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从目的论角度分析中文景点名称的翻译

学科分类号：050201 湖南****学院本科生毕业论文题目（中文）：从目的论角度分析中文景点名称的翻译（英文）：Analysis of Translation of ChineseScenic Spots Names from thePerspective of Skopos Theory学生姓名：*** 学号*****系部：外语系专业年级：英语翻译专业指导教师（姓名）：* *（职称）：教授Analysis of Translation of Chinese Scenic SpotsNames from the Perspective of Skopos Theory内容摘要20世纪70年代，功能派翻译理论兴起于德国。

功能派学者弗米尔和诺德提出了目的论，其指出翻译是以原文为基础的有目的和有结果的行为，翻译必须遵循一系列原则。

目的论有三个重要的原则：目的原则，连贯原则和忠实原则，其中，目的原则居于首位。

这些原则为中国旅游景点名称的翻译提供了充分的理论指导。

当前，跨境旅游日趋兴盛，大量的外国游客涌入中国。

在阅读旅游资料时，景点名称是最先跃入眼帘的信息，能否抓住游客的眼球，第一印象非常重要。

然而，目前的中文景点名称翻译存在诸多问题，如单一的音译或意译，拼写错误，忽略旅游背景信息而误译等。

景点名称翻译存在的问题会给国外游客带来不便，阻碍旅游业的发展，所以必须立即改善其翻译的现状。

在目的论指导下，译者可以运用目的论三原则来指导翻译实践，准确地译出中文景点名称所蕴含的信息，从而向国外传播独特的中国文化。

此外，从目的论角度分析景点名称翻译，运用相关的翻译方法，如直译、意译、音译加解释、词语美化和信息删减法，能解决当前景名翻译存在的一些问题，增强旅游译文的可读性，最终达到沟通交流的目的。

这样不仅能让外国游客了解中国的旅游景点，品味其独特的文化魅力，还能更好地促进中国旅游业国际化的发展，为中国经济增添活力。

关键词：中文景点名称翻译；目的论；翻译原则；翻译方法AbstractIn 1970s, functionalist translation theory arose in Germany. Functional scholars Vermeer and Nord proposed the Skopos Theory, which pointed out that translation has its own purpose and result based on the original text and should follow a set of rules. There are three important rules: purpose rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule, but the purpose rule is the most significant. All of these rules provide sufficient theoretical guidance for translation of Chinese scenic spots names.Nowadays, cross-border tourism is increasingly flourishing and a large number of foreign tourists are crowding into China. When foreign tourists read tourist information, the first information jumps into their eyes is the scenic spot name. Therefore, the first impression is very important in order to catch the attention of visitors. However, the current translation of Chinese scenic spots names has many problems, such as single transliteration or onefold free translation, spelling errors, mistranslation due to the neglect of tourism background information, and so on. The problems existing in translation would confuse foreign visitors and hinder development of tourism industry, so the current situation of the translation must be improved soon.Under the guidance of Skopos Theory, the translator can apply its three rules to guide the translation practice and accurately translate the information in Chinese scenic spots names so as to spread the unique and charming Chinese culture to foreigners. And through the analysis of scenic spots names from the perspective of Skopos Theory, the relevant translation methods, such as literal translation, free translation, transliteration plus explanation, word embellishment and cancellation of excessive information can be implemented to address current problems in translation of sites names so as to enhance the readability of tourist translation and ultimately to achieve the purpose of communication and exchange. It will not only allow foreigners to understand China’s tourist attractions and taste its unique cultural charm, but also to better promote the international development of China’s tourism industry and augment new vigor to economy growth.Key Words：translation of Chinese scenic spots names; Skopos Theory; translation rules; translation methodsContentsIntroduction (5)1. Notions of Skopos Theory ............................................................................................... .81.1 The Development of Skopos Theory (9)1.2 Three Basic Rules of Skopos Theory (11)2. Overview of Translation of Chinese Scenic Spots Names (12)2.1 Current Problems in Translation of Chinese Scenic Spots Names (12)2.2 Causes of Existing Problems in Translation of Chinese Scenic Spots Names (15)3. Application of Skopos Theory in Translation of Chinese Scenic Spots Names (17)3.1 Three Basic Rules of Skopos Theory in Translation of Scenic Spots Names (18)3.1.1 Purpose Rule (18)3.1.2 Coherence Rule (21)3.1.3 Fidelity Rule (23)3.2 Translation Methods of Scenic Names under Guidance of Skopos Theory (25)3.2.1 Literal Translation for Keeping Content and Structure of Original Text (26)3.2.2 Free Translation for Remaining Meaning and Spirit of Original Text (28)3.2.3 Transliteration plus Explanation for Extension of Chinese Culture (31)3.2.4 Word Embellishment for Idyllic Scenic Spots Names (33)3.2.5 Cancellation of Excessive Information of Translation (35)Conclusion (38)Notes (40)References (41)IntroductionIn 1970s, functionalist translation theory arose in Germany. Functional scholars Vermeer and Nord proposed the Skopos Theory, which has freed translation studies from the bondage of original text. According to Skopos Theory, translation has its own purpose and result based on the original text and should follow a set of rules. There are three important rules: purpose rule, coherent rule and fidelity rule, but the purpose rule is the most significant and the purpose of translation determines the translation strategies and methods.[1] Skopos Theory has been introduced into China since 1987, the relevant research is involved in translation teaching, literary translation, tourism translation, business translation and in other fields. In 1997, Chinese scholar Xue Siliang introduced the Skopos Theory of translation in academic journals to make Chinese readers understand the theory and its importance in translation. In 2004, Jia Wenbo pointed out that the term “Skopos Theory” itself means “the purpose of target text”. From his view point, translator can combine communicative function of translation and social background of target readers to determine the specific translation approach of target language.[2]With the rapid development of tourism, scholars both at home and abroad pay more and more attention to translation of scenic spots names and the relevant academic works also emerge endlessly. In 1996, Graham M.S.Dann first analyzed the tourism language and tourist text from sociolinguistic perspective in his book The Language of Tourism: A Sociolinguistic Perspective and indicated that tourism language and its translation were used to attract more potential tourists.[3] Then in 1998, Peter Newmark classified translational text into three types in his book A Text Book of Translation, namely expressive text, informative text and vocative text.[4]Tourism translation belongs to vocative text and includes introduction of names and background of tourist attractions, advertisement of tourism, and tourist signs, etc. In 2002, Erik Castello analyzed the language structure of travel brochures, travel magazines, tourist websites and tour-guide in his book Tourist-information Text: A Corpus-based Study of Four Related Genre, and carried out a comparative study.While in China Lai Shaohua po inted out in “Translation of Culture in Tourism Materials” that the readers’ background should be given the priority in translation of tourism materials and original information should be kept in translation to a large extent. Jia Xiuhai said in “Translation Skills of Terminology in Cultural Scenic Spots” that the translation of tourist attraction names should not simply adopt transliteration, which is lack of novelty and of introduction about tourism culture. And he suggested that relevant information should be consulted before translation and the ways of literal translation, free translation and transliteration plus explanation can be used to improve translation of scenic spots names.[5] Besides, Chen Gang expressed inhis book Tourism Translation and Guide-Interpreting Studies that tourism translation is a professional practice for tourism activities and tourism industry. The translation of scenic spots names and materials is a complex, cross-language and cross- society activity, which is more outstanding and comprehensive than other translations.[6]But for now, present translation of scenic spots names in China is unsatisfying and disappointing. There are often three or four translation versions of the same tourist attraction, which makes foreigners uneasy to comprehend, besides, the translator just adopts single transliteration or free translation while ignoring the background information behind the scenic name, which is hard to embody the unique charm of scenic spots. All these problems in translation should be immediately addressed. Scholars at home and abroad have a more in-depth discussion about Skopos Theory, which emphasizes that the purpose of translation determines the whole process of translation and the results determine translational methods. While the purpose of translation of scenic spots names is to precisely and cleverly transmit tourist information and attract foreign tourists, and the purpose determines that translation activities should regard it as the starting point and destination. Therefore, the combination of Skopos Theory and tourism translation is a perfect match.With Skopos Theory as the theoretical guidance, the deficiency of translation of scenic spots names can be lessened and a lot of troubles caused by the language differences can be removed. Besides, to interpret thetranslation of scenic spots names from the perspective of Skopos Theory will not only allow foreigners to understand China’s tourist attractions and taste its unique cultural charm, but also to better promote Chinese tourism, especially its international development. The coupling of Skopos Theory and translation of scenic spots names can effectively solve the current problems existing in translation, enhance the translation’s readability and reader’s acceptance, offer a new guideline for tourism translation teaching and showcase China’s tour-industry to other parts of the world at same time.1. Notions of Skopos TheorySkopos Theory was first put forward by Vermeer, who tried to liberate the translation from the confinement of source text and aimed to explain the translation activity from the viewpoint of target language. “Skopos” means purpose or intention in Greek. The core concept of Skopos Theory is that the purpose of the whole translation determines the process of translation. In the frame of V ermeer’s Skopos Theory, the audience is the most important factor to shape the translation purpose. They have their own cultural background and their own demand and expectation for translation. Therefore each translation directs at a certain audience and it is generated with a particular purpose. Vermeer once said that any action has an aim, a purpose and the word “Skopos” is a technical term for the aim or purpose of a translation. And anaction leads to a result, a new situation or event.[7] In other words, each text is produced for a given purpose and should serve this purpose.1.1 The Development of Skopos TheorySince Skopos Theory didn’t come out within a short time, a brief introduction of early functionalist views is needed so as to outline the whole situation. There are four people who have devoted much to the development of modern functionalism in translation studies, and they are Katharina Reiss, Hans Vermeer, Justa Holz-Manttari and Christina Nord.Katharina Reiss first introduced the functional category into translation criticism and connected language function, text type with translation strategy. Her book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism may be perceived as the starting point for the scholarly analysis of translation in Germany. On the basis of equivalence, Reiss developed translation criticism on the relationship between the source and target texts. As she said that ideal translation would be one in which the aim in the target language is equivalence as regards the conceptual content, linguistic form and communicative function of a source- language text.[8] According to Reiss, translation methods have connection with the particular target audience, special purpose intended for the translation and the type of text. Her viewpoints offer a beacon for the following people.Later, Hans Vermeer, one of Reiss’s students, founded Skopos Theory on the foundation of Reiss’s viewpoint and had gone further in trying to bridge the gap between theory and practice. He regarded the translation as a kind of behavior full of intention and purpose and tried to liberate the translation from the confinement of the source text. Translation should follow a series of rules, of which the purpose rule is in the first place. That is to say, translation depends on its purpose, and the translator should adopt corresponding translation strategies according to different purposes and should decide what can be remained and what needs to be adjusted or modified. According to Vermeer’s remarks, each translation is directed at an intended audience, since to translate means to produce a text in a target setting for a target purpose and target addressees in target circumstances.[9]Then, Justa Holz-Manttari drew on the communicative and behavioral theory and came up with theory of translation action so as to further develop the functionalist translation theory. In her theory, translation is defined as “a complex action designed to achieve a particul ar purpose.”[10] The generic term for this phenomenon is “translational action”, whose purpose is to transfer messages across language and culture barriers by means of message transmitters produced by experts in order to coordinate communicative and actional cooperation. The theory and Vermeer’s theory have a lot in common, and later Vermeer integrated the two theories.Subsequently, Christina Nord comprehensively summarized and combedfunctionalist theories, and suggested that translators should follow the model of “functionality-plus-loyalty”, which perfected the Skopos Theory. That’s the growth of Skopos Theory.1.2 Three Basic Rules of Skopos TheoryFrom Skopos Theory, translation should follow a series of rules, namely the purpose rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule. Among them, purpose rule is in the first place and purpose of translation determines the translation strategies and methods.[11]Purpose rule can be divided into three categories: the basic purpose of translator (such as earning a living), the communication purpose of translation (such as enlightening readers), and the use of a particular translation means to achieve the purpose (such as using literal translation).[12]But generally speaking, “purpose” refers to the communicative purpose of translation, namely “the translation has a communicative function on target readers in target social and c ultural context”.Coherence rule refers that translation should meet the coherent standard, which is readable and acceptable to readers and can make them understand the culture and context of target language.[13] Translation is successful only when people think that translational information conforms to their environment and background.Fidelity rule deals with the link between translation and original text, that is to say the translation should be faithful to original text. Besides, fidelity rule chiefly focuses on the relationship between translator and original author, customer and receiver. In a word, the three rules constitute the basic aspects of Skopos Theory, and coherence rule and fidelity rule must obey the purpose rule.2.Overview of Translation of Chinese Scenic Spots NamesScenic spots names, as an indispensable and special part of tourism materials, aim at attracting potential tourists to pay a visit and diffusing tourist information to others. While for foreign visitors, the first information about China’s scenery is the translation of scenic spots names, which contains the unique and distinctive charm and rich culture of China. The successful and outstanding translation of scenic spots names can brilliantly show characters of China’s tourist attractions to foreigners and stimulate their infinite desire to visit the attractions. Besides, it can further promote the international development of China’s touris m industry and add vitality to the development of national economy. However, there are still numerous problems in translation of scenic spots names in China.2.1 Current Problems in Translation of Chinese Scenic Spots NamesNow, the current translation of scenic spots names in China is far from satisfactory and plenty of problems can be detected in translation, which hinders the promotion of Chinese history, famous mountains and great rivers, and rich culture to foreign tourists. And the problems in translation have been analyzed and listed as follows.Firstly, multi-versions of the same attraction name. People frequently perceive that a proper name tends to have several translational versions and the same travel place may be translated in a wide variety of names in different tourist books, maps or brochure, and other public materials as well. It may confuse or mislead the understanding of foreigners and lead them to think whether the translated names refer to the same place or other places, which would affect the effectiveness of advocating scenic spots. Meanwhile, it could damp the whole image of the scenic spot.Numerous beautiful parks could be discovered in Guangxi Province where they have no uniformed names in translation. For example,“鱼峰公园”has four renderings like Standing Fish Park, Standing-fish Hill Park, Yufeng Park and Yufeng Scenery District.“鹅山公园”has three translation editions such as: E Shan Park, Ershan Hill Park and Ershan Youth Park. The same problem can be picked out in“雨花石博物馆”without a standard translation version. It has been translated as Rain Flower Stone Museum in guide map, as Yuhua Pebbles Museum in statues and as Rain Flower Pebbles Museum intourist signs. All the three versions refer to the same museum, but different versions may bewilder overseas tourists.Secondly, spelling errors can be beheld in multiple tourist spots when you make an attempt to go on a trip. Though quite obvious and striking, those errors have no connection with translators’ ability and competence but with their or printers’ carelessness and perfunctoriness, which can be removed and addressed in time. Examples are as follows: the Chinese name of “古五松园” is carved as Garden of Ancient Five Pine Tress near entrance, which should be corrected as Garden of Ancient Five Pine Tre es. “圆沙城门遗址” in northwest part of China is labeled as Gate of Y uansh Sites, where Yuansh should be rectified as Yuansha. Another sample is “儿童游乐场” in Changsha, whose translation is Children’ A musement Pavr and we all know that the Pavr needs to be changed into the correct word Park.Thirdly, the ignorance of the cultural information. Plenty difficulties occur in translation process due to the cultural differences between China and foreign countries. A large amount of translators are accustomed to translate scenic spots names within Chinese mindset and expression. A translator who ignores target readers’ background information is very likely to generate insufficient versions or neglect essential elements．If only translating the scenic spots names from the literal meaning without concerning background information and cultural contents, translator may lead to a wrong way.“寒山寺” is a famous tourist spot in Jiangsu Province, which is simply translatedinto Cold Mountain Temple. Actually speaking, “寒山”isn’t the name of a mountain, but the name of a monk. So the name of this temple should be explained as Hanshan Temple. Let’s take another example, located in the West Lake,“三老石室”is misunderstood as Three Old Men by local tour-guide, while “三老”refers to three venerables who are famous for the art of seal-engraving. Combining the background information of this tourist spot, it should be translated as the Stone Chamber of Three Venerables.In addition, misunderstanding of tourist spots and misuse of translation methods can also contribute to problematic translation. Beyond doubt, existing problems in translation of scenic spots names could twist the information in tourist spots and the quality of translation would influence the potential foreign tourists. Therefore, in order to play an irreplaceable and significant role of scenic spots names in China and to advocate Chinese culture and traditions to other parts of the world, it is transparent and urgent to improve the present situation of translation of scenic spots names and much more attentions should be paid into this field. Fortunately, the causes of those problematic translation will be analyzed in next part.2.2 Causes of Existing Problems in Translation of Chinese Scenic Spots NamesThe causes of present situation in translation of scenic spots names arecomplicated and various, and are not aroused just by one person or community. There are mainly 3 causes of the above translation problems.In the first place, the administrative authorities haven’t pa id much attention to the supervision in process of translation. The multi-versions of the same scenic spot will cause confusion to foreign tourists who may think multi-translations refer to different places in China, and the error spellings of English words could also cloud tourists and damage image of scenery. Problematic translations caused by nonchalance or irresponsibility of administrative authorities can be adapted and corrected soon if attached importance during the course of translation.In the second place, the producer of tourist brochures and signs knows nothing about English or has no idea of inviting a professional translator to design the English name of tourist spots so as to reduce the cost. Besides, the producer may think that there is no necessary to proofread the translational version of tourist spots names because Chinese travelers won’t give a glimpse at it and the foreigners can just guess its meaning or experience the attractions by themselves.In the third place, many natural and cultural terms unique in Chin a’s tourist spots pose a great difficulty for translators in translation. The translator may treat the name with natural and cultural terms in their own ways, whose translation may be considered as insufficiency and deficiency and cannot fully express the cultural connotation of the original text. What’s more, theforeigners can’t seize the useful and helpful information they need to enjoy the whole scenic spots.From above analysis of problems in translation of scenic spots names, the current mistakes can be cleared out and avoided because they mainly occur due to the translator’s negligence and incapability and manager’s carelessness. Relatively speaking, the problematic translation seriously or senselessly breaches the three rules of Skopos Theory, namely the purpose rule, coherence rule, and fidelity rule in translation and a comprehensive implementation of these rules can cast the problems in translation away.3.Application of Skopos Theory in Translation of Chinese Scenic Spots NamesVermeer argued that any form of translation, including translation itself, can be regarded as a form of behavior and any behavior has a given goal or purpose.Translation of scenic spots names belongs to the translation of practical writings, which has a real purpose. In general, the purpose of translation of scenic spots names mainly involves three aspects: first, let tourists know related situation of scenic attractions through the translation, such as cultural background, historical origin and so on; second, arouse the curiosity of foreign tourists through the description of attractions and engage them to have a trip; third, motivate tourists emotion through vivid text.Therefore, it’s easy to find that Skopos Theory is important and significant in guiding the practical translation of scenic spots names.3.1 Three Basic Rules of Skopos Theory in Translation of Scenic Spots NamesVermeer brought forward that translation is full of purpose and intention, and is viewed as cross-cultural transfer and communicational action. Hence, Vermeer provided Skopos Theory to usher translation practice and said quality of translation isn’t determined by the source texts, but by the purpose of translation, that is “the end justifies the means”.[14] However, this newly invented theory has triggered criticism from scholars who support equivalence theory and believe that Skopos Theory excessively emphasizes on purpose of translation, which should be faithful to the source text. Faced with these doubts, V ermeer and other representatives of functionalism put forward three rules of Skopos Theory: the purpose rule, the coherence rule and the fidelity rule. It is apparent that the purpose of translation of tourist attractions names is to engage foreigners to visit that place, so the application of three rules in translation can be a good way to develop the particular function of scenic spot names.3.1.1 Purpose RuleThe purpose rule, among the top in Skopos Theory, is to help translators realize the function of translation. Purpose rule deals with that each text is produced for a given purpose and should serve this purpose. Therefore, the purpose rul e reads as follows, “translate in a way that enables your translation to function in the situation in which it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function.”[15] That is to say, the purpose is related with the client who needs a text for a particular purpose and calls upon the translator for a translation, and the translator should be able to justify their choice of a particular purpose in a given translational situation.This rule is intended to solve the eternal dilemmas of free vs faithful translation, dynamic vs formal equivalence, good interpreters vs slavish translators, and so on. It means that the purpose of a particular translation task may require a free or faithful translation, depending on the purpose for which the translation is needed.As a decision-maker, the translator should know that a particular purpose is the most important for him in translational process. And the purpose rule gives the translator a new perspective in translation of scenic spots names and a new guideline to decide which strategy will be employed in the whole process of translation, so as to realize the purpose of providing appealing information and attracting tourists.Example: “杜甫草堂”is written in English as Du Fu’s Thatched Cottage,which is the poet-and-historian Du Fu’s former residence where he with his family lived there to flee from political rebellions. This travel-site is noted for its beautiful scenery, solemnity and elegance.From its English name, foreigners could acquire the basic information about the tourist spot and feel curious about the origin and history of this cottage in China and then would attempt to visit the scene and learn about the amazing stories of Du Fu. Therefore, the English version of “杜甫草堂”as Du Fu’s Thatched Cottage, instead of Du Fu’s Residence, fulfills the purpose of offering useful information about the shape and style of this tourist spot and attracting foreign visitors, which conforms to the purpose rule.Example:“十里荷花”is translated into multiple versions, such as Ten-li Lotus Flowers, Ten Li of Lotus Flowers, Ten Kilometers of Lotus Flowers. All these translations are lack of novelty and creation and are awkward to explain “十里” into ten li or ten kilometers, which could make foreign tourists feel bored and tired. However, it would catch visitors’ attention when the version is changed into Lotus in Bloom for Miles and Miles, which is more appealing and attracting than the previous translations. It could stimulate foreign tourists to imagine the gorgeous views of lotus in bloom and to pay a nice visit there, which, of course, complies with the purpose rule in translation of scenic spots names.From above analysis, we know that the purpose in tourism translation determines which translated text is more proper and which one is。

功能翻译理论概述

Functionalist Translation Theory
功能翻译理论概述
contents
功能翻译理论的文献综述核心理论——目的论简介功能翻译理论在各类翻译领域的应用对功能翻译理论的评价
结语及参考文献
Translation Time
theorists
Works
Opinions
Remarks
• “目的原则” （skopos rule)指的是译文与“翻译指令”之间的关系，即：如果译文与翻译的目的不同于原文的目的，译文必须满足翻译指令的要求。
目的论的三原则
在这个系统中，忠实原则从属于连贯原则，而连贯原则又从属于目春光一二！（《牡丹亭》）
图3：有关翻译目的论的文章类型比例图
38%
20% 5%
37%
研究性文章文学性
文学类应用性文章
非文学类应用性文章
评价性文章
结果分析
1．研究内容单一从统计分析我们可以看到，尽管近年来有关功能主义翻译目的论在
我国的研究文章数量不断增多，但多是在翻译策略方面特别是在非文学类翻译策略研究方面。功能主义目的论在翻译批评、翻译理论和翻译教学中的研究相对缺乏。
但是要使目的论完全适应各种题材，仍需要对许多方面进行反思。
参考文献
[1] Baker, Mona. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studied. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.2004.
[2] Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories(Revised Second Edition).Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Educat ion Press.2004.

功能翻译理论目的论

方梦之主编：《译学词典》，上海外语教育出版社，第29页功能翻译理论functionalist translation theory又称“功能目的论”（Skopos theory）。

1971年，德国的莱斯（K. Reiss）首先提出“把翻译行为所要达到的特殊目的”作为翻译评价的新模式。

1984年她在与费米尔（H. J. Vermeer）合写的General Foundation of Translation Theory一书中声称：译者在整个翻译过程中的参照系不应是“对等”翻译理论所注重的原文及其功能，而应是译文在译语文化环境中所预期达到的一种或若钟交际功能。

20世纪90年代初，德国学者克利斯蒂安·诺德（Christiane Nord）进一步拓展了译文功能理论。

她强调译文与原文的联系，但这种联系的质量与数量由译文的预期功能确定。

这就是说，根据译文语境，原文中的哪些内容或成分可以保留，哪些需调整或改写，该由译文的预期功能确定。

功能目的理论的两项基本原则是：1. 翻译各方面的交互作用受翻译目的所决定；2. 目的随接受对象的不同而变化。

按照这两项原则，译者可以为了达到目的而采用任何他自己认为适当的翻译策略。

换句话说，目的决定方式（The end justifies the means）。

作为受文化制约的语言符号，原文语篇和译文语篇受到各自交际环境的影响，译文功能与原文功能可相似或保持一致，也可能完全不同。

根据不同的语境因素和预期功能，选择最佳的处理方法，这是功能翻译理论比以对等为基础的翻译理论或极端功能主义的翻译理论更为优越之处。

翻译功能理论指导下的翻译方法表现出较大的灵活性，较高的科学性和易操作性。

Toury 把“功能目的论”看作是“译文文本中心论”的翻版。

Skopos theory (plural Skopos theories)1.(translation studies) The idea that translating and interpretingshould primarily take into account the function of both the sourceand target text.o1995, Paul Kussmaul, Training The Translator, JohnBenjamins Publishing Co, p. 149:The functional approach has a great affinity with Skopos theory.The function of a translation is dependent on the knowledge,expectations, values and norms of the target readers, who are again influenced by the situation they are in and by the culture. Thesefactors determine whether the function of the source text orpassages in the source text can be preserved or have to be modified or even changed.Introduction to the Skopos TheoryThe Skopos theory is an approach to translation which was put forward by Hans Vemeer and developed in Germany in the late 1970s and whichoriented a more functionally and socioculturally concept of translation. Translation is considered not as a process of translation, but as a specific form of human action. In our mind, translation has a purpose, and the word “Skopos” was from Greek. It’s used as the technical term for the purpose of the translation.翻译目的论，"skopos"是希腊语“目的”的意思。

功能对等理论视角下科普文本《生命的演变》(节选)英译汉翻译实践报告

功能对等理论视角下科普文本《生命的演变》（节选）英译汉翻译实践报告摘要：本文采用功能对等理论视角对英文科普文本《生命的演变》（节选）进行翻译实践，并对翻译的难点及策略进行了分析和总结。

研究发现，该文本涉及生物学、化学等学科领域的专业术语较多，部分概念翻译难度较大；同时，该文本的目的是普及科学知识，需要使用通俗易懂的语言表达。

因此，在翻译过程中，需要进行专业术语的准确翻译和科普信息的清晰传达，并兼顾语言风格的亲和力与译文流畅度的保持。

综上，本文提出了以“准确翻译、通俗易懂、亲和译文”为原则的翻译策略，旨在为科普翻译实践提供参考借鉴。

关键词：功能对等理论；科普翻译；专业术语；语言亲和力；翻译策略Functionalist Translation Theory Perspective on Science Popularization Text "Evolution of Life" (Excerpt) Translation Practice ReportAbstract:This paper adopts the perspective of functionalisttranslation theory to carry out translation practice for the English science popularization text "Evolution of Life" (excerpt), and analyzes and summarizes the difficulties and strategies of translation. The study found that this text contains many professional terms in the fields of biology, chemistry, etc., and some concepts are difficult to translate; at the same time, the purpose of this text is to popularize scientific knowledge and requires the use of easy-to-understand language. Therefore, in the process of translation, it is necessary to accurately translate professional terms and clearly convey scientific popularization information while taking into account the language style affinity and translation fluency. Therefore,this paper proposes a translation strategy based on the principles of "accurate translation, easy-to-understand, and language affinity", and is intended to provide reference for science popularization translation practice.Keywords: functionalist translation theory; science popularization translation; professional terminology; language affinity; translation strategyI. IntroductionIn recent years, with the progress of science andtechnology, the importance of science dissemination has become increasingly prominent. Science popularization translation, as an important part of science dissemination, plays a vital role in promoting the communication and exchange of scientific research achievements, improving people's scientific literacy, and promoting the development of science and technology.However, science popularization translation is not an easy task. It is not only necessary to accurately translate professional terminology, but also to ensure that the translation is easily understood by the general public. Moreover, it is important to take into account the language style affinity and translation fluency. Therefore, this paper proposes a translation strategy based on the principles of "accurate translation, easy-to-understand, and language affinity", and is intended to provide reference for science popularization translation practice.II. Principles of Functionalism Translation TheoryFunctionalism translation theory is one of the important translation theories. It emphasizes the communicative function of language, and regards the translation as a communicative act between twodifferent linguistic and cultural systems. The goal of functionalism translation theory is to achieve communicative success, that is, to ensure that the translated text can effectively convey the purpose and meaning of the source text to the target readers.Based on the principles of functionalism translation theory, the translation strategy proposed in thispaper includes the following aspects:1. Accurate Translation of Professional TerminologyProfessional terminology is the core content of most scientific popularization texts. The accuracy of professional terminology translation has a direct impact on the readability and credibility of the translated text. Therefore, in the translation process, it is necessary to ensure the accurate translation of professional terminology, to maintain the consistency and accuracy of the scientific content, and to avoid causing misunderstandings due to inaccurate translation.2. Easy-to-Understand TranslationScience popularization translation is aimed at the general public, so it is necessary to use simple andeasy-to-understand language to convey the scientific content. At the same time, the translator should pay attention to the cultural differences betweendifferent languages, and use the localized expressions that target readers can understand. For example, in the translation of different units of measurement, the translator can use the equivalent units of the target language to make it easier for readers to understand.3. Language AffinityLanguage affinity refers to the similarity in vocabulary, grammar, syntax and expression between the source and target languages. In the translation of science popularization texts, language affinity is of great significance for improving the readability and fluency of the translated text. Therefore, the translator should pay attention to the languageaffinity between the source and target languages, and choose appropriate translation methods according to the specific situation, such as using the target language's commonly used expressions to replace the lengthy grammar of the source language.III. ConclusionIn summary, the translation of science popularizationtexts is not only a professional translation work, but also a popularization work. The translation strategy proposed in this paper based on the principles of functionalism translation theory, can guide the translators to accurately and effectively translate the scientific content, and make the translated text easy to understand and have language affinity. In the actual translation practice, the translator should pay attention to the combination of theory and practice, work hard to improve language skills and communication skills, and continuously explore and innovate translation methods to promote the dissemination and popularization of scientific knowledgeIn addition to the importance of translation theory, the translator also needs to have a strong understanding of the scientific knowledge they are translating. They need to be familiar with the terminology and jargon used in the specific field to accurately convey the meaning of the text. This requires the translator to not only have expertise in language, but also in the scientific area they are working with.Moreover, the translator needs to consider the target audience for the translated text. The scientific content may need to be simplified for a generalreadership or specialized for professionals. The translator needs to smoothly navigate between the scientific and linguistic contexts, and ensure that the translated text is not only accurate, but also clear and easy to understand for the intended readership.Technology has also played a great role in the translation of scientific content. Machine translation tools have greatly improved and are able to provide fast and convenient translations. However, these tools still lack the ability to accurately convey scientific terminology and context-specific language. Therefore, human translators with scientific expertise are still essential for accurate and effective translation in this field.In conclusion, the translation of scientific contentis a complex and challenging task that requires both linguistic and scientific knowledge, as well as an understanding of the target audience. The translator needs to constantly improve their skills and explore new translation methods to promote the dissemination and popularization of scientific knowledge across different languages and culturesAdditionally, the translator must also be able to work closely with scientists and researchers, as well as editors and publishers, to ensure that the content is accurate and meets the standards of the scientific community. This means being able to understand and interpret technical terminology, as well as being able to convey complex scientific concepts in a clear and concise way.One of the key challenges in translating scientific content is the need to balance accuracy with readability. While it is important to ensure that the content is scientifically accurate, it is equally important to make it accessible and easy to understand for the target audience. This requires the translator to not only have excellent linguistic skills, but also to be able to understand the cultural and social context of the target audience.Another challenge in translating scientific content is the need to keep up with the latest developments and advancements in the field. This requires thetranslator to stay informed and up-to-date on the latest research, discoveries, and trends, and to be able to incorporate this knowledge into their translations. This can be particularly challenging in rapidly evolving fields, such as biotechnology ornanotechnology, where new discoveries are being made on a regular basis.Despite the challenges, the translation of scientific content plays a crucial role in promoting scientific progress and knowledge sharing across different languages and cultures. It helps to break downbarriers and create a more inclusive and interconnected scientific community, where researchers and scientists from different countries and regions can collaborate and share their knowledge and expertise.In conclusion, translating scientific content is a complex and challenging task that requires both linguistic and scientific expertise, as well as an understanding of the target audience. It is an essential part of promoting scientific progress and knowledge sharing, and plays a crucial role in breaking down barriers and creating a more connected and inclusive scientific community. As such, it is an important area of focus for translators andtranslation professionals, who play a vital role in bridging the gap between scientists and the general publicIn conclusion, scientific translation is a challenging task that requires linguistic and scientific expertise, as well as an understanding of the target audience. It is essential for promoting scientific progress and knowledge sharing and plays a vital role in creating a more connected and inclusive scientific community. Translators and translation professionals have an important role to play in bridging the gap between scientists and the general public。

功能翻译理论

功能翻译理论（functional translation theory）简述功能翻译理论（functional translation theory）诞生在20世纪70年代的德国，形成这一理论有三个杰出贡献者：Katharine Reiss, Hans J. Vermeer and Christiane Nord。

根据杂志上发表的论文、学术会议上宣读的论文、学术报告和出版的专著，功能翻译理论（functional translation theory）的要点简述如下：1、分析概念段（conceptual paragraph，具有明确主题意义一个或多个自然段）和句子的修辞功能，使修辞功能的形式重现，从形式的等同中求得功能的等值，意义的等值，这种翻译叫做功能翻译。

翻译应该是在修辞功能等值的前提下，遵守“信、达、X”规范；文体不同，翻译的目的不一样，X不一样。

（张梅岗，《中国科技翻译》，1994，（3）；刘重德，《三湘译论》，湖南出版社，1995；周笃宝，《中国翻译》，2000，（2））2、功能翻译理论（functional translation theory）强调修辞形式等同和功能等值的一致性，修辞是手段，是形式；功能是修辞产生的结果或达到的目的，是内容的总和。

修辞包括概念段内和句内的修辞，即语言语境的修辞，也包括情景语境、文化语境、语用语境的修辞。

（《科技英语修辞》，1998）换句话说，在概念段和句子中，语义、语法和语用三者合为一体表达修辞功能。

3、功能是靠结构（structures）来体现的，任何一种语言都是由四种符号元素（词、词标识、词序和语调）构成。

语言结构（constructions）的认知图式与其他认知领域的认知图式类似，由简单到复杂，由具体到抽象，构成语言因果网络。

概念段贯穿了一条主题链，或称因果键。

这条因果键是命题或语言事件构成的，也是它们的概念化的参考点。

（《中国翻译》，1998，（5）此文已被美国Colby Information Center of Science & Culture收录，网上转载。

(完整word版)功能翻译理论目的论

方梦之主编：《译学词典》，上海外语教育出版社，第29页功能翻译理论 functionalist translation theory又称“功能目的论"（Skopos theory）。

1971年，德国的莱斯(K。

Reiss）首先提出“把翻译行为所要达到的特殊目的”作为翻译评价的新模式。

1984年她在与费米尔（H。

J. Vermeer)合写的General Foundation of Translation Theory一书中声称：译者在整个翻译过程中的参照系不应是“对等”翻译理论所注重的原文及其功能，而应是译文在译语文化环境中所预期达到的一种或若钟交际功能.20世纪90年代初，德国学者克利斯蒂安·诺德（Christiane Nord）进一步拓展了译文功能理论。

她强调译文与原文的联系，但这种联系的质量与数量由译文的预期功能确定。

这就是说，根据译文语境，原文中的哪些内容或成分可以保留，哪些需调整或改写，该由译文的预期功能确定。

功能目的理论的两项基本原则是：1. 翻译各方面的交互作用受翻译目的所决定；2。

目的随接受对象的不同而变化。

按照这两项原则，译者可以为了达到目的而采用任何他自己认为适当的翻译策略.换句话说，目的决定方式(The end justifies the means）。

作为受文化制约的语言符号,原文语篇和译文语篇受到各自交际环境的影响，译文功能与原文功能可相似或保持一致，也可能完全不同。

根据不同的语境因素和预期功能，选择最佳的处理方法，这是功能翻译理论比以对等为基础的翻译理论或极端功能主义的翻译理论更为优越之处。

翻译功能理论指导下的翻译方法表现出较大的灵活性,较高的科学性和易操作性。

Toury 把“功能目的论"看作是“译文文本中心论”的翻版。

Skopos theory（plural Skopos theories)1.（translation studies) The idea that translating and interpretingshould primarily take into account the function of both the source and target text。

从功能主义看肖申克的救赎

Zhu Hui(朱慧)Professor He Shaobin (何绍斌)A Comparative Study of Translation Theories in China and in W est11 August 2011On E-C Film Subtitle Translation from the Perspective of FunctionalistTranslation Theory---A Case Study of “The Shawshank Redemption”Shanghai Maritime UniversityAugust 2011摘要近来，电影字幕翻译虽然取得了一定的研究成果，然而，理论上，规范电影字幕翻译的理论尚未成熟和完善，实践上，电影字幕翻译的质量还有待于提高。

本文尝试从功能翻译理论的角度出发对《肖申克的救赎》字幕翻译进行研究。

经过分析研究，得出结论：功能翻译理论关照下的字幕翻译是受翻译目的制约的行为，目的语观众对译文的可接受性要比其忠实性重要。

同时，字幕翻译应有助于展现电影情节、人物性格，与图像、声音有机地融为整体。

关键词：字幕翻译，功能翻译理论，目的论，《肖申克的救赎》，案例研究ABSTRACTOn E-C Film Subtitle Translation from the Perspective of Functionalist TranslationTheory---A Case Study of “The Shaw shank Redemption”Zhu HuiNowadays, film subtitle translation is far from being satisfactory. In terms of theory, film subtitle translation has received little scholarly attention. In terms of practice, the quality of film subtitle translation is yet to be improved.The paper aims to make a research on film subtitle translation in terms of functionalist translation theory. The paper finds out two results: subtitle translation is above all a skopos-constrained activity, therefore, its acceptability is more important than loyalty to target audiences; subtitle translation should demonstrate film plot and figure's characters as a whole with images and sound.TABLE OF CONTENTS摘要 (ii)ABSTRACT (iii)TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... i v Chapter One Introduction (1)Chapter Two Literature Review (2)Chapter Three Features of Film Subtitle (3)3.1 Characteristics of Subtitle (3)3.2T echnical constraints of subtitle translation (3)Chapter Four Functionalist Approach toward Subtitle Translation (5)4.1 A Brief Introduction to Functionalist Translation Theory (5)4.1.1A T op-down Functionalist Translation Procedure (5)4.2 Skopos Rule (5)4.2.1 The Coherence Rule (6)4.2.2The Fidelity Rule (6)Chapter Five Case Study: Subtitle Translation of “The Shawshank Redemption” (7)5.1 Brief Introduction to “The Shawshank Redemption” (7)5.2 Identification of Translation Problems (7)5.2.1 Cultural Level (7)5.2.2 T ext-processing Level (8)Chapter Six Conclusions (10)REFERENCES (11)ACKNWLEGEMNTS (12)Chapter One IntroductionAt present, with the wave of globalization, more and more foreign films especially English films are brought into our country. However, due to the majority of Chinese people's lacking enough knowledge of English, translators have to watch translated movies including dubbed movies and subtitled movies. Unfortunately, film subtitle translation is far from being satisfactory on both practice and theory study. Therefore, the quality of film subtitle translation has yet to be improved.To be brief, this paper attempts to answer the following questions:(a),to what extent can functionalist translation theory be applied in subtitle translation?(b),is the subtitle translation of "The Shawshank Redemption” adequate from the perspective of functionalist translation theory?The paper adopts a descriptive-explanatory method along with a case study of "The Shawshank Redemption"The thesis mainly consists of mainly six sections as following:Chapter one, the introduction, includes research background of the thesis; research issues; methodology and thesis structure. In chapter two, the thesis reviews past studies at home and abroad in this field. The thesis then enters into chapter three, functionalist approach toward subtitle translation. Based on the unique features of subtitling and the framework of functionalist translation theory the thesis enters into the case study of “The Shawshank Redemption”, in which the author evaluates its subtitling through detailed analysis from cultural level and text-processing level to testify the effectiveness of functionalist translation theory.Chapter Two Literature Review The first academic article to study film translation from a translation perspective appeared in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Gambier is one of the leading figures in this field who edited a book with Henrik Gottlieb :( Multi) media Translation: Concepts, Practices, and Research. Other major scholars also made great contributions to film translation, including Ivarsoon, Tomaszkicwicz, Dirk, Delabastita and so on. Besides, translation journals like Translation Journal have a special column "Art and Entertainment" in which many articles deal with the problems of film translation.In China, Chinese subtitle translators first began their work in 1949.On the whole, subtitle translation has rarely been discussed comparing with other type of translation. As far as my research could cover from 1991 to 2007, only four articles concerned audio-visual translation. Of the four, Qian Shaochang, an experienced film subtitle translator, has indeed conducted a practical research in this regard entitled” Audio-visual Translation------An Important Area in the Field of Translation Studies"(Qian,2000:33).Strategies for Translating Subtitles written by Li Yunxing(2001) Other theorists, like Zhang Chunbai(1998), Zhao Chunmei(2002), also published meaningful essays in this field.The author tries to focus on the research of subtitle translation in functionalist approach. Furthermore, the writer hopes these discussions could enlighten both the theoretical research and subtitle translation practice on a systematical and standardized track.Chapter Three Features of Film Subtitle Film subtitles, according to Luyken are as condensed written translation of the original dialogues which appear as lines of text, usually being positioned at the bottom of screen. Subtitles appear and disappear to coincide timely with the corresponding portion of the original dialogues and are almost always being added to the screen images at a later date as a post-production activity.”(Luyken)The features of it on one hand lies in that it is not only inter-lingual, but is also an inter-semiotic process. On the other hand due to its specific form, it suffers space and time limitations which lead to the technical constraints of subtitle translation.3.1 Characteristics of SubtitleFirstly, subtitling is above all inter-lingual. Subtitling is defined by Shuttleworth & Cowie as the process of providing synchronized captions for films and television dialogues, which implies that it can be either intra-lingual or inter-lingual, and when being categorized on the technical basis, to be open(i.e. forming part of the original film or broadcast)or closed(i.e. broadcasting separately and accessible).(Shuttleworth&Cowie,1997:161).Secondly, subtitling is not only inter-lingual, but is also an inter-semiotic process owing to the poly-semiotic nature of AV products. As Baker noted,” Film is a semiotic composition of mainly four channels: verbal auditory channel (e.g. dialogue and background voices); non-verbal auditory channel (e.g. natural sounds, sound effects and music); verbal visual channel (e.g. subtitles and the writing within); non-verbal visual channel (images, camera positions & movement, and editing etc.)".(Baker 1998)3.2Technical constraints of subtitle translationThe great technical constraints of subtitle translation are space and time limitations.No matter how big the size of the film screen, subtitles can only occupy the space of at most two lines at the lower part where the image is of less importance. Due to the difference of word formation, English subtitles usually occupy more space than Chinese ones in terms of utterance length. Subtitled text should be centered on its allocated lines for the convenience of viewing. (Karamitroglou, 1998) What's more, in order to be simultaneous with the sound and images time limitation should be considered. Karamitroglou, a scholar on subtitle translation, proposes that “subtitles should not be inserted simultaneously with the initiations of the utterance but 1/4 second later, since tests have indicated that the brain needs 1/4 of a second to process the advent of spoken linguistic material and guide the eye towards the bottom of the screen anticipating the subtitle."Therefore, apart from the traditional translation requirements, the specific technical ones should be considered by subtitle translators in the filed of multimedia translation.Chapter Four Functionalist Approach toward Subtitle Translation4.1 A Brief Introduction to Functionalist Translation TheoryStudy of subtitling in the thesis is to be conducted within the framework of functionalist translation theory, which follows a top-down way in dealing with translation problems. Within the framework of functionalist translation theory, subtitle translation is treated as a skopos constrained activity, an interpersonal interaction and a text-processing action as discussed below.Subtitling with the framework of functionalist enjoys a top-down procedure in dealing with translation problems, i.e. translation typology should be determined in advance, and then comes the analysis of source text and translation, etc.4.1.1A Top-down Functionalist Translation ProcedureDifferent from the traditional translation practices among which translation process were mostly bottom-up, the Functionalist Approach favors a top-down way in dealing with translation problems, which means that it begins at the pragmatic level by making decision on what the intended function of the translation is the translation type determines the translation style to be source-culture oriented or target-culture oriented.4.2 Skopos RuleAs above-introduce, skop os is a Greek word meaning “aim” or “purpose”. The top-ranking and the most dominating rule for any translation is the skops rule, which means the translational action is determined by its skopos (aim or purpose), in other words the end justifies the means.However, the skopos rule does not strictly exclude philological or literal or even word-for-word translation. There are many cases where relative literalism is precisely what the receivers’ need.4.2.1 The Coherence RuleThe coherence rule states tha t the target text” must be interpretable as coherent with the TT receivers’ situation” (Reiss&Vermeer, 1984:113).In other words, the target text must be translated in such a way that it is coherent for the target text receivers, given their circumstances and knowledge (Munday, 2001:79).In terms of skopos, the translation brief is based on the circumstances of the target culture, rather than the source culture. What the translator can do, and should do, is to produce a text that is at least likely to be meaningful to the target-culture receivers. 4.2.2The Fidelity RuleDeferring from intratextual coherence, there exist intertexual coherence referring to the relationship between the target text and the source text. This is postulated as a further principle, the fidelity rule.One goal of translation is to faithfully bring the words and form of the original text into a new language. As the translator and the receivers live in different cultures, some adjustments in the form showing the relationship between the source text and the target text should be made according to the translator's interpretation of the source text.An important advantage of skopos is that it allows the possibility of the same text being translated in different ways according to the purpose of the TT and the commission which is given to the translator (Munday, 2001:80).Chapter Five Case Study: Subtitle Translation of “The Shawshank Redemption”5.1 Brief Introduction to “The Shawshank Redemption”The Shawshank Redemption has been one of the famous American film since its release in 1994. It has ranked the top three places among the best 250 films in the film database. It was nominated seven prices in Oscar in 1994 and was crowned as one of the ten greatest and perfect blockbusters in Hollywood.The young banker Andy was sentenced life imprisonment due to the death of his wife and her lover. Because of the corruption of the prison the innocent Andy suffered much on both flesh and spirit. However, he did not yield to the destiny. Through twenty years' unremitting efforts of digging a secret tunnel, he succeeded escaping from the prison and led a normal life in Mexico.5.2 Identification of Translation Problems5.2.1 Cultural LevelLanguage is the carrier of culture, and subt itles are no exception. In case of “The Shawshank redemption”, subtitle translators are bound to fulfill the translation of heavily culture-loaded words and expressions from American culture to that of Chinese. Based on that point translators should convey source language culture several examples belowExample one, the words said by Andy in the court:"And she said that she wanted a divorce in Reno". The word "Reno" carries American culture in which divorce can be carried out quickly---three month in this city, divorce is permitted for any couple. Therefore, when translating, the translator should add explanation of the city. It can be translated like this “她还说她要去Reno和我离婚” (Reno:美国著名的“离婚城市”) The second example "... and asked me to smuggle Rita Hayworth into the prison for him... " in which "Rita Hayworth " was a famous star, so based on the culturalconvey, we may translate it like:"让我替他搞张艳星Rita Hayworth的海报进来时""艳星" in Chinese explains the identity of Rita Hayworth in order not to confuse the Chinese audiences who do not have a clear understanding of who Rita Hayworth is. And besides it is a concise way which occupies little space.The two examples above provide a vivid picture of how to get the culture of target language known to the target language viewer and the examples below demonstrate how translators make the translation closer to the TL viewers:"...I swear by God and Jesus, you will all visit the infirmary.” As we know, China and the America share differences in religious belief, with the former has the belief of Buddhism and the latter of Christian but they occupy the same status in each of their people's mind. Therefore, it seems to be better to translate it into the version "我对天发誓，你们会吃不了兜着走" "天" is more acceptable to Chinese than that of "上帝" considering their different religious cultures."You are convicted felons. That’s why they've sent you to me." is translated as" 你们因为作奸犯科，所以才进监狱"in wh ich “are convicted felons” is translated it into a four-word proverb“作奸犯科”, which is also a conventional proverb in Chinese, literally means“作奸科”, Because within the framework of functionalist translation theory, the TT should be able to maximize TT receiv ers’ understanding and appreciation of the drama as a whole.5.2.2 Text-processing LevelSubtitle translation within the framework of functionalist translation theory considers the source text as merely an information offer, and it is hence the translat ors’ work to make decision on how to deliver the information adequately according to a specified skopos.”(Schaffner 1998) Therefore, under no circumstance should the skopos be challenged, nor the temporal and spatial limitation be endangered, i.e. providing adequate information offer in the target text for Chinese audiences.For example," Glenn Quentin, golf pro at the Snowden Hills Country Club..."the version "格伦·昆汀，职业高尔夫教练" is better than "格伦·昆汀, Snowden俱乐部高尔夫教练" that is because knowing where the man works can not help the audiences know the plot but divert their attention in considering the place.Chapter Six ConclusionsThis thesis is a tentative study of film subtitle translation within the framework of functionalist translation theory. Firstly, different from other kinds of translation, subtitling is limited by technical constraint. Therefore when subtitling, subtitle translators have to pay more attention to these constraints. A careful study of these constraints and the process of film subtitle-making are necessary for every translator working on this field. Secondly, subtitling should firstly be audience-oriented, due to the feature of movie.However, this thesis just focuses on English film subtitle translation in China, applying the functionalist translation theory to guide the examples. However, due to the author's limited knowledge about film subtitle and lack of practical experience, the analysis in this thesis is limited on researching depth and width. It is worthwhile doing further researches in this field.Therefore, the author hopes that the focus for future research in this field may become the researches on multimodality of film translation, that is to say, to study all the elements as a whole including visual image, sound and colors, and the research will help to develop awareness and analysis of the integration of semiotic resources in audiovisual, such as films and multimedia products. It is a field that is worthy of further research.REFERENCES[1]Baker, Mona.(1998)“Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies.”London: Routledge.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press(2004):163-165. [2]Reiss,K.andH.J.Vermeer.(1984) Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie.Tubingen:Niemeyer.[3]Luyken,Georg-Michael.(1991)“O vercoming Language Barriers in Television”Manchester: European Institute for the Media.[4]Munday,Jeremy.(2001)“Introducing Translation Studies:theories and Application”London:Routeledge.[5]Shuttleworth, Mark&Moira Cowie.(1997)“Dictionary of Translation S tudies”.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press(2004)[6]Schaffner,Christina.(1998)“Skopos Theory”in Mona Baker,Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press(2004)[7]李运兴，“字幕翻译的策略”，[J]《中国翻译》2001，第22卷第4期[8]钱绍昌，“影视翻译-翻译原地中愈来愈重要的领域”[J]《中国翻译》，2000年第1期[9]赵春梅，“论译制片翻译中的四对主要矛盾”，[J]《中国翻译》2002[10]张春柏,“影视翻译初探”，《中国翻译》，[J]1998年第2期ACKNWLEGEMNTSI would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to all the teachers and friends who have offered me all kinds of help in accomplishing this thesis.First of all, I owe great gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Wu Hui, whose constant encouragement has motivated me throughout the completion of this thesis. Her knowledge of language, her experience in translation field, and constructive comments and suggestions were extremely valuable in helping me prepare and revise this thesis. It is under her patient guidance, incisive criticism and detailed revision that this thesis can finally assume its present shape. In addition, I have benefited enormously from the lectures, which I have attended during the past one year of my postgraduate study. Their lively and enlightening lectures have enriched my knowledge in literature, translation, western religion, critique writing, cross-cultural communication and pedagogy.Finally, I want to extend my gratitude to my classmates for their kind help not only in my studies but also in my everyday life. Their friendship and encouragement will always be cherished in my heart. I also would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my family for their sincere concern and constant support.。

功能翻译理论指导下的《梦溪笔谈》英译策略研究

功能翻译理论指导下的《梦溪笔谈》英译策略研究1. 引言1.1 研究背景The background of this research lies in the increasing importance of translation studies in the field of literature. With the rise of globalization and intercultural communication, there is a growing demand for high-quality translations of literary works. "Dream Pool Essays" (《梦溪笔谈》) is a classic Chinese text known for its poetic and profound writing style, making it a challenging yet valuable piece for translation analysis.1.2 研究目的Specifically, the research seeks to analyze the unique characteristics of "Dream Pool Essays" and identify the challenges and opportunities they present for translation. By applying the principles of functional translation theory, the study intends to develop guidelines and strategies for translating the text in a way that preserves its original meaning and style while making it accessible to English-speaking readers.1.3 研究意义The significance of this study lies in the exploration of the application of functional translation theory in the English translation of "Dream Pool Essays". By analyzing and discussing the strategies used in translating this classical Chinese text, this research contributes to the field of translation studies by providing insights into how functional translation theory can be effectively applied in practice.2. 正文2.1 功能翻译理论概述Functional translation theory, also known as skopos theory, is a contemporary translation theory proposed by German linguist Hans Vermeer in the 1970s. The key concept of functional translation theory is the "skopos", which refers to the intended purpose or function of a translation. According to this theory, the purpose of a translation determines the translation strategies and methods to be used.2.2 《梦溪笔谈》简介"梦溪笔谈"是中国古代文化经典之一，由南北朝时期的谢灵运所撰写。

功能翻译理论指导下的化妆品说明书翻译

摘要随着我国经济发展和人民生活水平提高，护肤品逐渐由奢侈品转为日常用品，大量国内外护肤品涌入市场。

作为不同语言间的沟通工具，护肤品说明书成为打开市场的一把钥匙，具有相当的重要性，其翻译也受到相应重视。

20世纪80年代，德国功能翻译学派崛起，对应用翻译具有重大指导意义。

功能学派的理论特别是莱思的文本类型理论以及费米尔的目的论，为翻译提供了一个崭新的视角：从译入者的角度来诠释翻译活动，将其从“源文本”的束缚中解放出来。

这对实用文本的翻译具有实际的指导意义。

关键词功能翻译学派护肤品说明书翻译策略和方法On the Translation of Instructions for Cosmetics under the Guidance of Functionalist Approach//Wang Qing[1],LiXiuli[2]Abstract With the development of China's economy and the im-provement of people's living standards,skin-care products havebecome necessity.A lot of skin-care products from all over theworld poured into our market.As a communication tool amongdifferent languages as well as the key to the market,instructionsof skin-care products has become more crucial,thus much atten-tion is also attached to their translation.In the1980s,Function-alist approach,which is the important guidance to the practicaltranslation,emerged.Functionalism theories,especially Reiss'sTypology Theory and Vermeer's Skopotheorie have provided aspan-new view,because they annotate translation from the per-spective of translators by freeing them from the restriction ofsource text,thus making it the guidance of practical translation. Key words Functionalist approach;instructions for skin-care products;translation strategies and methods1研究目的和意义1.1理论背景现代功能翻译理论以德国翻译学派为主流，其先导人物是赖斯（Reiss），她认为译者应该优先考虑译文的功能特征而不是对等原则。

德国功能主义翻译理论述评

德国功能主义翻译理论述评[摘要] 功能主义翻译理论于二十世纪七十年代出现在德国。

本文将对功能主义的基本理论作阐述，同时就功能主义翻译理论的影响作评述。

最后将对功能主义翻译理论作整体评价。

[关键词] 功能主义；目的论；影响翻译理论的发展历程可以追溯到公元前。

从公元前古罗马帝国的翻译学家们对“词对词”翻译与“意对意”翻译展开辩论至今，在这一漫长的发展历程中，可以说是“百花齐放，百家争鸣”。

特别是近代，新的翻译理论不断涌现，其中很有影响的一种理论就是德国的功能主义翻译理论。

“功能主义”翻译理论是指专注于文本和翻译的一种或者多种功能的一种理论流派（‘Functionalist’ means focusing on the function or functions of texts and translations.—Nord， 2001：1）。

谈到功能派，就不得不提及赖斯、维米尔、曼塔利和诺德。

下面将就这几位功能主义翻译理论的杰出贡献者的基本翻译思想做简要回顾。

一、功能主义理论回顾德国功能主义翻译学派先导人物是赖斯，她在1971年出版的《翻译批评的可能性与局限性》一书中，提出了“功能派理论思想的雏形”（贾文波，2004：40）。

赖斯提出将文本功能列为翻译批评的一个标准，指出翻译批评的依据应是原文和译文两者功能之间的关系。

赖斯试图创立一种基于源语语篇和目的语语篇功能关系的翻译批评模式。

她指出“理想的目标文本应该从概念内容、语言形式和交际功能上与源文本对等”（谭载喜，2004：258）。

同时，赖斯的文本类型理论也具有里程碑意义。

她将文本分为信息型、表情型和操作型三类，把语篇体裁按语言特征分类（如划分工具书、讲演稿、讽刺作品或广告所依照的标准）。

同时，针对不同类型的文本，赖斯还提出了具体的翻译方法。

她认为“不同类型的文本采用不同的翻译方法”（转引自芒迪，2007：107）。

同时赖斯还罗列了一系列的言内标准和言外标准，用以评价译文的充分性。

FunctionalistTranslationTheories,功能派翻译理论(精)

linguistic, formal theories e.g. equivalence
functional, sociocultural theories
Communication theory ☆
Action theory ☆
Text linguistics ☆
Reception theories ☆
TT must be sufficiently coherent to allow TT users to comprehend it, given their assumed background knowledge and situational circumstances.
Skopos theory
purpose of TT (target text) determines translation methods and strategies
Skopos theory
• Skopos rule explained: Translate/interpret/speak/write in a way that enables your text/translation to function in the situation in which it is used with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function.
(Vermeer 1989)
Skopos theory
Translation decisions are NOT determined by….
• Source Text (ST) • Source Text’s effects on recipients • function assigned to Source Text by author

功能翻译理论Skopos theory

方梦之主编：《译学词典》，上海外语教育出版社，第29页功能翻译理论functionalist translation theory又称“功能目的论”（Skopos theory）。

1971年，德国的莱斯（K. Reiss）首先提出“把翻译行为所要达到的特殊目的”作为翻译评价的新模式。

20世纪90年代初，德国学者克利斯蒂安·诺德（Christiane Nord）进一步拓展了译文功能理论。

她强调译文与原文的联系，但这种联系的质量与数量由译文的预期功能确定。

这就是说，根据译文语境，原文中的哪些内容或成分可以保留，哪些需调整或改写，该由译文的预期功能确定。

功能目的理论的两项基本原则是：1. 翻译各方面的交互作用受翻译目的所决定；2. 目的随接受对象的不同而变化。

按照这两项原则，译者可以为了达到目的而采用任何他自己认为适当的翻译策略。

换句话说，目的决定方式（The end justifies the means）。

作为受文化制约的语言符号，原文语篇和译文语篇受到各自交际环境的影响，译文功能与原文功能可相似或保持一致，也可能完全不同。

根据不同的语境因素和预期功能，选择最佳的处理方法，这是功能翻译理论比以对等为基础的翻译理论或极端功能主义的翻译理论更为优越之处。

翻译功能理论指导下的翻译方法表现出较大的灵活性，较高的科学性和易操作性。

Toury 把“功能目的论”看作是“译文文本中心论”的翻版。

Skopos theory (plural Skopos theories)1.(translation studies) The idea that translating and interpreting should primarilytake into account the function of both the source and target text.o1995, Paul Kussmaul, Training The Translator, John BenjaminsPublishing Co, p. 149:The functional approach has a great affinity with Skopos theory. The function of a translation is dependent on the knowledge, expectations, values andnorms of the target readers, who are again influenced by the situation they arein and by the culture. These factors determine whether the function of thesource text or passages in the source text can be preserved or have to bemodified or even changed.Introduction to the Skopos TheoryThe Skopos theory is an approach to translation which was put forward by Hans Vemeer and developed in Germany in the late 1970s and which oriented a more functionally and socioculturally concept of translation. Translation is considered not as a process of translation, but as a specific form of human action. In our mind, transla tion has a purpose, and the word “Skopos” was from Greek. It’s used as the technical term for the purpose of the translation.翻译目的论，"skopos"是希腊语“目的”的意思。

Functional_Equivalence_Theory_and_Its_Application_to_Advertising_Translation

Literature ReviewFunctional Equivalence Theory and Its Application toAdvertising TranslationAndrew 20088506204 2008级英语2班指导老师：XNAbstract:With the rapid development of international business and multinational companies of the world as well as Ch ina‟s entry into WTO, there is a growing need for efficient international advertisement communication and translation. As a branch of translation study, advertisement translation has its own laws, unique purposes, functions and demands a systematic study.Keywords:advertisement translation; functional equivalence; Nida; translation strategies1. IntroductionWith China‟s entry into WTO, globalization has also affected the world of advertising. Companies do not limit their ambitions to the domestic market. They are dedicated to expand international market as well. Advertisement translation, being a type of intercultural communication and as a result of international business communication, gradually attracts the translator‟s attention and appears as a fie ld of study. This phenomenon, in turn, promotes the importance of advertising translation.Traditional equivalence-based linguistic approaches to advertisement translation fail to achieve satisfactory effect mainly for two reasons. Firstly, through the ana lysis of the intrinsic mechanism of the Chinese and English languages and cultures, considerable discrepancies in language use are found especially in the field of advertising. Thus there hardly exists an absolute correspondence between the two languages. Secondly, equivalence-based approaches always seek to achieve formal equivalence between the source and target texts and neglect communicative functions of advertisement translation. Functionalist approach to translation has opened up a new perspective to translation studies. It provides a theoretical basis for some unconventional translation strategies such as addition and adaptation, so it is particularly suitable for translating advertisements which have specific functions. Under the guidance of functionalist theory, translators are encouraged to make full use of various sources of information and they are entitled to choose whatever appropriatetranslation strategies to achieve the expected functions of the translation.2.1 The Origin of Functional EquivalenceIn translation history, Functional Equivalence is a variant of the comparable effect. Tylter, British translation theorists, was the first person who proposed the comparable effect theory. In 1790, in his book "On the Principles of Translation", he gave the "good translation" a definition: "A good translation is to completely convert the advantages of the original text to another language, enable those people in target language countries can clearly comprehend, strong feelings, just as people using the original language comprehension." This means that a good translation should be able to make the same effect in different language societies as that in the original one. The German translation theorists Kaul called it comparable effect (same effect) in the book "Art of Translation" in 1896. The concept of functional adequacy in translating has been described in a number of books and articles as“dynamic equivalence”．It was first put forward in Toward a Science of Translating (1964) and elaborated in The Theory and Practice Translation (1969) in great detail. Functional Equivalence is the same that of dynamic equivalence．．Thus dynamic equivalence is defined as ……that in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it is substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language”(Nida＆Tabet,1969).2.2 Equivalence studies in ChinaAt the end of the 19th century, Y an Fu, put forth the three principle of translation—faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. Faithfulness means equivalence, mainly concerning the content. Expressiveness refers to the relationship between the message and the receptors. Elegance relate to style. In a word, Y an Fu made great contributions to the development of translation of China. Afterwards, there is a great number of translators and translation theorist such as Lu Xun, Qu Qiubai and Ji Xianlin, etc. They also put forward a lot of translation theories similar to equivalence theory in the western countries. All of them have contributed to the development of equivalence theory.2.3 Equivalence studies in the Wes tFunctional equivalence is one of the most suitable translation theories for advertising translation. The term “equivalence” in translation first appeared in J.R.Firth‟s writing (1957) when he stated that “the so-called translation equivalence between two languages are never really equivalent” (Snell-Hornby, 1988).Briefly，J.R.Firth，Nida, Catford, Baker, Newmark and Wilss，all of these theorists have endeavored to interpret the notion of equivalence，approached equivalence fromdifferent angles and perspectives and all have contributed much to this area of research.2.3.1 Wilss’s Concept of EquivalenceFunctionalist approach put forward in 1970s by some German scholars including Katharina Reiss, Hans J. V ermeer, and Christiane Nord, sheds light on advertisement translation. This theory emphasizes the functionality of the target text in the target culture. In order to fulfill the communicative functions of the target text, forms of the source text could be changed to adapt to the target settings. In this model, the source text serves as only “an offer of information”, but certain relationship should be maintained between the source text and the target text at the same time.Wilss states that “the concept of translation equivalence has been all essential issue not only in translation theory over the last 2000 years，but also in modem translation studies．Nevertheless-or maybe as a result of prolonged reflection about translation equivalence—mere is hardly any other concepts in translation theory which has produces as many contradictory statements and has set off a many attempts at an adequate, comprehensive definition as the concept of translation equivalence between source l anguage text and target language text”(Wilss，2002) In his definition，“translation is a transfer process which aims at the transformation of a written source language text in to an optimally equivalent target language text and which requires the syntactic, the semantic and the pragmatic understanding and analytical processing of the source language text.” (Wilss，1982)．His phrase“optimally equivalent” is reasonably appropriate and the problem is that he fails to present what makes the optimality．2.3.2 Nida’s Functional EquivalenceIn 1969 the famous American translation theorist Eugene A. Nida put forward functional equivalence theory. Unlike the traditional translation theories that mainly stress the correspondence between the source language and target lan guage, Nida‟s functional equivalence theory reader‟s response. Nida points out that in order to reach the ideal translation, it is necessary to find the closet natural equivalence. Nida's functional equivalence theory open up a new perspective to translation studies.In Nida‟s view, translation is not only the equivalence of words‟ meaning, but also includes semantics, and style, the message translation of both the surface lexical information, but also deep cultural information. Nida‟s focus on receptor‟s r esponse in his new concept of translating is actually the theory of dynamic equivalence，which is” directed primarily toward equivalence of response rather than equivalence of form”(Nida,1969)．In Nida‟s opinion, a dynamic equivalent translation must fit th e receptor language and culture in order to make the translated message intelligible and natural to the targetlanguage receptors．“A translation of dynamic equivalence aims at complete naturalness of expression，and tries to relate the receptor to modes of behavior relevant within the context of his own culture；it does not insist that he understands the cultural patterns of the source language context in order to comprehend the message(Nida，1964：159).”In 1969, in Nida‟s work From One Language to Another, he started to use the term functional equivalence to replace dynamic equivalent. However, there is not much difference between them. Nida described functional equivalence like this: “Basically, dynamic equivalence has been described in terms of functional eq uivalence．The translation has been defined on the basis that the receptors of a translation should comprehend the translated text to such all extent that they call understand how the original receptors must have understood the original text (Nida, 1969).”Nida further perfect his theory in the 1990s. In his book Language, Culture and Translating, he divided functional equivalence into different degrees of adequacy from minimal to maximal effectiveness on the basis of both cognitive and experiential factors. The Minimal definition of functional equivalence is “The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they call conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it.” The Maximal defini tion of functional equivalence could be stated as “The readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the origina l readers did”.3. References：[1] A Nida from One Language to Another 1986[2]Eugene A Nida toward a Science of Translation 1964[3]Eugene A Nida toward a Science of Translation 2004[4]Eugene A Nida Charles R Taber the Theory and Practice of Translation 2004[5]高惠群、乌传衮. 翻译家严复传论[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1992[6]贾文波:应用翻译功能论.中国对外翻译出版公司,2004.12[7]李丽平:功能翻译理论在广告翻译中的运用.湖南科技学院学报，2007.1[8]劳陇"雅"义新释1983(10)[9]沈苏儒论信达雅--严复翻译理论研究1998[10]王宏志.重释“信达雅”：二十世纪中国翻译研究[M]. 上海：东方出版中心，1999.。

功能翻译理论与其翻译原则和方法

功能翻译理论与其翻译原则和方法马红林建强(上海工程技术大学, 上海 201620)提要: 功能翻译理论认为翻译是一种有目的性的行为活动。

本文论述功能翻译理论的基本观点、翻译原则和方法, 以期为翻译学的建构做些事情。

关键词: 功能翻译理论; 目的论; 翻译原则; 方法中图分类号: H 315. 9 文献标识码: A 文章编号:1000- 0100( 2007) 05- 0118- 3Translation Principles andMethodsofFunctionalist Translation TheoryM aHong Lin Jian qiang( ShanghaiUniversity of Engineering Science,Shanghai 201620, China)A ccording to the functionalist translation theory, t ranslation is a goal orien ted activity. Th is paper explores the basic view points, translation principles and m ethods of functionalist translation theory.K ey words: functionalist translation theory;skopos theory;translation princip les; methods1 引言传统翻译理论把对等看作衡量译文质量的最可靠标准。

然而, 20世纪70年代, 德国学者提出功能翻译理论, 其代表人物是凯瑟林娜莱斯( K atharina Reiss)、汉斯弗米尔( H ansVermeer)和克里斯蒂安诺德( Christiane Nord)。

功能翻译理论给人们提供一个探讨翻译的新视角, 实现了翻译理论从静态的语言翻译象征论向动态的功能翻译分析法的转化。

德国功能派翻译理论简介.

德国功能派翻译理论简介一功能派翻译理论提出的背景从20世纪50年代起,西方翻译理论基本上是与语言学同步发展的。

翻译理论家倾向于从语言学角度来看待翻译。

在六七十年代盛行的是尤金•奈达(EugeneA.Nida的对等理论。

1964年奈达提出了翻译过程三阶段的模式:分析、转换和重组。

他还详尽地论述了自己提出的与形式对等相对立的“动态对等”概念,指出:“动态对等是指译文中的信息接受者对译文的反应应该与原文接受者对原文信息的反映基本相同。

”虽然在80年代奈达又修正了“动态对等”论并提出了“功能对等”概念,以达到内容与形式的兼顾,但是奈达在解释翻译的性质时说:“翻译是在译入语中用最切近、最自然的对等语再现原语的信息,首先是语义上的对等,其次是风格上的对等。

可见,尽管奈达主张内容第一,形式第二,并把这种翻译方法叫做社会语言学方法,却依然是把翻译圈定在语言层次的范围之内,而没有认识到翻译的本质不仅是纯语言方面的转换,而是建立在语言形式上的不同文化间的交流。

然而,20世纪60-70年代的语言学理论一统天下,欧洲翻译理论界并没有充分重视上述问题的解决。

随着翻译实践和研究的发展,语言学派也逐渐意识到其内在的弱点。

出于对这种纯语言学翻译理论的不满,70年代西方已经出现了面向译语文化的翻译研究趋向,打破了以前文本中心论的翻译研究传统,使译者更多地关注译文和译文读者,更多地关注译文的社会效应和交际功能。

以新的视角重新审视翻译活动,德国功能派翻译理论摆脱了当时盛行的对等翻译理论的束缚,拓宽了翻译理论研究的领域,赋予了翻译更多的涵义。

二功能派翻译理论的形成和发展功能派翻译理论是20世纪70年代德国学者凯瑟林娜•赖斯(Kantharina Reiss、汉斯•费米尔(HansVermeer、贾斯塔•赫兹•曼塔利(Justa Holz Mantari和克里斯蒂安•诺德(Christiane Nord等提出的翻译理论。

它的形成大体经历了四个阶段,其颇具里程碑意义的理论是赖斯的功能主义翻译批评理论(functional category of translationcriticism,费米尔的目的论及其延伸理论(Skopostheorie and beyond,曼塔利的翻译行为理论(theory of translation action和诺德的功能加忠诚理论(function plus loyalty。

功能翻译学派

翻译的目的是要实现化妆品的销售目标因此化妆品名翻译不仅是一个语义对等问题更是在于译文是否有感染力以及能否增强广告功效更多地注重翻译语言所产生的实际效果化妆品品名翻译是以取得社会效应为最终旨归因此翻译的应重点放在社会效益和受众群体的接受和反应即强化化妆品本身的美学意境以吸引更多的顾客这也是化妆品名翻译的目的cleanclear的中文译名是可伶可俐产品本身的英语词汇clean清除和clear干净点出了化妆品的特性正好与它专治青春痘这一功能相合让人联想到一张干净明亮没有青春痘的脸庞而中文译名没有单纯的翻译为清除干净而是用可伶可俐来代替看似是音译其实是基于对中国女性的温柔委பைடு நூலகம்特点的认识既利用了原名的谐音又恰到好处地运用了汉语中的双声不仅读起来声音清脆韵律和谐而且节奏明快富有乐感又充分反映出商品的功能
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费米尔认为，翻译的目的不同，翻译时所采取的策略、方法也不同。
对于中西翻译史上的归化、异化之争，乃至近二三十年译界广泛讨论的形式对等与动态对等，“目的论”都做出了很好的解释。翻译中到底是采取归化还是异化，都取决于翻译的目的。由于功能翻译理论就是以“目的原则”为最高准则，而任何翻译活动都是有目的的行为
Justa Holz Manttari
• 德国 • 她的学术观点集中体现1984年发表《翻译行为理论和方法》 • 提出翻译行为理论（Theory of translation action ） • 把翻译视作受目的驱使的、以翻译结果为导向的人与人之间的互相作用，并对翻译过程中的行为及参与者的角色予以细致分析，包括发起人（the initiator）、委托人(the commissioner)、原文作者(the ST producer)、译者(the TT producer)、译文使用者(the TT user)以及译本接受者(the TT reciever)。他们并非参与每个过程，又是一个人可以担任几个不同的角色。 • 翻译行为论和目的论有颇多相通之处，弗米尔后来也将二者相融合。不过曼塔里的方法和概念模式显然比目的论更为激进

functional translation theory

functional translation theory
功能翻译理论是一种翻译理论，它强调翻译的目的和功能。

根据这个理论，翻译应该是一种为达成某种特定目的而进行的语言转换活动，而不仅仅是对源语言的机械转译。

因此，翻译应该是服务于特定用户群体的，需要考虑文本的用途、读者的需求和文化因素等因素。

在功能翻译理论中，翻译的目的主要包括三个方面：信息传递、文化传播和社会互动。

翻译的效果应该是能够达到源语言和目标语言的一致性，同时满足特定目的和用户需求。

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功能翻译理论

3.译文本身就是有自身存在价值的文本，与原文的存在价值并无高下之分。
Functional Theories of Translation
功能派翻译理论的形成
当代翻译界翻译理论蓬勃发展,各种理论争奇斗艳。20世纪70年代, 随着经济的发展和社会的进步,人类的交流也日渐频繁。在这样的背景下,翻译界出现了面向译语文化的翻译研究趋向,打破了以前文本中心论的翻译研究传统 ,使读者更多地关注译文和译文读者,译文的社会效应和交际功能。
诺德同时区分了她的“忠诚”概念与传统翻译理论中的“忠信”（faithfulness/fidelity）概念： “忠信”指原文与译文的等值关系。 “忠诚”指的是人际交往中的社会关系。此外,诺德指出社会现实对“忠诚”原则的客观需求。如: 原作被翻译的时候, 作者通常是希望作品的意图能够在译语国得到忠诚的传达。虽然, 翻译过程中的改动不可避免, 但是只有译者对原文生产者保持 “忠诚”时, 原作者才愿意将作品交给译者。同样, “忠诚”原则也可增强译者的社会可信度, 提高自身的地位。
诺德对文本功能的分类与雷斯的有所不同
信息功能（informing the reader）
指称功能（referential）
文本
表达功能（expressive）
呼唤功能（appellative）
交际功能（phatic）
元语言功能（metalinguistic）指示功能（directive）教育功能（didactic）
翻译vs翻译行为
曼塔利认为“翻译（translation ）”是一个狭义的概念，它只涉及源语文本的使用。而“翻译行为（translational action ）” 则是个广义的概念，它涉及译者为翻译所做的一切，包括在翻译过程中对文化或技巧上的考虑。

功能翻译理论与应用翻译研究——兼评贾文波《应用翻译功能论》

German Functionalist Translation Theory and
Applied Translation Studies
作者：刘金龙[1] 许婺[2]
作者机构： [1]上海工程技术大学基础教学学院,上海201620 [2]上海大学外国语学院,上海200444
出版物刊名：曲靖师范学院学报
页码： 85-90页
主题词：功能翻译理论应用翻译研究《应用翻译功能论》
摘要：随着经济全球化进程的加快，国际交往日益增多，翻译活动也日趋频繁，翻译实践已从传统的文学翻译领域走向各种应用翻译领域。

在应用翻译实践中，译者其实从事的是一种创造性的工作。

由于英汉语言和文化存在巨大差异，要实现各种应用翻译文本的预期功能，译者可以借助功能翻译理论作为指导，从而将功能翻译理论运用于应用翻译实践。