ElectronicCommerce Infrastructure and Security Management-第三讲
电子商务 中英对照E-commerce Chapter2
20世纪80年代末独立 的学术和研究网络合 并成了互联网
1979年杜克大学和 北卡罗来纳大学的 一群学生和程序员 创建了用户新闻网
20世纪90年代起 互联网成为全球 性的共享资源
1991年美国科学基金 会进一步放宽对互联 网商业活动的限制， 并对互联网实施私有 化
1996年发展到 30多万台计算 机
20世纪60年代初，美 国防部担心核武器攻 击计算机设施，意欲 创建全球性网络
1969年美国防部将加州 大学洛杉矶分校与圣巴 巴拉分校、斯坦福大学 国际研究所、犹他大学 的四台计算机连接起来
1972年 电子邮件诞 生
互 联 网 的 起 源 与 发 展
1989年美科学基金会 允许两家商业性的电 子邮件服务商与互联 网建立有限的连接
world wide web
Computer network 计算机网络 Technology allowing people to connect computers to each other Internet 因特网 A large system of interconnected computer (internet) spanning the globe(地球) World Wide Web 万维网
p58
2. Packet-switched networks
- Works well for(适用于) telephone calls
Circuit switching 线路交换
- Does not work as well for:
Sending data across large WAN, interconnected network Circuit-switched network problem 线路交换网络的问题 • Connected circuit failure - Causes interrupted connection, data loss 中断连接，数据丢失
如何促进消费活力英语作文
如何促进消费活力英语作文How to Promote Consumer Vitality。
Consumer vitality is an important indicator of a healthy economy. With the development of the economy, the consumer market has become increasingly important. Therefore, it is necessary to promote consumer vitality to stimulate economic growth. Here are some ways to achieve this goal.Firstly, we should improve the quality of products and services. The quality of products and services is the foundation of consumer vitality. If the quality of products and services is poor, consumers will lose confidence and interest in them. Therefore, companies should pay attention to the quality of their products and services, and constantly improve them to meet the needs of consumers.Secondly, we should enhance consumer education. Many consumers lack the knowledge and skills to make informeddecisions about what they buy. Therefore, it is necessary to provide them with more information about products and services, such as their features, benefits, and drawbacks. This can be done through various channels, such as advertisements, product demonstrations, and consumer education programs.Thirdly, we should strengthen consumer protection. Consumer protection is essential for promoting consumer vitality. Consumers need to know that they are protected from fraud, deception, and unfair practices. Therefore, governments should enact laws and regulations that protect consumers' rights and interests, and establish effective mechanisms for enforcing these laws and regulations.Fourthly, we should encourage innovation and entrepreneurship. Innovation and entrepreneurship are the driving forces behind economic growth. Companies that are innovative and entrepreneurial are more likely to succeed in the market, and create new products and services that meet the needs of consumers. Therefore, governments should create a favorable environment for innovation andentrepreneurship, such as providing tax incentives, reducing bureaucratic barriers, and supporting research and development.Fifthly, we should promote e-commerce. E-commerce has become an important channel for consumers to purchase products and services. E-commerce platforms provide consumers with a wide range of products and services, and offer them convenience, speed, and cost savings. Therefore, companies should develop their e-commerce capabilities, and governments should promote the development of e-commerce infrastructure and regulations.In conclusion, promoting consumer vitality is crucial for stimulating economic growth. By improving the quality of products and services, enhancing consumer education, strengthening consumer protection, encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship, and promoting e-commerce, we can create a vibrant consumer market that benefits both consumers and businesses.。
中央电大2016年01月《1360高级商务英语阅读》开放本科期末考试真题及答案
them to persuade the buyer to spend his hard-earned money on something. Huh? When you try to extend traditional marketing logic into the world of social media , it simply doesn' t work. C
strategic to your firm is the customer' s network? How respected is she?
Help them build social capital. Practitioners of this new , community-oriented mark♂ ting
lifetime value , which is based only on purchases. There are many other measures of a customer's potential value , beyond the money they pay you. For example , how large and
Find your customer influencers. Many firms spend lots of resources puτsuing outside influencers who' ve gained following on the Web and through social media. A better approach is to find and cultivate customcr influ巳ncers and give them something great to talk about. This requires a new concept of customer value that goes way beyond customer
电子商务英语翻译
电子商务文献翻译班级：电子商务0902姓名：陈正祥学号：090506037STRUCTURE AND MACRO-LEVEL IMPACTS OF ELECT RONIC COMMERCE: FROM TECHNOLOGICAL INFRAST RUCTURE TO ELECTRONIC MARKETPLACES VLADIMIR ZWASS电子商务的结构和宏观影响：从技术层面的基础设施建设到虚拟的电子市场Abstract摘要Electronic commerce (E-commerce) is sharing business information, maintaining busi ness relationships, and conducting business transactions by means of telecommunicati ons networks. Traditional E-commerce, conducted with the use of information technol ogies centering on electronic data interchange (EDI) over proprietary value-added net works, is rapidly moving to the Internet. The InternetWorld Wide Web has become the prime driver of contemporary E-commerce, which has been vastly broadened and red efined by the use of the new medium.通过通讯网络电子商务可以实现分享信息，维护商业关系和进行商业交易的目的。
传统的电子商务在附有专有价值的网络上以电子信息交流为中心使用信息技术，目前正在逐渐向因特网转移。
电子商务英语专业术语
Unit 3
Card reader 读卡器 Consumer-aggressive techniques 侵犯消费者权益的技术 Informaiton superhighway 信息高速公路 push marketing 推式营销 Pull marketing 拉式营销
电子交易 商业指南列表 财会系统 商业需求 信用等级 技术解决方案 门户网站 内容网站
Information public Information private Informtion safety Dispatch management Distribute processes Access market
Relational database
01
Flat model database
02
Hierarchical model database
03
Network model database
04
Relational model database
05
1
Conversion: 转型
2
Backbone :主干
charge-free policy 免费政策
profit-making models 盈利模式
gross profit margin 毛利率
profit margin 边际利润率
sell product line 销售产品线
operating profit 营业利润
cost-cutting moves 成本消减措施 after-hours trading 盘后交易 fulfillment cost 实现成本 customer-service center 客服中心 e-taxe(electronic taxe) 电子税收 e-shop 网上商店 general counsel 法律总顾问
电商崛起英语作文
电商崛起英语作文Title: The Rise of E-commerce。
In recent years, the phenomenon of e-commerce hassurged globally, revolutionizing the way people buy andsell goods and services. This trend has significantly impacted various aspects of our lives, from consumer behavior to business operations and even the global economy. In this essay, we will delve into the factors contributingto the rise of e-commerce, its advantages, challenges, and its implications for the future.One of the primary drivers behind the rapid growth ofe-commerce is the advancement of technology, particularlythe internet and mobile devices. The widespreadaccessibility of high-speed internet connections and the proliferation of smartphones have made online shopping more convenient and accessible than ever before. Consumers can now browse through a vast array of products and make purchases with just a few clicks, anytime and anywhere.Moreover, the e-commerce industry has witnessed significant investments in infrastructure and logistics, leading to improved delivery systems and faster shipping times. Companies like Amazon, Alibaba, and eBay have pioneered innovations such as same-day delivery and drone delivery, further enhancing the convenience and efficiencyof online shopping. These advancements have helped overcome one of the traditional barriers to e-commerce—longdelivery times—and have boosted consumer confidence in online shopping.Furthermore, the rise of social media and digital marketing has played a crucial role in promoting e-commerce. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok have become powerful tools for businesses to reach their target audience, engage with customers, and drive sales.Influencer marketing, in particular, has emerged as ahighly effective strategy for promoting products and generating buzz around e-commerce brands.The advantages of e-commerce are manifold. Forconsumers, it offers unparalleled convenience, allowing them to shop from the comfort of their homes and access a wide range of products from around the world. E-commerce also promotes price transparency and competition, enabling consumers to compare prices and find the best deals. Additionally, e-commerce platforms often offer personalized recommendations based on users' browsing and purchasing history, enhancing the shopping experience.From a business perspective, e-commerce presents numerous opportunities for growth and expansion. Small businesses and entrepreneurs can now reach a global audience without the need for a physical storefront, lowering barriers to entry and enabling market penetration. E-commerce also allows businesses to collect valuable data on consumer preferences and behavior, which can be used to tailor marketing strategies and improve product offerings.However, despite its many benefits, e-commerce also poses challenges and concerns. One of the most pressing issues is cybersecurity and data privacy. As more transactions take place online, the risk of data breachesand cyber attacks increases, posing a threat to both consumers and businesses. Ensuring the security of online transactions and protecting sensitive information has become a top priority for e-commerce companies.Another challenge is the digital divide, which refers to the gap between those who have access to the internet and digital technologies and those who do not. Inequitiesin internet access and digital literacy can limit the participation of certain populations in the e-commerce economy, exacerbating social and economic disparities. Bridging the digital divide requires concerted efforts from governments, businesses, and civil society to ensure that everyone has equal access to the benefits of e-commerce.Looking ahead, the future of e-commerce appears promising yet uncertain. Continued technological advancements, such as artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and blockchain, are poised to further transform the e-commerce landscape, offering new opportunities and challenges. However, navigating this evolving terrain will require adaptability, innovation, and a commitment toaddressing the ethical, social, and environmental implications of e-commerce.In conclusion, the rise of e-commerce has reshaped the way we shop, interact, and conduct business in the digital age. Enabled by technology and driven by consumer demand, e-commerce has become a ubiquitous force in the global economy, offering unprecedented convenience, opportunities, and challenges. As we embrace the possibilities of e-commerce, it is essential to remain mindful of its impact and strive for a future where it benefits everyone, regardless of geography, socioeconomic status, or digital proficiency.。
thedevelopmentofe-commerceinchina
Analyses the development of e-commerce in China. TXT[abstract] the electronic commerce is an emerging business form, and have been paid much attention by all over the world. The development of China's e-commerce has experienced a hard course, has been developed greatly. This article mainly introduced the advantages of electronic commerce, as well as China's e-commerce development situation, then analysis the development trend of e-commerce in China, and is the development of electronic commerce in our country puts forward some feasibility Suggestions.[key words] the advantages of the electronic commerce to adviceOne, forewordSince the 20th century, along with the rise of the network and the development of network technology, e-commerce era also will rise. From the enterprise internal information management to the electronic data interchange (EDI) between domestic enterprises, and then to the internationalization of e-commerce activities, it experienced a hard development, has now have been paid much attention by governments around the world, the enterprise's.Electronic commerce as a new way of trade, it greatly changed people's traditional way to trade and thinking habits, brings along the changes of the economic system structure and become a great power to promote the development of the economy. The Chinese government also attaches great importance to and support the construction and development of electronic commerce. For example: in the 1990 s, our government have implemented a series of "gold" word engineering; To carry out a number of e-commerce demonstration project; The electronic commerce, the stipulation of relevant laws and regulations, Financial, telecommunications and other departments close cooperation, provide security guarantee for the development of e-commerce; Earlier this year, the China electronic commerce association chairman comrade Song Ling in summarizing the development of China's e-commerce situation report in 2005, special emphasis on the development of e-commerce also strive to cultivate excellent talents, etc., is a very good case in point. So, took advantage of the network information technology development, our country not only to the development of e-commerce, but also to achieve a qualitative leap development is the absolute principle.Second, the advantages of electronic commerceE-commerce (Electronic Commerce) refers to the computer to the Internet under the support of a series of business activities. It not only contains the important link in traditional trade, and innovation of traditional trade way, such as low cost, high efficiency, high benefit form fully embodies the advantages of electronic commerce. Compared with traditional trade way, e-commerce advantages mainly reflects in the following points:1. Low cost, high speed and efficiencyE-commerce mode is mainly dependent on the Internet and build up the global marketing network, reducing the traditional trade of the intermediate links, thus greatly save the cost management and link. In the process of business activities, through the electronic payment, not only greatly improve the speed, speed up the order processingand payment settlement and payment, and reduce human negligence and improve corporate profits.2. High quality and big marketE-commerce can reduce the space of the obstacles to trans-regional, cross-border transactions; And can provide a day, seven days a week, 24 hours a day all climate services, for customers to provide the latest data at any time, strengthen the cooperation between enterprises. In guarantee the quantity and complete customer's original deal, advertising through the network, also can explore potential recessive customers, expanding the market.3. Promote the competitiveness of the enterpriseTraditional way of trade caused by the enterprise's management mode is a pyramid, top-down control management. Under the e-commerce environment, makes the enterprise internal information communication is no longer constrained by the original "transfer" step by step or pass "one to one" mode, and realize the "one to many" or "many-to-many" flexible mainstream model, shape made the high efficiency of management and business process. At the same time, with the development of economic globalization and e-commerce, increasingly fierce competition between enterprises and consumers on product requirements, a variety of external pressure to form the invisible power, forcing companies in such aspects as production, management and management reform.Under the condition of market economy, only to adapt to and meet the demand of the market,The sustainable and stable development. For large companies, electronic commerce is not only make the enterprise original performance to the next level, but also maintain the brand promotion, the sustained and stable development of enterprises. For small and medium enterprises, such as can through the electronic commerce platform, integrating enterprise's business activities and resource management, business process restructuring, improve operational efficiency, reduce costs, increase exchanges and cooperation between enterprises, improve enterprise management to a new level, so as to improve enterprise competitiveness, more quickly into the international market.Third, our country electronic commerce development present situation analysis Since 1995 since the introduction of Chinese e-commerce, in support of the Chinese government and the competent department of information and guidance, China's e-commerce has been developed greatly. Among them, the success and failure. But as to our country electronic commerce development present condition mainly presents the following characteristics.1. China's e-commerce development is still in its infancyAfter ten years of ups and downs, although China's e-commerce has begun to take shape, but most of the companies or consumer is in holding the wait-and-see attitude, restricts the further development of e-commerce. Overall, China's e-commerce development is still in its infancy.2. Needs to improve the supporting environment of electronic commerceThe support of e-commerce environment mainly includes the construction of network infrastructure, legal environment and market environment, etc. Electronic commercebased on Internet, largely depends on the construction of network infrastructure. Network bandwidth, for example, the serious influence the network real-time speed; Network security issues involving capital security, information security, business secret and security of goods, etc. Online trading in digital signature way instead of traditional way of handwritten signature, the tax payment also realize online declare dutiable goods, e-commerce will completely change the traditional business model, which also bring some economic problems and disputes, this needs related to formulate the synchronous development of laws and regulations. At present, our country market economy environment is not perfect, laws and regulations on the management of the market, the social credit system has not yet been fully established. Therefore, as the network infrastructure of e-commerce based on running environment, legal environment and market environment to accelerate the development of synchronization, can better ensure the smooth development of e-commerce.3. The function of a singleAlthough in the early stages of the development of electronic commerce in our country, but of all walks of life related to the economic trade e-commerce sites have to exist. Although trade industry is complete, but slightly single function, is more ads, electronic directory, electronic query, commodity information release, etc.; A few part of electronic trading, use the Internet for business negotiation, contract, exchange of text, so most didn't really play the electronic commerce function. Due to the national economy informationization foundation weak, the commercial automation level is low, will cause the traditional business and electronic commerce will co-exist for a long time.4. The unbalanced development in various regionsBecause our country on the industry and regional economic development imbalance, southeast coast and the great differences in the Midwest, also cause the unbalanced development of electronic commerce. At present, the rapid development of the coastal areas of e-commerce is the central and western regions. Coastal city of electronic commerce development faster than the villages and towns, there are many coastal towns and the central and western regions has not yet to develop electronic commerce. Four, simple to predict the development trend of electronic commerce in our country According to our country electronic commerce development and application status, predicting the development of our country in the next few years to:1. The gradually perfecting laws and regulationsAccording to the social and historical development rule, the rule of law society provide good environment for economic development, perfect the legal system construction as the economy provide a strong guarantee. The government under the strong support and guidance in our country, the electronic commerce laws and regulations will be issued continuously, and gradually improve, guarantee the healthy development of electronic commerce.2. The diversified developmentWith the popularity of the Internet,Electronic commerce is more and more accepted by the general public. With the development of network security technology, the establishment and perfection of social credit system, online shopping will be morecommon and popular. Followed, e-commerce will from imitation to innovation, from the traditional simple B2B, B2C mode for the development of complex mixed mode of electronic commerce, gradually toward diversification.3. The cities surrounding rural roadsAs an emerging trade mode of e-commerce, first introduced to China from science and technology in developed countries. In our country, the development of e-commerce is walking by the economically developed areas to backward areas; By the high degree of urban turned backward rural way of communication.Five, the Suggestions to promote the development of electronic commerce in our country 1. To strengthen the construction of network infrastructure in our countryDue to the slow network infrastructure construction, which limits the development of electronic commerce. The imbalance of economic development in China, in particular, are more likely lead to regional difference of information infrastructure. To make the rapid development of national economy, we must have vision, have a plan to increase the intensity of network construction, reducing the gap between eastern and western regions, north and south, as well as urban and rural, telecom departments at all levels should be in the national information under the correct guidance of the competent department of strengthening the construction of the network.2. Enterprises should recognize The Times, to accelerate developmentAfter China's accession to the WTO, along with the rapid development of economic globalization, electronic commerce as a new mode of business, for our country enterprise brought infinite business opportunities. Enterprises should recognize The Times, strengthen management, to improve the quality of the products and services, on the basis of the electronic commerce development to overall planning, step-by-step implementation, steady progress, to improve its competitive ability. In this way can reduce cost and increase economic benefits. That said, only the correct use of e-business model for enterprise services, will further promote the development of electronic commerce.3. To provide security for electronic commerce developmentE-commerce activities is relying on the Internet, including online payment security issues directly related to the vital interests of the consumers and businesses. In technology, to strengthen the computer network security research, the establishment of security protocol, for example, password technology, the establishment of the certification authority, etc. In law, to study the areas of e-commerce activities, establish a standardized electronic commerce legal system, safeguard the legitimate interests of the parties, promote the healthy development of electronic commerce.4. To speed up the cultivation of talentsTo the development of science and technology, the cultivation of the talent must never less. Electronic commerce is the combination of information modernization and business, need a lot of master the modern information technology and interdisciplinary talents of modern trade theory. National government, the education department according to the need, the talent training plan, make full use of all kinds of good way to develop, introduce and reasonable use of a batch of high quality, reasonable level, form a complete set of professional computer and businessmanagement professionals, to speed up the pace of construction of China's e-commerce. Six, the conclusionOverall, China's e-commerce is in the early stages of development. This new business model, and has great potential in the development of our country. Our country should seize the opportunity, carefully, as soon as possible to solve every constraints, the development of China's e-commerce healthy good external environment. The corporate sector, also should have a plan, step by step for the website construction, so as to promote our country electronic commerce development. Believe in our country during the period of "11th five-year plan", the accelerated development of information construction, will write a new chapter of China's e-commerce development. reference[1] chan yuet-bo: an introduction to e-commerce [M]. Tsinghua university press, 2004[2] kefeng liu: real network marketing - the theory and practice [M]. Tsinghua university press, 2000[3] ZhuKe quite: electronic commerce future. Market modernization, in August 2006[4] Tan Xueqing: for China's e-commerce development pulse. Hna magazine, 2001。
电子商务外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：ELECTRONIC COMMERCE（电子商务）国外作者：Đerić Slavko文献出处：《Economics》,2017,4字数统计：英文2060单词，11447字符；中文3455汉字外文文献：ELECTRONIC COMMERCESUMMARY Electronic commerce can be defined in different ways. Any definition helps to understand and explain that concept as better as possible. Electronic commerce is a set of procedures and technologies that automate the tasks of financial transactions using electronic means. Also, according to some authors, electronic commerce is defined as a new concept, which is being developed and which includes process of buying and selling or exchanging products, services or information via computer networks, including the Internet. Electronic commerce is not limited just to buying and selling, but it also includes all pre-sales and after-sales ongoing activities along the supply chain. Introducing electronic commerce, using the Internet and Web services in business, realizes the way to a completely new type of economy—internet economy.Keywords:electronic commerce, development, purchase, sale, economy, InternetINTRODUCTIONToday, development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, which radically change the existing power relations and the power on the global market, have a significant role in more evident process of globalization. The magnitude of impact of the development of communication and information resources on the world economy may be implied by the fact that it goes into traditional laborintensive activities, where before there were not opportunities for the application of modern information technology.Managers of large companies, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, need to understand first of all the importance, as well as many advantages that use of modern digital technology enables them in the creation of new business ideas and their realization. In the new digital era the benefits and opportunities of e-business represent a significant potential that should be used in the best and the most efficient way. Thanks to the internet there are some changes in the way of business, geographical boundaries are disappearing, language barriers and currency restrictions are being bowed down.ELECTRONIC COMMERCEToday’s way of doing business is completely changed, mostly thanks to the Internet. E-commerce has a great role in the process of globalization and in the development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, by radically changing the existing power relations and the power on the global market. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business. Besides the technological aspect it is necessary to emphasize the economic aspect and define e-commerce as a new market that offers new types of goods and services, such as digital products through digital processes. Sellers of physical goods are also being included in digital processes, such as on-line ordering, market research and payment, which are the parts of the new market.Electronic commerce is the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions between different organizations via telecommunication networks and is more than a set of Internet technologies.E-commerce can be viewed from the narrower and wider point of view. In the narrow sense electronic commerce involves buying and selling through the Internet, and in a broader sense it includes the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions by means oftelecommunications networks. In fulfilling tasks it uses electronic communication media such as the Internet, extranets, e-mail, database and mobile telephony. Electronic commerce includes several activities such as electronic sales and purchases of goods and services, online delivery of digital content, electronic funds transfer, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and other after-sales services. The basis of e-business is often called a fully digital business and it contains three components: product, process and participants, which have two components, physical and digital. Everything that can be sent and received via the Internet is considered to be a digital product.Electronic commerce creates new markets and economic activities, which are characterized by rapid information processes and market dynamics. Electronic networks provide the infrastructure for collecting and disseminating information. They also serve as a new channel for the sales, promotion of products and services delivery. Moreover, network integrate information for managing business activities at all levels of the company and provide new electronic connections with customers and partners in the supply chain. An increasing number of activities that add value to the economy take place in cyberspace through globally connected electronic networks. The Internet has expanded the premises to which companies reach. Managers can detect a greater number of business opportunities due to obtaining many additional business information from the Internet.ELECTRONIC MARKETMilicevic (2002) states that the Internetand new information technologies are leading to restructuring of markets on a global level and some industrial and service sectors. As well as on traditional (physical) market, also in electronic market, customers and sellers exchange goods and services for money or other goods or services, but only electronically. Electronic market uses electronic transactions leading to a new way of distribution of products and services to ultimate consumers. Electronic market means a place where electronic commerce is conducted, that is to say a network of interactions and communication where the information, products,services and payments are exchanged. In recent years, electronic market is gaining importance in the modern way of doing business. When it comes to e-business, business center is a network based on the locations where there are customers, sellers and other participants and they all find each other electronically and do business so.MODELS OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThere are many models of electronic commerce that vary according to the relations which exist between participants in trade (companies, customers, employees, government). Some of the models are: B2B, B2C, B2E, C2C, C2B, but lately there are also more complex forms that are created as a combination and updating of existing models such as B2B2C and C2B2C.B2B (Business to Business) is the automated exchange of information between different organizations;B2C (Business to Consumer) means the sale of goods and services to end consumers;B2E (Business to Employee) is a model which is also known as Intranet, or the Web site that gives products or information to employees;C2B (Consumer to Business) is a model where the consumer requests a product or service from the seller;C2C (Consumer to Consumer) is a model in which customers sell to each other;B2B2C (Business to Business to Consumer) is a model that is realized using B2B model that supports the company’s operations on the model of B2C;C2B2C (Consumer to Business to Consumer) is a model that connects consumers using on-line company as an intermediary.LEGAL ISSUES SPECIFIC TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThe most important legal issues specific to e-commerce are: assigning domain names, tax collection from incomes generated electronically and intellectual property protection. When assigning Internet addresses or domain names, problems arise when several companies that have similar names compete around the domain. The problemis solved in court or before an international arbitration system. Federal, state and local authorities are trying in every way to calculate how to get a share of revenue generated electronically. The problems are particularly prominent in international trade, when the question is where you need to pay a tax for a business license, income tax, value-added tax, the annual income tax and the like, as well as who controls the charge. Protection of software and other intangible creations is difficult to be implemented over the Web, which is why the issues of copyright and protection of intellectual property are subjects of frequent discussions. One solution might be a tax that is unique to the Internet, the so-called “bit tax”. The idea of this tax is based on the fact that each bit that travels through the network represents a subject to taxation at a rate that is unique. It could be collected in telephone exchanges or at the service provider and to be submitted to the competent tax authorities. However, such a tax would not take account of the nature of the information or goods that are purchased. The largest amount of bits on the Internet belongs to the children’s video games which are in most countries, wheree-business is developed, tax-exempt or taxed at the lowest rate. It is also unclear which government would take over the tax that is a result of cross-border data flow. Besides safety problems, the problem of unclear model of taxation of commercial transactions on the Internet certainly inflicts great torments to fiscal experts worldwide.ADV ANTAGES AND DISADV ANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE The main characteristic of e-commerce is a profound and very rapid change in the way trade is conducted. Today, e-commerce has many advantages over traditional conducting commercial transactions. Extensive use of e-commerce leads to new advantages. A set of interactive, content-rich and personalized messages can be delivered tospecifically selected consumers to increase sales. Today companies have a lot more information than before, which allows them to take advantage of this information as efficiently as possible, to segment the market and to adapt their products or services to potential customers or service users as well as possible.The impact of e-commerce is especially expressed in industries engaged in theproduction of computers, software and computer equipment and other elements necessary for realization of e-commerce. E-commerce has enabled companies to choose suppliers all over the world regardless of their geographical location, and to sell and market their products or services anywhere in the global market.Compared to traditional commerce the advantages of Internet commerce are numerous because properties are not necessary, as well as window dressing, sales staff is reduced to a minimum, there is a possibility of selling around the world, instant communication, presentation of interactive multimedia catalog that can provide the information that the customer wants (there is no classic catalog and postal shipping), promotion is much cheaper, it is easier to achieve publicity on the internet, there are more opportunities to adapt to customer needs, and with allthat the customer is enabled easier purchases carried out from an armchair, with no time limit (nonstop) ,without affecting the sales staff in the decision-making and various other benefits. Due to the complexity of the system of electronic trade problems in the sale or purchase over the Internet may occur. Problems refer to the fact that many potential customers still do not have Internet access or do not use it, some do not have fast Internet connection, online purchase involves a lot of confidence, privacy is compromised and there is a problem of the actual existence of stores on the Internet. Internet is a public network that is accessible to everyone, and because of that there is a possibility that someone monitors comunication without authorization and to abuse it later. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to find mechanisms that will ensure the protection of information, information integrity, and their authenticity. Cryptography is the science that deals with methods of maintenance of the confidentiality of information and which has its own features such as encryption, decryption and key. Defining and verifying the identity of the sender is achieved by using digital signatures and certificates. The purpose of the digital signature is authentication of the message content, as well as provision of guarantee of identity of the sender of the message.CONCLUSIONWith the advent of the Internet a lot has changed in terms of business and trade. Once the operating was based on the principle of face-toface, but now with the advent of the Internet participants in trade do not need to know, nor meet and see each other. With the advent of e-commerce there are no more geographical borders, nor language barriers and currency constraints. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business, which leads to more rapid penetration of technical progress in trade. It comes to development of electronic stores, which have significant benefits for end consumers, but there are new problems related to payments and the security of transactions carried out in this way. E-commerce and e-business are becoming inevitable everyday. Paper, pencil, stamp and other equipmentare replaced by computer and the Internet, thanks to which it is much easier and better to conduct an increasing number of business transactions. Online purchase and e-commerce are developing very fast, thus opening up new business opportunities, which affects an increase in productivity, reduction of costs and faster capital turnover. E-commerce creates employment opportunities, stimulates economic growth, investment in innovations, new technologies and knowledge, which contributes to the emergence of new operators in the market.中文译文：电子商务摘要电子商务可以用不同的方式进行定义。
Electronic Commerce Infrastructure and Security Management-第一讲
Course Overview + Evolution, Importance and Risks Associated with e-Commerce
Session 1: Introduction
How is Electronic Commerce different from Electronic Business?
• Electronic Commerce (EC) is a subset of electronic business. • Electronic Business (eBiz) also includes the exchange of information not directly related to the actual buying and selling of goods and services.
Course Evaluation
• Team Project (30%) - Oral Presentation (10%) - Written Paper (20%) • Individual Assignment - News Update (15%) • Class Participation (5%)
EXISTING MARKET SPACE
What is risk, in the context of electronic commerce?
• The possibility of loss of confidential data or the destruction, generation, or use of data or programs that physically, mentally, or financially harms another party, as well as the possibility of harm to hardware. • This includes both accidental and intentional attacks.
04-E-commerce Infrastructure
EC EC Infrastructural Facilities
List
End
Network Communication Protocol
IEEE 802.X Protocol
IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers 802 committee, 802.X
E-commerce Infrastructure
选 用 教 材 ： 电子商务概论（双语） 作 出 版 者 ： 胡玫艳 何龙 黄华 社 ： 清华大学出版社
2015-2-8
Main content
2
Case:The new airport in Hongkong
The Basis of Computer Network
Transport Layer
EC EC Infrastructural Facilities
List
End
Network Communication Protocol
13
Application Layer
SMTP FTP TELNET DNS
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol File Transfer Protocol Teletype over the Network Domain Name System
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
12
Network Interface
There is no specifically defined Network Port Protocol
ElectronicCommerce Infrastructure and Security Management-第十讲
8
Risk Likelihood
Risk likelihood = Threat + Vulnerability
High High Risk
Threat Medium Risk
Low
Low Risk
Low Vulnerability Threat, Vulnerability Relationship High
5
Risk Management
The objectives of performing risk management –
to improve security for IT systems to be better informed decisions on IT security investment to help security accreditation
2
Know the Enemy
For information security this means identifying, examining, and understanding the threats that most directly affect our organization and the security of our organization’s information assets We then can use our understanding of these aspects to create a list of threats prioritized by importance to the organization
Determining the Assessment’s Scope and Methodology
电子商务 中英对照E-commerce Chapter9
11
Web Hosting Alternatives 网络托管方案
–Offer Web server management and
rent application software
提供网络服务器管理和出租应用软件：
Managed service providers (MSPs) Application service providers (ASPs)
Static catalog: 静态目录
Dynamic catalog: 动态目录
Catalog Display 目录展示
1. Static catalog: simple list written in HTML
–On Web page or series of Web pages 2. Dynamic catalog: stores item information in a database • 将项目信息存储在数据库中，有多幅图片、详细 描述和搜索功能
Chapter 9
Electronic Commerce Software 电子商务软件
Learning Objectives
• Finding and evaluating Web-hosting services
• 寻找和评估网络托管服务
• Basic functions of electronic commerce software
Web Hosting Alter界面，让用户远程上
传网页内容，然后其他人就可以通过公司来访
问用户所寄取的网页。
Web Hosting Alternatives 网络托管方案
也称虚拟主机：
在网络服务器上分出一定的磁盘空间供用户放
The Impact of E-commerce on International Trade and Employment外文文献翻译
The Impact of E-commerce on InternationalTrade and Employment(Partly)The benefits of e-commerce on economy are classified into three groups: firms,prices,productivity.A combination of technological and market forces have compelled companies to examine and reinvent their supply chain strategies. To stay competitive,firms have searched for greater coordination and collaboration among supply chain partners to wring out the inefficiencies that might exist within firm transactions.Many of the transactions can be done externally,via electronic markets.The Internet and its applications have thus served to enhance the process to increase efficiencies in supply chain management.Moreover,ICTs allows firms to identify the market for the inputs they need in production and substantially reduces the cost of gathering and processing information about the prices and input characteristics of different goods and services.In addition,information and communication technologies make it easier to integrate and control remote operations without incurring prohibitive costs.Better ICTs enable optimized operations to be established in low cost domestic locations and countries where comparative advantage is present for the outsourced task.E-commerce thus facilitates the efforts of companies to separate and spin out every conceivable activity in the production process to entities outside the firm.The available empirical evidence on price is mixed.Some of the first studies found that prices of goods sold through the Internet were on average higher than their equivalent purchased through traditional retailers.A more recent study,however,found prices for books and CDs on average to be about 10per cent lower on the Internet compared with traditional retailers in the1United States.Evidence on demand sensitivity to price is also mixed,with some work suggesting a low and others a high price elasticity of demand.Evidence from countries were the use of information and communication technologies is widespread suggests substantial improvements in productivity. In an analysis of the contribution of information and communications technology to economic growth in nine OECD countries,over the past two decades,ICTs contributed between0.2and0.5%per year to economic growth. During the second half of the1990s,this contribution rose to0.3to0.9%per year.Effects were the largest in the United States,followed by Australia, Finland and Canada.Another study suggests that the rise of B2B e-commerce will in the long run increase the level of GDP by5per cent.In addition,it has been argued that Internet related technologies could increase the speed of financial operations,which raises the issue as to how interest rates should be set and whether the short end of interest setting needs to become shorter i.e.time units smaller than a day.Moreover,several studies conclude that information and communication technologies were an important factor in improving the overall efficiency of labor and capital,in the United States.Most importantly,productivity increased not only in the information and communication producing sectors but in sectors of the economy that do not produce information and communications technology.In other words,users of these technologies also benefited from increased productivity.In addition,the data seems to reveal that workers in the US may have also benefited from increased productivity induced by e-commerce and ICTs.Effects of e-commerce on international trade and employmentElectronic commerce offers important opportunities to both developing and developed countries.The development of e-commerce is likely to have both direct and indirect impacts on international trade as well as the labor markets.2E-commerce and International TradeThe use of electronic means and the internet can make the process of initiating and doing trade a lot easier,faster,and less expensive.Collecting information is a costly activity when it involves acquiring information across national borders.In fact,these costs can be so high that they can be considered a substantial barrier to trade.Finding the right supplier,specifying the product’s requirements and quality,negotiating the price,arranging deliveries and marketing products is also very costly.With the internet and e-commerce applications,a whole range of these activities can occur without having buyer and seller in close physical proximity.In this respect,the internet will likely promote trade much in the same way as lifting other trade barriers would.Thus, it is the volume of international trade will likely increase.Especially,the internet when organized via electronic markets through e-commerce applications,reduces information costs and allows consumers and sellers to be matched and interact electronically,reducing the significance of geographic proximity and traditional business networks.A study found ample evidence that,development of global markets via the Internet makes historical linkages less important and suggest that countries with the fewest past trade links have the most to gain from the Internet,especially for developing countries.An evident from a1998survey of enterprises in15low and middle-income countries suggests that firms in these countries use search engines to research market opportunities.However,whether e-commerce promote international trade will depend on the nature of the good.On the one hand,a number of products that traditionally have required physical delivery can be delivered to a customer via a network in digital form.Examples of these include media products,such as text,film and computer software.On the other hand,most of the goods traded internationally are not deliverable in digital form and therefore transportation costs will3continue to play a significant role.In this regard,world trade in digital media products amounted to about US$44billion in1996,less than1per cent of total world trade.For most countries,trade in digital media products was less than 2%of total trade.The rate of growth of trade in digital media products is high and above the average rate growth of total trade:the growth in trade for digital media products on average was about10%between1990and1996,1.5times faster than total world merchandise trade.E-commerce will also have a significant impact on trade in services.The most relevant change in trade in services is e-commerce’s and information technology’s ability to make non-tradable services into tradable.Activities that were previously non-tradable(i.e.research and development,computing, inventory management,quality control,accounting,personnel management, marketing,advertising and distribution)will be traded through the use of e-commerce.All that is required is that the quality,speed and cost of communication between buyer and seller be adequate.International cross-border trade in a wide range of services,financial,legal,telecommunications and customized software will increasingly be carried out by electronic means.Internet effectively opens markets that were previously closed;it is tempting to think of it as another form of trade liberalization.A technical improvement lowers costs of transactions and generates far larger benefits than the triangular efficiency gains from trade liberalization.Indeed,the decline in costs increases potential benefits from trade liberalization in many services sectors.As communications costs continue to fall,the potential for international outsourcing grows.As a result,outsourcing management and production activities will become more important.Obviously,some sectors and activities throughout the world are more prone than others to be affected by developments in e-commerce.In this respect,there have been attempts to identify industries or4sectors that may be more predisposed to the effects of developments in e-commerce and technology.For example,a research,based on criteria that weighed the effect of cost savings,increases in productivity,industry readiness and product fitness to e-commerce,has elaborated an index of Internet intensiveness.The finding based on data from the United States and Europe suggests that the most internet intensive sectors are electronic components,food, pharmaceuticals and forest/paper products.It is likely to expect that in other regions,these same sectors and industries will be affected by e-commerce via outsourcing.At the same time,recent evidence suggests that transnational corporations are likely to be the most intensive users of electronic commerce.The potential benefits from international e-commerce to a developing country arise from a reduction in the cost of imports as much as from an increase in the price received for exports.Even if a country does not export any services,it can benefit from imports of services,paying for them in terms of goods.Cheaper availability of medical,engineering and architectural services, long-distance learning and reduced costs of transactions can confer benefits even if the country does not immediately export the services traded through Internet.Several recent studies have suggested that trade also stimulates internet use. For example,a study suggests that the extent to which a country is integrated into the global economy can play a role in its access to IT.Countries with greater contact,either via trade,tourism,or geographical location,with the outside world,are more likely to be advanced in digital technology than other countries.Similarly,another study argues that countries open to imports from high-income OECD economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers and, hence,be more likely to adopt new technologies.Following figure and table shows world trade volume and the growth of world internet usage.According to figure1,although world trade volume fluctuated between2000and2010,it had5a positive situation until2008.After2008,it declined because of the global financial crisis and then started to increase again.World internet usage increased all regions between2000and2010.Several recent studies have asked whether internet use affects trade.For example,using data from20low and middle income countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia,a research shows that enterprises with internet connections export more,as a share of their total sales,than enterprises without connections.In addition,using a gravity model of trade,another research find that Internet use appears to be significantly correlated with trade after1996, although it finds only a weak correlation in1995and1996.The same research also found that internet has a greater effect on trade in developing countries than it does in developed countries.In a second paper,same researchers find that exports of services to the United States grew more quickly for countries with greater internet penetration in a sample of31middle-and high-income countries.Developing countries with higher Internet penetration export more to high-income countries than do developing countries where penetration is lower. However,they do not appear to export more to other developing countries and high-income countries with greater Internet penetration do not appear to export more to either developing or developed countries.These results make intuitive sense.First,Internet access is so common among manufacturing enterprises in high-income countries that the differences in the number of internet users as a percent of the population probably reflects differences at the consumer,rather than the enterprise,level in developed countries.In developing countries, contrarily,many manufacturing enterprises remain unconnected.Second, because Internet access is less common in developing countries than in developed countries,being connected to the Internet would seem to be a greater advantage for enterprises in developing countries with respect to exporting to6developed countries.Finally,because of strong regional differences in income, and taking into account the fact that most exports from developing countries to other developing countries will be within the same region,communication costs will presumably be greater for exports to distant developed countries than it would be for exports to neighboring developing countries.Employment and e-commerceAs e-commerce continues expanding,its impact on employment and wages will be the result of a complex set of interactive forces.Electronic commerce is expected to directly and indirectly create new jobs as well as cause job losses. New jobs will be gained in information-related goods and services, entertainment,software and digital products,for instance.Indirect creation of jobs will occur via increased demand and productivity.Jobs will be lost when e-commerce substitutes for the traditional way of doing business.The jobs most likely affected,as preliminary evidence suggests,are those in the retail sector, postal offices and travel agencies.However,the effects will not be uniform across countries,geographic areas,industries or skill groups.Evidence for the United States and the European Union reveals that employment in ICT-related industries and in the finance,business and commerce-related sectors account for almost one-third and one-fourth of total employment,respectively.More importantly,they accounted for28%and35% of job creation in1993-96.The increased demand for high-skill workers,with augmented managerial and executive responsibilities and a greater need for specialized expertise,who will command higher wages are viewed by some researchers as a cause of worsening of income distribution.Evidence for the U.S.seems to suggest that demand has shifted from low and middle-wage occupations and skills toward highly rewarded jobs and tasks requiring specific talent,training or management ability.Much of the labor demand shift is being explained by skill-biased7technical change.Overall,low wage,low-skill production,did not enjoy the wage increases that IT-intensive,high productivity growth industries experienced.Thus,real wages grew in IT-intensive industries,were wages were already relatively high and did not change in IT-poor industries that faced workforce reductions and were already employing low-wage workers.Among developing countries,countries best situated to benefit from e-commerce through export expansion are those with a substantial pool of skilled labor,capable of working on or near the frontier of computer technology. The case of India,which is already benefiting from e-exports in a big way,best illustrates this point.A consulting firm made a estimate to calculate the multiplier effects of e-commerce on employment in France,Germany,Italy and the U.K.By utilizing input-output framework and methodology,three types of economic effects were obtained–direct effects produced by e-commerce revenues in the industries directly involved,indirect effects generated by inter-industry linkages,and second order effects determined through the basic Keynesian income-consumption circuit from the value added generated in the first-order round.The results reveal that indirect and second-order effects for employment requirements are large enough to counterbalance the direct losses of jobs (assuming a100%substitution rate of e-commerce with traditional industries), with the exception of the case of Germany.This also confirms the potential of e-commerce to create jobs in the future.Their estimates also show that e-commerce businesses that rely on labor-intensive intermediaries will directly eliminate a larger share of direct jobs.This article concludes following results.Internet will promote international trade much as lifting other trade barriers would.Thus,the volume of international trade will increase via e-commerce.The countries open to imports from high-income economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers.8E-commerce can also have a significant impact on trade in services.In addition, electronic commerce is also expected to directly and indirectly create new jobs as well as cause job losses.New jobs will be generated in the information and communication technologies sector,while the indirect creation of jobs will occur via increased demand and productivity.The net employment gains and losses will depend on the demand for certain skills.9电子商务对国际贸易和就业的影响（部分）电子商务对经济的促进作用体现在三个方面：企业，价格，生产力。
英语作文-首饰、工艺品及收藏品批发行业：市场趋势与消费者洞察
英语作文-首饰、工艺品及收藏品批发行业：市场趋势与消费者洞察In the wholesale industry of jewelry, handicrafts, and collectibles, understanding market trends and consumer insights is paramount for success. These sectors are intricately tied to fashion trends, cultural preferences, and economic fluctuations, making them dynamic and ever-evolving. By delving into the current market landscape and gaining insights into consumer behavior, wholesalers can position themselves strategically to meet the demands of their target audience.Market Trends:The market for jewelry, handicrafts, and collectibles is witnessing several noteworthy trends that are shaping consumer preferences and purchasing behavior. One prominent trend is the growing demand for ethically sourced and sustainable products. Consumers are increasingly conscious of the environmental and social impact of their purchases, leading to a surge in demand for products that are produced using eco-friendly practices and fair labor standards. Wholesalers who embrace sustainability in their offerings can capitalize on this trend and attract environmentally conscious consumers.Another significant trend is the preference for unique and personalized items. In an era where individuality is celebrated, consumers are seeking products that reflect their personality and style. This trend presents opportunities for wholesalers to collaborate with artisans and designers to offer exclusive and customizable products that resonate with consumers on a personal level. Whether it's a one-of-a-kind piece of jewelry or a bespoke handicraft, personalized offerings can set wholesalers apart in a competitive market.Furthermore, the rise of e-commerce has transformed the retail landscape, including the wholesale sector. Online platforms provide wholesalers with greater reach and accessibility, allowing them to tap into global markets and connect with a diverse range of consumers. Wholesalers who invest in robust e-commerce infrastructure and digitalmarketing strategies can expand their customer base and drive sales growth in the digital realm.Consumer Insights:Understanding consumer behavior is essential for wholesalers to anticipate market demand and tailor their offerings accordingly. Through market research and analysis, wholesalers can gain valuable insights into the preferences, motivations, and purchasing habits of their target audience.One key insight is the influence of social media on consumer buying decisions. Platforms like Instagram, Pinterest, and TikTok serve as powerful tools for discovering new trends and products, as well as for sharing personal experiences and recommendations. Wholesalers can leverage social media channels to showcase their products, engage with customers, and stay ahead of emerging trends in the market.Additionally, the importance of brand reputation and storytelling cannot be overstated in the wholesale industry. Consumers are increasingly drawn to brands that have a compelling narrative and a strong sense of identity. Wholesalers who invest in building a distinct brand image and communicating their values effectively can foster trust and loyalty among consumers, ultimately driving repeat business and brand advocacy.Conclusion:In the wholesale industry of jewelry, handicrafts, and collectibles, staying abreast of market trends and understanding consumer insights are critical for success. By embracing sustainability, offering personalized products, and leveraging digital channels, wholesalers can position themselves competitively in the market. Furthermore, by understanding the influence of social media and investing in brand storytelling, wholesalers can cultivate meaningful connections with consumers and drive long-term growth. As the market continues to evolve, wholesalers must remain agile and adaptive, continuously innovating to meet the evolving needs and preferences of their target audience.。
电子商务（英文版）课后作业及答案
电子商务(英文版)课后作业及答案Chapter1 Introduction to Electronic Commerce1、One definition ：Electronic CommerceThe The electronic electronic electronic commerce commerce commerce is is is used used used in in in its its its broadest broadest broadest sense sense sense and and and includes includes includes all all business activities that use Internet technologies. 2、Three important thinking points ：Business Models, Revenue Models, Business ProcessBusiness Business model model model is is is a a a set set set of of of processes processes processes that that that combine combine combine to to to achieve achieve achieve a a a company’s company’s primary goal which is typical to yield a profit. Revenue Models is a specific collection of business processes used to identify customers, market to those customers, and generate sales to those customers. The idea is helpful for classifying revenue-generating activities for communication and analysis purposes. Business processes include purchasing raw materials or goods for resale, converting materials and labor into finished goods, managing transportation and logistics, hiring and training employees, managing the finances of the business, and many other activities.3、Three theoretical points: Value chains, Strategic alliance and SWOTValue chains is a way of organizing the activities that each strategic business unit undertakes to unit undertakes to design, produce, design, produce, promote, market, deliver, and support the products or service it sells. Strategic alliance is the relationship that companies coordinate their strategies, resources, and skill sets by forming long-term, stable relation with other companies and individuals based on shared purpose. SWOT analysis is including strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. It’s It’s one one one popular popular popular technique technique for for analyzing analyzing analyzing and and and evaluating evaluating evaluating business business business opportunities. opportunities. The analyst first looks into the business unit to identify its strengths and weaknesses. Then the analyst reviews the environment in which the business unit operates and identifies opportunities presented by that environment and the threats posed by environment. Chapter2 Technology I nfrastructure: Infrastructure: T heThe Internet and the World Wide Web 1、P92 Review Questions 5P57 P57 Intranet Intranet Intranet and and and Internet Internet Internet compared, compared, compared, it it it can can can be be be said said said that that that the the the Internet Internet Internet is is is a a worldwide network and intranet is the implementation of Internet technology in the in-house, it can with little cost and time will enterprise internal information from from a a a large large large number number number of of of resources, resources, resources, reasonable reasonable reasonable transfer transfer transfer to to to everyone. everyone. everyone. Intranet Intranet Intranet for for enterprise provides a can make full use of the communication lines, economic and effective effective to to to establish establish establish intranet intranet intranet scheme scheme scheme and and and Intranet Intranet Intranet applications, applications, applications, enterprises enterprises enterprises can can effectively carry on financial management, supply chain management, inventory management, customer relationship management and so on. Chapter3 Selling o non the Web: Revenue Models and Building a Web Presence P174 Review Questions 3P158 Channel Channel conflict conflict conflict refers to refers to the activities that a member of a channel channel is is engaged in or is not conducive to the organization to achieve its own goals, and then all kinds of contradictions and disputes. Distribution channel channel design is design is the channel members in different angles, different interests and different methods and so so on, on, on, under under under the the the influence influence influence of of of many many many factors; factors; factors; therefore, therefore, therefore, the the the channel channel channel conflict conflict conflict is is inevitable. To To resolve resolve resolve conflicts conflicts conflicts through through through persuasion persuasion persuasion is is is to to to use use use leadership. leadership. leadership. In In In essence, essence, persuasion persuasion is is is the opportunity to the opportunity to c ommunicate with the channel communicate with the channel members of the conflict, which emphasizes the influence of the behavior rather than the information sharing, but also in order to reduce the conflict caused by the division of labor. The goal of the negotiation is to stop the conflict between members. Compromise may avoid conflict, but it can't solve the root cause of the conflict. exist, it will eventually lead to conflict. In As long as the pressure continues to fact, negotiation is a method of channel members to bargain. In the course of the negotiations, each member will give up some things to avoid the conflict, but the use of negotiation or persuasion to see members of the communication skills. In fact, when the conflict is resolved by the above method, each member needs to form an independent strategy to ensure that the problem can be solved. Chapter4 Marketing on the Web1、Two Market Strategies (Web Market Segmentation)4Cs of MarketingAimed at consumer demand. We must first understand (NEED CONSUMER'S) A imed at consumer demand. We must first understand study and analyze the needs and desires of consumers, rather than to consider what companies can produce products. (COST) The cost that the consumer is willing to pay. First of all, we should understand consumers to meet the needs and desires are willing to pay much money, rather than to make the price of the product, that is, to the consumers to how much money. (CONVENIENCE) Consumer convenience. Products should be taken into account how to facilitate the use of consumers. (COMMUNICATION) Communication with consumers. To the consumer as the center of the implementation of marketing communication is very important, through interaction, communication and other means, the enterprise internal and external marketing integration, the customers and the interests of both sides of the enterprise together.4Ps of MarketingPRODUCT: pay attention to the development of the functional requirements of the product has a unique selling point, the functional requirements of the product in the first place. PRICE: according to the different market positioning, the development of different pricing strategies, product pricing is based on the company's brand strategy, focusing on the gold content of the brand. (PLACE)Distribution: enterprises do not directly to consumers, but to pay attention to the cultivation of the dealer and the establishment of sales network, business and consumer contact is through the distributors to carry out. PROMOTION: enterprises focus on changing the sales behavior to stimulate the consumer, in order to promote the growth of consumer spending in the short term, to attract other brands of consumers or lead to advance consumption to promote sales growth. Market SegmentationNetwork market segmentation refers to enterprises on the basis of investigation and study, according to the network consumer desire to buy, purchase motivation and habits of different, the network marketing is divided into different types of groups, each consumer group constitutes the enterprise of a market segment. Funnel modelThe five tier of the funnel corresponds to each link of the enterprise's search marketing, which reflects the number and loss of customers from the display, click, access, and consultation until the order process is generated. From the maximum amount of the show to the minimum order quantity, this layer of the process of narrowing that there are customers for a variety of reasons to leave, to lose interest in the business or to give up. 2、Several Market TechniquesWeb AdvertisementsWeb Advertisement typesW eb advertising (including Banner, Button, huge vertical edges, etc.) Text link advertising Email advertising Button advertising Sponsorship Advertising combined with content Interstitial ads Home page advertisement Keyword advertising E-mail MarketingIt is a kind of network marketing means to transfer value information to target users through email, under the premise of user's prior permission. Email marketing has three basic elements: user license, e-mail delivery of information, information on the value of the user. Three factors, the lack of a, can not be called effective Email marketing. Email marketing is a direct way to communicate with customers by e-mail. At the same time, it is also widely used in the field of network marketing. E-mail marketing is one of the oldest online marketing practices, it can be said that email marketing than the vast majority of Web site promotion and Internet marketing practices are to be old. Technology-enabled customer relationshipClickstreamClick stream analysisClick stream the concept of pay more attention to the users browse the web site of the entire process, the web log records the user clicks as is figure of "point", and click stream is more like the "point" string together to form the "line." Can also be the point that is the site of the Page, and the line is to visit the site of the Session. So click on the flow of data is collected by the site log, which can contain more information than the web site log, so as to make the results based on click stream data more abundant and efficient. Searching engine positioning and domain names promotionpaid search engine placementIt is through the search engine optimization, search engine rankings and research key words popularity and relevance in the search engine results page to obtain a higher ranking of marketing tools. Search engine optimization of website ranking is very important, because search engine in by crawler or spider) program to collect web data, according to the complex algorithm (each search engine ranking algorithm and method is not the same) to determine the page for a search term correlation and decide the ranking of. When the customer in the search engine to find related products or services, it is through the professional search engine optimization page usually can get a higher ranking. 3、Online brandingAffiliate marketing 关联营销Affiliate marketing is a built in mutually beneficial mutual benefit based on marketing, in cross marketing (cross marketing is refers to the time, money, ideas, activities or presentation space resources integration, for any business to provide a channel for the low cost and to contact more potential customers a marketing method) based on, will be what things, products and brand marketing for relevance, to achieve deep multi guide. At the same time, the related marketing is also a new, low-cost, enterprise in the website to improve the income of marketing methods. Affiliate marketing is sometimes called tying marketing, the current association of sales in many stores have started to use the. Viral Marketing Strategies 病毒营销Viral marketing is refers to the through similar pathology and computer virus transmission modes, namely self-replicating viral propagation process, using existing social networks to enhance brand awareness or to other marketing purposes. Viral marketing is started by the information source, relying on user spontaneous word-of-mouth publicity; achieve a fast roll snowball communication effect. It describes a information transfer strategy, economics known for viral marketing, because this strategy like a virus, transmit information to thousands, hundreds of audience by rapid replication. 。
电子商务专业英语课后答案.doc
Chapter 1 Introduction to E-CommerceANSWER1.Answer the following questionsL business-to-consumer, business-to-business, business processes, consumer-to-consumer, and business-to-government2.A business model is a set of processes that combine to achieve a company's goal, which is to yield a profit.NO.3.A revenue model is a specific collection of business processes used to identify customers, market to those customers, and generate sales to those customers.4.books and CDs, etc.5.Transaction costs are the total of all costs that a buyer and seller incur as they gather infonnation and negotiate a purchase-and-sale transaction.6.As more people or organizations participate in a network, the value of the network to each participant increases. This increase in value is called a network effect.7.The key issues that any company faces when it conducts international commerce include trust and culture, language, infrastructure, international law and currency.8.Localization means a translation that considers multiple elements of the local environment, such as business and cultural practices, in addition to local dialect variations in the language・II.Fill in the blanks in each of the following1.Internet2.dot-com pure dot-com3.internationalmodity5.electronic traditional6.vertical integration.rmation coordination8.value chainChapter 3 E-Business ModelsI.a) True b) False. This is the concept of a true auction. c) False・ A reserve price is the lowest price a seller will accept in an auction・ d) True e) False. The name-your price model allows customers to get Chapter 1 Introduction to E-Commerce 115a lower price by clearing the price with a number of vendors・ This does not involve an auction. f) False. Brick-and-mortar business are offline businesses・ This term is often associated with companies who have both and online and offline presence・ g) False. Web-based training is currentlyused by organizations around the world, h) True i) True j) TrueII.a) Brick-and-mortar b) Demand sensitive pricing model c) shopping cart d) auction e) vertical, horizontal f) community g) reverse auctions h) B2B exchanges i) online trading j) comparison shopping III.Categorize each of the following items as it best relates to the storefront model, the auction model or the dynamic pricing models:a)Auction model b) Auction model c) Storefront modeld) Storefront model e) Dynamic pricing・ f) Dynamic pricingChapter 4 B2B E-CommerceI.Write an Abstract of this paper in about 100 words.Abstract- Just as the industrial revolution mechanized the manufacturing functions of firms, the infonnationrevolution is automating their merchant functions. Four types of potential productivity gains are expected frombusiness-to-business (B2B) electronic commerce: cost efficiencies from automation of transactions, potentialadvantages of new market intermediaries, consolidation of demand and supply through organized exchanges, andchanges in the extent of vertical integration of firms. The article examines the characteristics of B2B onlineintermediaries, including categories of goods traded, market mechanisms employed, and ownership arrangements,and considers the market structure of B2B e-commerce.II.Answer the following questions1.The popular phrase B2B e-commerce refers to the substitution of computer data processing and Internet communications for labor sendees in the production of economic transactions.2.Expectations about productivity gains from B2B e-commerce can be usefully divided into four areas: possible efficiencies from automation of transactions, potential economic advantages of new market intermediaries, consolidation of demand and supply through organized exchanges, and chcinges in the extent of vertical integration of companies.3.Intermediaries can reduce transaction costs relative to direct exchange, by reducing the costs of search, certifying product quality, mitigating communication costs, and providing guarantees for buyer or seller commitments・4.E-commerce intermediaries can be classified into four main categories: brokers, auctioneers, dealers, and exchanges. 116电子商务专业英语(第二版)III.State whether the following are True or False?l.T 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.TChapter 5 Electronic Payment SystemsANSWERI.Answer the following questions1.List five parties may be involved in the e-payment method・They are:a)Customer/payer/buyer. The party making the e-payment in exchange for goods or servicesb)Merchant/payee/seller. The party receiving the e-payment in exchange for goods and servicesc)Issue匚The banks or nonbanking institutions that issue the e-payment instrumentused to make the purchased)Regulator. Usually a government agency whose regulations control the e・paymentprocesse)Automated Clearing House (ACH). An electronic network that transfers moneybetween bank accounts2.List Characteristics of Successful E-payment Methods Interoperability and portability; security; anonymity; divisibility; easy of use; transaction fees; critical mass・3.What are virtual credit cards?This is an e-payment system in which a credit card issuer issues a special number that can be used in place of regukir credit card numbers to make online purchases・ This allows users to use a credit card online without having to disclose the actual credit card number.4.Describe the difference between the contact card and contactless card・A contact card is inserted in a smart card reade匚These cards have a small gold plate about one -half inch in diameter on the front; when the card is inserted in the reader, the plate makes electronic contact and data are passed to and from the chip.In addition to the chip, a contactless card has an embedded antenna・ In this case, data (and applications) are passed to and from the card through the card's antenna to another antenna attached to a cardreader unit or other device.5.List Advantages of E-billingChapter 1 Introduction to E-Commerce 117From the perspective of the billing firm, the most obvious benefit is the reduction in expenses related to billing and processing payments・ E-billing also enables better customer service. Another advantage relates to advertising.From the customer's perspective, E-billing reduces the customer^ expenses by eliminating the cost of checks, postage, and envelopes. E-billing simplifies and centralizes payment processing and provides better record keeping.II. Fill in the blanks in each of the following1.Credit cards, Charge cards, Debit cards2.e-wallet3.smart card, microprocessor, memory, nonprogrammable4.Stored-value5.e-check6.electronic bill presentment and payment (EBPP)Chapter 6 E-Commerce Security ANSWERI.Answer the following questions1.Describe the difference between a nontechnical and a technical cyber attack.Nontechnical attacks are those in which a perpetrator uses chicanery or other forms of persuasion to trick people into revealing sensitive information or performing actions that can be usedto compromise the security of a network.. These attacks are also called social engineering attacks. In contrast to nontechnical attacks, software and systems knowledge are used to perpetmte technical attacks ・ In conducting a technical attack, an expert hacker often uses a methodical approach ・2.How are DDoS attacks peipetrated?Once an attacker has access to a large number of computers, they load the specialized DDoS software onto these computers. The software lays in wait, listening for a command to begin the attack. When the cominand is given, the distributed network of computers begins sending out requests to the target computer. The requests can be legitimate queries for information or can beveryspecialized computer commands designed to overwhelm specific computer resources.3.What are the major forms of malicious code?Viruses, Worms, Macro viruses and macro worms, and Trojan Horses.4.What are some common mistakes that EC sites make in managing their security?Undervalued information. Few organizations have a clear understanding of the value of specific information assets.Narrowly defined security boundaries. Most organizations focus on securing their internal networks and fail to understand the security practices of their supply chain partners.Reactive security management. Many organizations are reactive rather than proactive focusing on security after an incident or problem occurs.Dated security management processes. Organizations rarely update or change their security practice to meet changing needs. Similarly, they rarely update the knowledge and skills of their staff about best practices in information security.Lack of communication about security responsibilities. Security often is viewed as an IT problem, not an organizational one.Chapter 1 Introduction to E-Commerce 1195.Describe the difference between physiological biometrics and behavioral biometrics・ Physiological biometrics are based on measurements derived directly from different partsof the body (e.g., sea ns of fingerprints, the iris, hand geometry, and facial characteristics)・ In contrast, behavioral biometrics are derived from various actions and indirectly from various body parts (e.g., voice scans or keystroke monitoring ).6.Describe the basic components of encryption・All encryption has four basic parts: the plaintext, ciphertext, encryption algorithm, and the key.7.What are the basic differences between symmetric and asymmetric encryption?In a symmetric (private) key system the same key is used to encrypt and decrypt the plaintext. The sender and receiver of the text must share the same key without revealing it to anyone else——thus making it a so-called private system.Public (Asymmetric) key encryption uses a pair of matched keys—a public key that is publicly available to anyone and a private key that is known only to its owner.8.What is a personal firewall?Personal firewalls are designed to protect desktop systems by monitoring all the traffic that passes through the computer\ network interface card.Chapter 7 PricingI.True or FalseI.F 2.T3. F4.T5. FII.Fill the blanks1.Target-return pricing2.internd content is easy to package; of the low friction between buyers and sellers; the cost of adding new customers is low3.frenzy pricingIII.Answer the following questions1 ・ Identify the six results of the interactivity force of the Internet on pricing・(1)It is easier to reach wider audiences.(2)It is easier and cheaper to implement dynamic pricing strategies・(3)It is easier and cheaper to change prices・⑷ It is cheaper for consumers to investigate prices. 120 电子商务专业英语(第二版)(5)It is easier to understand and measure consumers? reactions to price promotions・(6)It is easier to receive customer feedback on price, understand customer willingness to pay for a product, and implement price scrimin at ion strategies.2.In what ways has the individualization force of the Internet affected pricing?(1)By informing companies of their pricing and product desires, consumers make it easier for firms toconvey prices of products in which they have an interest・(2)Customers can register their preferences with firms, making it easier for those finns to offer targeted, individualized pricing promotions・(3)Customers can more easily participate in dynamic pricing processes. Sites that practice dynamic pricing can notify customers via e-mail when their bids are no longer the highest.3.What is a loss leader? What types are most likely to be used?A loss leader is an item offered at very low prices (below its total cost) in order to attract greater store traffic. Typically, such items are well-known brands, staples for price-sensitive consumers, and/or seasonal/holiday/special demand items.4.Describe the two primary ways that the Internet has enhanced the attractiveness of dynamic pricing. First are decreased menu costs. Menu costs are the costs associated with changing the price of a good. For goods advertised on the Web, it is easy and virtually costless to change product prices, making it very attractive for firms to change their prices based on demand and supply conditions. Second is interactivity. The Internet makes it easy for sellers and buyers around the world to interactand negotiate prices. The fact that buyers and sellers can easily interact from their homes or workplaces via the Internet makes it easy to conduct dynamic pricing structures.Chapter 8 Internet MarketingI.Answer the following questions1.What is Internet marketing?Internet marketing is the process of building and maintaining customer relationships through online activities tofacilitate the exchange of ideas, products, and services that satisfy the goals of both parties.2.What are the seven stages of Internet marketing?The seven stages are (1) setting corporate and business-unit strategy, (2) framing the market opportunity, (3)formulating the marketing strategy, (4) designing the customer interface, (5) designing the marketing program, (6)crafting the customer interface, and (7) evaluating the results of the marketing program.3.What are the four stages of the customer relationship?The four stages are: (1) awareness (the degree to which the customer has some basic information, knowledge, Chapter 1 Introduction to E-Commerce 121or attitudes about a firm or its offerings, but has not initiated any communications with the firm);(2)exploration(customer and firm begin to initiate communications and actions that enable an evaluation of whether or not to pursuea deeper connection); (3) commitment (customer and firm feel a sense of obligation or responsibility for each other);and (4) dissolution (isolation of the most valuable customer group and subsequent focus on this particular group).4.What are the six classes of variables in the Internet marketing mix?The six variables are product, pricing, communication, community, distribution, and branding・5.What is the Marketspace Matrix?The Marketspace Matrix is a framework illustrating the levers that the Internet marketer may choose to use ateach stage of the customer relationship. These levers are the six classes of variables including product, pricing,communication, community, distribution and branding, and the stages of customer relationships are awaieness,exploration, commitment and dissolution.6.How do interactivity and individuality come into play in the design of the marketing program? Interactivity is the extent to which two-way communication flow occurs between the firm and customers; individuality refers to a consumer's personal experience with the firm. Both impact the design of all of the levers ofthe Internet marketing mix一price, market communications, and products and services・7.What are the critical success factors for the Internet marketing professional?The critical success factors are (I) customer advocacy and insight (marketing professionals need to strategicallycollect information from many disparate sources, create insightful customer mosaics, and effectively translate theminto marketing strategies and tactics); (2) integration (marketing professionals need to have an integrated or holisticview of the customer and the enterprise in order to create a uniquely advantaged strategic plan); (3) balanced thinking(marketing professionals need to be highly analytical and very creative in order to understand the strategic andtactical implications of the Internet); and (4) willingness to accept risk and ambiguity (marketing professionals needto retool themselves and their companies to enter into a whole new era of customer-centric marketing). 122电子商务专业英语(第二版)Chapter 9 Legal Issues of E■CommerceI.True or False1.T2.F3.T4.F5.T6. F7.T&FII. Answer the following questions1.List some of the ways that the Internet can be used to collect information about individuals.(1)By reading an inciividuaPs newsgroup postings(2)By looking up an individual5s name and identity in an Internet directory(3)By reading an individuaPs e-mail(4)By conducting surveillance on employees(5)By wiretapping wireline and wireless communication lines and listening to employees(6)By asking an individual to complete a Web site registration(7)By recording an individuaPs actions as they navigate the Web with a browser, usually using cookies2.List four types of intellectual property.There are four main types of intellectual property in EC: copyrights, trademarks, domain names, and patents.3.List the legal rights covered by a copyright.A copyright is an exclusive grant from the government that confers on its owner an essentially exclusive right to: (1) reproduce a work, in whole or in part, and (2) distribute, perform, or display ♦Itto the public in any form or manner, including the Internet. In general, the owner has an exclusive right to export the copyrighted work to another country.4.List the legal rights of a trademark owner.The owner of a registered trademai-k has exclusive rights to: (1) Use the trademark on goods and services for which the trademark is registered. (2) Take legal action to prevent anyone else fromusing the trademark without consent on goods and services (identical or similar) for which the trademark is registered.Chapter 10 LogisticsI.l.B 2.A 3. A 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.AII.Translations:1.物流是与时间有关的资源配置或是总供应链的战略管理。
目前,我国电子商务的现状英语作文
The Current Status of E-commerce in ChinaChina has witnessed a remarkable growth in the field of e-commerce in recent years, transforming the way businesses operate and consumers shop. The integration of technology and traditional retail has given rise to a vibrant and dynamic ecosystem that is constantly evolving.Firstly, the popularity of online shopping platforms has skyrocketed. Platforms like Alibaba, , and Pinduoduo have become household names, attracting millions of users daily. These platforms offer a wide range of products, from daily necessities to luxury items, catering to the diverse needs of consumers. The convenience of shopping anytime, anywhere, with just a few clicks, has made online shopping a preferred choice for many.Secondly, the rise of mobile payments has further facilitated the growth of e-commerce in China. With platforms like Alipay and WeChat Pay, consumers can seamlessly make payments for their online purchases, eliminating the need for cash or physical credit cards. This has not only made transactions faster and easier but has also increased the security of online payments.Moreover, the government's support for e-commerce has been instrumental in its growth. Policies promoting the digitization of the economy and the development of e-commerce infrastructure have created a favorable environment for businesses to thrive. This includes initiatives like the Digital Economy Development Strategy, which aims to further integrate digital technologies into various sectors of the economy.However, despite the significant growth, challenges still exist in the Chinese e-commerce landscape. Issues such as data privacy, counterfeit products, and logistical challenges need to be addressed to ensure sustainable growth.In conclusion, the current status of e-commerce in China is robust and promising. With the continuous advancement of technology and the government's support, the future of e-commerce in China looks bright, offering immense opportunities for businesses and consumers alike.。
E-commerce Infrastructure：The Internet and the Web
Creation of fundamental building blocks
Institutionalization Phase, 1975 – 1995
Large institutions provide funding and legitimization
The TCP/IP Architecture and Protocol Suite
Figure 2.4
Internet (IP) Addresses
IPv4:
32-bit number Expressed as series of four sets of separate numbers
Commercialization Phase, 1995 – present
Private corporations take over, expand Internet backbone
and local service
The Internet: Key Technology Concepts
Sends packets along different communication paths as they become available
Reassembles packets once they arrive at destination
Uses routers
Special purpose computers that interconnect the computer networks that make up the Internet and route packets Routing algorithms ensure packets take the best available path toward their destination
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• The attack agents are not willing agents.
– They are systems that have been compromised and on which the DDOS attack software has been installed.
11
Distributed Denial-of-Service
SYN Flood Attack
• A SYN flooding attack temporarily prevents service to a system to take advantage of a trusted relationship that exists between that system and another. • A SYN flood is an example of a DOS attack. – It takes advantage of the way TCP/IP networks were designed. – It can be used to illustrate the principles of any DOS attack.
• In a SYN flood attack, the attacker sends fake communication requests to the targeted system.
– Each request is answered by the target system which waits for the third part of the handshake.
16
Backdoor Variation – Rootkit
• A variation of the backdoor is the rootkit.
– Rootkits are established not only to gain root access, but to ensure continued root access.
2
• Attacks on Encryption • Password Guessing • Brute-Force & Dictionary Attack • Software Exploitation • Wardialing and WarDriving • Social Engineering • Viruses/Hoaxes • Trojan Horse / Spyware • Logic Bombs • Worms • Email Bomb • Buffer Overflow • DNS Spoofing • Email Spoofing • Hoaxes
Denial-of-Service Attacks
• In a Denial-of-Service (DOS) attack, the attacker attempts to deny authorized users access either to specific information or to the computer system or network.
15Βιβλιοθήκη Backdoors and Trapdoors
• Backdoor
– The term backdoor refers to programs that attackers install after gaining unauthorized access to a system to ensure that they have unrestricted access to the system even if the initial access method is discovered and blocked. – If authorized individuals run software that contains a Trojan horse, they may inadvertently install a backdoor.
A SYN flooding DOS attack
6
SYN Flood
• A nonexistent IP address is used in the requests.
– The target system responds to a system that does not exist. – The target waits for responses that will never come.
12
Preventing Denial-of-Service Attacks
• Precautions to take to mitigate or stop DOS or DDOS attacks include:
– Applying the latest patches and upgrades to systems and the applications running on them. – Changing the timeout option for TCP connections making the SYN flooding attack difficult since unused connections are dropped more quickly.
– It can be used to view all traffic, or it can target a specific protocol, service, or string of characters.
10
Distributed denial of service attacks
Distributed Denial-of-Service
• The DDOS attack overwhelms the target with traffic from many systems.
– A network of attack agents (zombies) is created by the attacker, and upon receiving the attack command, the attack agents commence sending a specific type of traffic against the target.
13
Mitigating DDOS Attacks
• DDOS attacks may be mitigated by distributing the workload across several systems, so any attack against the system would have to target several hosts to be completely successful.
8
SYN Flood
• The number of connections a system can support is finite.
– When more requests come in than can be processed, the system will soon be reserving all its connections for fake requests.
4
• A SYN flood exploits the TCP three-way handshake used to establish a connection between two systems.
SYN Flood
The TCP three-way handshake
5
SYN Flood
• Further requests are dropped (ignored).
– Legitimate users who want to connect to the target system will not be able to do so.
9
Distributed Denial-of-Service
– This mitigates the attack, as opposed to preventing or stopping an attack.
14
Backdoors and Trapdoors
• Trapdoor
– A hard-coded password used to gain access to the program if administrators forget the system password is sometimes referred to as a trapdoor.
• They are installed at a lower level. • They are closer to the actual kernel level of the operating system.
17
Sniffing
• A network sniffer is a software or hardware device used to observe traffic as it passes through a network on shared media.
• Denial-of-service attacks employing multiple attacking systems are known as a distributed Denial-ofService (DDOS) attack.
– The goal of a DDOS attack is to deny the use of or access to a specific service or system.