Third-order perturbative solutions in the Lagrangian perturbation theory with pressure II E

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In the beginning was game semantics

a r X i v :c s /0507045v 3 [c s .L O ] 24 O c t 2008In the beginning was game semanticsGiorgi Japaridze ∗AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of computability logic —the game-semantically constructed logic of interactive computational tasks and resources.There is only one non-overview,technical section in it,devoted to a proof of the soundness of aﬃne logic with respect to the semantics of computability logic.Invited book chapter to appear in Games:Unifying Logic,Language and Philosophy.O.Majer,A.-V.Pietarinen and T.Tulenheimo,eds.,Springer.Contents1Introduction 22Constant games73Games in general,and nothing but games 104Game operations144.1Negation ................................................144.2Choice operations ...........................................154.3Parallel operations ..........................................174.4Reduction ...............................................194.5Blind operations ...........................................224.6Recurrence operations ........................................235Static games 336Winnability 357Validity378Uniform validity 399Logic CL44010Applied systems based on CL 4311Aﬃne logic4712Soundness proof for aﬃne logic4912.1CL4-derived validity lemmas ....................................5012.2Closure lemmas ............................................5112.3More validity lemmas ........................................5412.4Iteration principle for branching recurrence ............................5812.5Finishing the soundness proof for aﬃne logic ...........................6413What could be next?651IntroductionIn the beginning was Semantics,and Semantics was Game Semantics,and Game Semantics was Logic.1 Through it all concepts were conceived;for it all axioms are written,and to it all deductive systems should serve...This is not an evangelical story,but the story and philosophy of computability logic(CL),the recently introduced[12]mini-religion within logic.According to its philosophy,syntax—the study of axiomatizations or any other,deductive or nondeductive string-manipulation systems—exclusively owes its right on existence to semantics,and is thus secondary to it.CL believes that logic is meant to be the most basic,general-purpose formal tool potentially usable by intelligent agents in successfully navigating the real life.And it is semantics that establishes that ultimate real-life meaning of logic.Syntax is important,yet it is so not in its own right but only as much as it serves a meaningful semantics,allowing us to realize the potential of that semantics in some systematic and perhaps convenient or eﬃcient way.Not passing the test for soundness with respect to the underlying semantics would fully disqualify any syntax,no matter how otherwise appealing it is.Note—disqualify the syntax and not the semantics.Why this is so hardly requires any explanation: relying on an unsound syntax might result in wrong beliefs,misdiagnosed patients or crashed spaceships.Unlike soundness,completeness is a desirable but not necessary condition.Sometimes—as,say,in the case of pure second-order logic,orﬁrst-order applied number theory with+and×—completeness is impossible to achieve in principle.In such cases we may still beneﬁt from continuing working with various reasonably strong syntactic constructions.A good example of such a“reasonable”yet incomplete syntax is Peano arithmetic.Another example,as we are going to see later,is aﬃne logic,which turns out to be sound but incomplete with respect to the semantics of CL.And even when complete axiomatizations are known,it is not fully unusual for them to be sometimes artiﬁcially downsized and made incomplete for eﬃciency,simplicity,convenience or even esthetic considerations.Ample examples of this can be found in applied computer science.But again,while there might be meaningful trade-oﬀs between(the degrees of)completeness,eﬃciency and other desirable-but-not-necessary properties of a syntax,the underlying semantics remains untouchable,and the condition of soundness unnegotiable.It is that very untouchable core that should be the point of departure for logic as a fundamental science.A separate question,of course,is what counts as a semantics.The model example of a semantics with a capital‘S’is that of classical logic.But in the logical literature this term often has a more generous meaning than what CL is ready to settle for.As pointed out,CL views logic as a universal-utility tool.So,a capital-‘S’-semantics should be non-speciﬁc enough,and applicable to the world in general rather than some very special and artiﬁcially selected(worse yet,artiﬁcially created)fragment of it.Often what is called a semantics is just a special-purpose apparatus designed to help analyze a given syntactic construction rather than understand and navigate the outside world.The usage of Kripke models as a derivability test for intuitionistic formulas,or as a validity criterion in various systems of modal logic is an example.An attempt to see more than a technical,syntax-serving instrument(which,as such,may be indeed very important and useful)in this type of lowercase‘s’semantics might create a vicious circle:a deductive system L under question is“right”because it derives exactly the formulas that are valid in a such and such Kripke semantics; and then it turns out that the reason why we are considering the such and such Kripke semantics is that... it validates exactly what L derives.This was about why in the beginning was Semantics.Now a few words about why Semantics was Game Semantics.For CL,game is not just a game.It is a foundational mathematical concept on which a powerful enough logic(=semantics)should be based.This is so because,as noted,CL sees logic as a“real-life navigational tool”,and it is games that appear to oﬀer the most comprehensive,coherent,natural,adequate and convenient mathematical models for the very essence of all“navigational”activities of agents:their interactions with the surrounding world.An agent and its environment translate into game-theoretic terms as two players;their actions as moves;situations arising in the course of interaction as positions;and success or failure as wins or losses.It is natural to require that the interaction strategies of the party that we have referred to as an“agent”be limited to algorithmic ones,allowing us to henceforth call that player a machine.This is a minimum conditionthat any non-esoteric game semantics would have to satisfy.On the other hand,no restrictions can or should be imposed on the environment,who represents‘the blind forces of nature,or the devil himself’([12]). Algorithmic activities being synonymous to computations,games thus represent computational problems—interactive tasks performed by computing agents,with computability meaning winnability,i.e.existence of a machine that wins the game against any possible(behavior of the)environment.In the1930s mankind came up with what has been perceived as an ultimate mathematical deﬁnition of the precise meaning of algorithmic solvability.Curiously or not,such a deﬁnition was set forth and embraced before really having attempted to answer the seemingly more basic question about what com-putational problems are—the very entities that may or may not have algorithmic solutions in theﬁrst place.The tradition established since then in theoretical computer science by computability simply means Turing computability of functions,as the task performed by every Turing machine is nothing but receiving an input x and generating the output f(x)for some function f.Turing[34]himself,however,was more cautious about making overly broad philosophical conclusions,acknowledging that not everything one would potentially call a computational problem might necessarily be a function,or reducible to such.Most tasks that computers and computer networks perform are interactive.And nowadays more and more voices are being heard[8,15,30,36]pointing out that true interaction might be going beyond what functions and hence ordinary Turing machines are meant to capture.Two main concepts on which the semantics of CL is based are those of static games and their winnability (deﬁned later in Sections5and6).Correspondingly,the philosophy of CL relies on two beliefs that,together, present what can be considered an interactive version of the Church-Turing thesis:Belief1.The concept of static games is an adequate formal counterpart of our intuition of(“pure”, speed-independent)interactive computational problems.Belief2.The concept of winnability is an adequate formal counterpart of our intuition of algorithmic solvability of such problems.As will be seen later,one of the main features distinguishing the CL games from more traditional game models is the absence of procedural rules([2])—rules strictly regulating which player is to move in any given situation.Here,in a general case,either player is free to move.It is exactly this feature that makes players’strategies no longer deﬁnable as functions(functions from positions to moves).And it is this highly relaxed nature that makes the CL games apparently mostﬂexible and general of all two-player,two-outcome games.Trying to understand strategies as functions would not be a good idea even if the type of games we consider naturally allowed us to do so.Because,when it comes to long or inﬁnite games,functional strategies would be disastrously ineﬃcient,making it hardly possible to develop any reasonable complexity theory for interactive computation(the next important frontier for CL or theoretical computer science in general).To understand this,it would be suﬃcient to just reﬂect on the behavior of one’s personal computer.The job of your computer is to play one long—potentially inﬁnite—game against you.Now,have you noticed your faithful servant getting slower every time you use it?Probably not.That is because the computer is smart enough to follow a non-functional strategy in this game.If its strategy was a function from positions (interaction histories)to moves,the response time would inevitably keep worsening due to the need to read the entire—continuously lengthening and,in fact,practically inﬁnite—interaction history every time before responding.Deﬁning strategies as functions of only the latest moves(rather than entire interaction histories)in Abramsky and Jagadeesan’s[1]tradition is also not a way out,as typically more than just the last move matters.Back to your personal computer,its actions certainly depend on more than your last keystroke.Computability in the traditional Church-Turing sense is a special case of winnability—winnability restricted to two-step(input/output,question/answer)interactive problems.So is the classical concept of truth,which is nothing but winnability restricted to propositions,viewed by CL as zero-step problems,i.e. games with no moves that are automatically won or lost depending on whether they are true or false.This way,the semantics of CL is a generalization,reﬁnement and conservative extension of that of classical logic.Thinking of a human user in the role of the environment,computational problems are synonymous to computational tasks—tasks performed by a machine for the user/environment.What is a task for a machine is then a resource for the environment,and vice versa.So the CL games,at the same time, formalize our intuition of computational resources.Logical operators are understood as operations on suchtasks/resources/games,atoms as variables ranging over tasks/resources/games,and validity of a logical formula as being“always winnable”,i.e.as existence—under every particular interpretation of atoms—of a machine that successfully accomplishes/provides/wins the corresponding task/resource/game no matter how the environment behaves.With this semantics,‘computability logic is a formal theory of computability in the same sense as classical logic is a formal theory of truth’([13]).Furthermore,as mentioned,the classical concept of truth is a special case of winnability,which eventually translates into classical logic’s being nothing but a special fragment of computability logic.CL is a semantically constructed logic and,at this young age,its syntax is only just starting to develop, with open problems and unveriﬁed conjecture prevailing over answered questions.In a sense,this situation is opposite to the case with some other non-classical traditions such as intuitionistic or linear logics where, as most logicians would probably agree,“in the beginning was Syntax”,and really good formal semantics convincingly justifying the proposed syntactic constructions are still being looked for.In fact,the semantics of CL can be seen to be providing such a justiﬁcation,although,at least for linear logic,this is only in a limited sense explained below.The set of valid formulas in a certain fragment of the otherwise more expressive language of CL forms a logic that is similar to but by no means the same as linear logic.The two logics typically agree on short and simple formulas(perhaps with the exception for those involving exponentials,where disagreements may start already on some rather short formulas).For instance,both logics reject P→P∧P and accept P→P⊓P, with classical-shape propositional connectives here and later understood as the corresponding multiplicative operators of linear logic,and square-shape operators as additives(⊓=“with”,⊔=“plus”).Similarly,both logics reject P⊔¬P and accept P∨¬P.On the other hand,CL disagrees with linear logic on many more evolved formulas.E.g.,CL validates the following two principles rejected even by aﬃne logic AL—linear logic with the weakening rule:((P∧Q)∨(R∧S))→((P∨R)∧(Q∨S));(P∧(R⊓S))⊓(Q∧(R⊓S))⊓((P⊓Q)∧R)⊓((P⊓Q)∧S)→(P⊓Q)∧(R⊓S).Neither the similarities nor the discrepancies are a surprise.The philosophies of CL and linear logic overlap in their striving to develop a logic of resources.But the ways this philosophy is materialized are rather diﬀerent.CL starts with a mathematically strict and intuitively convincing semantics,and only after that,as a natural second step,asks what the corresponding logic and its possible axiomatizations are.On the other hand,it would be accurate to say that linear logic started directly from the second step.Even though certain companion semantics were provided for it from the very beginning,those are not quite what we earlier agreed to call capital-‘S’.As a formal theory of resources(rather than that of phases or coherent spaces),linear logic has been motivated and introduced syntactically rather than semantically,essentially by taking classical sequent calculus and deleting the rules that seemed unacceptable from a certain intuitive, naive resource point of view.Hence,in the absence of a clear formal concept of resource-semantical truth or validity,the question about whether the resulting system was complete could not even be meaningfully asked.In this process of syntactically rewriting classical logic some innocent,deeply hidden principles could have easily gotten victimized.CL believes that this is exactly what happened,with the above-displayed formulas separating it from linear logic—and more such formulas to be seen later—viewed as babies thrown out with the bath water.Of course,many retroactive attempts have been made toﬁnd semantical (often game-semantical)justiﬁcations for linear logic.Technically it is always possible to come up with some sort of a formal semantics that matches a given target syntactic construction,but the whole question is how natural and meaningful such a semantics is in its own rights,and how adequately it corresponds to the logic’s underlying philosophy and ambitions.‘Unless,by good luck,the target system really is“the right logic”,the chances of a decisive success when following the odd scheme from syntax to semantics could be rather slim’([12]).The natural scheme is from semantics to syntax.It matches the way classical logic evolved and climaxed in G¨o del’s completeness theorem.And,as we now know,this is exactly the scheme that computability logic,too,follows.Intuitionistic logic is another example of a syntactically conceived logic.Despite decades of eﬀorts,no fully convincing semantics has been found for it.Lorenzen’s game semantics[5,29],which has a concept of validity without having a concept of truth,has been perceived as a technical supplement to the existing syntax ratherthan as having independent importance.Some other semantics,such as Kleene’s realizability[25]or G¨o del’s Dialectica interpretation[7],are closer to what we might qualify as capital-‘S’.But,unfortunately,they validate certain principles unnegotiably rejected by intuitionistic logic.From our perspective,the situation here is much better than with linear logic though.In[19],Heyting’sﬁrst-order intuitionistic calculus has been shown to be sound with respect to the CL semantics.And the propositional fragment of Heyting’s calculus has also been shown to be complete([20,21,22,35]).This signiﬁes success—at least at the propositional level—in semantically justifying intuitionistic logic,and a materialization of Kolmogorov’s [26]well known yet so far rather abstract thesis according to which intuitionistic logic is a logic of problems. Just as the resource philosophy of CL overlaps with that of linear logic,so does its algorithmic philosophy with the constructivistic philosophy of intuitionism.The diﬀerence,again,is in the ways this philosophy is materialized.Intuitionistic logic has come up with a“constructive syntax”without having an adequate underlying formal semantics,such as a clear concept of truth in some constructive sense.This sort of a syntax was essentially obtained from the classical one by banning the oﬀending law of the excluded middle. But,as in the case of linear logic,the critical question immediately springs out:where is a guarantee that together with excluded middle some innocent principles would not be expelled as well?The constructivistic claims of CL,on the other hand,are based on the fact that it deﬁnes truth as algorithmic solvability.The philosophy of CL does notﬁnd the term constructive syntax meaningful unless it is understood as soundness with respect to some constructive semantics,for only a semantics may or may not be constructive in a reasonable sense.The reason for the failure of P⊔¬P in CL is not that this principle...is not included in its axioms.Rather,the failure of this principle is exactly the reason why this principle,or anything else entailing it,would not be among the axioms of a sound system for CL.Here“failure”has a precise semantical meaning.It is non-validity,i.e.existence of a problem A for which A⊔¬A is not algorithmically solvable.It is also worth noting that,while intuitionistic logic irreconcilably deﬁes classical logic,computability logic comes up with a peaceful solution acceptable for everyone.The key is the expressiveness of its lan-guage,that has(at least)two versions for each traditionally controversial logical operator,and particularly the two versions∨and⊔of disjunction.As will be seen later,the semantical meaning of∨conservatively extends—from moveless games to all games—its classical meaning,and the principle P∨¬P survives as it represents an always-algorithmically-solvable combination of problems,even if solvable in a sense that some constructivistically-minded might fail—or pretend to fail—to understand.And the semantics of ⊔,on the other hand,formalizes and conservatively extends a diﬀerent,stronger meaning which apparently every constructivist associates with disjunction.As expected,then P⊔¬P turns out to be semantically invalid.CL’s proposal for settlement between classical and constructivistic logics then reads:‘If you are open(=classically)minded,take advantage of the full expressive power of CL;and if you are constructivis-tically minded,just identify a collection of the operators whose meanings seem constructive enough to you, mechanically disregard everything containing the other operators,and put an end to those fruitlessﬁghts about what deductive methods or principles should be considered right and what should be deemed wrong’([12]).Back to linear—more precisely,aﬃne—logic.As mentioned,AL is sound with respect to the CL semantics,a proof of which is the main new technical contribution of the present paper.This is deﬁnitely good news from the“better something than nothing”standpoint.AL is simple and,even though incomplete, still reasonably strong.What is worth noting is that our soundness proof for AL,just as all other soundness proofs known so far in CL,including that for the intuitionistic fragment([19]),or the CL4fragment([18]) that will be discussed in Section9,is constructive.This is in the sense that,whenever a formula F is provable in a given deductive system,an algorithmic solution for the problem(s)represented by F can be automatically extracted from the proof of F.The persistence of this phenomenon for various fragments of CL carries another piece of good news:CL provides a systematic answer not only to the theoretical question “what can be computed?”but,as it happens,also to the more terrestrial question“how can be computed?”.The main practical import of the constructive soundness result for AL(just as for any other sublogic of CL)is related to the potential of basing applied theories or knowledge base systems on that logic,the latter being a reasonable,computationally meaningful alternative to classical logic.The non-logical axioms—or knowledge base—of an AL-based applied system/theory would be any collection of(formulas representing) problems whose algorithmic solutions are known.Then our soundness result for AL guarantees that every theorem T of the theory also has an algorithmic solution and that,furthermore,such a solution,itself,canbe eﬀectively constructed from a proof of T.This makes AL a systematic problem-solving tool:ﬁndinga solution for a given problem reduces toﬁnding a proof of that problem in an AL-based theory.The incompleteness of AL only means that,in its language,this logic is not as perfect/strong as as a formaltool could possibly be,and that,depending on needs,it makes sense to continue looking for further soundextensions(up to a complete one)of it.As pointed out earlier,when it comes to applications,unlike soundness,completeness is a desirable but not necessary condition.With the two logics in a sense competing for the same market,the main—or perhaps only—advantage of linear logic over CL is its having a nice and simple syntax.In fact,linear logic is(rather than has)abeautiful syntax;and computability logic is(rather than has)a meaningful semantics.At this point it isnot clear what a CL-semantically complete extension of AL would look like syntactically.As a matter of fact,while the set of valid formulas of the exponential-free fragment of the language of linear logic has beenshown to be decidable([18]),so far it is not even known whether that set in the full language is recursivelyenumerable.If it is,ﬁnding a complete axiomatization for it would most likely require a substantially new syntactic approach,going far beyond the traditional sequent-calculus framework within which linear logic isconstructed(a possible candidate here is cirquent calculus,brieﬂy discussed at the end of this section).And, in any case,such an axiomatization would hardly be as simple as that of AL,so the syntactic simplicityadvantage of linear logic will always remain.Well,CL has one thing to say:simplicity is good,yet,if it ismost important,then nothing can ever beat...the empty logic.The rest of this paper is organized as follows.Sections2-8provide a detailed introduction to the basicsemantical concepts of computability logic:games and operations on them,two equivalent models of inter-active computation(algorithmic strategies),and validity.The coverage of most of these concepts is more detailed here than in the earlier survey-style papers[12,15]on CL,and is supported with ample examplesand illustrations.Section9provides an overview,without a proof,of the strongest technical result obtained so far in computability logic,speciﬁcally,the soundness and completeness of system CL4,whose logical vo-cabulary contains negation¬,parallel(“multiplicative”)connectives∧,∨,→,choice(“additive”)connectives⊓,⊔with their quantiﬁer counterparts⊓,⊔,and blind(“classical”)quantiﬁers∀,∃.Section10outlines potential applications of computability logic in knowledge base systems,systems for planning and action,and constructive applied theories.There the survey part of the paper ends,and the following two sectionsare devoted to a formulation(Section11)and proof(Section12)of the new result—the soundness of aﬃne logic with respect to the semantics of CL.Theﬁnal Section13outlines some possible future developments in the area.This paper gives an overview of most results known in computability logic as of the end of2005,by thetime when the main body of the text was written.The present paragraph is a last-minute addition made atthe beginning of2008.Below is a list of the most important developments that,due to being very recent, have received no coverage in this chapter:•As already mentioned,the earlier conjecture about the completeness of Heyting’s propositional intu-itionistic calculus with respect to the semantics of CL has been resolved positively.A completenessproof for the implicative fragment of intuitionistic logic was given in[20],and that proof was later extended to the full propositional intuitionistic calculus in[21].With a couple of months’delay, Vereshchagin[35]came up with an alternative proof of the same result.•In[22],the implicative fragment of aﬃne logic has been proven to be complete with respect to thesemantics of computability logic.The former is nothing but implicative intuitionistic logic without the rule of contraction.Thus,both the implication of intuitionistic logic and the implication of aﬃne logic have adequate interpretations in CL—speciﬁcally,as the operations◦–and→,respectively.Intuitively,as will be shown later in Section4,these are two natural versions of the operation ofreduction,with the diﬀerence between A◦–B and A→B being that in the former A can be“reused”while in the latter it cannot.[22]also introduced a series of intermediate-strength natural versions of reduction operations.•Section4.6brieﬂy mentions sequential operations.The recent paper[24]has provided an elaborationof this new group of operations(formal deﬁnitions,associated computational intuitions,motivations,etc.),making them full-ﬂedged citizens of computability logic.It has also constructed a sound andcomplete axiomatization of the fragment of computability logic whose logical vocabulary,together with negation,contains three—parallel,choice and sequential—sorts of conjunction and disjunction.•Probably the most signiﬁcant of the relevant recent developments is the invention of cirquent calculus in[16,23].Roughly,this is a deductive approach based on circuits instead of formulas or sequents.It can be seen as a reﬁnement of Gentzen’s methodology,and correspondingly the methodology of linear logic based on the latter,achieved by allowing shared resources between diﬀerent parts of sequents and proof trees.Thanks to the sharing mechanism,cirquent calculus,being more general andﬂexible than sequent calculus,appears to be the only reasonable proof-theoretic approach capable of syntactically taming the otherwise wild computability logic.Sharing also makes it possible to achieve exponential-magnitude compressions of formulas and proofs,whether it be in computability logic or the kind old classical logic.2Constant gamesThe symbolic names used in CL for the two players machine and environment are⊤and⊥,respectively.℘is always a variable ranging over{⊤,⊥},with¬℘meaning℘’s adversary,i.e.the player which is not℘.Even though it is often a human user who acts in the role of⊥,our sympathies are with⊤rather than⊥,and by just saying“won”or“lost”without specifying a player we always mean won or lost by⊤.The reason why I should be a fan of the machine even—in fact especially—when it is playing against me is that the machine is a tool,and what makes it valuable as such is exactly its winning the game,i.e. its not being malfunctional(it is precisely losing by a machine the game that it was supposed to win what in everyday language is called malfunctioning).Let me imagine myself using a computer for computing the “28%of x”function in the process of preparing my federal tax return.This is a game where theﬁrst move is mine,consisting in inputting a number m and meaning asking⊤the question“what is28%of m?”.The machine wins iﬀit answers by the move/output n such that n=0.28m.Of course,I do not want the machine to tell me that27,000is28%of100,000.In other words,I do not want to win against the machine.For then I could lose the more important game against Uncle Sam.Before getting to a formal deﬁnition of games,let us agree without loss of generality that a move is always a string over the standard keyboard alphabet.One of the non-numeric and non-punctuation symbols of this alphabet,denoted♠,is designated as a special-status move,intuitively meaning a move that is always illegal to make.A labeled move(labmove)is a move preﬁxed with⊤or⊥,with its preﬁx(label)indicating which player has made the move.A run is a(ﬁnite or inﬁnite)sequence of labmoves,and a position is a ﬁnite run.We will be exclusively using the lettersΓ,∆,Θ,Φ,Ψ,Υ,Λ,Σ,Πfor runs,α,β,γ,δfor moves,andλfor labmoves.Runs will be often delimited by“ ”and“ ”,with thus denoting the empty run.The meaning of an expression such as Φ,℘α,Γ must be clear:this is the result of appending to positionΦthe labmove ℘αand then the runΓ.We write¬Γfor the result of simultaneously replacing every label℘in every labmove ofΓby¬℘.Our ultimate deﬁnition of games will be given later in terms of the simpler and more basic class of games called constant.The following is a formal deﬁnition of constant games combined with some less formal conventions regarding the usage of certain terminology.Deﬁnition2.1A constant game is a pair A=(Lr A,Wn A),where:1.Lr A,called the structure of A,is a set of runs not containing(whatever-labeled)move♠,satisfying the condition that aﬁnite or inﬁnite run is in Lr A iﬀall of its nonemptyﬁnite—not necessarily proper—initial segments are in Lr A(notice that this implies ∈Lr A).The elements of Lr A are said to be legal runs of A,and all other runs are said to be illegal runs of A.We say thatαis a legal move for℘in。

物流系统规划与设计教材(PPT52页)

对一些而言需要客观的评估，对于另外一些而言更多的是主观评估，因为它们涉及到历史实践或者仅仅是个人喜好。 Objective assessment can be made for some and others are more subjective, because they relate to historical practices or merely personal preference. However the key drivers for third-party distribution can be broadly split into three categories. These categories are cost, organizational factors and physical factors.
●集中企业内部的核心竞争力的原因 The need to focus reasons on core competencies within the business
●缺乏仓储设施 Lack of warehousing facilities
●缺乏内部专门知识的汽车业务 Lack of internal expertise in vehicle operations
●战略联盟，是指每一方有需求，而且另一方可以满足，并且两方为了互惠互利享有共同的价值观，目标和企业战略的
计划持续的关系。 Strategic alliance, where a planned ongoing relationship, where each party has needs that the other can fulfill, and both firms share values,
7、第三方物流的关键驱动因素

对联邦快递了解的英语作文

对联邦快递了解的英语作文With the fast-growing popularity of online shopping, the express delivery industry is booming. Indeed, the delivery service is facilitating our life and work, but there are still some potential problems needed to be addressed.For one thing, it is not rare for customers' personal information to be leaked via couriers or their companies or illegally sold for commercial purposes, which might throw customers into danger. For another, there havebeen customer complaints about the damage caused to their purchased articles due to the rough handling of parcels by the couriers who toss or step on parcels. Under such circumstance, customers usually cannot gain compensation because of the lack of explicit regulations defining the responsibilities ofthe delivery companies.These problems call for stricter rules and greater efforts, to better regulate express delivery companies to protect the interests of customers andto ensure the healthy and sustainable development of the e-commerce industry.With the rapid growth of our national economy, Chinese Delivery Industry experienced a booster at the rate of 30% every year in China , but it also has a lot of problems.Since , the first express enterprises established in shenzhen, accordingto statistics, at present there are more than express enterprises in China. EMS and other state-owned enterprises,the famous private enterprises such as : ShunFeng, ShenTong, TuanTong, ZhongTong,the foreign companies such as DHL, UPS;Obviously, ShunFeng is the fastest growing company, its business not onlyall over the country, but also developed abroad,such as South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia and other countrieshowever, there are also many problems in our express industry. For example: there are a lot of small family businesses with old management mode, onlyforcus on their own interests, can not consider the entire enterprise's long-term development.We should take some measures to improve the situation. For example, to strengthen the government regulation , apply more technology, improve work efficiency and service quality.As the development of puter, people count on puter so much, now most businesses are done online, trading online saves people a lot of time and it is very convenient. As more and more people choose to shop online, there es the relative services, the most important one is express deliver. Many years ago, express deliver is not that popular, now it bees the main tool for people to receive online products. Express deliver is very fast, the panies make the promise that the customers can get their products in three days. Many years ago, people can get their things in a week, now express deliver shorten the time. What’s more, the express deliver can deliver the produc ts to the customers’ homes, people don’t have to go out, how convenient it is. I like to use express deliver, it facilitates my life and saves me a lot of time。

Softeon WMS和WES解决方案介绍说明书

Solution OverviewSofteon offers a comprehensive solution set with an advanced Warehouse Management System (WMS), integrated Parcel Manifesting System, and Warehouse Execution System (WES), helping users increase productivity, throughput, and customer satisfaction.The WES can deliver value for distribution centers of all types: high levels of automation, mid-level or manual operations. It also provides direct management and optimization of voice, smart carts, put walls, pick-to-light, mobile robots and more -with multiple customer benefits.In addition to WMS and WES, Softeon offers Labor and Resource Management, Assembly and Kitting, Yard Management, TMS, Parcel, 3PL Billing, Distributed Order Management (DOM), Direct Store Delivery, and Reverse Logistics.Solution TypeWarehouse Management System Regions SupportedUS Customer SizesMedium, large, enterprise, and omnichannel SpecialtiesE-commerce, retail, and third-party logistics StrengthsHelps increase efficiencies, automate processes, highly configurable CapabilitiesVast integrations, custom business rules, full process automation Shipping Volume1,500 -100,000 (customer daily target volume)Pricing$10,000 -$40,000+ per month Scalable?Yes Customizable?YesQuick Facts:Provider Contact Dan Gilmore Chief Marketing Officer +1.703.793.0005********************FedEx ®Services Supported•FedEx Ground Economy®•FedEx First Overnight®•FedEx Priority Overnight®•FedEx Standard Overnight®•FedEx 2Day®•FedEx 2Day® A.M •FedEx Express Saver®•FedEx Economy®•FedEx 1Day® Freight •FedEx 2Day® Freight •FedEx 3Day® Freight,•FedEx One Rate®•FedEx UK NextDay •FedEx UK Saturday •FedEx International Europe First •FedEx First Overnight® Freight •FedEx International First®•FedEx International Priority® Express •FedEx International Priority®•FedEx International Economy®•FedEx International Economy® Freight •FedEx International Priority® Freight •FedEx International Ground®•FedEx International Direct Distribution® •FedEx International Economy® Freight •FedEx Ground®•FedEx Home Delivery®•FedEx Return Services •Print Return Label (Domestic)•Print Return Label (International)•FedEx Express Tag® Request/Cancel •FedEx Ground® Call Tag Request/Cancel •Email Label Request/Cancel •Email Label Request/Cancel International。

《供应链管理》相关术语

Supply Chain供应链Supply Chain Management 供应链管理Value Chain价值链Operation 运作Logistics Management 物流管理Material Flow 物流Information Flow 信息流Money Flow资金流Logistics activity 物流活动Supply Chain Partnership供应链合作关系Supplier-Manufacturer供应商--制造商关系Vender/Supplier-Buyer卖方/供应商—买主关系Supplier Partnership供应商关系Outsourcing 业务外包Logistics enterprise 物流企业Third-part logistics（TPL）第三方物流Lean Production 精益生产Just-in-time 准时制Zero-inventory logistics零库存技术Postponement Technology 延迟技术策略Theory of Constraints 约束理论Optimized Production Technology 最优生产技术Quick response (QR) 快速反映efficient customer response(ECR) 有效客户反映continuous replenishment program (CRP) 连续库存补充计划vendor managed inventory (VMI) 供应商管理库存Logistics alliance 物流联盟Virtual enterprise虚拟企业Supply Chain Cost 供应链成本Transaction cost 交易成本Direct cost 直接成本Activity Based Costing 作业成本Value chain analytical 价值链分析Customer Profitability 客户收益Direct Product Profitability 直接产品收益Total Cost of Ownership 所有权总成本Product Life Cycle 产品生命周期Process Management流程管理Lead Time 前置时间Channel Management 渠道管理Economic Globalization 经济全球化Global Supply Chain 全球供应链Supply Chain Risk Managemet供应链风险管理。

即时配送服务质量与消费者满意度研究——基于熵值法与IPA分析法

农业展望,2024,20(4):107-114.Agricultural Outlook潘雅翔,林莉(福建农业职业技术学院福建福州350007)摘要:作为即时零售履约的最后一环和即时经济发展的基础设施,即时配送扮演着至关重要的作用。

本研究基于物流服务质量评价的SERVQUAL 模型、LSQ 模型、卡诺(Kano )模型与统计分析等方法,结合《2022中国即时物流行业研究报告》的研究分析,以及GB/T 42500-2023《即时配送服务规范》国家标准为参照支撑,构建即时零售下即时配送服务水平评价指标体系,运用熵值法确定各指标权重,在IPA 模型分析框架下,运用SPSS 27.0软件测算出各指标的重要性及满意度均值与P-I 的均值差,结合即时物流配送服务题项因子均值IPA 分析图,提出物流企业应合理设置最迟送达时长,改进配送商品的工具和绿色环保货品包装设施,提升“配送的准时率”,解决配送商品包装不易拆卸的问题,即时物流配送平台也应加强对配送人员进行充分的岗前培训并优化完善消费者评价体系,提升全面服务水平,通过优化配送路径,高效精准配单以及合理设置并通过电话、短信等提醒,主动与消费者沟通等精准提升策略,更有效地提高配送服务质量,也为即时零售企业寻求更好的即时配送解决方案提供有益借鉴。

关键词:即时配送;消费者满意度;熵值法;IPA 分析法开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):As the final link of instant retail fulfillment and the infrastructure for the development ofinstant economy,instant delivery plays a crucial role.Based on the evaluation model of logistics service quality,including SERVQUAL,LSQ,Kano model,and statistical analysis methods,combined with the research and analysis of the 2022China Instant Logistics Industry Research Report as well as the national standard GB/T 42500-2023Instant Delivery Service Specification ,this study constructed an evaluation index system for the service level of instant delivery under instant retail,using the entropy method to determine the weights of each index.Under the IPA model analysis framework,SPSS 27.0software was used to calculate the importance of each index,the mean difference of satisfaction degree,and P-I bined with the mean IPA analysis chart of factors in instant logistics delivery service,this study收稿日期:基金项目:联系方式:Instant Delivery Service Quality and Consumer Satisfaction—Based on the Entropy Method and IPA Analysis Method即时配送服务质量与消费者满意度研究———基于熵值法与IPA 分析法(Fujian Agricultural Vocational College,Fuzhou 350007,Fujian )Pan Yaxiang,Lin Li2024-01-04中共福建省委教育工委2022年度“我为建设新福建献良策”专题“低碳经济背景下的物流企业绿色低碳管理研究”(项目编号:JAT22145)潘雅翔,E-mail :****************。

第三方物流服务的顾客满意度研究_基于电子商务情景_韩超群

一、引言随着互联网在全球范围内的快速普及，电子商务作为网络化的新型经济形式，正以前所未有的速度迅猛发展，网络购物逐渐成为网民生活中一项重要的组成部分。

根据艾瑞咨询最近统计数据显示，２０１０年中国网络购物市场交易规模达４９８０．０亿元，较２００９年增长８９．４％［１］。

电子商务的交易流程主要由信息流、资金流和物流三大支撑平台构成。

物流的配送作为电子商务交易最后的商品所有权转移环节，是电子商务成功发展的重要因素［２］。

当前，在与电子商务的信息流，资金流相关的技术都获得较快发展的情况下，物流却成为阻碍我国电子商务发展的最大瓶颈。

基于中国电子商务情景，研究影响网购顾客对第三方物流服务满意的关键因素对学界与业界都具有极其重要的意义。

近年来，随着电子商务中物流问题的日益突出，物流顾客满意度问题成为国内外学者研究的热点。

虽然国外学者对物流顾客满意度问题进行了大量研究，但由于文化背景与产业发展第三方物流服务的顾客满意度研究———基于电子商务情景韩超群（上海电机学院商学院，上海２０１３０６）收稿日期：２０１４－０１－０８基金项目：襄阳市研究与开发计划项目；上海电机学院科研专项项目（１４ＱＤ１１）；上海电机学院资产管理学科项目（１３ＸＫＺＣ０２）。

作者简介：韩超群（1979-），女，湖北襄樊人，博士研究生，研究方向：物流与供应链管理。

摘要：在中国电子商务情景下，基于国内外物流服务质量与顾客满意的相关文献和顾客的访谈，从第三方物流服务的实体配送服务质量和顾客营销服务质量两个方面出发，结合信息系统和营销学领域的信息化水平和品牌形象变量构建了我国电子商务情景下第三方物流的顾客满意度模型。

采用结构方程模型对收集的４２３份国内电子商务第三方物流服务顾客数据进行分析。

结果表明，电子商务情景下，除实体配送服务质量外，顾客营销服务质量是第三方物流服务质量的关键维度。

研究还发现，第三方物流服务质量显著正向影响顾客对物流服务的满意度；物流信息化水平和品牌形象对第三方物流服务质量存在显著正向影响，且还通过第三方物流服务质量对顾客满意存在重要的间接影响。

单词缩写沃尔沃汽车零部件开发项目

SICM SML SOP SP SPA SPC SPFU SPL SQR SREA SRICA SRSA STA TA TCF TE TIE TMS TO TPD TPL TR TS TT UN UP UPL VCCS VCE VCG VCI VCMS VCPA VCT VIR VLD VPDS VQE VRT VSIM VSIM WCR
Emergency Responce Action ElectroStatic Discharge Engineering Sample Evaluation Report Early Supplier Involvement Engineering Statement of Work Engineering Statement Of Work Field Action Board Field Action Stop Shipment Factory Complete Functions Left In Tiko Final Status Report Full Truck Load Global 8 Diciplines Geometry Assurance Engineer Global Dimensioning Tolerancing Geomtry Engineer Global Product Development System Geometry System Utvecklare Global Terms & Conditions Global Terms & Conditions Global Technology Development System Inbound logistics Interim Containment Action ISO Modular Carton International Material Data System Induvidual Moving Range Intellectual Property International Plant Protection Convention International Standard International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures Joined Purchasing Team Knock Down Operations Kontruktions Data Personvagnar Key Performance Indicator Key process Input Variables Key Process Output Variables Lean Deployment Assessment Lean Enterprise Quality Management Logistics Service Provider Ministry of Environmental Protection Materials Management Operations Guideline Logistics Evaluation Multi Party Matrix Milk Run Material Required Date Manufacturing Site Assessment Measurement System Analysis Master Service Agreements Non Disclosure Agreement New Model Launch Normal Weekly Capacity Overall Equipment Effectiveness Operational Management Open To Go Problem Analys

【行业资讯】ISPE发布第三版技术转移指南（中英对照版）

【行业资讯】ISPE发布第三版技术转移指南（中英对照版）Good Practice Guide: Technology Transfer 3rd Edition 良好实践指南：技术转移第三版Transfer of manufacturing processes and analytical procedures between facilities or laboratories is a necessary part of pharmaceutical development and commercialization. Technology transfers take the outputs of process or method development activities and transfer the knowledge to a different location where a process or analytical procedure will be operated.在工厂或实验室之间转移生产工艺和分析程序是药品开发和商业化的必要部分。

技术转移获取工艺或方法开发活动的结果，并将知识转移到工艺或者方法执行的不同位置。

This Guide presents industry good practices for successful and efficient execution of technology transfer projects. It intends to achieve a balance between risk management and cost effectiveness while aligning with applicable regulatory expectations.本指南介绍了成功和有效地执行技术转移项目的良好做法。

它旨在实现风险管理和成本效益之间的平衡，同时符合适用的监管预期。

Perturbative String Dynamics Near the Photon Sphere

DT ϕµ,T = 0,
ϕµ,T ϕ,T µ = 0.
(4)
III. STRING DYNAMICS IN PERTURBATIVE APPROACH
Referring to the results of Ref. [3] we want to use the perturbative scheme of Section II for the discussion of string dynamics in Schwarzschild spacetime with the line element given by (M is the Schwarzschild mass with the dimension of (length)−1, h¯ = c = 1 and G is Newton constant with the dimension of (length)2)
arXiv:hep-th/9809176v1 24 Sep 1998
Perturbative String Dynamics Near the Photon Sphere
Mariusz P. Da¸browski ∗ Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, Wielkopolska 15, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
we need the solution for the zeroth approximation functions ϕµ. The general solution of the geodesic equations (4) for a massless particle in Schwarzschild spacetime is well-known [13]. Here we want to apply a particular form of the solution of the geodesic motion which describes a massless particle moving on the photon sphere in Schwarzschild spacetime in the form [3]

PhysRevLett.96.210403

Tuning the Mott Transition in a Bose-Einstein Condensate by Multiple Photon AbsorptionC.E.Crefﬁeld and T.S.MonteiroDepartment of Physics and Astronomy,University College London,Gower Street,London WC1E6BT,United Kingdom(Received4April2006;published1June2006)We study the time-dependent dynamics of a Bose-Einstein condensate trapped in an optical lattice.Modeling the system as a Bose-Hubbard model,we show how applying a periodic drivingﬁeld can inducecoherent destruction of tunneling.In the low-frequency regime,we obtain the novel result that thedestruction of tunneling displays extremely sharp peaks when the driving frequency is resonant with thedepth of the trapping potential(‘‘multi-photon resonances’’),which allows the quantum phase transitionbetween the Mott insulator and the superﬂuid state to be controlled with high precision.We further showhow the waveform of theﬁeld can be chosen to maximize this effect.DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.210403PACS numbers:05.30.Jp,03.65.Xp,03.75.Lm,73.43.NqRecent spectacular progress in trapping cold atomicgases[1]has provided a new arena for studying quantummany-body physics.In particular,ultracold bosons held inoptical potentials provide an almost ideal realization of theBose-Hubbard(BH)model[2],in which the model pa-rameters can be controlled to high precision.As well astheir purely theoretical interest,these systems attract at-tention because of their possible application to quantuminformation processing[3].The BH model is described by the HamiltonianH BH ÿJXh i;j i a yia j H:c:U2Xin i n iÿ1 ;(1)where a i(a y i)are the standard annihilation(creation) operators for a boson on site i,n i a y i a i is the number operator,J is the tunneling amplitude between neighboring sites,and U is the repulsion between a pair of bosons occupying the same site.Its physics is governed by the competition between the kinetic energy and the Hubbard interaction,and thus by the ratio U=J.When U=J 1the tunneling dominates,and the ground state of the system is a superﬂuid.As U=J is increased the system passes through a quantum phase transition,and evolves into a Mott-insulator(MI)state in which the bosons localize on the lattice sites.This phase transition was observed experimentally in Ref.[4]by varying the depth of the optical potential.In this Letter we propose an alternative method:applying an addi-tional oscillatory potential induces coherent destruction of tunneling(CDT),and thus suppresses the effect of J.CDT is a quantum interference effect,discovered in the pioneer-ing work of Ref.[5],in which the period for tunneling between states diverges as their associated quasienergies [6]approach degeneracy.Here we show how CDT can be used to control the dynamics of a boson condensate,by means of a novel resonance effect between U and the frequency of the drivingﬁeld.We consider a one-dimensional BH model, driven by a time-periodic potential which varies linearly with site number.The Hamiltonian is given byH t H BH Kf tX Njjn j;(2)where K is the amplitude of the drivingﬁeld,and f t is a T-periodic function of unit amplitude that describes its waveform.Such time-periodic linear potentials—gener-ated by an accelerated lattice for example—have already been used in cold-atom experiments[7].A similar form of driving potential was also recently investigated theoreti-cally[8]in the high-frequency regime(!>U),and was found to suppress the transition to the superﬂuid regime. Here,for theﬁrst time,the multiphoton(low-frequency) regime is investigated.An unexpected newﬁnding is that CDT is now modulated by a set of extremely sharp‘‘reso-nances’’[the contrast between the high-frequency behavior and the multiphoton regime investigated here is illustrated in Fig.1(a)].This means that the Mott transition can be induced by minute changes in experimental parameters. Henceforth we put@ 1and measure all energies in units of J,and set the number of bosons equal to the number of lattice sites N.Although the dimension of the Hilbert space increases exponentially with N,in a Fock basis H is extremely sparse,with at most 2Nÿ1)nonzero entries per row.Thus despite the rapid increase in the dimension of the Hilbert space,this sparsity allows us to treat relatively large systems of up to11sites,and so assess if the effects we observe survive in the thermodynamic limit.Our numerical investigation consists of initializing the system in the‘‘ideal’’MI state,j MI iQ a yjj0i,and evolving the many-particle Schro¨dinger equation over time(typically ten periods of the drivingﬁeld)using a Runge-Kutta method.To study the system’s time-evolution quantitatively,we measure the overlap of the wave func-tion with the initial state P t jh MI j t ij2.For conve-nience we term the minimum value of P t attained during the time evolution to be the localization.When CDT occurs,the system will remain frozen in the MI state,and consequently the localization will be close to 1.Conversely,if the bosons are able to tunnel freely from site to site,the value of the localization will be reduced.We begin by considering the case of sinusoidal driving,f t sin !t .The MI transition is quite soft in 1D,starting at U ’4and developing fully for U >20.Throughout this work we use an intermediate value of U 8.Figure 1(a)shows how the localization in a 7-site system varies as the amplitude of the driving ﬁeld is increased,while its fre-quency is held constant at ! 20.For K 0the local-ization has a value of 0:3,demonstrating that in the absence of a driving ﬁeld this value of U is indeed insufﬁ-cient to maintain the MI state.Applying the driving ﬁeld causes the localization to steadily rise from this value as K is increased from zero,indicating that the effective tunnel-ing between lattice sites is increasingly suppressed,until it peaks at a value close to 1at K=! 2:4.As K is increased further,the localization goes through a shallow local mini-mum,before again peaking at K=! 5:5.It was observed [8]that these values of K=!are close to the ﬁrst two zeros of J 0,the zeroth Bessel function.Reducing the driving frequency to a lower value,! 8,produces a radically different behavior—the value of the localization rapidly drops as K=!is increased from zero,indicating that the ﬁeld destroys the MI state.As K=!is increased further the value of the localization remains extremely low except at a series of very sharp peaks.Figure 1(b)emphasizes the narrowness of these peaks by showing the time evolution of the system for two values ofK .For the ﬁrst,K 3:5!,P t rapidly falls from its initial value,reaching a level near zero within ﬁve driving peri-ods.There is a small dependence on the system size,with the decay occurring more quickly as N is increased.At the localization peak,K 3:8!,P t decays far more slowly with time,so that after 20periods of driving it only falls to a value of 0:9,and only minor dependence on N is evident.Thus for this value of !,altering the amplitude of the ﬁeld by just 10%produces enormous differences in the localization.Although the Hamiltonian (2)is explicitly time depen-dent,the fact that it is periodic allows us to use the Floquettheorem to write solutions of the Schro¨dinger equation as t exp ÿi j t j t ,where j is the quasienergy,and j t is a T -periodic function called the Floquet state [6].As the quasienergies are only deﬁned up to an arbitrary multiple of !,the quasienergy spectrum possesses a Brillouin zone structure,in precise analogy to the quasi-momentum in spatially periodic crystals.For the Floquet analysis,we work in an extended Hilbert space of T -periodic functions [9].In this approach,the Floquet states and quasienergies satisfyH t j j t i j j j t i ;(3)where H t H t ÿi @@=@t .Working in this extended Hilbert space thus reduces the task of calculating the time-dependent,driven dynamics of the system to a time-inde-pendent eigenvalue problem.To study the behavior of the quasienergies,we make use of a perturbative scheme developed in Ref.[10]to treat noninteracting systems,and later generalized in Ref.[11]to include interactions.Our procedure is to ﬁrst ﬁnd the eigensystem of the operator H 0 t H 0 t ÿi @@=@t ,where H 0contains terms diagonal in a Fock basis (i.e.,the driving term and the Hubbard interaction).We are thenable to use standard Rayleigh-Schro¨dinger perturbation theory to evaluate the corrections to this result,using the remaining terms of H BH as the perturbation.For the two-site system,a natural basis is given by the Fock states fj 1;1i ;j 2;0i ;j 0;2ig ,where j n;m i denotes the state with n bosons on the ﬁrst site and m on the second.Finding the eigensystem of H 0then amounts to solving three ﬁrst-order differential equations,yielding the resultj t i0;exp ÿi U ÿ t i K!cos !t ;0j 0 t i0;0;exp ÿi U ÿ 0 t ÿi K!cos !tj ÿ t i exp i ÿt ;0;0 :(4)Imposing the T -periodic boundary condition on these states requires setting ÿ 0and U ÿ =0 m!,where m is an integer.Thus in general it is not possible to include the full Hubbard-interaction term within H 0,depending on its commensurability with !.To deal with this it is necessary to decompose U into a form which0246800.51L o c a l i z a t i o n Time / TP (t )ω=20ω=8(a)FIG.1(color online).(a)The minimum overlap with the MI state,or localization ,reached in a 7-site system with U 8,during 10periods of driving.For ! 20(dashed line)the localization peaks at K=! 2:4;5:5—the zeros of J 0 K=! .When !is reduced to ! 8(the ﬁrst photon resonance,solid line),the peaks become extremely narrow and are centered on the zeros of J 1 K=! .The diamonds mark the points K=! 3:5and 3.8(see below).(b)Time evolution of the ! 8case for three system sizes,7,9,and 11sites.For K=! 3:5,away from the resonance,the overlap with the initial state,P t ,rapidly drops to zero.For K=! 3:8,at the peak of the resonance,the decay is much slower,indicating that the driving ﬁeld preserves the MI state.duplicates the Brillouin zone structure of the quasienergiesU n! u;n 0;1;2...(5)where u is the ‘‘reduced interaction,’’j u j !=2.This decomposition reveals that only the reduced interaction needs to be included in the perturbation,while the remain-der of U (an integer multiple of !)can be retained in H 0.To ﬁrst order it is easily shown that the three quasiener-gies are given by0 u and u u 2 16J 2eff q =2;(6)where the intersite tunneling has been reduced to an effec-tive value J eff J J n K=! ,and n and u are deﬁned in Eq.(5).Thus in the high-frequency limit (! U ),when n 0and u U ,it is clear that the quasienergies 0and are degenerate when J 0 K=! 0.In Fig.2(a)we show the excellent agreement between the perturbative result and the exact quasienergies for a driving ﬁeld of frequency ! 20.In Fig.2(b)we plot the corresponding value of the localization,and it can be clearly seen that the peaks in this quantity are indeed centered on the points of closest approach of the quasienergies.It may be seen from Eq.(6)that for large values of u ,the quasienergy separa-tion ÿ 0 ’4J 2eff =u .The effect of u is thus to reduce the amplitude of oscillations in this quantity,and so to smear out the avoided crossings of the quasienergies.As a result,the peaks in the localization are rather broad andoverlap each other,and thus the localization cannot reach particularly low values.Equation (5)reveals the particular importance of photon resonances ,when U is an integer multiple of the frequency of the driving ﬁeld,U n!.When this condition is sat-isﬁed the reduced interaction is zero,and the crossings between the quasienergies are well-deﬁned.This is the origin of the extremely sharp peaks in localization seen in Fig.1(a)for ! U 8.Away from these peaks,the photon absorption compensates for the energy cost of doubly occupying a lattice site,in analogy to the photon-assisted tunneling studied in Ref.[12],thereby producing low values of localization.In Fig.2(c)we plot the quasie-nergies for the ﬁrst photon resonance (n 1)for the two-site system.For weak ﬁelds (K=!<2)small deviations of the exact quasienergies from the perturbative result are visible,but for higher ﬁeld strengths the agreement is again excellent.In Fig.2(d)we plot the localization produced in this system,and we can note that,as seen previously in the 7-site system,the localization takes extremely low values except at a set of very narrow peaks.These peaks are precisely aligned with the quasienergy crossings at the zeros of J 1 K=! .As we reduce !still further,we can expect to encounter a sequence of higher resonances with similar behavior.In Fig.3(a)we compare the values of localization produced in a 7-site system for the n 1and n 2resonances.The second photon resonance,however,produces a worse re-sult than for n 1.Although sharp peaks are still present in the localization,and in agreement with the perturbation theory they are indeed centered on the zeros of J 2 K=! ,the maximum value of localization produced is consider-ablylower.Q u a s i e n e r gyK/ω0.80.91L o c a l i z a t i o n K/ω01(b)(d)FIG.2(color online).(a)Quasienergy spectrum of a 2-site system,with U 8and ! 20.Only two of the three quasie-nergies are plotted (the remaining one oscillates weakly about zero),which make a series of close approaches to each other as K is increased.Solid lines in (a)and (c)(red online)denote the perturbative solutions,which agree well with the exact results (black circles).(b)At the points of close approach,the tunneling is suppressed and the localization peaks.For all ﬁeld strengths the tunneling is suppressed with respect to the undriven system,and the localization is thus enhanced.(c)At lower frequencies the behavior of the quasienergies changes dramati-cally.At ! 8the system is at the ﬁrst photon resonance (U !),and the behavior of the quasienergies is described extremely well by the perturbative solutions 0; 2J 1 K=! .(d)As before,the localization is peaked at the points of quasienergy crossing,but in contrast to (b)the peaks are extremely sharp.0K/ω00.51L o c a l i z a t i o nK/ω00.51L o c a l i z a t i o nsine wave square wave(a)(b)FIG.3(color online).Localization produced in a 7-site system (U 8)for two forms of periodic driving:(a)sinusoidal,(b)square wave.Both waveforms produce excellent localization at the ﬁrst photon resonance,! U ,shown by solid black lines.At the second photon resonance (2! U ),shown by dashed lines (red online),the localization produced by the sinusoidal driving is considerably smaller,but the square wave still pro-duces high peaks.This poor localization occurs because not all of the quasienergy crossings in the Floquet spectrum of a many-site system will occur at precisely the same value of K=!;instead the various crossings occur over an inter-val.Thus although at the peaks in the localization many pairs of Floquet states will be degenerate(and tunneling between them will be suppressed),other state-pairs will only be approximately degenerate and will permit a small, but nonzero,degree of tunneling to occur.The major factors inﬂuencing this effect arise from higher-order terms in the expansion of the single-period time-evolution opera-tor U T;0 ,which manifest as multiparticle tunneling and tunneling beyond nearest neighbors.CDT is a quantum interference effect,which occurs when the dynamical phase acquired by a particle in a period of driving produces destructive interference,thereby suppressing the particle’s dynamics.If,however,a‘‘clump’’of n1bosons tunnels between sites,the dynamical phase will be n1times largerthan that for a single boson.Similarly,if a boson tunnels between two sites separated by n2>1lattice spacings,the dynamical phase will be n2times larger.For sinusoidal driving,the single-particle tunneling is suppressed when J n K=! 0;for these higher-order processes also to be suppressed we therefore also require J n n1n2K=! 0 for integers n1;n2 1;2...N.Clearly this condition cannot be satisﬁed for sinusoidal driving,as the zeros of J n x are not equally spaced.Thus to observe good localization properties at high photon resonances we need to construct a drivingﬁeld f t such that the crossings in its Floquet spectrum are periodically spaced.This problem was confronted in a different context in Ref.[13],where it was shown that such aﬁeld must be discontinuous at changes of sign.Possibly the simplest ﬁeld of this type,and the most convenient for experiment, is a square waveﬁeld.In Fig.3(b)we show the localization obtained in a7-site system driven by a square ing the same perturba-tive approach as before,it may be shown that the quasi-energy degeneracies occur for K=! 2m 1or2m, depending on whether the order of the resonance n is odd or even.Unlike the case of sinusoidal driving,the n 2 resonance displays good localization,comparable to that obtained for n 1.A contour plot showing the localiza-tion as a function of both K=!and!ÿ1is presented in Fig.4.The prominent horizontal bands correspond to the photon resonances(!ÿ1 n=U),which are punctuated by a series of narrow peaks at which the localization is pre-served.This plot also clearly shows the division between the fairly featureless,poorly localized,‘‘weak-driving’’regime to the upper left,and the‘‘strong-driving’’regime which shows the resonance features.For the latter,the dynamics of the system are dominated by the combined effect of the drivingﬁeld and the Hubbard interaction,and thus is well described by our form of perturbation theory.Figure4allows us to locate the boundary between the two regimes quite accurately as K=!’ 2U =!.In summary,we have investigated the dynamics of the BH model under a periodic drivingﬁeld.For high frequen-cies[8]theﬁeld can be used to inhibit tunneling by means of CDT and thus stabilize the MI state.Lowering the frequency,however,reveals the existence of resonance effects which can be used to selectively destroy or preserve the MI state.Lower driving frequencies have the added advantages in experiment that they heat the condensate less,and will not drive transitions to higher Bloch bands thereby invalidating the single band model.The extremely narrow width of the resonance features indicates that it should be possible to control the Mott transition very precisely in thismanner.[1]O.Morsch and M.Oberthaler,Rev.Mod.Phys.78,179(2006).[2] D.Jaksch et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.81,3108(1998).[3] D.Jaksch et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.82,1975(1999).[4]M.Greiner et al.,Nature(London)415,39(2002).[5] F.Grossmann,T.Dittrich,P.Jung,and P.Ha¨nggi,Phys.Rev.Lett.67,516(1991).[6]M.Grifoni and P.Ha¨nggi,Phys.Rep.304,229(1998).[7]G.Hur,C.E.Crefﬁeld,P.H.Jones,and T.S.Monteiro,Phys.Rev.A72,013403(2005).[8] A.Eckardt,C.Weiss,and M.Holthaus,Phys.Rev.Lett.95,260404(2005).[9]H.Sambe,Phys.Rev.A7,2203(1973).[10]M.Holthaus,Z.Phys.B89,251(1992).[11] C.E.Crefﬁeld and G.Platero,Phys.Rev.B65,113304(2002);66,235303(2002).[12] A.Eckardt,T.Jinasundera,C.Weiss,and M.Holthaus,Phys.Rev.Lett.95,200401(2005).[13]M.M.Dignam and C.M.de Sterke,Phys.Rev.Lett.88,046806(2002).K0.1250.250.3750.5123n=n=n=n=4FIG.4(color online).The localization produced in a5-site system with U 8as a function of the frequency!of the square wave drivingﬁeld and its amplitude K.When n! U the localization is almost zero[the centers of the horizontal bands(blue online)]except at sharply deﬁned peaks(red back-ground online).Between the bands localization is good.The n 1,2,3,and4resonances are marked on the right.The upper-left triangle(blue online)displays poor localization and little struc-ture,corresponding to the nonperturbative regime.。

如何选择一个有效的第三方物流供应商【外文翻译】

外文翻译原文How to Choose an Effective Third Party Logistics Provider Material Source:Management Research News Author:Seyed AbstractThe purpose of this article was to identify the steps that need to be taken when choosing an effective third party logistics provider. Based on the research completed, it was determined that third party logistics are beneficial to many companies. The use of third party logistics provides a competitive advantage in today’s business world. The optimal solution for a company choosing a third party logistic provider would be a five-step process.IntroductionThe intention of the research is to identify the most effective ways of choosing a third party logistics (TPL) provider. Logistics management consists of three core functions: transportation management, inventory management, and value added services. Third party logistics is defined as when a third party is brought in to help manage these functions. A TPL provider is an independent economic entity that creates value for its client. A trucking company, a warehouse operator, and a contract manufacturer can all be considered third parties. The TPL industry is constantly changing, although its existence is nothing new. The range of value propositions they offer today has changed dramatically in recent years. Global industry consolidation, technology integration, industry specialisation, and industry alliance networks have driven this change.TPL integrates expertise in transportation management, inventory management, and value added services. State of the art technology is a part of each of these functions. TPL create reliable distribution channels and thorough controls. TPL are highly efficient, and tap into highly specialised capabilities and functions that increase value for any company. TPL provide warehouse management, consolidate shipments, select carriers, provide logistics information systems and provide fleet management and operations. TPL also negotiate rates, manage product returns, help with product assembly and installation and provide order fulfilment, as well asreplenish inventory. TPL have a significant impact on not only the past and present but also the future. TPL provide a wide range of benefits depending on the needs of the company. The advantages include lower costs, improved expertise, market knowledge, and data access. TPL also improves operational efficiency, customer service, provides an ability to focus on core business objectives, and provides greater flexibility. Today, more than ever it is essential for a company to create a competitive advantage either locally or globally.A successful third party arrangement consists of good communication, a commitment from both parties to succeed, a reward structure for the third party and a corporate chemistry. Corporate chemistry refers to two parties sharing common business beliefs and practices. Productive TPL requires good relationships between a company and its TPL providers. This relationship requires ongoing maintenance.A company can expect cost savings, productivity improvements, hassle free operation, and measurable service improvements when they find the right TPL provider that works. Communication is the key component in any third party logistics relationship. When looking for a TPL provider, companies should be up-front with their expectations. Companies should research a TPL provider’s ability to accomplish what the company wants. The requirements of the TPL providers from the company also need to be discussed.The focus of this article is on how to choose an effective TPL provider. TPL can be implemented and useful in nearly every industry, whether it is retail, service, manufacturing, etc. It is also possible for a company to use more than one TPL provider. TPL differs from industry to industry. Therefore, each industry has to look at its specific needs when choosing a TPL provider. The focus of the present article is on identifying the steps involved in choosing a good TPL provider, and these steps will be mostly related to the retail and service industries. Every industry has its own unique needs and so it is important that the TPL provider is right for the particular company. This research shows that TPL can be very effective if the proper tools are used in implementing one.BackgroundLogistics is the process of strategically managing movement and storage of material or products and related information from any point in the manufacturing process through consumer fulfilment. Many articles and abstracts focus on how TPL are being used more often. TPL has become a more popular technique for managing transportation, warehouse and inventory management.TPL are often seen as providers of the integrated supply chain, which uses many value-added services to work with the customer. The market for TPL services is growing by 18 to 22 per cent a year. TPL originally began as public warehousing during the 1970’s. Managers of warehouses began selling space to businesses in the area that had run out of space or were in need of additional space during the busy seaso ns. During the 1980’s TPL expanded into selling not only space but also offering throughput to physical distribution managers who wanted to improve customer service with their current customers. By the 1990’s TPL saw the consolidation of both warehousing and transportation organisations to offer logistics support to logistics vice presidents who saw an opportunity to reduce costs and through value-added services provide higher levels of customer satisfaction via third party logistics (Tompkins 1999). There has also been another direction added to TPL in the 1990’s, which is a warehouse management system. Warehouse management systems are often in the form of order entry. Now as we move into the 21st century, we are seeing even more change in the service offering of TPL. Users continue to rely most heavily on third parties for warehousing management (56 per cent), transportation services (49 per cent), and shipment consolidation (43 per cent).Use of TPL for these “traditional” logistics functions has remained r elatively stable in recent years, but the use of third parties for a number of manufacturing related functions has generally declined (Gooley 2000).Most TPL facilities have brought together materials handling equipment and systems to be able to handle many operational goods such as high throughput, picking efficiency, rapid order processing, efficient use of space and efficient processing of value-added services. The goal of TPL providers is to customise operations to supplement their transport and warehousing services. TPL often uses the customised activities as entry into the distribution channel. By operating warehouses and transportation systems for manufacturers, third party logistics have carved out a position in distribution channel operations (Van Hoek 2000). Customisation may be used to increase turnover in a higher-margin area of the supply chain. By offering supplementary services, TPL can penetrate segments of the supply chain with higher-value added operations, such as final manufacturing, than the commonly offered transport and warehousing based services.There are many benefits to using TPL They offer expertise and cost advantages to the company. Some of the benefits include reduced need for personnel, reduced transportation and distribution cost, improved customer service, improved cycletime and freed up capital in manufacturers and marketers non-core areas. TPL can leverage tremendous freight volumes in contract negotiations with carriers to receive rates lower than what an individual shipper could obtain (Cooke 1998). TPL is also able to put money into warehouses and equipment and spread those costs throughout a group of customers.This method can also be used when purchasing supply chain software that is used for distribution operations. Another benefit of outsourcing is that money is not spent on warehouse buildings, equipment like trucks and forklifts, and supply chain software.Many fortune 500 companies have now outsourced transportation, warehouse, and inventory management, functions that are not part of their core competencies (Burnson 2000). Papa John’s pizza restaurants are one such company that has chosen to outsource using UPS logistics group. UPS logistics manages the routing, scheduling and delivery of pizza ingredients for Papa Jo hn’s and its supply subsidiary. However, UPS also provides the services of restocking the shelves, rotating the products and cleaning up afterwards. Papa John’s has been very successful with UPS logistics, they handle over 200,000 bulk deliveries per year. Deliveries are made six days a week to PJ Food Service Quality Control Centres where twice weekly deliveries are made to more than 2,000 of the Papa John’s restaurants. Keeping tight on schedule is crucial because there is often only a three to four day s upply of fresh ingredients so Papa John’s counts on the twice aweek deliveriesUPS logistics employees have many tasks that are completed for Papa John’s. The drivers, also known as “customer service specialists” or “associates” not only deliver the products but they have an understanding about the products. The associates monitor the temperature of the pizza dough as it is being delivered. Each associate has a specific routine that has to be fol lowed. The order must first be filled and the products are rotated for maximumfreshness. After that the associate must clean up any mess, this may go as far as sweeping and mopping the floors. Also as a value added service and customer service programme UPS logistics conducts frequent surveys with the managers of the restaurants, study the delivery network and provide suggestions for optimisation. By studying the delivery network UPS logistics is able to keep up with the changing volume of business. With UPS logistics continued high level of performance over-seeing supply delivery, they have had great significance on Papa John’s ability to provide a very high qualityexperience to their customers. With all of the hard work that UPS logistics has done, Papa John’s named UPS logistics Group as Quality Supply Partner of the Year for 2000.Five-Step ProcessThere are many different TPL that market different services, from grocery store chains to clothing manufacturers. To help in determining what third party logistics to choose here is a five-step process.Step 1 - Making the DecisionFirst, the company needs to decide if they need a TPL. Ateam of individuals representing all departments within a company should make the decision.This means manufacturing, sales, marketing, finance, quality control and customer.Step 2 - Developing Criteria and ObjectivesNext, the company needs to come up with the objectives it is trying to achieve and the criteria that the company believes the provider should meet.This can be done by discussing them with all of the different departments involved in the decision making process. In addition, the company should make a “Top 10 List” of TPL that most closely fit the company.Step 3 - The Weeding out ProcessAfter the company has made a list of possible TPL company’s, letters of interest should be sent to each one. The letter should include: that the company is exploring a possible relationship with them, information about the company and the specifics of the logistics needs, and ask the TPL companies for a company profile and its capabilities. The TPL companies should respond within a month. If there is no response within a month, the company should follow up with a phone call. Based on the response the company should be able to narrow the list down to a “Top 2 List” or “Top 3 List”.The company should prepare a request for proposal (RFP) to be sent to the “Top 2 List” or “Top 3 List”. The RFP is the most time-consuming of all the steps. Some companies hire consulting firms to assist them in completing the RFP. However, most companies complete the process themselves. The RFP should include: a company profile, an organisational chart, customer information transportation requirements, project description, square footage, product flow, transactional information, and computer systems information.Other things that may be included are: company goals, priorities, order leadtime, number of SKUs, handling specifications, peak shipping periods, and any information that will familiarise the third party logistics with the company.Step 4 - Determining Your Top ProspectNext, the company needs to meet the potential TPL companies. First, the company sets up appointments to meet management to do “walk-throughs” of their facilities, and learn all about the TPL. Members of the decisionmaking team should go together to the “site-vists”. Some questions that should be asked are: What are their customer service policies? Is the staff friendly? Are they organised? Is the facility in good condition?To help make the relationship with the TPL successful here are several key areas:The TPL has similar value/objectives as the companyThe TPL has information technology systems that are up-to-dateThe TPL key management is trustworthy/not difficult to work withThe company and the TPL have a mutual respect for one anotherBoth have a shared willingness to make the relationship workAfter considering everything, the decision-making team should know enough about the TPL to decide which one is the best for the company.Then, notify all the TPL that participated in the selection process and thank them. It is important that to leave with a positive perception of the company because the company may need the TPL in the future.Step 5 - Beginning the New PartnershipThe company begins a new partnership with the “Chosen TPL” just as in the selection process. Collect details, ask questions, and feel them out to ensure that both companies are on the same level. Communicate on a regular basis, which includes internal, external, and customer communication.TPL ExampleRedwood Systems is a dynamic TPL provider and a fast-growing leader in the emerging field of logistics management. It was incorporated in 1997. Redwood Systems is a full-service contract logistics company with 11 locations in North America. Redwood Systems “manages goods while at rest or in motion” through integrated supply chain transportation and inventory management business processes. They are a single-source logistics solution, which means they are one-stop solution for all your logistics requirements. Redwood Systems specialises in transportation services; technology-based solutions; analytical modelling and planning; contractwarehousing, inventory management and transportation; business process re-engineering and global multi-modal logistics.Their core competencies and areas of expertise are the centre of our Logistics capabilities:Transportation ManagementInventory ManagementValue-added ServicesAccording to Redwood Systems, companies who use them should expect to save between 15 and 30 per cent of typical logistics costs. They will demonstrate and provide tangible, measurable results that impact your bottomline.Redwood Systems has business partners that bring value to the company. EXE Technologies is the leading provider of supply chain execution (SCE) software, featuring best-of-bread warehouse management systems (WMS). This company develops and markets Exceed, a multi-platform software solution, for retail, wholesale, manufacturing, packaged goods and third party logistics applications. EXE has enhanced Redwood Systems applications. Their technology team is one of the most experienced in implanting and integrating EXE software suites. Exceed Software Suite is easily configured and can run on multiple locations from one database. Features include: Graphical User Interface, Open Database Connectivity, Multiple Database Compliant, Multiple SKUing, Multiple Application Program Interface, and Security.i2 Technology brings state-of-art transportation management software that promotes planning, collaboration and decision support to supply chain managers. Redwood Systems is a fully licensed provider of TradeMatrix, the Transportation Suite that is scalable and allows companies to manage multi-carrier relationships, create optimised transportation schedules for your clients and permits companies to both see and control logistics processes. The i2 TradeMatrix Suite includes: Transportation Manager, TransportationModeller, Transportation Optimiser, Supply Chain Strategist, and Global Logistics Monitor.Consolidated Freightways Corporations (CFC) is a leading marketer of practical eBusiness tools and web-based applications that smooth and enhanceour ability to collaborate, communicate and make sound business decisions. Since it is the parent company of Redwood Systems it gives them a backing of $2.3 billion corporation. CFC is a technology leader and gives Redwood Systems IT resources that are recognised as industry standards. Through CFC, Redwood Systems employssatellite tracking and tracing technologies, full EDI, customs clearances, accounting, invoicing and claims processing, custom web sites, and awide variety of relevant technology that enhance our business processes.Redwood Systems has satellite tracking and freight tracing, which contributes to management teams’ ability to make decisions on freight moving through the supply chain. Their parent company, CFC, has designed and built a freight tracking and tracing network that is unmatched in the industry. Also available, are a wide variety of eBusiness tools including:Access to document images including delivery receipts, bills of lading and weight certificates easily viewed on the web browser.Real-time detailed shipment tracking including GPS location of inventory.Freight bill copies including rated shipment information.Transit reports and manifests.On-line access to freight claim status.ConclusionChoosing the right TPL provider requires careful examination of what the company expects from a TPL provider. Then a company needs to find out if the provider has the ability to mee t the company’s goals. Finally, means of communication should be established between the TPL provider and the company that hires them. TPL providers can reduce freight costs and shorten order-cycle and delivery times for their customers. They also provide the necessary systems capabilities, technical expertise and related skills to shippers. Companies using TPL can enjoy significant reductions in its activity-based costing structure while maintaining service performance.译文如何选择一个有效的第三方物流供应商资料来源：管理研究新闻杂志作者：赛义德摘要本文的研究目的是要确定在选择一个有效第三方物流供应商时需要采取的步骤。

USP38通用章节目录中文

USP38通用章节目录中文USP38-通用章节指导目录(附录)Guide to General Chapters 通用章节指导General Requirements for Test and Assays检查与含量分析的一般要求＜1＞INJECTIONS AND IMPLANTED DRUG PRODUCTS (PARENTERALS)—PRODUCT QUALITY TESTS 注射和植入药物产品(注射用) —产品质量测试＜1＞INJECTIONS注射剂＜2＞ORAL DRUG PRODUCTS—PRODUCT QUALITY TESTS 口服药物产品质量测试＜3＞TOPICAL AND TRANSDERMAL DRUG PRODUCTS—PRODUCT QUALITY TESTS 局部和透皮药物产品—产品质量测试＜4＞MUCOSAL DRUG PRODUCTS—PRODUCT QUALITY TESTS 粘膜药物产品质量测试＜5＞INHALATION AND NASAL DRUG PRODUCTS—GENERAL INFORMATION AND PRODUCT QUALITY TESTS 吸入剂产品—产品质量测试＜7＞LABELING 标签＜11＞USP REFERENCE STANDARDS USP标准品Apparatus for Test and Assays用于检查与含量分析的器具＜17＞PRESCRIPTION CONTAINER LABELING处方容器标签＜21＞THERMOMETERS温度计＜31＞VOLUMETRIC APPARATUS容量器具＜41＞BALANCES天平Microbiological Tests 微生物检查法＜51＞ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS TESTING抗菌剂有效性检查法＜55＞BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS—RESISTANCE PERFORMANCE TESTS生物指示剂－耐药性实验＜61＞MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF NONSTERILE PRODUCTS: MICROBIAL ENUMERATION TESTS非无菌产品的微生物限度检查：微生物列举检查法＜62＞MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF NONSTERILE PRODUCTS: TESTS FOR SPECIFIED MICROORGANISMS 非无菌产品的微生物限度检查：特定微生物检查法＜63＞MYCOPLASMA TESTS 支原体检查法＜71＞STERILITY TESTS无菌检查法Biological tests and assays生物检查法与测定法＜81＞ANTIBIOTICS—MICROBIAL ASSAYS抗生素－微生物测定＜85＞BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS TEST细菌内毒素检查法＜87＞BIOLOGICAL REACTIVITY TESTS, IN VITRO体外的生物反应性检查法＜88＞BIOLOGICAL REACTIVITY TESTS, IN VIVO 体内的生物反应性检查法＜89＞ENZYMES USED AS ANCILLARY MATERIALS IN PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING 药品生产中酶作为辅料所使用＜90＞FETAL BOVINE SERUM—QUALITY ATTRIBUTES AND FUNCTIONALITY TESTS 牛胎儿血清-质量品质和功能检查法＜91＞CALCIUM PANTOTHENATE ASSAY泛酸钙测定法＜92＞GROWTH FACTORS AND CYTOKINES USED IN CELL THERAPY MANUFACTURING 在细胞疗法中使用生长因子和细胞因子＜111＞DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS 生物测定法的设计与分析＜115＞DEXPANTHENOL ASSAY右泛醇（拟胆碱药）测定法＜121＞INSULIN ASSAYS胰岛素测定法＜121.1＞PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES FOR INSULINS胰岛素的物理化学分析程序＜123＞GLUCAGON BIOIDENTITY TESTS 高血糖素的生物鉴别检查法＜124＞ERYTHROPOIETIN BIOASSAYS 红细胞生成素的微生物测定＜126＞SOMATROPIN BIOIDENTITY TESTS 生长激素的生物鉴别检查法＜130＞PROTEIN A QUALITY ATTRIBUTES 蛋白质A的质量特征＜151＞PYROGEN TEST热原检查法＜161＞TRANSFUSION AND INFUSION ASSEMBLIES AND SIMILAR MEDICAL DEVICES 输血输液用具以及相类似的医疗器械＜171＞VITAMIN B12 ACTIVITY ASSAY……2548维生素B12活性测定法Chemical Tests and assays化学实验检查与测定法鉴别检查＜181＞IDENTIFICATION—ORGANIC NITROGENOUS BASES 鉴别－有机氮碱化合物＜191＞IDENTIFICATION TESTS—GENERAL鉴别实验－通用＜193＞IDENTIFICATION—TETRACYCLINES鉴别－四环素类＜197＞SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION TESTS分光光度计鉴别实验＜201＞THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION TEST薄层色谱鉴别实验Limit Tests 限度检查法＜206＞ALUMINUM铝＜207＞TEST FOR 1,6-ANHYDRO DERIV ATIVE FOR ENOXAPARIN SODIUM依诺肝素钠的酐类衍生物实验＜208＞ANTI-FACTOR Xa AND ANTI-FACTOR IIa ASSAYS FOR UNFRACTIONATED AND LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARINS 普通肝素和低分子肝素产品中抗体Xa和抗体IIa测定＜209＞LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN MOLECULAR WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS 低分子肝素钠分子量测定＜211＞ARSENIC砷＜221＞CHLORIDE AND SULFATE氯和硫＜223＞DIMETHYLANILINE二甲基苯胺＜226＞4-EPIANHYDRO-TETRACYCLINE4－？－四环素＜227＞4-AMINOPHENOL IN ACETAMINOPHEN-CONTAINING DRUG PRODUCTS 对乙酰氨酚药物产品中氨基酚＜228＞ETHYLENE OXIDE AND DIOXANE 环氧乙烷和二氧六环＜231＞HEA VY METALS重金属（删除）＜232＞ELEMENTAL IMPURITIES—LIMITS 元素杂质-限度＜233＞ELEMENTAL IMPURITIES—PROCEDURES 元素杂质-规程＜241＞IRON铁＜251＞LEAD铅＜261＞MERCURY汞＜267＞POROSIMETRY BY MERCURY INTRUSION 水银孔隙仪＜268＞POROSITY BY NITROGEN ADSORPTION–DESORPTION 氮吸附-解吸测定孔隙率＜271＞READILY CARBONIZABLE SUBSTANCES TEST易碳化物检查法＜281＞RESIDUE ON IGNITION炽灼残渣＜291＞SELENIUM硒Other Tests and Assays 其它检查法与测定法＜301＞ACID-NEUTRALIZING CAPACITY酸中和容量＜311＞ALGINATES ASSAY藻酸盐测定法＜341＞ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS—CONTENT 抗菌剂－含量＜345＞Assay for Citric Acid/Citrate and Phosphate 柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐和磷酸盐的测定＜351＞ASSAY FOR STEROIDS类固醇（甾类化合物）测定法＜361> BARBITURATE ASSAY 巴比妥类药物测定法＜371＞COBALAMIN RADIOTRACER ASSAY钴铵素放射性跟踪剂测定法＜381＞ELASTOMERIC CLOSURES FOR INJECTIONS 注射剂的弹性密封件＜391＞EPINEPHRINE ASSAY肾上腺素测定法＜401＞FATS AND FIXED OILS脂肪与混合油＜411＞FOLIC ACID ASSAY叶酸测定法＜413＞IMPURITIES TESTING IN MEDICAL GASES 医用气体杂质检查＜415＞MEDICAL GASES ASSAY 医用气体含量检查＜425＞IODOMETRIC ASSAY—ANTIBIOTICS碘量检查法－抗生素＜429＞LIGHT DIFFRACTION MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE SIZE粒径的光衍射测量法＜431＞METHOXY DETERMINATION甲氧基测定法＜441＞NIACIN OR NIACINAMIDE ASSAY 烟酰或烟酰胺测定法＜451＞NITRITE TITRATION亚硝酸盐滴定＜461＞NITROGEN DETERMINATION氮测定法＜466＞ORDINARY IMPURITIES一般杂质＜467＞RESIDUAL SOLVENTS残留溶剂＜469＞ETHYLENE GLYCOL, DIETHYLENE GLYCOL, AND TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL IN ETHOXYLATED SUBSTANCES乙氧基物质中乙二醇、二甘醇、三甘醇测定＜471＞OXYGEN FLASK COMBUSTION氧瓶燃烧法＜481＞RIBOFLAVIN ASSAY核黄素（维生素B2）测定法＜501＞SALTS OF ORGANIC NITROGENOUS BASES有机氮盐＜503＞ACETIC ACID IN PEPTIDES 多肽类中乙酸测定＜511＞SINGLE-STEROID ASSAY单一的类固醇测定法＜525＞SULFUR DIOXIDE 二氧化硫＜531＞THIAMINE ASSAY硫胺素测定法＜541＞TITRIMETRY滴定法＜551＞VITAMIN E ASSAY维生素E测定法＜561＞ARTICLES OF BOTANICAL ORIGIN植物起源的药品＜563＞IDENTIFICATION OF ARTICLES OF BOTANICAL ORIGIN植物药品的鉴别＜565＞BOTANICAL EXTRACTS植物提取＜571＞VITAMIN A ASSAY维生素A测定法＜581＞VITAMIN D ASSAY维生素D测定法＜591＞ZINC DETERMINATION锌的测定法Physical Test and Determinations物理检查与测定法＜601＞INHALATION AND NASAL DRUG PRODUCTS: AEROSOLS, SPRAYS, AND POWDERS—PERFORMANCE QUALITY TESTS吸入剂、鼻雾剂：气溶胶，喷雾，干粉-质量通则＜602＞PROPELLANTS 推进剂＜603＞TOPICAL AEROSOLS 局部喷雾剂＜604＞LEAK RATE 渗漏率＜610＞ALTERNATIVE MICROBIOLOGICAL SAMPLING METHODS FOR NONSTERILE INHALED AND NASAL PRODUCTS 非无菌吸入和鼻雾剂可供选择的微生物取样方法＜611＞ALCOHOL DETERMINATION乙醇测定法＜616＞BULK DENSITY AND TAPPED DENSITY堆密度与振实密度＜621＞CHROMATOGRAPHY色谱法＜631＞COLOR AND ACHROMICITY呈色与消色＜641＞COMPLETENESS OF SOLUTION溶解度＜643＞TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON总有机碳＜645＞W ATER CONDUCTIVITY水电导率＜651＞CONGEALING TEMPERATURE凝点温度＜659＞PACKAGING AND STORAGE REQUIREMENTS 包装和储藏要求＜660＞CONTAINERS—GLASS 容器-玻璃＜661＞CONTAINERS—PLASTICS容器-塑料＜670＞AUXILIARY PACKAGING COMPONENTS 辅助包装部件＜671＞CONTAINERS—PERFORMANCE TESTING容器－性能测试＜691＞COTTON棉花＜695＞CRYSTALLINITY结晶度＜696＞CHARACTERIZATION OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS BY MICROCALORIMETRY AND SOLUTION CALORIMETRY 通过溶液量热学测定结晶性＜697＞CONTAINER CONTENT FOR INJECTIONS 注射剂容器容积＜698＞DELIVERABLE VOLUME抽取体积＜699＞DENSITY OF SOLIDS固体密度＜701＞DISINTEGRATION崩解时限＜705＞QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF TABLETS LABELED AS HA VING A FUNCTIONAL SCORE ？＜711＞DISSOLUTION 溶出度＜721＞DISTILLING RANGE馏程＜724＞DRUG RELEASE药物释放度＜729＞GLOBULE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN LIPID INJECTABLEEMULSIONS脂类可注射的乳剂的粒径分布＜730＞Plasma Spectrochemistry 血浆光谱化学？＜731＞LOSS ON DRYING4干燥失重＜733＞LOSS ON IGNITION灼烧失重＜735＞X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY X射线光谱＜736＞MASS SPECTROMETRY 质谱＜741＞MELTING RANGE OR TEMPERATURE熔距或熔点＜751＞METAL PARTICLES IN OPHTHALMIC OINTMENTS眼用软膏中的金属粒子＜755＞MINIMUM FILL最低装量＜761＞NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE核磁共振＜771＞OPHTHALMIC OINTMENTS眼用软膏＜776＞OPTICAL MICROSCOPY光学显微镜＜781＞OPTICAL ROTATION旋光度＜785＞OSMOLALITY AND OSMOLARITY渗透压＜786＞PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION ESTIMATION BY ANALYTICAL SIEVING 筛分法估算粒径分布＜787＞SUBVISIBLE PARTICULATE MATTER IN THERAPEUTIC PROTEIN INJECTIONS显微计数法在治疗性蛋白注射剂中应用＜788＞PARTICULATE MATTER IN INJECTIONS注射剂中的不溶性微粒＜789＞PARTICULATE MATTER IN OPHTHALMIC SOLUTIONS 眼用溶液中的不溶性微粒＜790＞VISIBLE PARTICULATES IN INJECTIONS 注射剂中可见异物＜791＞pH＜795＞PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDING—NONSTERILE PREPARATIONS药物混合－非无菌制剂＜797＞PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDING—STERILE PREPARATIONS药物混合－无菌制剂＜801＞POLAROGRAPHY极谱法＜811＞POWDER FINENESS粉剂细度＜821＞RADIOACTIVITY放射性＜823＞POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY DRUGS FOR COMPOUNDING, INVESTIGATIONAL, AND RESEARCH USES用于正电子发射断层造影术的放射性药物＜831＞REFRACTIVE INDEX折光率＜841＞SPECIFIC GRAVITY比重＜846＞SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA 比表面积＜851＞SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND LIGHT-SCATTERING分光光度计与光散射＜852＞ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY 原子吸收光谱＜853＞FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY 荧光光谱＜854＞MID-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 中红外光谱＜857＞ULTRAVIOLET-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY 紫外可见光谱＜861＞SUTURES—DIAMETER缝线－直径？＜871＞SUTURES—NEEDLE ATTACHMENT缝线－穿孔实验＜881＞TENSILE STRENGTH张力＜891＞THERMAL ANALYSIS热分析＜905＞UNIFORMITY OF DOSAGE UNITS制剂单位的含量均匀度＜911＞VISCOSITY—CAPILLARY METHODS黏度-毛细管法＜912＞VISCOSITY—ROTATIONAL METHODS 黏度-旋转法＜913＞VISCOSITY—ROLLING BALL METHOD 黏度-球法＜921＞W ATER DETERMINATION水分测定＜941＞CHARACTERIZATION OF CRYSTALLINE ANDPARTIALLY CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS BY X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION (XRPD)X光衍射General Information通用信息＜1005＞ACOUSTIC EMISSION 声频发射＜1010＞ANALYTICAL DATA—INTERPRETATION AND TREATMENT分析数据－解释与处理＜1015＞AUTOMATED RADIOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS APPARATUS放射性自动合成装置＜1024＞BOVINE SERUM 牛血清＜1027＞FLOW CYTOMETRY 流式细胞仪＜1030＞BIOLOGICAL ASSAY CHAPTERS—OVERVIEW AND GLOSSARY生物测定章节-综述和术语＜1031＞THE BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF MATERIALS USED IN DRUG CONTAINERS, MEDICAL DEVICES, AND IMPLANTS 用于药物容器、医疗设施和植入剂的材料的生物相容性＜1034＞ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS 生物测定分析＜1035＞BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR STERILIZATION灭菌用生物指示剂＜1041＞BIOLOGICS生物制剂＜1043＞Ancillary Material for Cell, Gene, and Tissue-Engineered Products细胞，基因与组织设计产品的辅助材料＜1044＞CRYOPRESERV ATION OF CELLS 细胞低温保存＜1045＞BIOTECHNOLOGY-DERIVED ARTICLES生物技术提取产品＜1046＞CELLULAR AND TISSUE-BASED PRODUCTS细胞与组织产品＜1047＞GENE THERAPY PRODUCTS 基因治疗产品＜1048＞QUALITY OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS: ANALYSIS OF THE EXPRESSION CONSTRUCT IN CELLS USED FOR PRODUCTION OF r-DNA DERIVED PROTEIN PRODUCTS 生物技术产品的质量：从蛋白质产品中提取的r-DNA产品在细胞中表达结构的分析＜1049＞QUALITY OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS: STABILITY TESTING OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL/BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS生物技术产品的质量：生物技术/生物产品的稳定性实验＜1050＞VIRAL SAFETY EV ALUATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM CELL LINES OF HUMAN OR ANIMAL ORIGIN从人或动物细胞中提取的生物技术产品的病毒安全性评估＜1051＞CLEANING GLASS APPARATUS玻璃容器的清洗＜1052＞BIOTECHNOLOGY-DERIVED ARTICLES—AMINO ACID ANALYSIS生物技术提取法-氨基酸测定＜1053＞CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS 毛细管电泳法＜1054＞BIOTECHNOLOGY-DERIVED ARTICLES—ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING生物技术提取法-等电点聚集＜1055＞BIOTECHNOLOGY-DERIVED ARTICLES—PEPTIDE MAPPING生物技术提取法-肽谱＜1056＞BIOTECHNOLOGY-DERIVED ARTICLES—POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS 生物技术提取法-凝胶电泳＜1057＞BIOTECHNOLOGY-DERIVED ARTICLES—TOTAL PROTEIN ASSAY生物技术提取法-总蛋白测定＜1058＞ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENT QUALIFICATION 分析仪器要求＜1059＞EXCIPIENT PERFORMANCE 赋形剂＜1061＞COLOR—INSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENT显色－仪器测量＜1065＞Ion Chromatography 离子色谱法＜1066＞PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS THAT PROMOTE SAFE MEDICATION USE物理环境促使安全使用药物＜1072＞DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS 消毒剂和防腐剂＜1074＞EXCIPIENT BIOLOGICAL SAFETY EV ALUATION GUIDELINES赋形剂（辅料）生物安全性评估指导＜1078＞GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES FOR BULK PHARMACEUTICAL EXCIPIENTS 批药品赋形剂的生产管理规范＜1079＞Good Storage and Shipping Practices 良好的贮存与运输规范＜1080＞BULK PHARMACEUTICAL EXCIPIENTS—CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS批药品赋形剂-COA＜1084＞GLYCOPROTEIN AND GLYCAN ANALYSIS—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 糖蛋白和多糖分析-一般通则＜1086＞IMPURITIES IN DRUG SUBSTANCES AND DRUG PRODUCTS药物和药物产品中的杂质＜1087＞APPARENT INTRINSIC DISSOLUTION—DISSOLUTION TESTING PROCEDURES FOR ROTATING DISK AND STATIONARY DISK内部的溶出度-旋转和静止溶出检测程序？＜1088＞IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EV ALUATION OF DOSAGEFORMS体内与体外的剂型的评估＜1090＞ASSESSMENT OF DRUG PRODUCT PERFORMANCE-BIOAV AILABILITY, BIOEQUIV ALENCE, AND DISSOLUTION药物产品性能评估：生物利用度、生物等效性和溶出＜1091＞LABELING OF INACTIVE INGREDIENTS非活性成分的标示＜1092＞THE DISSOLUTION PROCEDURE: DEVELOPMENT AND V ALIDATION溶出程序：开发与验证＜1094＞CAPSULES—DISSOLUTION TESTING AND RELATED QUALITY ATTRIBUTES 胶囊-关于产品质量的溶出测定＜1097＞BULK POWDER SAMPLING PROCEDURES：粉末样品取样程序＜1102＞IMMUNOLOGICAL TEST METHODS—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS免疫测试方法-总则＜1103＞IMMUNOLOGICAL TEST METHODS—ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) 免疫学测试方法-酶联免疫吸附测定＜1104＞IMMUNOLOGICAL TEST METHODS—IMMUNOBLOT ANALYSIS免疫测试方法-免疫印迹法＜1105＞IMMUNOLOGICAL TEST METHODS—SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE 免疫测试方法-表面等离子体共振＜1106＞IMMUNOGENICITY ASSAYS—DESIGN AND VALIDATION OF IMMUNOASSAYS TO DETECT ANTI-DRUG ANTIBODIES＜1111＞MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF NONSTERILE PRODUCTS: ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FORPHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS AND SUBSTANCES FOR PHARMACEUTICAL USE非无菌产品的微生物学检查：药用制剂和制药过程使用的物质接受标准＜1112＞MICROBIAL CHARACTERIZATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND STRAIN TYPING 非无菌药物产品水活性测定应用＜1113＞MICROBIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF NONSTERILE PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS 非无菌药品中的微生物分布＜1115＞BIOBURDEN CONTROL OF NONSTERILE DRUG SUBSTANCES AND PRODUCTS 非无菌药物和产品的生物负载控制＜1116＞MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTROL AND MONITORING OF ASEPTIC PROCESSING ENVIRONMENTS洁净的房间与其它可控环境的微生物评估＜1117＞MICROBIOLOGICAL BEST LABORATORY PRACTICES 微生物最优实验室规范＜1118＞MONITORING DEVICES—TIME, TEMPERATURE, AND HUMIDITY监控装置－时间、温度与湿度＜1119＞NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY近红外分光光度测定法＜1120＞Raman Spectrophotometry 拉曼分光光度测定法＜1121＞NOMENCLATURE命名＜1125＞NUCLEIC ACID-BASED TECHNIQUES—GENERAL 核酸技术-通则＜1126＞NUCLEIC ACID-BASED TECHNIQUES—EXTRACTION, DETECTION, AND SEQUENCING 核酸技术-提取、检测、测序＜1127＞NUCLEIC ACID-BASED TECHNIQUES—AMPLIFICATION 核酸技术-扩增＜1128＞NUCLEIC ACID-BASED TECHNIQUES—MICROARRAY 核酸技术-微阵列＜1129＞NUCLEIC ACID-BASED TECHNIQUES—GENOTYPING 核酸技术-基因分型＜1130＞NUCLEIC ACID-BASED TECHNIQUES—APPROACHES FOR DETECTING TRACE NUCLEIC ACIDS (RESIDUAL DNA TESTING)核酸技术-探测微量核酸的应用（残留DNA测试）＜1136＞PACKAGING AND REPACKAGING—SINGLE-UNIT CONTAINERS包装和再包装－单一容器＜1151＞PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS药物剂型＜1152＞ANIMAL DRUGS FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEEDS兽药在动物饲料中的使用＜1160＞PHARMACEUTICAL CALCULATIONS IN PRESCRIPTION COMPOUNDING 按处方混合的药物的计算＜1163＞QUALITY ASSURANCE IN PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDING按处方混合的药物的质量保证＜1171＞PHASE-SOLUBILITY ANALYSIS相溶解分析＜1174＞Powder Flow 粉末流动性＜1176＞PRESCRIPTION BALANCES AND VOLUMETRIC APPARATUS 处方天平与容量器具＜1177＞Good Packaging Practices 良好的包装操作＜1178＞Good Repackaging Practices 良好的再包装操作＜1180＞HUMAN PLASMA 人血浆＜1181＞SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY扫描电子显微镜＜1184＞SENSITIZATION TESTING 致敏测试＜1191＞STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS IN DISPENSING PRACTICE分装操作中稳定性考察＜1195＞SIGNIFICANT CHANGE GUIDE FOR BULK PHARMACEUTICAL EXCIPIENTS 散装药用辅料更换指导原则＜1197＞GOOD DISTRIBUTION PRACTICES FOR BULK PHARMACEUTICAL EXCIPIENTS 散装药用辅料良好的分装操作＜1207＞STERILE PRODUCT PACKAGING—INTEGRITY EV ALUATION无菌产品包装－完整性评估＜1208＞STERILITY TESTING—V ALIDATION OF ISOLATOR SYSTEMS无菌实验－隔离系统的验证＜1209＞STERILIZATION—CHEMICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL INDICATORS AND INTEGRATORS灭菌－化学与物理化学的指示剂以及二者的综合＜1211＞STERILIZATION AND STERILITY ASSURANCE OF COMPENDIAL ARTICLES 药典物品中的灭菌与灭菌保证＜1216＞TABLET FRIABILITY片剂的脆碎度＜1217＞TABLET BREAKING FORCE 片剂断裂力＜1222＞TERMINALLY STERILIZED PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS—PARAMETRIC RELEASE 药品终端灭菌－放行参数＜1223＞V ALIDATION OF ALTERNATIVE MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS可供选择的微生物学方法的验证＜1224＞TRANSFER OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES 分析方法转移＜1225＞V ALIDATION OF COMPENDIAL PROCEDURES药典方法的验证＜1226＞VERIFICATION OF COMPENDIAL PROCEDURES 药典方法的确认＜1227＞V ALIDATION OF MICROBIAL RECOVERY FROM PHARMACOPEIAL ARTICLES从药物中回收微生物的验证＜1229＞STERILIZATION OF COMPENDIAL ARTICLES 药典灭菌过程＜1229.1＞STEAM STERILIZATION BY DIRECT CONTACT 直接蒸汽灭菌＜1229.2＞MOIST HEAT STERILIZATION OF AQUEOUS LIQUIDS 水溶液的湿热灭菌＜1229.3＞MONITORING OF BIOBURDEN 生物负载监控＜1229.4＞STERILIZING FILTRATION OF LIQUIDS 溶液的无菌过滤器＜1229.6＞LIQUID-PHASE STERILIZATION 液态灭菌＜1229.7＞GASEOUS STERILIZATION 气态灭菌＜1229.8＞DRY HEAT STERILIZATION 干热灭菌＜1229.10＞RADIATION STERILIZATION 辐射灭菌＜1230＞W ATER FOR HEMODIALYSIS APPLICATIONS 血液透析过程用水＜1231＞W ATER FOR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES制药用水＜1234＞VACCINES FOR HUMAN USE—POLYSACCHARIDE AND GLYCOCONJUGATE VACCINES 人用疫苗-多糖和糖复合物疫苗＜1235＞V ACCINES FOR HUMAN USE—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 人用疫苗-通则＜1237＞VIROLOGY TEST METHODS 病毒测试方法＜1238＞V ACCINES FOR HUMAN USE—BACTERIAL V ACCINES 人用疫苗-细菌疫苗＜1240＞VIRUS TESTING OF HUMAN PLASMA FOR FURTHER MANUFACTURE下一步使用人血浆的病毒测试＜1241＞W ATER–SOLID INTERACTIONS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SYSTEMS在药物系统中水与固体的相互作用＜1251＞WEIGHING ON AN ANALYTICAL BALANCE关于分析天平的称重＜1265＞Written Prescription Drug Information－Guidelines 书面的处方药信息－指南＜1285＞PREPARATION OF BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS FOR HISTOLOGIC AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 为了组织和免疫组织分析的生物标本制备＜1285.1＞HEMATOXYLIN AND EOSIN STAINING OF SECTIONED TISSUE FOR MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION显微镜观察用苏木精和伊红染色的切片＜1601＞PRODUCTS FOR NEBULIZATION—CHARACTERIZATION TESTS 产品雾化状态-性状描述＜1644＞THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS OF SOLUTIONS溶液电导值测量方法的理论与实践＜1660＞EV ALUATION OF THE INNER SURFACE DURABILITY OF GLASS CONTAINERS 玻璃容器内表面耐久性评估＜1724＞SEMISOLID DRUG PRODUCTS—PERFORMANCE TESTS 半固态药物产品-性能测试＜1736＞APPLICATIONS OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 质谱应用＜1761＞APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY核磁共振光谱应用＜1787＞MEASUREMENT OF SUBVISIBLE PARTICULATE MATTER IN THERAPEUTIC PROTEIN INJECTIONS用显微镜测量方法测量治疗性蛋白注射剂的不溶性微粒＜1788＞METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN INJECTIONS AND OPHTHALMIC SOLUTIONS注射剂和眼用溶液的不溶性微粒测定的方法选择＜1852＞ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY—THEORY AND PRACTICE原子吸收光谱-理论与实践＜1853＞FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY—THEORY AND PRACTICE荧光光谱-理论与实践＜1854＞MID-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY—THEORY AND PRACTICE中红外光谱-理论与实践＜1857＞ULTRA VIOLET-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY—THEORY AND PRACTICE紫外可见光谱-理论与实践＜1911＞RHEOMETRY 流变测定Dietary Supplements营养补充剂General Tests and Assays 一般检查法与测定法＜2021＞MICROBIAL ENUMERATION TESTS—NUTRITIONAL AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS…3080微生物数量实验－营养与食品添加剂＜2022＞MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES FOR ABSENCE OF SPECIFIED MICROORGANISMS—NUTRITIONAL AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS (3083)不得检出特定微生物的程序－营养与营养补充剂＜2023>MICROBIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF NONSTERILE NUTRITIONAL AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS……3087非无菌的营养与食品添加剂中的微生物分布<2040>DISINTEGRATION AND DISSOLUTION OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS (3089)食品添加剂的崩解与溶出<2091>WEIGHT V ARIATION OF DIETARYSUPPLEMENTS……3092食品添加剂的重量差异<2750>MANUFACTURING PRACTICES FOR DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS (3093)食品添加剂的生产操作。

欧盟托管法案（EU）20171569临床试验药GMP原则和指南

欧盟托管法案（EU）20171569临床试验药GMP原则和指南COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) 2017/1569of 23 May 2017supplementing Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council by specifying principles of and guidelines forgood manufacturing practice for investigational medicinal products for humanuse and arrangements for inspections(Text with EEA relevance)欧盟托管法案（EU）2017/1569 2017年5月23日补充欧洲议会和欧盟委员会法规（EU）No.536/2014说明人用临床试验用药GMP原则和指南以及检查安排THEEUROPEAN COMMISSION,欧盟委员会Havingregard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,关于欧盟职能条约Havingregard to Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 of the European Parliament and of theCouncil of 16 April 2014 on clinical trials on medicinal products for humanuse, and repealing Directive 2001/20/EC[1],and in particular Article 63(1) thereof, 关于欧盟议会和委员会2014年4月16日关于人用临床试验用药的法规（EU）536/2014，以及即将废止的指令2001/20/EC，尤其是其中第63（1）条Whereas: 鉴于(1) The good manufacturing practice forinvestigational medicinal products for human use ensures that there isconsistency between batches of the same investigational medicinal product usedin the same or different clinical trials, andthat changes during thedevelopment of an investigational medicinal product are adequately documentedand justified. The manufacturing of investigational medicinal products presentsadditional challenges comparing to the manufacturing of authorised medicinal productsbecause there are no fixed routines, there is a variety of clinical trialdesigns and consequently packaging designs. Those challenges are due to theneed, often, of randomisation and to disguise the identity of theinvestigational medicinal products for the purpose of clinical trial(blinding). The toxicity, potency and sensitising potential of investigationalmedicinal products for human use may not be fully understood at the time of thetrial, and the need to minimise all risks of cross-contamination is thereforeof even greater importance than for authorised medicinal products. Because ofthis complexity, the manufacturing operations should be subject to a highlyeffective pharmaceutical quality system.人用临床试验用药GMP确保了用于相同或不同临床试验中的同种临床试验用药批次间的一致性，确保在临床试验用药研发期间的变更具有充分的记录和论证。

专业英语之第三方物流优质公开课获奖课件

Services Offered by Third-party Providers
Basic Service Providers
warehouse management order processing order fulfilment transportation carrier selection
benefits ⑤reduce and control operating costs ⑥eliminate labor problems ⑦ risk pooling(风险共担）
9
disadvantages
①Co-ordination （协调）costs ②Loss of internal logistics management
2
Third Party Logistics “Third-party Logistics is simply the use of an
outside company to perform all or part of the firm’s materials management and product distribution function.”
capabilities ③Biased choice of service providers ④Leakage（泄露）of sensitive data and
information ⑤Loss of control and representation ⑥Reduced contact with final customer
organization of enterprise
logistics activities
Production enterprise

中小企业采用ERP的关键成功因素排序外文翻译

Prioritizing and Ranking Critical Success Factors forERPAdoption in SMEsVijayakumar Bharathi , Omkarprasad Vaidya and Shrikant ParikhIndian Institute of Management (IIM)The Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Adoption by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) has invoked immense interest in the research community.Though ERP is believed as a key technology enabler and an effective management tool for organizations, the SMEs are faced with cost, resource and time limitations to adopt ERP into their business. Hence it is important to identify certain critical success factors that could be referred by SMEs to gain confidence in adopting ERP. The existing literature was explored and thirty Critical Success Factors (CSFs were identified for SMEs. The ERP adoption journey involves five sequential decision stages/phases namely planning,acquisition, implementation, usage and percolation and extension. We propose a framework to prioritize and rank CSFs using analytical hierarchy process(AHP) one of the widely accepted multi-criteria decision makingmethod(MCDM).keywords: ERP Adoption, MCDM, AHP, Critical Success Factors (CSFs),SMEs, Analytical Hierarchy Process1. IntroductionEnterprise Resource Planning (ERP) primarily means the integration of core processes in a set of given business functions of an organization like accounting,production, inventory, sales and distribution, human resource management, service and maintenance, logistics etc. ERP systems are software solutions for business managers that provide seamless integration of business functions also known as modules within an organization in a consistently visible manner. From its evolution as a mere inventory control package in the 1960s ERP today has been accepted as a driver of operational efficiency and growth of business (Pasha, 2007). ERP systems are always looked upon as large and complex systems and often called for fundamental changes in the current working of an organization.The foundation of the organizational core processes are re-laid during the process of an ERP implementation which affects the reporting and decision-making processes (Holsapple and Sena, 2005). Organizations that implement ERP expect productivity improvements, competitive advantage and meeting customer demands as key business drivers (Scott and Shepherd, 2002). Many ERP systems have failed during implementation or have resulted in forced abandonment due to the cost and time over-runs rendering an irreparable loss to the organizations (Davenport 1998). Evenlarge corporations have resulted in a complete failure to achieve the business objectives (Peterson, Gelman, Cooke, 2001).The Indian Industry, in particular, which comprises of many Small and MediumEnterprises (SMEs) in various segments or clusters are also influenced by Enterprise Resource Planning drive. However, the SMEs are constrained by size in terms of finance and business resources and they are hesitant and skeptical towards embracing information technology as a driver for growth (Dwivedy and Harigunani (2008),Misra (2009). SMEs, moreover, are limited in intellectual capital and supportivemanpower to drive the strategic IT initiatives of ERP. Hence considering these factors, ERP adoption for SMEs is a complex process.ERP Adoption is defined as an end-to-end journey of enabling an ERP workingenvironment in any SME. The journey of adoption involves five sequential, butdistinct phases namely planning, acquisition, implementation, usage and percolation and extension. These five phases are based on six different stages for adoption and system acquisition decision in the ERP system life cycle (Esteves and Pastor, 1999).The objective of this paper is to prescribe a set of Critical Success Factors (CSFs) to the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) by evaluating some key decision phases for ERP adoption and then prioritize and rank relevant critical success factors in the decision phases. This will enable SMEs to take relevant decisions regarding suitability of ERP to theirbusinesses. In this study we have used Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), (Saaty, 1980, Vaidya and Kumar, 2006), one of the methods ofMulti-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) for ranking and prioritizing the CSFs in each of the decision phases and the decision phases as a whole. This paper is divided into five sections. The next section discusses the relevant literature review. Section Three briefly explains Analytical Hierarchy Process as a MCDM tool. Section Four proposes the framework for prioritizing and ranking CSFs for ERP adoption by SMEs and the managerial implication on the prescribed list of CSFs and Section Five lists out the findings and future directions based on the results.2. Literature ReviewMany researchers have identified critical success factors for ERP implementation in SMEs. For instance, Esteves and Pastor (1999), proposed six different stages for adoption and system acquisition decision in the ERP system life cycle. These stages were a) Adoption decision, b) Acquisition, c) Implementation, d) Use andmaintenance, e) Evolution and f) Retirement. Oliver and Romm (1999) have alsorecommended the need for Adoption Decision. Gable and Stewart (1999)investigated certain factors in the ERP context specific to smaller organizations mainly in the implementation area. Sistach et. al. (1999) worked on a methodical approach to the acquisition of ERP solutions by SMEs. Tang and Bernroider (2003), in their preliminary empirical study of the diffusion of ERP systems in Austrian andBritish SMEs presented the work-in-progress of an international research project,wherein, they focused on the early stages of making the adoption decision, there after evaluating and selecting an ERP. Their study attempted to close some of the identified gaps in ERP research with an objective to link the results of the early stages of decision-making to implementation, usage and evolution success. Their study was restricted to the case of ERP software, but also provided insights into the potential of integrating ERP and other important applications like CRM and SCM.Laukkanen et al. (2005) investigated the relationship of enterprise size to the constraints and objectives of ERP. The survey data was based on forty fourcompanies and revealed that significant differences existed between small, medium-sized and large enterprises in the adoption of ERP system. The author found that smaller companies experience bigger knowledge constraints than their larger counterparts in ERP adoption. Niclas and Marcus (2005), in their study presented an overview on the critical success factors across different stages of ERP life cycle for SMEs. Juell-Skielse (2006) analyzed the organizational effectiveness due to adoption of ERP functions and the related CSFs. Tommaso, (2007) researched the ex-post evaluation of success factors of ERP in SMEs and found that the introduction of ERPs into SMEs cannot be on a sheer reproduction of the experiences with larger companies and represents a new challenge with significant uniqueness to be addressed. His research was specifically targeted to the SMEs, which already completed the process of adopting an ERP system. The objective was evaluation of these experiences ex-post by examining some improvement indicators associated with the ERP project. Bharathi, Parikh, (2009) in their study on building a Unified Theory on CSFs for ERP adoption in SMEs established five decision areas namely Planning, Acquisition, Implementation, Usage and Percolation and Extension include a set of 39 critical success factors which were identified based on some of the important drivers of each of these five decision areas.Doom and Milis (2009) in their survey on CSFs for ERP implementation in SMEs categorized CSFs into six categories namely vision, scope and goals, culture,communication and support; infrastructure; approach and project management. Some of their key findings amongst others were related to vision and strategic goals of the ERP implementation, senior management support, active user involvement, culture,internal communication, project approach and methodology and a proper mix of users in the project team. Snider, et. al (2009), in their case based research analysis of Canadian SMEs identified factors that differentiated between successfuland unsuccessful implementations. The practical implication of their study was that managers can better prioritize the implementation efforts and resource management if they were to identify relevant CSFs for SMEs. Some of the factors identified were operational process discipline, small internal team, project management capabilities,external end-users training, lack of formal communication etc. Upadhyay, Parijat and Pranab (2009) made a post implementation study on CSFs for ERP implementationin the Indian context which was targeted to the SMEs which had completed ERPadoption.Moreover, for quantification of CSFs researchers adopted a number of methodologies like scoring, ranking, mathematical optimization etc. to ERP Projects a summary of which is given in the following Table 1.These mathematical models may sometimes be ineffective in addressing theunquantifiable attributes prevailing in the real world and may also be difficult for managers to interpret and implement. This is because these models are developed by considering a specific scenario in an industry which may be different to the other industry. Moreover, our paper addresses the ERP adoption in Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) and hence we believe that use of MCDM can provide ease of nderstanding to the decision-maker in a SME.This study is an attempt to apply one of the widely used MCDM methods, the AHPto rank and prioritize critical success factors for ERP adoption in SMEs. Theexpected benefits of this research would be to have an understanding on the role of CSFs in each of the five decision phases of ERP adoption by SMEs. It will provide the decision maker to sequentially approach towards ERP adoption since ranking and prioritizing the CSFs and the decision phases will facilitate confident decision-making.This research enables the integration of subjective judgments aboutCSFs and decision areas with quantifiable numerical data. It also enables participation of the decision maker in learning, debating, revising and refining his decisions.3. The Analytical Hierarchy ProcessThe Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was evolved by Thomas L. Saaty (Saaty,1980). It is a methodology for multi-criteria analysis for decision making that enables decision makers to develop a hierarchical structure and to evaluate a large number of selected qualitative factors in a sequential and systematic manner. It involves structuring the problem and then deriving ratio scales to integrate the perceptions and purposes into a synthesis. Based on the hierarchical model, the AHP provides a method to assign numerical values to judgments which are subjective in nature based on their relative significance. Usually AHP follows a decomposition approach by breaking the total problem into sub-segments in such a manner that each of these sub-segments can be analyzed appropriately in relation to the total problem.The goal of this type of decomposition of the total problem into multiple levels is to facilitate pair-wise comparison of all the elements at each level and further be able to establish a relationship with its previous upper level. The Saaty’s scale gives theintensity of significance and their justification. Some researchers have used AHP in ranking Information Systems selection. Schniederjans and Wilson (1991) used AHP to determine the relative weights of attributes along with goal programming for IS selection. Teltumbde (2000) proposed a framework along with Nominal Group Technique to ERP system evaluation. His study focused on some common criteria for ERP evaluation. Vijayakumar, Suresh, Subramanaya (2010) conducted a survey based on AHP to understand the criticalities of factors affecting ERP Implementation.Taking the AHP methodology as a foundation, this paper attempts to prioritize a set of selected CSFs in each of the decision phases of ERP Adoption by SMEs. AHP methodology is applied on each of the CSFs on the basis of priority value obtained from the Saaty’s Scale. Consequently,this methodology is repeated for the decision phases as well. AHP provides a way of assigning numerical values to subjective judgments on the relative importance of each element and then to synthesize the judgments to obtain which elements have the highest priority. While fixing the intensity of significance both odd number (1, 3, 5…) and even number (2, 4…)values were assigned. For arriving at the weighted averages only spreadsheets (Excel) was used considering the limited number of qualitative factors and comparable pairs, although software like Expert Choice and Super Decision are available to the researchers. The computational details were obtained from Saaty(1980).The advantages of using AHP in multi criteria decision making scenarios involves simplification of a complex problem into simple pair-wise comparisons, and construction of a hierarchy of goals, criteria and alternatives. It is very useful in complex decision-making. However, care should be taken in deciding the length of the process, which increases with the number of levels and number of pair-wise decisions and hence, the complexity as a whole.4. The FrameworkWe identified several critical success factors that could be useful for SMEs. These CSFs were then grouped into five different ERP decision phases. These ERP phases were identified as a) Planning, b) Acquisition, c) Implementation, d) Usage and Percolation and e) Extension. In the following section we explain these phases. The ranking and prioritization is explained by using AHP. The ERP Adoption Model and the CSFs are given below in figure 1.We now briefly explain the considered Decision Phases (stages) and their relevant CSFs.Planning (PLG)In planning some of the factors that trigger decisions include the current status of business processes in core functional areas and their integration. Some critical considerations are, current status of information flow efficiency, scope of ERP to cover mission criticalprocesses, organizational maturity with regard to ERP readiness, and expectations of process owners’ from a functional and technological perspective, time taken to go live with ERP and the budgetary requirements and financing pattern for the project.The success of planning decisions depends upon understanding the factors that bridge the gap between current and desired states of business. These decisions determine the seriousness of the planning phase for whicha set of five critical success factors are identified. They are●Goal and Scope of ERP (GS) relate to internal and externalbusiness environment for the SME, status of certain core andcustomer centricbusiness processes, information flow efficiency and the coverage ofbusiness functions considered for integration.●Proprietor/Partners’ Commitment (PPC) defines owner’sunderstanding on the significance of information systems as astrategic enabler for driving growth and expansion.●Culture and Change Receptiveness (CCR) defines the unit’s age,organization’s cultural understanding and the receptiveness toaccommodate and appreciate change.●Vision and Growth (VG) defines the owner’s passion in thebusiness andtheir trust about information systems as an enabler of realizing the vision in the long run.●Project Planning and Scheduling (PPS) explains the expected timehorizon for ERP implementation at the SME given the constraintsof cost and time.It also relates to the budgetary requirementsfor the project and selection of the most viable financingpattern. The pair-wise comparisons of these CSFs are shown inTable 2.The analysis of the critical success factors in planning show that proprietor/partners’commitment is ranked as most important over the other factors.Acquisition (ACQ)The factors in this phase relate to the challenging task of finalizing the right solution for the business which is expected to realize the SME’s future growth and expansion initiatives. The factors include current status of Information Technology (IT)compatibility, availability of industry specific ERP product vendors and their experience, scope of support before, during and after implementation, the available ERP delivery models and their standings, successful product implementation in the peer group, requirement and role of an external consultant, guidance and support from SME cluster/industry association and costs (both explicit and hidden) associated with the ERP solution.中小企业采用ERP的关键成功因素排序Vijayakumar Bharathi , Omkarprasad Vaidya and Shrikant ParikhIndian Institute of Management (IIM)研究团体对中小型企业采用ERP产生了极大的兴趣。

区间数TOPSIS法的第三方物流供应商选择策略

区间数TOPSIS法的第三方物流供应商选择策略徐刚【期刊名称】《物流工程与管理》【年(卷),期】2016(038)012【摘要】At present,the enterprise division of labor is more and more outstanding,logistics outsourcing has become the norm,how to optimize the selection of third party logistics providers,has become the focus of research on enterprise and experts. This article constructs the evaluation index system of third party logistics providers for the enterprise,using entropy method to determine the use of TOPSIS method in the evaluation of third party logistics supplier selection.%目前，企业分工合作越来越突出，物流行业的外包变得常态化，如何优化选择第三方物流供应商，成为企业及专家研究的重点。

文中研究为企业构建评价第三方物流供应商的综合指标体系，运用熵值法对指标赋权，利用TOPSIS法评估选择第三方物流供应商。

【总页数】3页(P91-93)【作者】徐刚【作者单位】硅湖职业技术学院，江苏昆山 215300【正文语种】中文【中图分类】F252.21【相关文献】1.基于区间数排序的第三方物流供应商评估模型 [J], 贾子超2.基于TOPSIS法的军队第三方物流供应商评价研究 [J], 唐斐琼;彭绍雄3.基于TOPSIS法和灰色关联度法的军队第三方物流供应商评价分析 [J], 彭绍雄;唐斐琼4.基于改进TOPSIS法的第三方物流供应商选择 [J], 刘晓峰;远亚丽5.区间数TOPSIS法的第三方物流供应商选择策略 [J], 徐刚因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

三阶段序贯谈判

提议（s2,1－s2)
P1
接受
P2
P2
P1
接受
A
（s1,1－s1)
（s2,1－s2)
（s,1－s)
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附注：谈判及贴现
1/3
• 中国传统智慧强调了：局势，谋略和时机。现在提醒大家注意谈判与议价的区别。 • 谈判是博弈，有规律(科学)可循也要灵活处理(艺术).
– Negotiation . official discussions between the representatives of opposing groups who are trying to reach an agreement, especially in business or politics – 对待谈判，与兵法中一样，分层分阶段，不会有事就开谈。首先是认清局势，设计谈判，若可谈再谈。 – 议价, bargaining: discussion in order to reach an agreement about a sale, contract etc.
提议（s1,1－s1) 拒绝 (δs, 1δs ）
P1
接受
P2
（s1,1－s1)
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鲁宾斯坦谈判模型
• 仲裁者如何确定第3阶段的s? • 鲁宾斯坦说，均衡收益是 (1/(1+δ), δ/(1+δ) )。
阶段1 提议（s1,1－s1) 阶段2 提议（s2,1－s2) 阶段3 仲裁
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一个三阶段谈判模型: 行动顺序
(2a) 在第二阶段的开始，参与人2提议参与人1分得1美元的s2 ，留给参与人1的份额是 1-s2(请注意在阶段t，st 总是表示分给参与人1的，而不论是谁的提议）； (2b) 参与人1 或者接受提议（这种情况下，博弈结束，参与人1的收益s2、参与人2的收益 1-s2都可立即拿到），或者拒绝这一条件（在这种情况下，博弈将继续，进入第三阶段—仲裁）；