior compared to the existing FN prediction methods.2. Significance of the individual elements on FN has been quantified. Neural network analysis has shown that elements like manganese and niobium are insignificant in influencing the FN in stainless steel welds.3. The effect of variation in the concentration of the elements on the FN have been quantified for 309 and duplex stainless steel welds. Neural network analysis has shown that there is a change in the role of elements when the base composition is changed.4. Cobalt is found to be ferrite stabilizer for the duplex stainless steel welds and is found not to influence the FN for the austenitic stainless steel welds.References[1] C.D. Lundin, C.P.D. Chou, Hot cracking susceptibility of austenitic stainless steel weld metals, WRC Bull. 289 (1983) 1–80.[2] C.D. Lundin, W.T. Delong, D.F. Spond, Ferrite-fissuring relationships in austenitic stainless steel, Weld Met. 54 (8) (1975) 241s–246s.[3] J.M. Vitek, S.A. David, The sigma phase transformation in austenitic stainless steels, Weld. J. 65 (4) (1986) 106s–111s.[4] E.R. Szumachowski, H.F. Reid, Cryogenic toughness of SMA austenitic stainless steel weld metals, Weld. J. 57 (11) (1978) 325s–333s.[5] D.J. Kotecki, Ferrite control in duplex stainless steel weld metal, Weld. J. 65 (10) (1986) 273s–278s.[6] D.J. Kotecki, D.T.A. Siewert, WRC-92 constitution diagram for stainless steel weld metals: a modification of the WRC-1988 diagram, Weld. J. 71 (5) (1992)171s–178s.[7] S.S. Babu, J.M. Vitek, Y.S. Iskander, S.A. David, New model for prediction of ferrite number in stainless steel welds, Sci. Technol.Weld. 2 (6) (1997) 279–285. [8] J.M. Vitek, Y.S. Iskander, E.M. Oblow, Improved ferrite number prediction in stainless steel arc welds using artificial neural networks.Part 1. Neural network development, Weld. J. 79 (2) (2000) 33–40.[9] J.M. Vitek, Y.S. Iskander, E.M. Oblow, Improved ferrite number prediction in stainless steel arc welds using artificial neural networks.Part 2. Neural network development, Weld. J. 79 (2) (2000) 41–50.[10] D.J.C. Mackay, Bayesian non-linear modeling with neural networks,in: H. Cerjack (Ed.), Mathematical Modeling of Weld Phenomena,vol. 3, The Institute of Materials, London, 1997, pp. 359–389.[11] C.N. McCowan, T.A. Siewert, D.L. Olson, Stainless steel weld metal:predictionof ferrite content, WRC Bull. 342 (1989) 1–36.[12] D.J.C. MacKay, A practical Bayesian framework for backpropagation networks, Neural Comput. 3 (1992) 448–472.[13] M. Vasudevan, M. Murugananth, A.K. Bhaduri, Application of Bayesian neural network for modeling and prediction of FN in austenitic stainless steel welds, in: H. Cerjak, H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia (Eds.), Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena—VI, Institute of Materials, 2002, pp. 1079–1099.[14] E.R. Szumachowski, D.J. Kotechi, Effect of manganese on stainless steel weld metal ferrite, Weld. J. 63 (5) (1984) 156s–161s.[15] M. Vasudevan, A.K. Bhaduri, B. Raj, K. Prasad Rao, Bayesian neural network analysis of the compositional variations on the ferrite number in 316LN austenitic stainless steel welds, Trans. Ind. Ins.Met. 55 (5) (2002) 389–396.中文翻译利用神经网络预测与其他预测方法对δ铁素体不锈焊缝的分析和比较摘要能够预测不锈钢焊缝中δ铁素体含量的重要性有很多原因。
材料成型及控制工程外文文献翻译
本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：The effects of heat treatment onthe microstructure and mechani-cal property of laser melting dep-ositionγ-TiAl intermetallic alloys 文献、资料来源：Materials and Design文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2009.10.25院（部）：材料科学与工程学院专业：材料成型及控制工程班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：2011.4.3中文译文：热处理对激光沉积γ-TiAl金属间化合物合金的组织与性能的影响摘要：Ti-47Al-2.5V-1Cr 和Ti-40Al-2Cr (at.%)金属间化合物合金通过激光沉积（LMD）成形技术制造。
显微组织的特征通过光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、投射电子显微镜（TEM）、和X射线衍射仪（XRD）检测。
沿轴向评估热处理后的沉积试样室温下的抗拉性能和维氏硬度。
结果表明：由γ-TiAl 和α2-Ti3Al构成的γ-TiAl基体试样具有全密度柱状晶粒和细的层状显微组织。
Ti-47Al-2.5V-1Cr基体合金和Ti-40Al-2Cr基体合金沿轴向的室温抗拉强度大约分别为650 MPa、600MPa，而最大延伸率大约为0.6% 。
热处理后的Ti-47Al-2.5V-1Cr和Ti-40Al-2Cr合金可以得到不同的显微组织。
应力应变曲线和次表面的拉伸断裂表明沉积和热处理后的试样的断裂方式是沿晶断裂。
1.简介金属间化合物γ-TiAl合金由于其高熔点（﹥1450℃）、低密度（3g/cm3）、高弹性模量（160-180GPa）和高蠕变强度（直到900℃）成为很有前景的高温结构材料，一直受到广泛研究[1–4]。
但是对于其结构应用来说，这种材料主要缺点之一是在室温下缺少延展性。
此外，这种合金运用传统的制造工艺诸如锻压、轧制和焊接，加工起来比较困难[5]。
外文文献翻译封面格式及要求(模版)
毕业论文外文文献翻译院年级专业：2009级XXXXXXXXXXX 姓 名：学 号：附 件：备注：（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可）1.从所引用的与毕业设计（论文）内容相近的外文文献中选择一篇或一部分进行翻译（不少于3000实词）；2.外文文献翻译的装订分两部分，第一部分为外文文献；第二部分为该外文文献的中文翻译，两部分之间用分页符隔开。
也就是说，第一外文文献部分结束后，使用分页符，另起一页开始翻译。
3.格式方面，外文文献的格式，除了字体统一使用Times new roman 之外，其他所有都跟中文论文的格式一样。
中文翻译的格式，跟中文论文的格式一样。
（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可,定稿后,请删除本页.）范文如下：注意,下面内容每一部份均已用分页符分开了,如果用本模板,请将每一模块单独删除,直接套用到每一模板里面,不要将全部内容一次性删除.【Abstract】This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based onthe theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.，Times New Roman.【Key Words】Brand positioning; Marketing mix; Positioning Strategy; enlightenment, lessons；ABC（本页为英文文献摘要，关键词两项一起单独一页，字体为：Times New Roman，小四号，1.5倍行距）(注:以下为英文文献正文内容,英文全文3000字.具体标题以原文为准.全文字体为Times New Roman.行间距为1.5倍.字号大小与论文正文的各级标题一致.如下:)I.Times New Roman ，Times New Roman，Times New RomanTimes New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman,This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons fromthe failure of the WONG LO KAT.II.Times New Roman ，Times New Roman，Times New RomanTimes New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman,This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.III.Times New Roman ，Times New Roman，Times New RomanTimes New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman,This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal teabeverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.【摘要】本文是对凉茶饮料的宏观环境以及凉茶市场内部主要品牌的竞争对手进行了系统分析。
外文翻译格式及规范
嘉兴学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译撰写格式规范一、外文翻译形式要求1、要求本科生毕业论文（设计）外文翻译部分的外文字符不少于1.5万字, 每篇外文文献翻译的中文字数要求达到2000字以上，一般以2000~3000字左右为宜。
2、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
3、外文翻译应包括外文文献原文和译文，译文要符合外文格式规范和翻译习惯。
二、打印格式嘉兴学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译打印纸张统一用A4复印纸，页面设置：上：2.8；下：2.6；左：3.0；右：2.6；页眉：1.5；页脚：1.75。
段落格式为：1.5倍行距，段前、段后均为0磅。
页脚设置为：插入页码，居中。
具体格式见下页温馨提示：正式提交“嘉兴学院毕业论文（设计）外文翻译”时请删除本文本中说明性的文字部分（红字部分）。
嘉兴学院本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译题目：（指毕业论文题目）学院名称：服装与艺术设计学院专业班级：楷体小四学生姓名：楷体小四一、外文原文见附件（文件名：12位学号+学生姓名+3外文原文．文件扩展名）。
二、翻译文章翻译文章题目（黑体小三号，1.5倍行距，居中）作者（用原文，不需翻译，Times New Roman五号，加粗，1.5倍行距，居中）工作单位（用原文，不需翻译，Times New Roman五号，1.5倍行距，居中）摘要：由于消费者的需求和汽车市场竞争力的提高，汽车检测标准越来越高。
现在车辆生产必须长于之前的时间并允许更高的价格进行连续转售……。
(内容采用宋体五号，1.5倍行距)关键词：汽车产业纺织品，测试，控制，标准，材料的耐用性1 导言（一级标题，黑体五号，1.5倍行距，顶格）缩进两个字符，文本主体内容采用宋体（五号），1.5倍行距参考文献（一级标题，黑体五号， 1.5倍行距，顶格）略（参考文献不需翻译，可省略）资料来源：AUTEX Research Journal, V ol. 5, No3, September 2008*****译****校（另起一页）三、指导教师评语***同学是否能按时完成外文翻译工作。
建筑毕业设计外文翻译---建筑材料—混凝土与砂浆
CONCRETE AND MORTAR1. Early History of Cement and ConcreteShelter from the very beginning of man/ existence, has demanded the application Of the best , available technology of the contemporary era. In the earliest ages, structures consisted of rammed earth, or stone blocks laid one on another without benefit of any bonding or cementing medium. Stability of the stone structures depended on the regular setting of the heavy stones , The earliest masonry probably consisted of sun-dried clay bricks, set in regular courses in thin layers of moist mud. When the moist mud dried, a solid clay wall resulted. Construction: of this kind was common in the dry desert areas of the world.Burnt gypsum as a cementing material was developed early in the Egyptian period and was apparently used in construction of some of the pyramids. Later the Greeks and Romans discovered methods of burning limestone to produce quicklime which was subsequently slaked for use in making mortar. Both the Greeks and the Romans learned that certain fine soil or earth, when mixed with the lime and the sand, produced a superior cementing material. The Greek material, a volcanic tuff from the island of Santorin , is still used in that part Of the world. The best of the materials used by the Romans was a tuff or ash from the vicinity of Pozzuoli near Mt. V esuvius, hence the name “pozzolan”used to identify a certain type of mineral admixture used in concrete today.The cement produced by the Romans was a hydraulic cement, that is, it had the capability of hardening under water. Many of the Roman structures were constructed of a form of concrete, using these materials, and stone masonry was bonded with a mortar similarly composed.During the Middle Ages of history, the art of making good mortar was nearly lost, the low point having been reached in about the llth century, when much inferior material was used. Quality of the lime started to improve at this time and in the 14th century or later the use of pozzolans was again practised.One of the most famous projects of the comparatively recent period was the construction of the new Eddystone Lighthouse off the coast of England in 1757--59. John Smeaton, the engineer and designer of the structure, investigated many materials and methods of bonding the stones for the building.Engineering and scientific development was beginning to move rapidly at this time, and many researchers in several countries were investigating cementing agents made from gypsum, limestoneand other natural materials. One discovery was a method of making a cement by burning a naturally occurring mixture of lime and clay. properties of the natural cement were very erratic because of variations in the proportions in the natural material, although use of this natural cement continued for many years.In 1824 Joseph Aspdin , a brickmason of Leeds, England, took out a patent on a material he called Portland cement, so called because concrete made with it was supposed to resemble the limestone quarried near Portland, England. Aspdin is generally credited with inventing a method of proportioning limestone and clay, burning the mixture at high temperature to produce clinkers, then grinding the clinkers to produce a hydraulic cement. His small kiln, producing about 16 tons of clinker at a time, required several days/or each burn. Expansion and development of cement manufacturing was slow for a number of years. About 1850, however, the industry had become well established not only in England, but also in Germany and Belgium.Shipments to the United States were started in 1868 and reached a peak about 1895, at which time production was well under way in the United States.Meanwhile the United States production of natural cement had been started early in the 19th century as a result of the demand for cement for construction of the Erie Canal and related works. Subsequent development of the rotary kiln led to large scale production of cement throughout the world.The use of concrete was expanded by the construction of railroads, bridges ,buildings and street pavements. Research in reinforcing concrete with steel rods had been started in France, and the year 1875 saw first use of reinforced concrete in the United States. Much'of the concrete at this time contained barely enough water to enable the concrete to be rammed into place by the application of much hand labor. There then ensued a period of wet concrete in which the concrete was flowed into place. Many users of concrete, however, realized the folly of wet mixes, and about 1920 Duff Abrams revealed the results of his research and observations. He stated that the quality of concrete was directly affected by the amount of water in relation to the amount of cement ; within reasonable limits, the quality of the concrete decreases as the water-cement ratio goes up. This has become one of the basic laws of concrete technology.2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Concrete and Its Water-Cement RatioConcrete is a mixture of Portland cement, water, sand, and crushed gravel or stone. The waterand cement form a cement paste in which the sand and stone or gravel are mixed. The sand and stone or gravel together make up the aggregate of a concrete mixture. The aggregate serves no structural function. It is merely ,a filler that adds low-cost bulk to the cement paste; it usually makes up about 75 percent of a given mass of concrete, by volume, although a poor aggregate can reduce the strength of a batch of concrete considerably, good aggregate adds only slightly to the strength of the cement.The two principal advantages of concrete as a construction material are its relative cheapness and the ease with which it can be handled and placed while it is in the plastic state.The principal structural advantages of concrete are its great compressive strength and its durability , Concrete can withstand very high compressive loads. This is what makes concrete so suitable for the foundations, walls, and columns of buildings, and for driveways and walks as well.The principal structural disadvantage of concrete is its poor tensile strength. That is, it cannot withstand pulling or bending loads without cracking or breaking. For this reason, steel rods, or reinforcement steel, are often embedded in concrete, the reinforcement steel providing the tensile strength the concrete lacks. Concrete with reinforcement steel embedded in it is reinforced concrete.In addition to its poor tensile strength, concrete, like most construction materials, expands in hot weather and when wet and contracts in cold weather and as it dries out. Unless these movements are allowed for during construction, the concrete will crack.And, contrary to common belief, solid concrete is not impervious to water. Some moisture will migrate into the best-made concrete. But if the concrete should be excessively porous ,which can happen if too much water has been used in mixing it, moisture can easily enter the concrete after it has cured. If this moisture should be present within the concrete when cold weather comes, the moisture may freeze, which may result in serious frost damage to the structure.Despite these limitations, concrete is an inherently strong and durable construction material. If the proportions of water, cement, and aggregate are carefully calculated and if the concrete is placed and allowed to cure according to simple but definite rules, it is possible to obtain from the concrete all the strength and durability that is inherent in it.The ratio of water to cement in a batch of concrete is the principal determinant of the concrete's final strength. At one time the instructions for preparing a batch of concrete would have contained proportions such as 1:2:4, indicating that 1 part of Portland cement to 2 parts of sand to 4 parts of gravel by volume were to be mixed together, after which sufficient water was to be added to obtain aworkable mixture. This procedure ignored entirely the importance of the water-cement ratio. It also resulted very often in the preparation or a very weak concrete, since the natural tendency is to add enough water to make placement of the concrete as easy as possible-the sloppier the better, as far as the workmen are concerned. This manner of specifying the proportions of concrete is obsolete and should never be followed.In theory, it takes only 3 gal of water to hydrate completely 1 cu ft of cement. (A sack of cement contains 1 cu ft exactly, and the sack weighs 94 lb). But this water-cement ratio produces a mixture that is too stiff to be worked. In practice, therefore, additional water, between 4 and 8 gal per sack of cement, is used to obtain a workable mixture.But the greater the proportion of water in a water-cement ratio, the weaker the final concrete will be. The additional water that is necessary to achieve a workable batch will only evaporate from the concrete as the concrete sets, and it will leave behind in the concrete innumerable voids. This is the reason there will always be some porosity in concrete. When an excessive amount of water has been used, there will be an excessive number of voids, which may cause the concrete to leak badly. If these voids should be filled with moisture when cold weather comes, they will cause the frost damage alluded to above.As a general rule, therefore, 6 gal of water per sack of cement should be the maximum amount used for making concrete; and the less the amount of water that is used, the stronger the concrete will be. Also included in the 6 gal is whatever surface moisture is contained in the sand that is part of the aggregate.3.MortarMortar is a mixture of a cementitious material (which may be portland cement or lime or both) and sand. When water is added to these ingredients, the result is a plastic substance that is used to bind together bricks, tiles, concrete blocks, and other kinds of masonry units. After the mortar has set, the masonry units are bound together by the ,mortar in such a way that they form a single structural unit.Mortar is closely related to other cementitious materials such as concrete, plaster, and stucco, but it would be a mistake to confuse mortar with these other materials or attempt to use them as a substitute for mortar; the properties required of each are distinctive and differ from the others.By a mistaken analogy with a chain and its weakest link, it is a common belief that for anymasonry construction to be strong, the mortar must be strong also. V ery often, for example, a person who is familiar with concrete will infer that mortar, being a cementitious material like concrete, should have properties similar to those of concrete and be mixed and used in much the same way. w Since, for example, concrete has, or should have, a high compressive strength, mortar should have a high compressive strength also. But the primary function of mortar is to bind the masonry units together, not to resist compressive loads or add to the strength of the masonry units.A great many tests have been made of brick walls built with mortars having a wide range of strength characteristics. ~ These tests show uniformly that a brick wall is strongest when the mortar used to bind the brick is weaker than the brick. Indeed, the mortar can be substantially weaker than the brick Without much affecting the overall strength of the construction. As long as the mortar is strong enough to resist the erosive effects of the weather and of freezing water, it is strong enough for use in the ordinary exterior wall.But suppose for the sake of argument that a brick wall has been built using a mortar that does have a compressive strength greater than that of the brick. ~Any stress this wall may be subjected to-the result of the settlement of the soil under the wall, say-will cause the brick to fracture along the line of greatest stress. This fracture will run in a single jagged crack right through the brick, from the top of the wall to the bottom.But when the mortar is weaker than the brick, as it should be, any stresses in the construction will be absorbed entirely by the mortar. The mortar will absorb these stresses in the form of a multitude of minute cracks invisible to the eye that leaves the basic strength of the construction unimpaired. The overall appearance of the wall and its structural integrity will be unchanged.Masonry constructions can, however, suffer from another type of failure. Sometimes stresses are relieved by a separation of the mortar from the brick. The result is a zig-zag crack through the mortar that follows the brick pattern. What has happened here is that the bond between the brick and the mortar was too weak, a consequence either of ignorance or poor workmanship, or both, since the last thing that should happen in a well-made masonry wall is for there to be a poor bond between the masonry units and the mortar. Either the mortar was incorrectly proportioned and mixed or it was improperly applied to the brick, or both,Freshly prepared mortar in which the cement, lime, and sand are accurately proportioned and mixed with the requited amount of water has a quality called workability or, sometimes, plasticity. Workability is as difficult to describe in words as the consistency of pancake batter or soft butter, butfresh mortar that doesn't have this quality will be incapable of bonding masonry units together as tightly as they should be, A workable mortar can be spread with a trowel smoothly, evenly, and without effort. The mortar has a cohesive quality that enables it to hold its shape and keeps it from falling of its own weight when it is troweled onto the side of a brick. A workable mortar has a give to it that enables a bricklayer to bed masonry units solidly into place. One can say that on a microscopic scale a workable mortar makes such intimate contact with the surface of a masonry unit that the bond between the mortar and the masonry unit is as strong as possible.建筑材料—混凝土与砂浆一、水泥与混凝土的早期历史自从人类开始存在时起，人的住处一直要求应用每个时代所能提供的最好的技术。
材料加工专业毕业设计外文翻译
译文在通过集中的离子束的BK7玻璃上的表面特性的调查Yongqi Fu*,Ngoi Kok Ann Bryan,Wei Zhou,Dongzhu Xie,Lim Boon Hong摘要：在强烈离子束击下的BK7玻璃的表面特性被调查。
在击下形成的部分的形状与不同过程参数下形成的式不同的。
例如像离子入射的角度，离子量和返回的时间等。
通过我们的实验结果，我们发现被限定扫描地方的边界形状在钙离子轰击后也影响便面特征。
另外，BK7玻璃的视觉特性的一种即光的传导被测量并与白色底质相比较（在FIB轰击前后进行的）。
FIB轰击后的传导从深蓝紫色变为蓝紫色，并且反复的与FIB轰击以后的肉眼可见的区域和红色区域一起被展现。
这一现象的产生被在高压下产生离子能量的钙离子所导致离子的穿透深度和离子能量通过TRIM2000d的使用被积累。
关键字：－BK7 FIB 传导分布状态I.前言喷射的低能量离子束经常被用于1号深度的轮廓分析技术。
在某种情况下，一般对于中断的离子入射，在一个齿形或波浪型物质中一个周期振辐伴随着1微米厚度长度薄层在离子轰击时形成。
伴随着宽束离子轰击，齿形结构因为个别晶状的半导体物质和非晶状的半导体物质而被观察到（二氧化硅和被使用的石英）。
然而，它们既无规律性，也不连续，并且很难有实际用处。
BK7玻璃被普遍用于传统的显微镜系统。
关于这一物质，齿形波被发射的调查将有助于处理被用于光学系统力带有微米特征的光谱结构。
在这方面，我们发现另一种有色素，BK7,被一种带有30kev离子能量的一束强烈的离子束轰击。
我们设法去得到规则的。
直线型的，并且可被各种过程参数控制的齿形波，它们有望于被做为光栅。
因为离子入射的效应，BK7色素的传导在离子轰击后将被或多或少的改变。
利用FIB扫描的BK7玻璃表面状态的变化在被报告的原理模型这一主题中被第一次调查，然后BK7玻璃中这一色素的传导率被测定并且在钙离子增大积累的基础上它们的变化被发现。
高校学院及职位的英文翻译
◆School of Mines矿院◆School of Safety Engineering安全工程◆School of Mechanics & Civil Engineering力建◆School of Mechatronic Engineering机电工程◆School of Information and Electrical Engineering信电◆School of Resource and Earth Science资源◆School of Chemical Engineering & Technology化工◆School of Environment Science and Spatial Informat...环测◆School of Electric Power Engineering电力工程◆School of Materials Science and Engineering材料◆School of Sciences理学院◆School of Computer Science and Technology计算机◆School of Management管理◆School of Literature Law & Politics文法◆School of Marxism 马克思◆School of Foreign Studies外文◆School of Arts & Design艺术◆School of Sports体院◆Sun Y ueqi Honors College孙越崎◆International College国际学院◆College of Applied Science and Technology应用◆College of Adult Education成教党委副书记Deputy Party Secretary英语里常用vice-, deputy-, associate, assistant, co-, sub-,等单词和前缀来表示“副”字，按习惯不同选用。
毕业设计论文中英文翻译要求(最新)
附件1（毕业设计一）材料科学与工程学院毕业实习环节外文翻译要求一、翻译论文的选择：1、与自己毕业设计相关的外文参考文献2、该译文可以作为设计论文中文献综述中的部分内容；3、原则上选取的英语原文不超过5页。
二、译文结构内容1、作者，英文原文题目，期刊名称，卷期号，年份，起止页码，2、文章题目，作者（保持英文，不需翻译），作者单位（英文不变）3、摘要，关键词4、正文部分：引言，试验过程，结果与讨论，结论，参考文献（保持原文状态）5、译文中的图标需要翻译，图可以复印后粘贴或扫描插入三、译文和原文统一装订在一起，独立与毕业论文一起上交四、几点附属说明1 文章所在期刊的期刊名及相关信息不要翻译。
2 文章的作者，作者的单位，地址，下注的通讯作者的情况，参考文献不要翻译。
3文章的题目，摘要，关键词，及正文都要按照原文的顺序来翻译。
4文章中图表翻译示例如下：此为翻译前的表格：此为翻译后的表格：表1 微波和常规方法加工的粉体金属样品的性能Table 1 Properties of microwave and conventionally processedpowdered metal samplesMW 代表微波烧结；conv代表常规方法。
大部分微波烧结的样品的断裂模量比常规方法烧结的要高。
许多微波烧结的样品的密度也是高于常规方法烧成的样品。
MW, microwave processed; conv., conventionally processed. Themodulus of rupture(MOR) of most microwave-processed samples ishigher than that of the conventional samples. The densities of manymicrowave-processed samples are also higher than those ofconventional samples.即表头和注释中英文都要。
6毕业设计(论文)外文译文封面
毕业设计(论文)外文文献译文文献题名：葡萄糖作为单一有机基质强化生物除磷的SBR法Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal in SBR UsingGlucose as a Single Organic Substrate学院：环境科学与工程学院专业：环境工程2005级学生姓名：李凯指导教师：胡开林日期：2009年03月31日～06月15日葡萄糖作为单一有机基质强化生物除磷的SBR法蒋轶锋、李相昆、冯晓宇、王树涛、王宝贞、刘亚男、陈建孟摘要：经过对序批式厌氧/好氧反应器（ SBR ）的调查研究发现，可以提供葡萄糖作为一个单一的有机基质来对生物除磷（ EBPR ）进行强化。
研究结果表明，EBPR过程中，也可以成功地与葡萄糖发生以外的其他短链脂肪酸（ SCFAs ）。
高磷释放和聚羟基血凝素（ PHA ）在厌氧阶段积累时被发现了至关重要的除磷在好氧阶段。
在细胞内测量糖原，其储备显示，其中有较高的机会在厌氧条件下以取代能源作用的聚磷。
此外，还利用糖原进行碳源植物血凝素的合成，以及正如早先的报道所称那样。
然而，所积累的植物血凝素在这个系统主要是以聚羟基（ PHV ）为形式的，而并不是聚羟基丁酸酯，乳酸作为发酵产品还发现可以被大量的释放。
应用基本知识，生物化学以及实验结果产生一个概念模型，即利用葡萄糖的代谢糖诱导强化EBPR 。
关键词：强化生物除磷（ EBPR ），序批式反应器（ SBR ），血糖， PHA 1、材料和方法1.1 SBR 工艺操作哈尔滨工学院的控制研究中心在水污染实验室安装了的一个具有规模的 EBPR 系统，并将接种物从中播种。
将集中的有机组成和矿物成分进行的综合废水被用作试验的原水。
为尽量减少基质降解，原料从稀释自来水之前的SBR工艺运行周期中开始准备。
SBR的工作容积为2升，并于操作填充和借鉴的基础上，以8小时周期组成的10分钟灌装或者将其撤消，周期为厌氧2小时，好氧4小时， 1小时和50分钟解决闲置阶段的序列。
外文文献翻译格式要求
外文文献翻译格式要求：（1）摘要，关键词：宋体五号（其中“摘要”和“关键词”为宋体五号加粗），行间距设置为18磅，段前段后间距设置为0.5行，对齐方式选择“两端对齐”方式；各个关键词之间以分号（；）或者（，）隔开，最后一个关键词后不加标点；（2）正文一级标题：采用黑体小三号加粗，行间距设置为20磅，段前段后间距设置为0.5行，一般采用“1 引言”样式，其中1和“引言”之间用一个空格分开；正文二级标题：采用黑体小三号，行间距设置为20磅，段前段后间距设置为0.5行，一般采用“2.1 系统原理”样式，其中1和“系统原理”之间用一个空格分开；；一级标题和二级标题采用“左对齐”方式；（3）正文内容：采用宋体小四号，行间距设置为20磅，段前段后间距设置为0行，首行缩进2字符，正文对齐方式在段落格式设置中选择“两端对齐”，遇正文中有公式的，设置该行（段）行间距为“单倍行距”（4）插图：请设置图片版式为“浮于文字上方”，并勾选“居中”，图片大小根据版面，按比例适当进行缩放，图示说明采用“图 1 主控制器的结构图”样式置于图下，图序与说明以一个空格字符间隔，图示说明采用宋体五号，居中对齐，行间距设置为“单倍行距”，段前段后距设置为0.5行；（5）表格：在表格属性中选择“居中”对齐方式，表格说明采用“表1 两种方法试验数据比较”样式置于表格上方，表序与说明以一个空格字符间隔，表格说明采用宋体五号，居中对齐，行间距设置为“单倍行距”，段前段后距设置为0.5行；（6）参考文献：“参考文献”格式同一级标题格式，参考文献内容采用宋体五号，行间距设置为18磅，段前段后间距设置为0行，对齐方式选择“左对齐”方式，其中出现的标点一律采用英文标点；以上摘要，关键词，正文，标题及参考文献中出现的英文字符和数字，一律设置为“Times New Roman”字体。
另外：外文文献翻译附于开题报告之后：第一部分为译文，第二部分为外文文献原文，译文与原文均需单独编制页码（底端居中）并注明出处。