Technical Report AI-TR-96-1, I.S.I.R., Osaka Univ Towards Ontology Engineering
身体无线传感网络节点设计与实现
身体无线传感网络节点设计与实现韩现会李学恩台宪青杨一平HAN Xianhui LI Xueen TAI Xianqing YANG Yiping（中国科学院自动化所综合信息研究中心，北京，100080）摘要：健康监护是无线传感器网络的一个重要应用方向。
本文在分析身体无线传感网络的架构的基础上，针对身体无线传感器网络的关键点，利用新一代SOC芯片设计了符合IEEE802.15.4标准的无线发送和处理模块，并以此为基础设计了心电图、加速度、血压等多个微型化身体无线传感器网络节点.通过初步的试验，证实了该设计的可行性和实用性。
关键词：身体无线传感网络，节点，心电图，加速度中图分类号：TP311.1 文献标识码：ADesign and Implementation of Body Sensor Network Nodes Abstract: Healthcare is an important application of wireless sensor network. This article proposed the architecture of body sensor network. Based on analysis of the architecture and key technologies, a new sensor node designed by new generation SOC is introduced. The node and some physiological signals collection form a healthcare purpose wireless sensor network platform. The feasibility and rationality of the system design is verified through preliminary experiment.Key words: body sensor network, sensor node, ECG, accelerator1．引言随着经济和社会的发展，有两种趋势引起了社会的关注，其一是现代社会中人的生存压力增大使得高血压、心脏病等老龄化疾病有年轻化的趋势；其二是社会的老龄化。
How to write a technical report如何写一篇技术性报告
How to write a technical reportKevin Boone, Principal Instructor, Sun Microsystems UKVersion 1.03, January 2003SummaryThis article gives some general guidelines on writing a technical or scientific report. It describes the `standard model' of report writing, and some alternatives. The article is intended for students who are currently undertaking undergraduate or master's degree projects, or expect to do so in the near future.ContentsSummaryContents1 Introduction2 Fundamentals3 The standard model4 Alternatives to the standard model5 Language, style and presentation6 Visual material7 Things to avoid8 General guidelinesBibliography1 IntroductionThe ability to write clear, concise reports is an asset to almost any professional. In this article I offer some general guidelines on report writing, focusing particularly on something I call the `standard model'. This `standard model' is a formalisation of the way that scientific reports have usually been written over the last fifty years or so. While the standard model has its detractors, and is often used inappropriately, it still has a lot to recommend it. I normally suggest to students who don't have much writing experience that they follow this model unless they have good reasons not to. In thisarticle I will also try to explain why we recommend that reports are written in a particular way.2 FundamentalsThe main purpose of a technical report is to convey information. The report should place as few hindrances as possible between the mind of the writer and the mind of the reader. A secondary function is to stimulate and entertain. There are people -- a tiny minority -- who can inform and entertain at the same time. If, like most people, you have to make a choice between the two, you should try to inform rather than to entertain. Of course, if you were writing a novel the priorities would be reversed; but in report writing it is the information that is paramount.A good report needs careful planning. As part of the planning stage you should try to answer the following questions.•What is the report about? What are you trying to say? You should arrange things so that they key facts and conclusions are very accessible. Not everyone will read the whole report, so ensure that your message will get across even ifa person only skims the document. I have been told -- and tend to believe --that senior managers have an attention span of about four minutes. Thissuggests that if you are writing with these people as your audience, your report should start with a summary that can be read in a few minutes. In fact, this is a good idea whatever the audience.•Who are you writing for? It is simply impossible to write a technical document that will be equally easy for everybody to read: the level of explanation youneed for an expert audience is totally different from that needed for readerswho are unfamiliar with the subject. It is absolutely essential that you identify the potential readers -- the professional group, not the individuals -- beforeyou start work. In the university environment your report will probably beread by lecturers. These people will have a good knowledge of their subject in general, but will probably not know much about the precise field of yourreport. You should always bear this in mind. If you are writing for computerscientists you don't need to explain, for example, what a modem is, nor theWorld-Wide Web, but you will need to explain what phase modulation is, and what `CGI' stands for.•How long can the report be? It's difficult to predict in advance exactly how long a report will be, but you should be able to decide whether you will bewriting 2,000 words or 20,000 words. It's generally harder to write a shortreport than a long one, because it requires much better organisation. In theuniversity environment there may be official limitations on the size of thereport.3 The standard modelThe `standard model' of report writing is a style and structure that has been widely used in the western world for about 50 years. It is the reporting method that is usually taught in schools. Contrary to what we are taught in schools, however, it is not the only accepted way to write in science. Nevertheless, it is the way that most professional scientists and engineers choose to write. The main features of a report that follows the `standard model' are as follows.•The first major section is an introduction; the last is a conclusion. The conclusion answers questions posed -- explicitly or otherwise -- in theintroduction.•Factual material and measurements are kept completely separate from opinion and interpretation, often in different chapters or sections.•Formal, and rather impersonal, language is used.•The report usually refers quite extensively to the work of other individuals.•The sections of the report are numbered.Most `standard model' reports will contain some or all of the following sections, usually in this order. Each of these sections will be discussed in more detail below.•`Abstract' or `summary'.•`Acknowledgements'.•`Introduction'.•`Objectives'.•`Theory'.•`Method' or `methodology' or `procedures'.•`Results'.•`Discussion' or `interpretation'.•`Conclusion'.•`Recommendations'.•`References' and/or `bibliography'.•`Appendices'.A `standard model' report will probably also contain a table of contents, a list of abbreviations and technical terms, and perhaps an index if the document is long.3.1 Abstract or summaryAn abstract or summary (they mean essentially the same thing) should contain a brief overview of the report, including its conclusions and recommendations if there are any. A good length for an abstract is 300 words; some scientific journals actually specify this number of words explicitly. The abstract of a scientific paper or report is considered to be capable of `standing alone' and being published separately. For this reason the heading `abstract' in a report is usually not numbered. Numbering usually starts with the introduction.3.2 IntroductionThe introduction sets out what the report is about, and what its role is in relation to other work in the field. If describing experiments, the introduction will usually summarise other related experiments, and show how the work to be described extends or supersedes these earlier studies. If the report is about development (e.g., software development) the introduction will often set out what the purpose of the development is, who will benefit, and how it will be used. If the report is a review, it will usuallyjust state the scope of the report and the readership for which it is intended.In most technical reports, the introduction will say something about the context of the report, that is, how the work it describes forms part of the overall body of work in that subject area. When describing an investigation, the introduction will usually state explicitly what the investigators set out to find.My approach is to finish the introduction with a list of the questions I set out to answer, and give the answers to these questions in the conclusions. I like to be quite explicit about this, and even label the questions `question 1', `question 2', etc. Whether you do this or not, the reader should be able to look at the conclusion of your report and verify that you have found out what you claimed you would find out.3.3 ObjectivesThis section, if present, states what the work being reported was expected to achieve, why it was undertaken, and at whose instigation. I usually prefer to put this information at the end of the introduction, but this is just a matter of taste.3.4 AcknowledgementsIt is polite to give a brief note of thanks to those people who have helped directly in the work the report describes. In a novel, the authors often thank their friends and family; most scientists and engineers consider it slightly pretentious to do this in a technical report. In the last few weeks I have read technical reports that acknowledged the invaluable assistance of the late Princess of Wales, Jesus, and the author's pet dog.I would like to know in particular the role played by the dog.If the report is destined for publication, and describes work supported by a grant, the grant-awarding body may insist that it be acknowledged. It seems reasonable to me to do this.3.5 TheoryThe theory section, if used, describes any background theory needed for the reader to understand the report. Such a section is usually found only in reports that use mathematics that the typical reader cannot be expected to know in advance.3.6 MethodIn the `method' section you should describe the way the work was carried out, what equipment you used, and any particular problems that had to be overcome. If thereport is describing a survey, you should say how you chose your subjects, how you checked for bias, and how you analysed the results.3.7 ResultsIn the standard model, results are usually given as plainly as possible, and without any comment. It is often difficult to know how much data to put into this section. My feeling is that you should include enough data to enable to reader to be confident that you have done what you said you would do, and that your conclusions will be trustworthy. This certainly does not mean that you should include reams of print-outs and copies of questionnaire returns. I try to summarise the results into a few tables and graphs.Most readers that are used to reading scientific reports will become uncomfortable if you call a section `results' and put anything in it apart from plain results.3.8 DiscussionIn this section the author provides an interpretation of the results, compares them with other published findings -- if there are any -- and points out any potential shortcomings in the work.The `discussion' section of a traditional report is the place where the author is allowed to be less objective than usual. In this section it is acceptable to mention opinions, and speculate slightly about the significance of the work.In particular, if your findings are unusual, or very much at odds with other people's conclusions, you should explain why you think this might be. Otherwise the reader will probably assume you have just made a mistake.3.9 ConclusionThe conclusion gives the overall findings of the study. It is important to realise that`conclusion' does not just mean `the last bit of the report'. Your conclusions should really be statements that can be concluded from the rest of the work. A conclusion is not a summary. (You can include a summary as well, if you like). When I mark students' reports, one of the questions I ask about them is `do the conclusions follow from the body of the report?'3.10 RecommendationsIn this section the author normally includes any advice he or she wishes to offer thereader. If the report is about making some sort of business decision, the appropriate course of action will usually be recommended here. Some people use the recommendations sections for suggestions of further work, which seems reasonable to me.3.11 References and bibliographyThe purpose of citing references is to allow the reader to follow up your work, and perhaps check that the conclusions you draw really follow from the sources you cite. References are not, as many students appear to think, a method for convincing the examiner that you have read a lot. You should give enough detail that if the reader wanted to follow up your references, he or she would be able to do so. For books, you should give the authors, year, edition (if there's more than one), publisher's name and publisher's location. For articles in journals give the authors, year, name of the publication, volume and page numbers. If you can't give all these details, you probably don't have a proper reference.The rise in Web-based publishing has created its own citation problems. The same basic principle applies, however, as it does to citing printed works: the citation must be sufficient to allow the reader to follow up the reference. If possible, you should cite a URL that will take the reader directly to the document you cite. Giving the URL for a `home' or `welcome' page is generally not helpful. As a matter of good style, you should give the names of the authors and the publication date, if you are able to determine them.Although it is not peculiar to Web-based publication, authors should be aware of the problem that not all references have equal weight. References to articles in peer-reviewed journals will be more convincing than references to non-reviewed sources. Since anyone can publish anything on a Web site, there is a real risk of citing something that is not very authoratitive.Many students seem not to know the difference between `references' and`bibliography'. The bibliography is the set of publications that the authors referred to in a general sense in writing the report or carrying out the work it describes. These publications will not usually be cited explicitly in the text. References, on the other hand, are given in support of some specific assertion, and are always mentioned explicitly in the text. Normally this citation would be given after the statement the author wants to support. A common method is to give the authors and year in the text,e.g, (Bloggs, 1995), and the full details at the end of the report or in a footnote.In scientific writing, if you make any statement that is not one of plain fact or measurement, you must justify it, or refer the reader to another publication where it is justified. The making of unjustified assertions is probably the single most common criticism leveled at students' writing.If you use another person's words directly, you must be clear about this and give a full reference. If you use more than a few words, or a picture, or results, you should seek the author's permission first, and state in your report that you obtained such permission. If you don't do this you're probably breaking the law, as well as being unprofessional.3.12 AppendicesThe appendices are where the author will usually place any material that is not directly relevant to the report, and will only be read by small number of people. I usually use appendices for mathematical proofs, electrical circuit diagrams and sections of computer programs.3.13 Numbering and structureIt is common to number each section of the report. Usually numbering starts at the introduction, which has number `1', and continues until the references. Because they are in a sense independent of the body of the report, the abstract and references are not usually numbered. Most people number sub-sections as well. So, for example, in section one, sub-section two would be numbered `1.2'. Other people prefer to use numbers and letters, e.g., 1A, 1B... This is fine as well. The advantage of using a hierarchical numbering scheme like this is that it helps to orient the reader. It allows the most important section divisions to be identified at a glance.3.14 When should you use the standard model?In my opinion, writers of technical reports should use the standard model, or something close to it, unless there is a sound reason not to. Why? First, and most important, its use is so widespread that the reader will know exactly what to expect in each section. Moreover, if the reader needs to refer to your report quickly he or she will know immediately which section to turn to. Second, it is well `signposted'; even people who are not familiar with this type of report will find the clear section divisions useful in their understanding. Third, the rigid organisation of the report willhelp the novice writer organise his or her thoughts when writing.There are times when the standard model will be a hindrance, rather than a help. In these cases you should cheerfully abandon it and adopt something else. In particular, you don't need to include all the sections. A `results' section, for example, is only useful if you are reporting results or measurements.4 Alternatives to the standard modelHere are a few suggestions of other ways to organise a technical report.4.1 The `segmented' standard modelIf a report describes a set of investigations with a common purpose, but different methodologies, it can be rather difficult to use the standard model, even if each individual investigation could be reported that way. In this case it is quite useful to give each experiment its own `segment', with a `method' and `results' section, but use single overall `introduction' and `discussion' sections. In the `segments', one does not necessarily need to use explicit sub-sections for method and results, as long as the reader is clear where the boundaries are.4.2 The `assertion' modelThis is quite unusual in a report (it is widely used in presentations and posters) but in some circumstances it can be very effective. In this type of report, rather than using very passive section titles like `Introduction', the author uses very active, direct statements, like `the new protocol improves communications efficiency by 23%'. The headings together make up a summary of the report. Of course, if you make an assertion you then have to go on to defend it. The great advantage of this type of presentation is that the reader can get an overall idea of what the report says simply by reading the headings at the top of each section.4.3 The `conclusion first' modelIn this type of report, the conclusions are presented towards the beginning, perhaps directly after the introduction. In my opinion one should re-state or summarise the conclusions at the end as well, otherwise the report ends abruptly. The advantage of placing the conclusion at the beginning is that it is more likely to be read. It also allows the reader to have the conclusions in mind while reading the rest of the report.I don't use this method myself; I prefer to put a short summary of the conclusions in the abstract.4.4 The `topic' modelIn this type of report, each section of the report is on a particular topic or subject, but there will probably be a common introduction and conclusion. This structure is appropriate for review or instructional articles, but is probably not very useful for scientific reports. The problem here is that it does not lend itself to the division between methodology, results and interpretation that most readers will expect.5 Language, style and presentationIf your message is one of profound importance, it will be communicated rapidly even if presented badly. On the whole, however, few scientific and technical reports contain ground-breaking findings. In this case the author must pay more attention to issues of communication to encourage people to read the report.5.1 Grammar and spellingMost academics and scientists, and many businesspeople, are relatively fussy about grammar and spelling. This is probably because such people read a great deal, and have learned to extract as much information from a document as possible in a limited time. This is only possible if everyone follows very similar standards of grammar and spelling. Whatever the reason, the only way the author can be sure that no reader is likely to be alienated by inadequate grammar and spelling is to ensure that they are impeccable.If your grammar and spelling are not particularly good, it is vital that you have your work read by someone else before you decide that it's finished (I think that everyone should do this anyway). At the very least you should get a printed copy of your document (not on a computer screen) and check it very thoroughly yourself.5.2 StyleMost technical documents are written in a rather formal style. Some readers get upset when they have to read reports that are written informally, but I don't mind this. However, what does annoy me as a reader is sudden changes from formal to informal writing. For example, if the author adopts a impersonal, formal style (using phrases like `at this point the operator should click on the button labelled ``start''...') andsuddenly switches to an informal, personal form (`now you should click on ``start''...'), it can be very confusing.In the UK, technical writing is usually dominated by `passive voice' expressions, where the author tries to avoid using the word `I'. Personally, I am inclined to use the word `I' whenever I think it is appropriate to do so. If you prefer not to, that's fine. However, you should avoid writing very ugly phrases just to avoid the word `I'. For example, a phrase commonly used in scientific articles is `It is the opinion of the author that...' This means exactly the same as `I think...' but has four times as many words. Lawyers tend to write `It is submitted that...' which is even worse. Submitted by whom exactly? Another error is to use the word `we' when `I' is correct. For example, to say `we sent questionnaires to 500 middle managers' is incorrect if it was just the author that did this (of course it is correct if there was more than one person involved). The worst affront to the language of this type is the double passive. An example I saw recently was this: `It is regretted that transparencies are not able to be accepted'. What the author meant was: `Sorry, we don't accept transparencies'. Authors must make up their own minds about the good points and bad points of these different styles, but should do so after careful consideration, rather than according to dogma.The use of passive-voice expressions has probably derived from authors' attempts to give the impression of impartiality when reporting scientific findings. I don't think anyone will be fooled into thinking than if you sound impartial, you are impartial. But that's just my opinion.In general, I think appropriate humour is fine in a technical report. The problem is this: if your report is about, say, theorem proving methods, what sort of humour is likely to be appropriate? Many attempted jokes detract badly from the message the author wants to convey. Nevertheless, occasionally it works.On the whole you should probably not write the way you speak, for two reasons. First, you probably use colloquial and ungrammatical expressions in your speech that the reader will not understand (I'm sure I do). The reader cannot stop you and ask for an explanation. Second, in writing you don't have access to the differences in emphasis and tone of voice that help spoken communication. As you have to rely entirely on the words themselves, you need to choose them with some care. My favourite example of an inappropriate colloquialism occurred in the discussion section of a report I read on Web-based learing. In doubting the validity of some statement orother, it said ``there's a great big question mark hanging over this''. In speech this would have been fine, because the speaker's tone of voice would have indicated that he did not intend the statement to be taken literally. In the report however, where everything else was written in a formal way, it immediately brought to mind an image of a flying question mark.5.3 PresentationGood presentation is, I venture to suggest, less important than sound technical content. However, that does not mean that it is unimportant: the decision about how much time a potential reader is prepared to spend looking at your report will be based to a large extent on the first impression made by the presentation.With modern computer software, it is relatively easy to prepare well-presented documents. One area that such software does not offer much help with is that of consistency. A document is consistent if, for example, it always uses the same typeface for headings and for captions, if all lines have the same spacing, if all pictures are centred on the page, and so on. The simple solution to this problem is to print the document and have it looked at by an impartial, critical person.The final part of report preparation is usually binding. It doesn't cost very much to have a report spiral-bound, and it will be much easier to read than if it is stapled or ring-bound. Hot glue binding can be very effective (and cheap) for thin documents. Unless there are rules to the contrary, it is probably not worth the effort and expense of hard binding a report. I like to receive reports that are glue-bound in plastic covers so I can read them in the bath without getting wet fingerprints on the pages.6 Visual materialVery few technical reports consists only of text; it is usual to include graphs, photographs, or charts as well. Here are a few hints on including such material; these should all be quite obvious, but sometimes people forget.•Label everything. All charts and graphs should have a caption and perhaps a number (`figure 1'). Check that when you refer to figures in the text, thesereferences are correct. It commonly happens that people add or removefigures, then forget to update all the cross-references.•If you prepare graphs in colour, then print them on a monochrome printer, they may become unreadable. For example, it will not be possible todistinguish between a line that was originally back and one that was blue.Some computer software automatically converts graphs to use dotted anddashed lines on a printer, but most does not.•Photographs do not usually photocopy very well. You may need to get extra prints made of photographs so that you can include prints with each copy ofthe report.•Unlike in an advertising or promotional brochure, colour presentation is not usually worth the extra effort in a technical document (except in certainsubjects, like computer graphics and multimedia). Many scientific journals do not print in colour, or will only do so if given a financial incentive. It's worthchecking this before starting work on the report.•Computer software that is designed for producing slide presentations will often not use sensible type sizes when used for producing diagrams forprinting on paper. A good size for text labels on a diagram is 12-14 points.7 Things to avoidHere, in no particular order, are some suggestions of things to avoid in a technical report. Note that I am not saying they should be avoided in all types of writing; but a technical report has a particular function and audience, and the writing should reflect this. Naturally this section describes things that I particularly dislike; it does not necessarily follow that everyone else will feel the same.•Avoid clichés and stock phrases. Clichés are phrases that were probably witty and stylish when introduced, but their very appeal has made them so over-used that they are likely to annoy the reader. Remember that the readers of technical reports probably read a lot. They will be quite likely to have seen the samecliché used several times that day. Here are some particularly commonexamples: `at the end of the day...', `explore every avenue', `not to put too finea point on it...', `going foward, we will...'Stock phrases are slightly different from clichés; they are phrases that。
差分进化算法DE-DifferentialEvolution
差分进化算法DE-DifferentialEvolution差分进化算法 (Differential Evolution)Differential Evolution（DE）是由Storn等⼈于1995年提出的，和其它⼀样，DE是⼀种模拟⽣物进化的，通过反复，使得那些适应环境的个体被保存了下来。
但相⽐于进化算法，DE保留了基于种群的全局搜索策略，采⽤实数编码、基于差分的简单变异操作和⼀对⼀的竞争⽣存策略，降低了遗传操作的复杂性。
同时，DE特有的记忆能⼒使其可以动态跟踪当前的搜索情况，以调整其搜索策略，具有较强的全局收敛能⼒和，且不需要借助问题的特征信息，适于求解⼀些利⽤常规的数学规划⽅法所⽆法求解的复杂环境中的优化问题。
⽬前，DE已经在许多领域得到了应⽤，譬如⼈⼯⽹络、化⼯、电⼒、机械设计、机器⼈、信号处理、⽣物信息、经济学、现代农业、⾷品安全、环境保护和运筹学等。
DE算法-作者⽹站:维基百科资料库 :DE 算法主要⽤于求解的全局优化问题，其主要⼯作步骤与其他基本⼀致，主要包括变异(Mutation)、交叉(Crossover)、选择(Selection)三种操作。
算法的基本思想是从某⼀随机产⽣的初始群体开始，利⽤从种群中随机选取的两个个体的差向量作为第三个个体的随机变化源，将差向量加权后按照⼀定的规则与第三个个体求和⽽产⽣变异个体，该操作称为变异。
然后，变异个体与某个预先决定的⽬标个体进⾏参数混合，⽣成试验个体，这⼀过程称之为交叉。
如果试验个体的适应度值优于⽬标个体的适应度值，则在下⼀代中试验个体取代⽬标个体，否则⽬标个体仍保存下来，该操作称为选择。
在每⼀代的进化过程中，每⼀个体⽮量作为⽬标个体⼀次，算法通过不断地迭代计算，保留优良个体，淘汰劣质个体，引导搜索过程向全局逼近。
算法图解:算法伪代码:算法C代码:1//********************************************************/2// DE/rand/1/bin --差分进化算法-(基本类型)3//********************************************************/456 #include <stdlib.h>7 #include <stdio.h>8 #include <time.h>9 #include <float.h>1011/* Function definitions */1213double func(double *);14int usage(char *);1516/* Random number generator defined by URAND should return17double-precision floating-point values uniformly distributed18over the interval [0.0, 1.0) */1920#define URAND ((double)rand()/((double)RAND_MAX + 1.0))2122/* Definition for random number generator initialization */2324#define INITRAND srand(time(0))2526/* Usage for the program */2728int usage(char *str)29 {30 fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [-h] [-u] [-s] [-N NP (20*D)] ", str);31 fprintf(stderr, "[-G Gmax (1000)]\n");32 fprintf(stderr, "\t[-C crossover constant, CR (0.9)]\n");33 fprintf(stderr, "\t[-F mutation scaling factor, F (0.9)]\n");34 fprintf(stderr, "\t[-o <outputfile>]\n\n");35 fprintf(stderr, "\t-s does not initialize random number generator\n");36 exit(-1);37 }383940int main(int argc, char **argv)41 {42 register int i, j, k, r1, r2, r3, jrand, numofFE = 0;43extern int D;44extern double Xl[], Xu[];4546int NP = 20 * D, Gmax = 1000, c, index = -1, s = 1;4748double **popul, **next, **ptr, *iptr, *U, CR = 0.9, F = 0.9,4950 min_value = DBL_MAX, totaltime = 0.0;5152char *ofile = NULL;5354 FILE *fid;55 clock_t starttime, endtime;565758/* Parse command line arguments given by user */5960for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)61 {62if (argv[i][0] != '-')63 usage(argv[0]);6465 c = argv[i][1];6667switch (c)68 {69case'N':70if (++i >= argc)71 usage(argv[0]);7273 NP = atoi(argv[i]);74break;75case'G':76if (++i >= argc)77 usage(argv[0]);7879 Gmax = atoi(argv[i]);80break;81case'C':82if (++i >= argc)83 usage(argv[0]);8485 CR = atof(argv[i]);86break;87case'F':88if (++i >= argc)89 usage(argv[0]);9091 F = atof(argv[i]);92break;93case'o':94if (++i >= argc)95 usage(argv[0]);9697 ofile = argv[i];98break;99case's': /* Flag for using same seeds for */100 s = 0; /* different runs */101break;102case'h':103case'u':104default:105 usage(argv[0]);106 }107 }108109if (s) INITRAND;110111/* Printing out information about optimization process for the user */ 112113 printf("Program parameters: ");114 printf("NP = %d, Gmax = %d, CR = %.2f, F = %.2f\n",115 NP, Gmax, CR, F);116117 printf("Dimension of the problem: %d\n", D);118119120/* Starting timer */121122 starttime = clock();123124125/* Allocating memory for current and next populations, intializing126 current population with uniformly distributed random values and127 calculating value for the objective function */128129130// NP:种群⼤⼩, Gmax:迭代次数, CR:交叉概率, F:扰动向量的缩放因⼦131132//当前种群133 popul = (double **)malloc(NP*sizeof(double *));134if (popul == NULL) perror("malloc");135136//下代种群137 next = (double **)malloc(NP*sizeof(double *));138if (next == NULL) perror("malloc");139140//当前种群popul[NP][D+1]141for (i = 0; i < NP; i++)142 {143//个体维度空间分配144 popul[i] = (double *)malloc((D + 1)*sizeof(double));145if (popul[i] == NULL) perror("malloc");146147//初始化维度值148for (j = 0; j < D; j++)149 popul[i][j] = Xl[j] + (Xu[j] - Xl[j])*URAND;150151//最后的元素内存放该个体的适应度值152 popul[i][D] = func(popul[i]);153154 numofFE++;//统计评估次数155156//下⼀代个体空间分配157 next[i] = (double *)malloc((D + 1)*sizeof(double));158if (next[i] == NULL) perror("malloc");159 }160161/* 为实验向量分配空间--Allocating memory for a trial vector U */ 162163 U = (double *)malloc((D + 1)*sizeof(double));164if (U == NULL) perror("malloc");165166167/* The main loop of the algorithm */168169for (k = 0; k < Gmax; k++)170 {171172for (i = 0; i < NP; i++) /* Going through whole population */173 {174175/* Selecting random indeces r1, r2, and r3 to individuls of176 the population such that i != r1 != r2 != r3 */177178//1.选择三个互不相同的随机个体r1,r2,r3179do180 {181 r1 = (int)(NP*URAND);182 } while (r1 == i);183184do185 {186 r2 = (int)(NP*URAND);187 } while (r2 == i || r2 == r1);188do189 {190 r3 = (int)(NP*URAND);191 } while (r3 == i || r3 == r1 || r3 == r2);192193 jrand = (int)(D*URAND);194195/* Mutation and crossover */196//2. 执⾏变异和交叉操作197for (j = 0; j < D; j++)198 {199//执⾏⼆项式交叉200if (URAND < CR || j == jrand)201 {202//试验向量部分来⾃变异后的向量203 U[j] = popul[r3][j] + F*(popul[r1][j] - popul[r2][j]);204 }205else206//试验向量部分来⾃个体i207 U[j] = popul[i][j];208 }209//3. 计算新⽣成向量的适应度值210 U[D] = func(U);211212 numofFE++;213214/* Comparing the trial vector 'U' and the old individual215 'next[i]' and selecting better one to continue in the216 next population.注意:空间的交替变换和使⽤ */217218//贪婪策略从试验向量U和当前个体i中选择⼀个好的放⼊到下⼀代个体中219if (U[D] <= popul[i][D])//新向量好220 {221222//试验向量U⽜逼, next指向当前的试验向量U,u指向next, ⽅法:指针交换223 iptr = U;224 U = next[i];225 next[i] = iptr;226 }227else//原始向量⽜逼, next指向个体i, ⽅法: 直接拷贝228 {229for (j = 0; j <= D; j++)230 next[i][j] = popul[i][j];231 }232233 } /* End of the going through whole population */234235236/* Pointers of old and new populations are swapped */237//指针交换,各指针指向的空间发⽣变化238 ptr = popul;239 popul = next;240 next = ptr;241242 } /* End of the main loop */243244245/* Stopping timer */246247 endtime = clock();248 totaltime = (double)(endtime - starttime);249250251/* If user has defined output file, the whole final population is252 saved to the file */253254if (ofile != NULL)255 {256if ((fid = (FILE *)fopen(ofile, "a")) == NULL)257 {258 fprintf(stderr, "Error in opening file %s\n\n", ofile);259 usage(argv[0]);260 }261262for (i = 0; i < NP; i++)263 {264for (j = 0; j <= D; j++)265 fprintf(fid, "%.15e ", popul[i][j]);266 fprintf(fid, "\n");267 }268 fclose(fid);269 }270271/* Finding best individual */272273for (i = 0; i < NP; i++)274 {275if (popul[i][D] < min_value)276 {277 min_value = popul[i][D];278 index = i;279 }280 }281282/* Printing out information about optimization process for the user */283284 printf("Execution time: %.3f s\n", totaltime / (double)CLOCKS_PER_SEC);285 printf("Number of objective function evaluations: %d\n", numofFE);286287 printf("Solution:\nValues of variables: ");288for (i = 0; i < D; i++)289 printf("%.15f ", popul[index][i]);290291 printf("\nObjective function value: ");292 printf("%.15f\n", popul[index][D]);293294295/* Freeing dynamically allocated memory */296297for (i = 0; i < NP; i++)298 {299free(popul[i]);300free(next[i]);301 }302free(popul);303free(next);304free(U);305306return(0);307 }经典⽂献:[1] Storn, R., "Designing Nonstandard Filters with Differential Evolution, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, january 2005, pp. 103 - 106.[2] Storn, R., "Sytem Design by Constraint Adaptation and Differential Evolution", IEEE Trans. on Evolutionary Computation, 1999, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 22 - 34.[3] Storn, R. and Price, K., "Differential Evolution - a Simple and Efficient Heuristic for Global Optimization over Continuous Spaces", Journal of Global Optimization, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997, Vol. 11, pp. 341 - 359.[4] Gitsels, M. and Storn, R., Internet-Videotelephonie nach dem H.323-Standard, ITG-Fachbericht 144, 7. Dortmunder Fernsehseminar, pp. 87 - 92.[5] Storn, R., , Technical Report TR-96-046, ICSI, November 1996, .[6] Storn, R., , Technical Report TR-96-039, ICSI, November 1996, .[7] Price, K. and Storn, R., "Differential Evolution: Numerical Optimization Made Easy", Dr. Dobb's Journal, April 97, pp. 18 - 24.[8] Storn, R., NAFIPS 1996, Berkeley, pp. 519 - 523.[9] Storn, R. and Price, K., IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation, Nagoya, 1996, pp. 842 - 844.[10] Storn, R., (IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Vol. 3, No. 8, August 1996, pp. 242 - 244), Technical Report TR-95-061, ICSI, September 1995, .[11] Storn, R., IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation ICEC 96, pp. 268 - 273, Technical Report TR-95-026, ICSI, May 1995, .[12] Storn, R., , Technical Report TR-95-018, ICSI, May 1995, .[13] Storn, R. and Price, K., , Technical Report TR-95-012, ICSI, March 1995, . Anyone who is interested in trying Differential Evolution (DE) might access the .[14] Storn, R., "A Debug/Trace Tool for C SW Projects", Dr. Dobb's Journal, February 1997, pp. 22 - 26.[15] Storn, R., "Constrained Optimization", Dr. Dobb's Journal, May 1995, pp. 119 - 123.[16] Christ, J., Storn, R. and Lueder, E., " New Shortlength DFTs for the Prime Factor Implementation on DSP Architectures", Frequenz, 1995, Band 49, Issue 1-2, pp. 8 - 10.[17] Ballay, H. and Storn, R., "A Tool for Checking C Coding Conventions", C User's Journal, july 94, pp. 41 - 50..[18] Storn, R., "A Hashing Function Based on Algebraic Coding", submitted for publication in the I.E.E. Proceedings~E, Computers and Digital Techniques.[19] Storn, R., "A Radix-2 FFT-Pipeline Architecture With Reduced Noise to Signal Ratio", I.E.E. Proceedings~F, Radar and Signal Processing, 1994.[20] Storn, R. , "Datensicherung mit Prüfsummen", ST-Computer, 1994.[21] Storn, R., "Some Results in Fixed Point Error Analysis of the Bruun-FFT Algorithm, IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, Vol. 41, No. 7, July 93, pp. 2371 - 2375.[22] Storn, R. , "Statistische Optimierung", ST-Computer, Issues 12/1992 and 1/1993.[23] Storn, R. , "On the Bruun Algorithm and its Inverse", Frequenz, Vol. 3-4, 1992, pp. 110 -116.[24] Storn, R. , "Logische Schaltungen und deren Vereinfachung nach Quine-McCluskey", ST-Computer, Issues 3, 4 and 5, 1990.[25] Storn, R. , "A novel Radix-2 Pipeline Architecture for the Computation of the DFT", IEEE Proc. of the ISCAS 1988, pp. 1899 -1902.[26] Storn, R. , "On the Reduction of Arithmetic Complexity in the Chirp-Transform", Proc. ECCTD, 1987, pp. 239 -244.[27] Storn, R. , "Ein Primfaktor-Algorithmus für die diskrete Hartley-Transformation", 9. DFG-Kolloquium über digitale Signalverarbeitung, 1986, pp. 79 -82.[28] Storn, R. , "Fast Algorithms for the Discrete Hartley Transform", AEÜ, Band 40, Heft 4, 1986, pp. 233 -240.[29] Storn, R. , "Dreieck-Quadratur-Oszillator. Nur ein zeitbestimmendes Glied erforderlich", Elektronik, Issue 5, 1982, p. 74.[30] Storn, R. , "Constant Current Adapter", Elektor, Issue 7/8, 1981.[31] Storn, R. , "De Luxe Transistor Tester", Elektor, Issue 7/8, 1979. (The corresponding circuit was among the winners of the european circuit design contest "EUROTRONIK").BOOKS[1] Price K., Storn R., Lampinen J., Differential Evolution - A Practical Approach to Global Optimization, Springer, Berlin, 2005.[2] Contributor for Babu, B.V., Onwubolu, G. (Editors), New Optimization Techniques in Engineering, Springer, Berlin, 2004.[3] Contributor for Corne, D., Dorigo., M, and Glover., F. (Editors), New Ideas in Optimization, McGraw-Hill, 1999.。
欧盟工艺验证报告(中英文翻译)
VALIDATION REPORT APPROVAL验证报告批准
Activity 活动
Prepared By 制
定
Reviewed By 审
核
Name 姓名 PRAKASH.K.C
AMARESH.C
Designation 职务
Executive主 管
Department部
Batch No批号. 907001 (Lot - I) (10 Minutes)
Sample Location
样品位置
Top 顶部
Middle Left 中左
Middle 中部
Middle Right 中右
Bottom 底部
A.R.NO.: BPV 90066
Mean 平均
RSD %
Assay in mg
PROCESS VALIDATION SUMMARY REPORT 工艺验证总结报告
FOR MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF
Paracetamol tablets 500 mg 对乙酰氨基酚500mg片生产工艺
Product
BAFNA PHARMACEUTICALS LIMTED PROCESS VALIDATION SUMMARY REPORT
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BAFNA PHARMACEUTICALS LIMTED PROCESS VALIDATION SUMMARY REPORT
《技术评审(Technical Review,TR)》
第16章技术评审技术评审(Technical Review,TR)的目的是尽早地发现工作成果中的缺陷，并帮助开发人员及时消除缺陷，从而有效地提高产品的质量。
技术评审的过程是SPP模型的重要组成部分。
本规范阐述了技术评审过程域的3个主要规程：☆制定技术评审计划[SPP-PRO-TR-PLANNING]。
☆正式技术评审[SPP-PROC-TR-FTR]。
☆非正式技术评审[SPP-PROC-TRITR]。
上述每个规程的“目标”、“角色与职责”、“启动准则”、“输入”、“主要步骤”、“输出”、“完成准则”和“度量”均已定义。
本规范适用于国内IT企业的软件研发项目。
建议拥护根据自身情况（如商业目标、研发实力等）适当地修改本规范，然后推广使用。
16.1 介绍技术评审最初是由IBM公司为了提高软件质量和提高程序员生产率而倡导的。
技术评审方法已经被业界广泛采用并收到了很好的效果，它被普遍认为是软件开放的最佳实践之一。
技术评审能够在任何开发阶段执行，它可以比测试更早地发现并消除工作成果中的缺陷。
技术评审的主要好处有：☆通过消除工作成果的缺陷而提高产品的质量。
☆越早消除缺陷就越能降低开发成本。
☆开发人员能够及时地得到同行专家的帮助和指导，无疑会加深对工作成果的理解，更好地预防缺陷，在一定程度上提高了开发生产率。
可见技术评审有助于“提高质量、提高生产率、降低成本”，符合软件过程改进的根本目的。
技术评审有两种类型：☆正式技术评审（FTR）。
FTR比较严格，需要举行评审会议，参加评审会议的人员比较多。
☆非正式技术评审（ITR）。
ITR的形式比较灵活，通常在同伴之间展开，不必举行评审会议，评审人员比较少。
理论上讲，为了确保产品的质量，产品的所有工作成果都应当接受技术评审。
现实中，为了节约时间，允许人们有选择地对工作成果进行技术评审。
技术评审方式也视工作成果的重要性和复杂性而定。
技术评审过程域有3个主要规程：“制定技术评审计划”、“正式技术评审”和“非正式技术评审”。
PolyTron
Product features•PolyTron™ radial leaded thru-hole PTC device •Maximum 16 V•Current ratings from 0.9 A to 15 A •Fast time-to-trip •Low resistance•Halogen free, lead free, RoHS compliantApplications•Medical equipment •Telecommunications •White goods•Computers and peripheralsAgency information•cURus: Recognized Card: File E343021 (Ihold 3A-15 A)•TUV File: J 50194729Ordering information/part number systemPTR016V16 Volt DC radial leaded, PolyTron™ PTC devicesPbHALOGENHF FREEPT R 016V 0090-TRPolyTron™ PTC Device Series Radial Leaded Maximum Voltage Current Holding (I hold )Packaging and Lead Type CodeLead Codes:TR & BK - Straight Leads,TR1 & BK1 - Kinked LeadsTR & TR1 On ReelsBK & BK1 In Poly Bags • 0.9-1.60 A - 1000 devices •1.85-9.00 A - 1000 devices • 10.00-15.00 A - 250 devices• 0.9-1.85 A - 3000 devices • 2.5-4 A - 2500 devices • 5-7 A - 1500 devices • 8-15 A - 1000 devicesNot e s:I hold – Hold current: Maximum current device will pass without interruption in +23 °C still air.I trip – Trip current: Minimum current that will switch the device from low resistance to high resistance in +23 °C still air.V max : Maximum continuous voltage device can withstand without damage at rated current.I max : Maximum fault current device can withstand without damage at rated voltage.Pd: Power dissipated from device when in the tripped state in +23 °C still air.R i (min.): Minimum resistance of device as supplied at +23 °C unless otherwise specified.R 1(max.): Maximum resistance of device when measured one hour post reflow (SMD) or one hour post trip (radial-leaded device) at +23 °C unless otherwise specified.2Technical Data 4399Effective August 2021PTR016V16 Volt DC radial leaded, PolyTron™ PTC devices/electronicsStyle 2Style 1Dimensions - mmB Max Figure/Lead Type Lead Style PartA Straight Kink D E Straight Kink NumberMax.(-TR)(-TR1)C Min.Max.F TR TR1PTR016V00907.412.212.2 5.0±0.87.6 3.50.5±0.0221PTR016V01107.414.214.2 5.0±0.87.60.5±0.0221PTR016V01358.913.513.5 5.0±0.87.60.5±0.0221PTR016V01608.915.215.2 5.0±0.87.60.5±0.0221PTR016V018510.215.715.7 5.0±0.87.60.5±0.0221PTR016V025011.418.320.5 5.0±0.87.60.5±0.0221PTR016V03007.111.014.0 5.0±0.87.60.8±0.0221PTR016V04008.912.814.8 5.0±0.87.60.8±0.0221PTR016V050010.414.316.0 5.0±0.87.60.8±0.0221PTR016V060010.717.119.0 5.0±0.87.60.8±0.0221PTR016V070011.219.722.0 5.0±0.87.60.8±0.0221PTR016V080012.720.923.0 5.0±0.87.60.8±0.0221PTR016V090014.021.924.0 5.0±0.87.60.8±0.0221PTR016V100016.525.228.0 5.0±0.87.60.8±0.0221PTR016V110017.526.029.0 5.0±0.87.60.8±0.0221PTR016V120017.528.031.010.0±0.87.6 1.0±0.0221PTR016V130021.629.232.010.0±0.87.6 1.0±0.0221PTR016V140023.527.930.010.0±0.87.6 1.0±0.0221PTR016V150025.129.032.010.0±0.87.61.0±0.0221Packaging/Taping SpecificationsIEC Dimension Tolerance DescriptionMark (mm)(mm)Sprocket hole pitchP 012.7±0.3Ordinate to adjacent component lead:P 1 3.6±1.0P 1 4.5±1.0PTR016V0090~PTR016V0250PTR016V0300~PTR016V1100PTR016V1200~PTR016V1500P 17.2±1.0Device pitch:P 12.7±1.0P 25.4±1.0PTR016V0090~PTR016V0600PTR016V0700~PTR016V1400PTR016V1500P 38.1±1.0Lead spacing C *--Carrier tape widthW 18±1.0Top distance between tape edges W 0 3.0Max.Hold-down tape width W 112±1.0Sprocket hole position W 29.0+0.75/-0.5Abscissa to top:H 132.2Max.PTR016V0090~PTR016V0600PTR016V0700~PTR016V1500H 147.5Max.Abscissa to plane(straight lead)H 18.0(kinked lead)H 016.0+2/-0±0.5Sprocket hole diameter D 04±0.2Lead protrusion L 11Max.Tape thicknesst 0.9Max.Body lateral deviation Δh 0±1.0Body tape plane deviation Δp 0±1.3Reel width W 356Max.Reel diameter340±10Arbor hole diameter n 031±1Core diametern80Min.* See Dimensions table.Style 1 - PTR016V0090,PTR016V0110,PTR016V0135,3.53.53.53.53.53.53.53.53.53.53.53.53.53.53.53.53.53.5Technical Data 4399Effective August 2021PTR016V16 Volt DC radial leaded, PolyTron™ PTC devices3/electronicsTime-to-Trip Curves at +23 °C - 0.9-2.5 A0.0010.010.11101001000110100T I M E I N S E C O N D SFault Current (A )G:PTR016V0300H:PTR016V0400I:PTR016V0500J:PTR016V0600K:PTR016V0700L:PTR016V0800M:PTR016V0900N:PTR016V1000O:PTR016V1100P:PTR016V1200Q:PTR016V1300R:PTR016V1400S:PTR016V1500M N O P Q R SL I G H J K Time-to-Trip Curves at +23 °C - 3.0-15 A© 2021 EatonAll Rights Reserved Printed in USAPublication No. 4399 August 2021Technical Data 4399Effective August 2021PTR016V16 Volt DC radial leaded, PolyTron™ PTC devicesRecommended Wave Solder ProfileMaterial Composition•Lead material:-PTR016V0090-PTR016V0250 Tin-plated copper clad steel -PTR016V0300-PTR016V1500 Tin-plated copper•Insulating material:Cured epoxy resin meeting UL 94V0 requirementsEnvironmental SpecificationsCharacteristicValueOperating Temperature Range -40 °C to +85 °C Surface Temperature Trip State +125 °C max.Thermal Shock +85 °C to -40 °C , 10 cycles, 5% typical resistance changeSolvent Resistance MIL-STD-202 Method 215,no change Humidity Age Test+85 °C, 85% R.H., 1000 hours ±5% typical resistance change.Specified temperature (+23°C ± 3 °C)Storage Temperature Range -10 °C to +40 °C Storage DurationOne year Storage Relative Humidity <_75%Storage ConditionsKeep away from corrosive atmosphere and sunlightRecommended Reworking Conditions with Soldering Iron•Soldering Iron Tip Temperature: +360 °C max.•Solder Time: 3 seconds max.•Distance from Thermistor: 2 mm min.0.020.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 160.0 180.0 200.0 -40-2020040680P e r c e n t a g e o f D e r a t e d C u r r e n tTem perature (°C)Thermal Derating CurveLife Support Policy: Eaton does not authorize the use of any of its products for use in life support devices or systems without the express written approval of an officer of the Company. Life support systems are devices which support or sustain life, and whose failure to perform, when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in significant injury to the user.Eaton reserves the right, without notice, to change design or construction of any products and to discontinue or limit distribution of any products. Eaton also reserves the right to change or update, without notice, any technical information contained in this bulletin.EatonElectronics Division 1000 Eaton Boulevard Cleveland, OH 44122United States/electronics Eaton is a registered trademark.All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.Follow us on social media to get the latest product and support information.。
国外隧道工程
tunnelsJUNE 2009tunnell ing &I N T E R N A T I O N A LFOCUS ON DRILL & BLASTSite reports from Iceland and Swedenand a look at the history of drillsTRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGYT echnological advances in the field ofburied service and utility mapping5COMMENT 6WORLD NEWS 13BUSINESS &FINANCE16CHEMICAL GROUT IN D&BAn Icelandic struggleWater inflows proved a serious headache tothe project team on the Siglufjördur andÓlafsfjördur Tunnels in Iceland 21CONFINED SPACESBlasting through a tight spotDrill &blast of the Spillvatten water tunnel inSweden had it’s challenges,not leastworking within the 12m 2tunnel section25TRUE WORKHORSEHorses for coursesT&TI looks into the history of one oftunnelling’s un-sung heros -the simple drill -and its impact on drill &blast 28PRODUCTS &SERVICES 30HARDING PRIZE RUNNER UPA3Hindhead Road TunnelsThe design and construction of the UK’slongest road tunnel is described in detail inthis Harding Prize runner up paper37SETTLEMENT CONTROLAustralia’s largest busway tunnelT&TI describes how constructing a shallowbus tunnel under a historic jail building inBrisbane proved an intricate operation 40BRITISH TUNNELLING SOCIETYDisputes in construction and tunnelling -pt 1In the first of a two part article T&TI looks atproject risk issues and the common causesof contractual disagreements44BURIED UTILITY MAPS Trenchless key to success Buried service and utility maps can be vague,leading to serious problems with asset damage during later construction47CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS 49DATES &EVENTSContents WEB ADDRESS CONVERSIONS US$1.00€0.70£0.62FRONT COVER:A rare glimpse of thestunning Northern Lightshovering above the tunnelsite for the ÓlafsfjördurSiglufjördur Tunnels inremote far northernIceland (p16).TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY 6TBM Breakthrough onLondon’s Ring Mainwater tunnel project 21The access tunnel halfway along the Spillvatten tunnelFOCUS ON DRILL &BLASTTURKEY: A FIRST BENEATH THE BOSPORUS.H E R R E N K N E C H T A G | U T I L I T Y T U N N E L L I N G | T R A F F I C T U N N E L L I N G T U R K EY Herrenknecht AG D-77963 Schwanau Phone + 49 7824 302-0Fax + 49 7824 3403marketing@PROJECT DATA S-391, EPB Shield Diameter: 6,110mm Driving power: 2,000kW Tunnel length: 3,400m Geology: slate, limestone, sandstone CONTRACTOROAO MosmetrostroyI S T A N B U L | T U R K E YApril 13, 2009 marked an important event in tunnel construction. The breakthrough of theEBP Shield S-391 (Ø 6.11m) from Herrenknecht saw the construction of the first ever tunnelbetween two continents excavated using a tunnel boring machine. The “Melen 7” tunnel con-nects Europe and Asia crossing beneath the Bosporus. It is the key element in a large-scaleproject designed to improve Istanbul’s water supply on a sustainable basis. For this purpose,the river Melen, 170 kilometers away from Istanbul, is dammed in the Asian part of Turkeyand its water is then guided into the European part of the metropolis with its 10 millioninhabitants.The tunnel follows an extremely complex route. With a gradient of up to 7.5%, it leadsdown to a depth of 135 meters below sea level. A huge challenge which has been success-fully mastered by the construction site crew and the machine. The 3.4 kilometer long stretchwas completed safely and on schedule in 13.5 months. A masterly performance, also thanksto the perfectly adapted “Full Service Tunnelling” concept in cooperation with our subsidiar-ies. Herrenknecht Formwork delivered 4 sets of segment moulds and the appropriate handlingequipment, H+E Logistik delivered the conveyor belt installation for the removal of the ex-cavated material.COMMENTWORLD NEWSN ew funding arrangements have been agreed to help resume development of the Port of Miami Tunnel,which was awarded last year to a winning bidder but then hit financing towards financial close on itsplans for the project,which FDoTsaid would continue on a Public-Private Partnership(PPP)basis.The target date for financial closeis1October.became more difficult for thebank to maintain its plans forsignificant equity involvement.As a consequence,FDoTannounced last December that itcould not close the deal on theMiami Port Tunnel back onWORLD NEWSTunnels &Tunnelling International 7Celebrations following TBM 20052006200720082009201020112012Bill Funding Detailed design Procurement Enabling works Central area tunnelling &stations Systems installation Rolling stock Commissioning Operational readiness Trial ops Phase opening Scheme design Land &property acquisition New trains on existing infrastructure Commence main works 2010Royal Assent Summer 08Launch 1st TBM mid 2011over a live metro line.Advantageously,Seli used the time to relocate the support services from the start of the tunnel to the re-launch chamber, thereby freeing up the built tunnel ago near Faria Lima station to bore east,the TBM will next drive to Luz station and then terminate near the ventilation shaft at Joao T eodoro by November.The shield is building1.5m long rings(7+1)All change at RepublicaWORLD NEWSwith when required.To reach the machine,a22m diameter shaft was sunk to a depth of44m deep and then a semi-circular pit was excavated a further14m.At the base,an18m the face to changeover the NFM cutterheads.The original dual-mode cutterhead is on standby for further soft ground work,and any future changeover is expected toAbove:New hard rock cutterhead for Barcelona metro,Line9bore Above:Final breakthrough at Croydon Cable Tunnel,London10Tunnels&Tunnelling International JUNE2009WORLD NEWS By the third quarter of last year the analyses of data from both sites had not delivered a clear The increase in depth brought Fosmark to about the same depth as proposed for Laxemar,Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co (SKB)is to submit applications for picks Fosmark to bury waste Almost 87%of the twintubes at Gotthard BaseTunnel,in Switzerland,have been excavatedBUSINESS &FINANCE13D etroit has stopped the UpperRouge Combined SewerOutfall scheme over concernsabout the affordability of majorcapital spend in a weakeningeconomic climate.The City of Detroit’s Water andSewerage Dept (DWSD)confirmedto T&TI that it has issued atermination order on the Southcontract (PC-764),which wasawarded last year to a JV of Kennyand Obayashi.The job involvedexcavation of a 5.75km long sewer.The North contract (PC-763),which was still in procurement,hasbeen cancelled.In total,the Upper RougeCSO sewer tunnel was to be justover 11km long.The CSO is to be excavated at a depth of 46m and will have a finished diameter of approximately 9.25m (T&TI,October 2008,p12).DWSD said that the termination letter for the South tunnel contract was issued on 29May and was expected to take effect from 13June.The move to axe the scheme takes effect immediately on the North contract.The City authority has blamed the weakening economy for the move,which it said was made to avoid placing a higher tax burden on people at a bad time with unemployment rising.No information was immediately available on the cost consequences of cancelling the US$316M contract with the Kenny/Obayashi JV .Construction work started in October 2008with a planned duration of four and a half years.Bids for the South tunnel contract were received a year ago.However,by the third quarter,when award had yet to be made and so the risk of losing contributory funding was right up to the wire,relations over the procurement progress became more strained between the State of Michigan and the City council.The JV contractor was appointed in September 2008.The procurement push on the North tunnel contract began shortly afterward with advertising notices,and it was then planned that tenders would be called for by late November.However,the procurement was delayed and by last month the contract had progressed no further.DWSD added,it is negotiating with the state authorities to revise permitting requirement for the project facilities.T he cost of the Niagara power project has jumped by almost two-thirds due to difficult tunnelling conditions and the new construction schedule has put back completion three and a half years,said Ontario Power Generation (OPG).In announcing its first quarter results,the client said the renegotiated design-build tunnel contract with contractor Strabag has resulted in the target cost of the overall project jumping to an estimated US$1.46bn from the original estimate of US$900M.The design-build contract for the tunnel was about two-thirds of the initial sum,on a fixed price basis (T&TNA ,September 2008,p9).The revised schedule for theproject envisages completion being delayed from the original plan of mid-2010to the end of 2013.OPG added that the renegotiated contract was being finalised in Q2.Strabag is driving the tunnel on a revised alignment in Queenston shale,a mudstone,for the Niagara hydro project.By the end of Q1,on 31March,the TBM had bored 3794m,or 37%of the tunnel.Difficult ground with early rockfalls and also rock with much sub-vertical fracturing has resulted in progress with the 14.4m diameter TBM –“Big Becky”,a Robbins main beam –being slower than planned on the 10.4km tunnel.Excavation began in September 2006.A year ago,it had advanced 2km and discussions moved to a possible re-alignment.Detroit axes Upper Rouge tunnelsNiagara cost jump S KEC Singapore Branch andMcConnell Dowell have wona contract to design and buildsections of the undergroundDowntown Line Stage 2inSingapore.The South Korean contractorwas awarded a US$156Mcontract for tunnels betweenBeauty World and Hillviewstations.Construction work onthe civil package on contractC915is set to start in the thirdquarter for completion by 2015.McConnell Dowell has beenawarded a US$236M contract todesign and build Beauty Worldstation,near Jurong Kechil.The Australian firm’s packageon contract C916also includesdesigning and constructing theadjacent tunnels -two 1.1kmlong tubes of 5.8m i.d.plus twocross passages and 135m of cutand cover tunnels.All works havea deadline to finish of mid 2015.Downtown Line will be 16.6kmlong upon completion and have12stations.It will link with three other lines –North East,North South and Circle Line.The client is Singapore’s Land Transport Authority (LTA).LTA appointed The Engineers Collaborative as checker on C916.Supervising services are being provided by Beca Carter Hollings &Ferner ().Rival bidders for the main civil works on C915were McConnell Dowell,Alpine Bau and Shanghai Tunnel Eng.On C916,the other tenders were submitted by Sembawang Engineers and Constructors and Samsung C&T .Procurement is underway for the main civils works on contract C918-the design and construction of Duchess station and adjacent tunnels.The submission deadline is late June.Bids are now being assessed for contract C920-design and build of Newton station and adjacent tunnels.Four bids were submitted,by:Ed Zublin;Penta-Ocean Construction;Samsung C&T ;and,Shanghai Tunnel Eng.S’pore Downtown awards pushJUNE 2009Tunnels &Tunnelling International Bilfinger Berger has been awarded a contract to build tunnels and an underground station as part of the Citybanan project in Stockholm.The German contractor is to build a 1.9km long stretch of the rail project below the heart of the Swedish capital.The value of the contract is approximately US$142M.Two tunnels are to be built in the contract –the main,dual-track tube and also a smaller service bore which will run alongside.The pair of tunnels are to be excavated by drill and blast.In addition,the contractor is to build a 700m long station below the existing subway station.All tunnelling works are to be completed by 2015for the entire new rail line to be operational by 2017.The 6km long link is being developed by Banverket,the Swedish Rail Authority,to overcome a bottleneck in capacity in the centre of the city.In addition to drill and blast excavation the project also calls for construction of an immersed tube tunnel.Stockholm rail job bagged by BilfingerBUSINESS&FINANCE14Crossrail starts workF oundation work at CanaryWharf station plus contractaward for preparations on the Isleof Dogs have joined the earlyutilities activities in central Londonto further gear up excavations onthe Crossrail project,which lastmonth saw the formal launch ofconstruction and appointment ofthe permanent ProgrammeDirector.The British Prime Minister,Gordon Brown,and the Mayor ofLondon,Boris Johnson,launchedconstruction of the US$25.3bnscheme when visiting piling workfor the underground station atCanary Wharf,in east London.The station will be one of thebiggest on the east-west routethrough the capital and has a fixedbudget of US$797M,as agreedlast year by Canary Wharf Group(CWG)with the Government anddeveloper Crossrail Ltd.Thefunding deal will see CWGcontribute US$239M of the budgetbut take the risk of additionalcosts,the Government stake beingcapped at US$558M.Last month CWG picked LaingO’Rourke as preferred bidder forthe enabling and civil engineeringworks.The station box is to befinished in approximately threeyears.The contractor was among17firms recently awarded EnablingWorks Framework Agreements tobid for various work.Crossrail Ltd has appointedAndrew Mitchell as its ProgrammeDirector.He is currently withNetwork Rail as Senior ProgrammeDirector for the ThameslinkProgramme,and prior to thatworked on its Southern PowerUpgrade after joining in2001.Mitchell worked previously in HongKong on the airport and West Rail,and other projects internationally.Interim Programme Director,Graham Plant,will continue in thepost until Mitchell joins later thisyear.Plant joined the scheme in2007to help develop the deliverystrategy and last year wasappointed to the Board.The scheme calls for a total of41.5km of6m i.d.in twin tubetunnels to be excavated by TBM,and seven shields are expected tobe used.Main construction startsnext year,tunnelling is to getunderway in2011and rail servicesare due to begin in2017.Crossrail Ltd is a wholly-ownedsubsidiary of Transport for Londonthough previously was a JV withthe Department for Transport(DfT).With the Government contributingsignificant funds to the scheme,last month DfT appointed JacobsEngineering UK with KPMG to beits Project Representative(T&TI,May,p12).Chief Executive of Crossrail Ltdis Rob Holden,and non-executivechairman from the start of thismonth is T erry Morgan.They wereformerly chief executives ofLondon and Continental Railways(LCR)and Tube Lines,respectively.They take forward the leadershipof the scheme from DougOakervee,who secured RoyalAssent and brought into theprocurement phase and earlyconstruction work.Crossrail recently appointedBechtel as the Project DeliveryPartner,and the developer’sProgramme Partner is Transcend,a JV of Aecom,CH2M Hill andNichols Group.T he contract to build theSilberberg rail tunnel inGermany has been awarded to aJV of Bilfinger Berger,Max BoglConstruction,Wayss&Freytag(W&F)and Bickharrdt Bau.Deutsche Bahn awarded acontract worth approximatelyUS$310M to the JV to build the7.4km tunnel and the parallel,smaller rescue tube plus a seriesof shafts.Main excavation isplanned to commence in about ayear and the project is to becompleted by2013.Cover to the drill and blastexcavation is up to120m.Therewill be eight emergency crosspassages at a maximum of1kmintervals to connect to the rescuetunnel.Geology along thealignment includes greywackeand volcanic strata,and the faceswill be advanced from twointermediate adits.In addition,the JV is also tobuild the Brandkopf andLohmeberg tunnels on thesection of the network.They havea combined length of2.5km.Silbergberg tunnel will be thesecond longest tube on the107km long new section of high-speed track being built on theEbensfeld-Erfurt section of therail network.Most tunnels arebeing built in that section,in themountains in Thuringia.Silberberg is on the other sidefrom the1.3km long Baumleitetunnel,the contract for whichwas awarded to Beton undMonierbau(T&TI,May,p13).Key projects in the lowermountains further north,betweenErfurt and Leipzig/Halle,includethe Finne and Osterberg twintube tunnels,which are beingdriven by TBM and drill andblast,respectively.The former isbeing built by a W&F-led JV witha pair of HerrenknechtMixshields,while the latter isbeing done by a JV of Porr,Interegger,Ostu/Stettin andJeager Bau.The twin-track tunnels are tobe commissioned over2015-17,and will cut the travel time fromsouthern Germany to Berlin. Silberberg tunnel awardT he state of Washington’s shareof funds for the large singlebore road tunnel to be excavated atSeattle’s waterfront have beenlegally cleared.Last month the state Governor,Christine Gregoire,signed the bill tocommit US$2.4bn to the waterfronttransport improvement project,which will see the seismically-damaged Alaskan Way viaductreplaced by a3.2km long boredtunnel excavated by TBM.A TBM of about16.45mdiameter is envisaged to drivethrough glacial till and would beamong the largest planned.Thebiggest so far were15.43mdiameter shields on the Pudong-Changxing crossing,below theY angyze river,at Shanghai.The project will open up thewaterfront area,includes a seawallreplacement,and is estimated tocost US$2.24bn.Funding will comefrom the city and county authoritiesas well as the Port of Seattle.Construction is to start in2011with the tunnel open to traffic in2015.The state bill also approved astudy to raise US$400M from tolls.Findings will be reported in January2010.Funds cleared for Seattle boreYour reliable partner for tunnelling personnel-www.tunnelcrew.nlE uroform is to supply thesegment moulds to Turkishcontractor Dogus Insaat veTicaret for construction of partof Sofia’s second metro line.The Italy-based subsidiary ofHerrenknecht plans by Augustto provide Dogus two sets ofsegment moulds with apneumatic vibration systemplus associated equipment.Dogus is in a JV with localfirm Metrotrace that has beencontracted to construct the newline,which includes a3.8kmlong tunnel and four stations.The Ministry of Transportawarded the US$235M contractin the third quarter of2008.Work began on the project inthe fourth quarter,with a45month construction period.Dogus will use a9.4m diameterHerrenknecht EPBM to drivethe tunnel lined by8.43m i.d.segmental concrete rings(6+1),1.5m long and320mm thick.The6.4km long metroextension is part of thecountry’s strategic infrastructuredevelopment plan–theOperational Programme onTransport2007-2013.The job has been split withMetrotrace to build a2.6k longsection with three stations forUS$101M.EU funding is beinggiven to the scheme–approximately US$258M whichis equivalent to three-quartersof the combined contract costs.Euroformbagsmetro jobFOCUS ON DRILL AND BLAST Tunnels &Tunnelling International JUNE 2009C battling to crucial road link towns in the were faced with the harsh island’s the crews faced,breakthrough wasachieved on the 3.65km SiglufjördurTunnel in March 2008and on the 6.9kmÓlafsfjördur Tunnel in April 2009,just sixmonths behind schedule.05kmSiglufjördurÓlafsjördurTunnelsFOCUS ON DRILL AND BLASTTholeite basaltOlivine basaltPorphynitic basaltJUNE2009Tunnels&Tunnelling International17for the conditions -although the contractor often wished that the rigs had submarine like features during the heavy water inflows!Coping with water Water was the greatest hurdle engineers had to overcome.The 5km long uphill excavation of the Ólafsfjördur Tunnel frequently battled against water ingress,on occasions reaching pressures as great as 32bar.Frequent probe holes drilled into the tunnel face helped engineers expose the trouble that lay ahead.When large water inflows of high pressure went beyond set limits pre-grouting procedure was initiated.An inflow of 600l/min from the two holes was usually a signal to start the pre-grouting –although the supervisor adjusted this limit on site as he monitored the actual conditions.The low water temperature experienced in the Ólafsfjördur Tunnel ruled out the classical cement grouting after some unsuccessful attempts.A chemical grout was chosen instead,Minova CarboTech supplied pumps and two component injection resins CarboPur WF and WFA together with additives CarboAdd Thix 2and CarboAdd Fast and fast acting,strongly expanding Geo Foam.GX-45II piston pumps were used to inject the chemical components and where larger volumes were required an SK-90gear-type pump was used.A CT -PM electric pump was ready on site for the most extreme conditions but fortunately was never used.The grout holes were sealed using BVS-40K hydro-pneumatic packers attached to the injection pipe.In most instances the high water pressures meant they had to be used in pairs.Minova supplied all the equipment.The pre-grouting procedure was detailed in the original tender but the extreme situation faced on site meant the plan had to be modified.The Contractor called on the help of T.Najder of Najder Engineering,Sweden,who is a pre-grouting works specialist.The first step was to drill the grouting holes,in many cases creating the complete grouting umbrella,consisting of approximately 20holes,12m to 20m long.A pair of pumps would then drive grout into theses holes and the quality checked by new probe holes -which were subsequently grouted and the procedure was repeated if required.In some complicated cases as many as 40holes were drilled from one face.FOCUS ON DRILL AND BLAST18Tunnels &Tunnelling International JUNE 2009the first Volvo 180E site.carried out with a tunnel used for rock fills for the future road works.The ventilation system was designed asseparate blowing ventilation set up.Thetunnel ventilation in the Ólafsfjördur Tunnelwas provided by 1x 1800mm and 1x2100mm diameter non-reinforced ducts and The Broyt D600W with the 3.4m 3shovel in actionFOCUS ON DRILL AND BLAST Above:Breakthrough of the Siglufjördurtunnel and the Northern Lightsfrost protection system consisting of PEfoam sheets anchored to the tunnellining and protected by shotcrete.TheJUNE2009Tunnels&Tunnelling International19O\g Q][a O ZS a.`]P P W\ab P [ Q][/ Z]b a bO\Ra PSbeSS\ g]c O\RbVS ZWUVb Ob bVS S\R ]T bVS bc\\SZBVOb¸a eVg g]c VOdS @]PPW\a @SUO`RZSaa ]T bVS US]Z]UWQ `S^]`b bc\\SZ RSaWU\ ]` Q]\ab`cQbW]\ ^ZO\ @]PPW\a e]`Ya eWbV g]c b] QV]]aS bVS`WUVb Bc\\SZ 0]`W\U ;OQVW\S T]` g]c` X]P EWbV e]`ZR ZSORW\U Sf^S`bWaS O\R Q]ZZOP]`ObW]\ g]c¸ZZ PS ^`S^O`SR T]` eVObSdS` USba W\ g]c` eOgb V S`]P P W\a Q][^FOCUS ON DRILL AND BLASTthe waste from local industry the plant deals with the equivalent wastewater of Drill and blastGeological surveys along the alignment 01000m1/0002/0003/000Access tunnel4/0005/0006/0007/0008/0000/000PartilleLerumAbove:The portal for the access tunnelFOCUS ON DRILL AND BLASTAbove:The junction with the access Squeezing into a very tight spotumbrella consists of holes with a single length special pattern around permitted deviation is4%.is done using Atlas pumps on wheeled system mainly relies on adhesion between the shotcrete and the rock.Areas of poorer rock quality(BFK3and 4)will use systematic bolting.Bolts of the same dimension and same installation method as the selective bolts are installedGAUTRAIN SITE DEMOBILIZATIONBombela Civil Joints Venture consortium, that consists out ofBouygues Civil Works, Murray & Roberts and SPG iscurrently busy with site demobilization and the followingequipment / plant is available:- COGEMACOUSTIC Tunnel ventilation fan: 30 to250 kW- Shotcrete Robot PUTZMEISTER model: PM407- PM500- PAUS Dumper ITC 10000 20t payloadinterchangeable with Concrete mixer CIFA- Basket NORMET 9915 BA- LHD GHH Model 6.3- Batching Plant COUVROT and ARCEN: capacityfrom 40 to 60 m3/h- Rolling Stock 900 MM- FERMEL Utility vehicle- BOART LONGYEAR Charging Unit- Grout Pumps CLIVIO- Agitator Hopper SECATOL: 7m3 - 10 m3- Gantry Crane: 30 - 40t- Side tipping bucket GERSTADT. Capacity (3m3 - 4m3)For more information contact:christophe.ollivier@Telephone: 0027 (0)11 997 8141Mobile: 0027 (0) 83 632 9116Address: 22 Milky Way AvenueLinbro Business ParkJohannesburgP.O. Box 1177South AfricaFOCUS ON DRILL AND BLAST123123Tunnels&Tunnelling InternationalIn rotary drilling the bit‘scrapes’against the rock and,providedenough‘thrust’is applied at the same time, a section of the rock‘chips’or breaks off. In percussive drilling on the other hand,a blow is delivered to the rock,which indents the surface creating a‘notch’,if a v-shaped bit is used,or punctuated dents if a button type bit is used.The effect of the means of a regulator plug which allowedthe operator to vary the stroke length of thepiston and thus the impact rate and impactforce.In earlier models of the COP1038,this was achieved by the replacement ofthe regulator plug with one of appropriatewaist length for the desired performance,1838ME(Medium Impact Energy)andCOP1838HE(High Impact Energy)respectively.COP1838,which was alarger version in terms of weight,length,width and height than COP1440,wasalso reputed to be capable of50%higherimpact power and penetration rates thanCOP1238.It was designed for tunnelling,drifting and production work in38-64/51-102mm hole diameters.Recoil dampenerAfter the piston struck the drill steel,theenergy imparted by the piston travelleddown the string to the bit which,in turn,impacted against the rock.Some of thisenergy was reflected up through the stringback into the rock drill.One of theexperienced with percussive rockwas that the intensity of this reflectedvaried according to the depth of theand type of rock being drilled but,extreme conditions could be as high–50tonnes.consequence of this was theof side bolts,increased internalon the chuck bushing and otherTo overcome the problem,Copco equipped its original COPwith a special shock absorber.Theabsorber consisted of a hydraulic(or damping cylinder)positionedbehind the rotation chuckThe rear end of the hydraulicwas connected to the high-accumulator.energy was reflected through thestring,this caused the shank adapter toagainst the rotation chuck bushing,in turn,hit the hydraulic dampingThe hydraulic‘spring’of the high-accumulator then acted to retardrearward motion of the dampingand so absorb the shock.COP1238was produced,the unitfitted with an improved systema floating hydraulicThis protected the drill from theforces of reflected shock wavesprevented vibration being transmittedthe feed,boom and drill rig.(2004),when COP1638wasit featured a double dampingAt the time,Atlas Copco advisedthe new16kW drill superseded the12kW COP1238introduced inIt was intended for use in facerock bolting and underground long-production work.from its greater power,and thuspenetration rates,the new COPis said to also provide20%longeradapter life.FOCUS ON DRILL AND BLASTThe Atlas CopcoCop1838drill。
Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, SMC-14(4)665{671, 1984.
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术语英文缩写
A/D/V Analysis/Development/Validation 分析/发展/验证9 e# I. ~# ]- W- W% b9 mAA Approve Architecture 审批体系: z* [! @0 |, I, K6 \7 c1 dACD Actual Completion Date 实际完成日期! V# [; E( m9 f: c+ AALBS Assembly Line Balance System 装配线平衡系统ANDON 暗灯AP Advanced Purchasing 提前采购9 r/ C# y$ j3 fAPI Advanced Product Information 先进的产品信息$ a! _. A- d! P' n( f+ ~APQP Advanced Product Quality Planning 先期产品质量策划ATT Actual Tact Time 实际单件工时% O6 S2 @) [% U- s: P) WBIQ Building in Quality 制造质量 N! ^4 D8 j( H/ z* N' s" VBIW Body In White 白车身6 I& ~( h. e9 p/ o5 w' f$ j( @8 VBOD Bill of Design 设计清单BOE Bill of Equipment 设备清单4 G6 I2 U2 ?$ J( NBOL Bill of Logistic 装载清单, T/ |% s1 [6 @ w. P/ mBOM Bill of Material 原料清单& e' _% `- ]7 B7 H/ b7 PBOP Bill of Process 过程清单BPD Business Plan Deployment 业务计划实施2 ]2 e, Z- O$ a3 aCAD Computer-Aided Design 计算机辅助设计4 y! 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S: |( A' w- ~GQTS Global Quality Tracking System 全球质量跟踪系统GSB Global Strategy Board 全球战略部9 L# W1 I& [- F/ i4 Q: N7 HHV AC Heating, Ventilation ,and Air Conditioning 加热、通风及空调5 a, i1 B- R7 N* F9 RI/P Instrument Panel 仪表板: ~0 g& V4 W, ~% L6 sIC Initiate Charter 初始租约5 y6 ^* l: C7 x7 F+ q/ uICD Interface Control Document 界面控制文件IE Industrial Engineering 工业工程IEMA International Export Market Analysis 国际出口市场分析8 B' x: `) o. o- Z+ s5 [- u: W" ~ ILRS Indirect Labor Reporting System 间接劳动报告系统IO International Operations 国际业务IOM Inspection Operation Mathod 检验操作方法IOS Inspection Operation Summary 检验操作概要 N% x) ] K3 S0 Z: N9 u4 NIPC International Product Center 国际产品中心; g8 [0 b! w$ K* i/ @IPTV Incidents Per Thousand Vehicles 每千辆车的故障率3 Y% v/ P& T+ G" o e& xIQS Initial Quality Survey 初始质量调查+ d/ L5 y, S7 z! a5 H( O8 vIR Incident Report 事故报告ISP Integrated Scheduling Project 综合计划ITP Integrated Training Process 综合培训方法ITSD Interior Technical Specification Drawing 内部技术规范图IUV A International Uniform Vehicle Audit 国际统一车辆审核" P6 `% O" V' ^2 G% `JES Job Element Sheet 工作要素单6 T8 |0 ?* K5 | IJIS Job Issue Sheet 工作要素单: R( I1 C4 S3 T/ \5 iJIT Just in Time 准时制- r# J6 j; a$ G7 H1 c/ b' @+ QJPH Job per hour 每小时工作量KCC Key Control Characteristics 关键控制特性( h* r: v" g wKCDS Key Characteristics Designation System 关键特性标识系统- ?3 u0 m. |& ^2 xKPC Key product Characteristic 关键产品特性LT Look at 看MFD Metal Fabrication Division 金属预制件区1 L: D0 S' {/ r4 C8 F2 \) sMFG Manufacturing Operations 制造过程% k0 k4 R3 {9 C- BMIC Marketing Information Center 市场信息中心MIE Manufacturing Integration Engineer 制造综合工程师; g2 Q) q; }5 M9 @% a5 F3 x. ^MKT Marketing 营销MLBS Material Labor Balance System 物化劳动平衡系统MMSTS Manufacturing Major Subsystem Technical Specifications 制造重要子系统技术说明书1 f G: n e1 G' yMNG Manufacturing Engineering 制造工程MPG Milford Proving Ground 试验场MPI Master Process Index 主程序索引MPL Master Parts List 主零件列表& L6 }$ z U s# k GMPS Material Planning System 原料计划系统+ }8 m8 u/ i" N; r- d' lMRD Material Required Date 物料需求日期1 j! @$ B2 h: \2 j: ]0 F! 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Z9 IMVSS Motor Vehicle Safety Standards 汽车发动机安全标准# s- x8 F8 e/ b: g( ]2 m" Z/ ONAMA North American Market Analysis 北美市场分析8 Q0 w1 F8 R9 v) xNAO North American Operations 北美业务NAOC NAO Containerization NAO货柜运输7 K$ A& s. x* j/ E1 J4 zNC Numerically Controlled 用数字控制NOA Notice of Authorization 授权书: r8 n8 T, x, uNSB NAO Strategy Board 北美业务部OED Organization and Employee Development 组织和员工发展OSH Occupational Safety & Health 职业安全健康OSHA Occupational Safety & Health Act 职业安全与健康法案$ k0 t5 w, {2 c8 iOSHMS Occupational Safety & Health Management System 职业安全健康管理体系OSHS Occupational Safety & Health Standards 职业安全标准PA Production Achievement 生产结果PAA Product Action Authorization 产品临时授权PAC Performance Assessment Committee 绩效评估委员会PACE Program Assessment and Control Environment 项目评估和控制条件5 K+ w, Q/ C2 Y1 B0 R2 }PAD Product Assembly Document 产品装配文件& k5 Z5 J9 a9 N& b7 KPARTS Part Readiness Tracking System 零件准备跟踪系统- w- E$ B2 T. r A* \3 T% P* U$ N: k5 TPC Problem Communication 问题信息PCPA Process Control Plan Audit 过程控制计划审核PCL Production Control and Logistics 生产控制和支持 E" f5 e* m5 K' H) E2 q* YPCM Process Control Manager 工艺控制负责人" X; N2 s5 r# N; T. I, TPCR Problem Communication Report 问题交流报告8 Y/ @% Q9 B& b. k8 O: R0 y& Z, {! ?PDC Portfolio Development Center 证券发展中心 Z) L% x: ]2 C/ O! A _PDM Product Data Management 产品资料管理PDS Product Description System 产品说明系统PDT Product Development Team 产品发展小组, H3 c) ~, d- {+ TPED Production Engineering Department 产品工程部1 @; t+ I) F( dPEP Product Evaluation Program 产品评估程序4 p7 `/ g+ H/ w% |0 jPER Personnel 人员0 o5 G G* j; g0 dPET Program Execution Team 项目执行小组PGM Program Management 项目管理: E4 g% ^* m, \4 rPI People Involement 人员参与) \# N: o. k( Z7 L% O! S4 f! T BPIMREP Project Incident Monitoring and Resolution Process 事故方案跟踪和解决过程PLP Production Launch Process 生产启动程序PMI Process Modeling Integration 加工建模一体化PMM Program Manufacturing Manager 项目制造经理PMR Product Manufacturability Requirements 产品制造能要求PMT Product Management Team 产品车管理小组) \6 p2 i5 D% v0 fPOMS Production Order Management System 产品指令管理小组: u! _% f K: s$ G( ^0 w0 P* n POP Point of Purchase 采购点PP Push - Pull 推拉PPAP Production Part Approval Process 生产零部件批准程序PPE 个人防护用品PPH Problems Per Hundred 百辆车缺陷数PPM Problems Per Million 百万辆车缺陷数PPS Practical Problem Solving 实际问题解决PR Performance Review 绩效评估: v4 g4 {! D- `- s" xPR/R Problem Reporting and Resolution 问题报告和解决" o1 P% U( v& a; d' g+ e0 ?9 u+ [PRTS Problem Resolution and Tracking System 问题解决跟踪系统PSC Portfolio Strategy Council 部长职务策略委员会" O7 O: }5 l$ ^" S3 A+ x( K9 nPST Plant Support Team 工厂支持小组PTO Primary Tryout 第一次试验PTR Production Trial Run 生产试运行6 v# M7 \8 h7 N* A7 OPUR Purchasing 采购PVD Production Vehicle Development 生产汽车发展PVM Programmable Vehicle Model 可设计的汽车模型1 ]4 ~& B2 U# |0 ~2 d4 C/ MQA Quality Audit 质量评审7 u, J, K8 R, q3 k, fQAP Quality Assessment Process 质量评估过程QBC Quality Build Concern 质量体系构建关系QC Quality Characteristic 质量特性" B( y+ A+ ]# t/ o: {' ~) VQCOS Quality Control Operation Sheets 质量风险控制QE Quality Engineer 质量工程师3 g; z" S- c! C" [4 [QET Quality Engineering Team 质量工程小组QFD Quality Function Deployment 质量功能配置5 g; y- F, P3 U" U* h. |QRD Quality, Reliability,andDurability 质量、可靠性和耐久力6 B8 ^: R/ C3 h" B$ c7 fQS Quality System 质量体系6 ?* U; z. [2 ]# R- J, cQUA Quality 质量2 b( N9 z. @/ `$ VRC Review Charter 评估特许RCD Required Completion Date 必须完成日期3 g3 S* G* O7 SRFQ Request For Quotation 报价请求RGM Reliability Growth Management 可靠性增长小组RONA Return on Net Assets 净资产评估9 ]- b* t) V0 Z) W% KRPO Regular Production Option 正式产品选项RQA Routing Quality Assessment 程序安排质量评定 V! W" l! ` l6 A- S5 f1 t1 c5 n- _RT&TM Rigorous Tracking and Throughout Managment 严格跟踪和全程管理% P, ^& @8 C( }5 L- ^SDC Strategic Decision Center 战略决策中心& L I! @6 Y$ n' P/ MSF Styling Freeze 造型冻结SIL Single Issue List 单一问题清单4 y }- |) D: B9 ]5 a, ^SIP Stansardized Inspection Process 标准化检验过程) A$ x* u" V7 v6 ^SIU Summing It All Up 电子求和结束SL System Layouts 系统规划SLT Short Leading Team 缩短制造周期1 T6 S' K) F! q' D1 [( ^SMART 8 H3 _. v# F0 H9 ]SMBP Synchronous Math-Based Process 理论同步过程1 x- }! s8 H6 c4 TSME Subject Matter Expert 主题专家SMT Systems Management Team 系统管理小组SNR 坏路实验2 \5 F, X. v( A, ]7 rSOP Start of Production 生产启动SOP Safe Operating Practice 安全操作规程SOR Statement of Requirements 技术要求SOS Standardization Operation Sheet 标准化工作操作单SOW Statement of Work 工作说明SPA Shipping Priority Audit 发运优先级审计% n4 o; l {0 m! F ^2 X9 _9 M SPC Statistical Process Control 统计过程控制SPE Surface and Prototype Engineering 表面及原型工程SPO Service Parts Operations 配件组织; _/ X) X6 q& WSPT Single Point Team 专一任务小组SQA Supplier Quality Assurance 供应商质量保证（供应商现场工程师）SQC Supplier Quality Control 供方质量控制3 ^) g- T. q9 Z4 c2 B% S7 |SQD Supplier Quality Development 供应方质量开发SQE Supplier Quality Engineer 供方质量工程师, ^* N$ U$ ~! o x; }SQIP Supplier Quality Improvement Process 供应商质量改进程序SSF Start of System Fill 系统填充 _* ^2 U, E3 W" {8 USSLT Subsystem Leadership Team 子系统领导组SSTS Subsystem Technical Specification 技术参数子系统STD Standardization 标准化STO Secondary Tryout 二级试验SUI 安全作业指导书SUW Standard Unit of Work 标准工作单位6 V9 r( j: r/ {( f6 G( XSWE Simulated Work Environment 模拟工作环境" K+ C7 r0 ` |: k/ L3 n! k TAG Timing Analysis Group 定时分析组3 i. j6 j e) r9 k& d sTBD To Be Determined 下决定& l1 _5 ]1 ^3 M6 N! m6 g8 ETCS Traction Control System 牵引控制系统TDC Technology Development Centre 技术中心* ~* r& e- G3 TTDMF Text Data Management Facility 文本数据管理设备6 `! I4 E7 W( ?- R/ e TG Tooling 工具' R0 |7 o, e+ I$ DTIMS Test Incident Management System 试验事件管理系统% e- r; u/ v/ t) Q TIR Test Incident Report 试验事件报告# b% l: u! P% U$ P; W% lTMIE Total Manufacturing Integration Engineer 总的制造综合工程TOE Total Ownership Experience 总的物主体验+ h' k0 \6 ^3 JTPM Total Production Maintenance 全员生产维护TSM Trade Study Methodology 贸易研究方法TT Tact Time 单件工时TVDE Total Vehicle Dimensional Engineer 整车外型尺寸工程师TVIE Total Vehicle Integration Engineer 整车综合工程师TWS Tire and Wheel System 轮胎和车轮系统1 ]; U# Y) _. gUAW United Auto Workers 班组! ^; W* p1 o9 {UCL Uniform Criteria List 统一的标准表UDR Unverified Data Release 未经核对的资料发布% Z! N* L; e4 G) l( p; \ UPC Uniform Parts Classification 统一零件分级7 M) j4 }# q, c. r2 JV AE Vehicle Assembly Engineer 车辆装配工程师4 k- V# a0 N. n* l2 O% f) q V APIR Vehicle & Progress Integration Review Team 汽车发展综合评审小组V ASTD Vehicle Assembly Standard Time Data 汽车数据标准时间数据VCD Vehicle Chief Designer 汽车首席设计师VCE Vehicle Chief Engineer 汽车总工程师VCRI Validation Cross-Reference Index 确认交叉引用索引VDP Vehicle Development Process 汽车发展过程VDPP Vehicle Development Production Process 汽车发展生产过程VDR Verified Data Release 核实数据发布VDS Vehicle Description Summary 汽车描述概要VDT Vehicle Development Team 汽车发展组VDTO Vehicle Development Technical Operations 汽车发展技术工作VEC Vehicle Engineering Center 汽车工程中心6 r, `" T% I$ \VIE Vehicle Integration Engineer 汽车综合工程师VIN Vehicle Identification Number 车辆识别代码VIS Vehicle Information System 汽车信息系统VLE Vehicle Line Executive 总装线主管8 E8 t2 U3 D4 F0 \9 ^- \+ XVLM Vehicle Launch Manager 汽车创办经理VMRR Vehicle and Manufacturing Requirements Review 汽车制造必要条件评审VOC V oice of Customer 顾客的意见# K' m- }" P! X! J& m" X* _VOD V oice of Design 设计意见; A, x$ ~% ]' T: z( [VS Validation Station 确认站# _$ e; I# Y9 ?3 @1 s, [+ {VSAS Vehicle Synthesis,Analysis,and Simulation 汽车综合、分析和仿真VSE Vehicle System Engineer 汽车系统工程师VTS Vehicle Technical Specification 汽车技术说明书' H/ B' E# [ D0 q ?2 C$ iWBBA Worldwide Benchmarking and Business Analysis 全球基准和商业分析/ h. L b6 J8 m; J' e WOT Wide Open Throttle 压制广泛开放6 T& Z6 t% V8 w( k; yWPO Work Place Organization 工作场地布置0 @( t6 j7 C/ b5 d* R, WWWP Worldwide Purchasing 全球采购$ k/ ], G D! E! C( K3 g* rCOMMWIP Correction 纠错浪费$ C; a3 b& \ D' x. l. T! E; kOverproduction 过量生产浪费Material Flow 过度物料移动浪费! w9 i/ ~- m" F$ \Motion 过度移动浪费, x/ ^- C: u+ |Waiting 等待浪费& {+ j' X ]8 z" g' H! pInventory 过度库存浪费. ]1 n& ]* G2 H# }& x) G7 bProcessing 过度加工浪费。
API标准API资料目录清单
API标准API资料目录清单API- Corrosion On Oil&Gas - Well Equipment - book-2(2nd 1990)[P93 OCR] API- Api American Petroleum Institute - Reflexion Of AnIndustry(2004)[P163] API- API Catalog 2006 [P173]API- API Guide for Adoption of ISO Standards as US National Standards (2004)[P52] API Petroleum Refining [1997][P1333 51M] API Reference Manual[P136]API Security Guidelines for the Petroleum Industry (2003)[P178] API Security Vulnerability Assessment Methodology for the Petroleum&Petrochemical Industries (2004)[P166]API TILLE VT-2-90 - Corrosion On Oil&Gas - Well Equipment V-2 (1990)[P93] API TITLE 1989 INT 1989&1990 Interpretations- Techncal Publications Answers to Technical Inquiries [P149]API TITLE 1993 INT 1993 Interpretations- Technical Publications Answers to Technical Inquiries [P97] API TITLE 1995 INT 1994&1995 lnterpretations- Technical Publications Answers to Technical Inquiries[P69]API 钻井技术标准、技术规范与操作规程[资料]API-10A-2002(A2005) Specification for Cements&Materials for Well Cementing[P59 OCR] API-10A-2002(ISO 10426-1-2001)Specification for Cements&Materials for Well Cementing[P59] API-10B-1997 Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements[P151 OCR]API-10B-2000 Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements[P171]API-10B-5-2005 RP on Determination of Shrinkage&Expansion of Well Cement Formulations at Atmospheric Pressure[P24]API-10D-2002(ISO 10427-1-2001) Specification for Bow-Spring Caspring Centralizers[P24] API-10D-2002(SPEC) Specification for Bow-Spring Casing Centralizers[P24] API-10F-2002;ISO 10427-3-2003;Performance Testing of Cementing Float Equipment[P24] API-10TR1-1996 Cement SheathEvaluation[P52]API-10TR2-1997 Shrinkage&Expansion in Oilwell Cements[P61]API-10TR2-1997 Shrinkage&Expansion in Oilwell Cements[TR P58]API-10TR3-1999 Technical Report on Temperatures for API-Cement Operating Thickening Time Tests[P113]API-10TR4-2008(TR)Selection of Centralizers for Primary Cementing Operations API-10TR5-2008(TR)Methods for Testing of Solid&Rigid CentralizersAPI-1102-1993 Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads&Highways[P52 OCR] API-1102-1993 Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads&Highways[Rp P48 OCR] API-1102-1993(2002) Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads&Highways[P51] API-1102-2007 横穿铁路和公路的钢制管道推荐作法(含2008勘误)(RP)[p69] API-1102-2008(RP)Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads&HighwaysAPI-1104-1994 Welding of Pipelines&Related Facilities[P68]API-1104-1994 Welding of Pipelines&Related Facilities[P69 OCR]API-1104-1999 Welding of Pipelines&Related Facilities[P82]API-1104-1999 Welding of Pipelines&Related Facilities[P85]API-1104-1999 管道及相关配件的焊接[中文版][P76]API-1104-1999(2000) Welding of Pipelines&Related Facilities[P86 OCR] API-1104-1999(2001) Welding of Pipelines&Related Facilities[P86] API-1104-1999(2001年勘误) 管道及有关设施的焊接[中文版][P67 OCR]API-1104-2005 Welding of Pipelines&Related Facilities[P82]API-1104-2005 管道及有关设施的焊接(含2008勘误)(STD)[p84]API-1104-2005(Errata2007) Welding of Pipelines&RelatedFacilities[P83 OCR] API-1104-2005-errata-2007 [P15][STD] API-1104-2008(STD)Welding of Pipelines&Related FacilitiesAPI-1107-1991(1993) Pipeline Maintenance Welding Practices[RP P32 OCR] API-1109-1993 Marking Liquid Petroleum Pipeline Facilities[P19 OCR] API-1110-1997 Pressure Testing of Liquid petroleum Dipelines[P24 OCR] API-1110-1997 Pressure Testingo f Liquid Petroleum Pipelines[P20] API-1110-1997(RP) Pressure Testing of Liquid Petroleum Pipelines[P24] API-1110-2007(RP) Pressure testing of steel pipes[P30]API-1111-1999 Design,Construction,Operation,and Maintenance of Offshore Hydrocarbon Pipelines (Limit State Design)[P58] API-1111-1999 Design,Construction,Operation,and Maintenance of Offshore Hydrocarbon Pipelines (Limit State Design)[PR P56 OCR] API-1111-2009 海上油气管道设计、建造、操作和维护[RP][p80]API-1113-2000 Developing a Pipeline Supervisory Control Center[P19] API-1113-2007(RP)Developing a Pipeline Supervisory Control Center API-1114 -2007(RP)Design of Solution-Mined Underground Storage Facilities 1114-1994 Design of Solution-Mined Underground Storage Facilities[RP P39] API-API-1115-1994 Operation of Solution-Mined Underground Storage Facilities(RP)[p28] API-1115-2007(RP)Operation of Solution-Mined Underground Storage Facilities API-1117-1996 Movement of In-Service Pipelines[RP P31 OCR]API-1117-2008(RP)Movement in In-service PipelinesAPI-1129-1996 Assurance Of Hazardous Liquid Pipeline SystemIntegrity[RP P35] API-1130-2002 Computational Pipeline Monitoring for Liquid Pipelines[P36] API-1130-2007(RP)Computational Pipeline Monitoring for LiquidsAPI-1133-2005(RP) Guidelines for Onshore Hydrocarbon Pipelines Affecting High Consequence Floodplains[P22]API-1141-1994 Guidelines for Confined Space Entry On Board TankShips in The Petroleum Industry[P22][RP]API-1141-1994 Guidelines for Confined Space Entry On Board TankShips in The Petroleum Industry[RPP22]API-1149-1993(PUBL) 管道变量的不确定因素及其对泄漏探测能力的影响API-1155-1995 Evaluation Methodology for Software Based Leak Detection Systems[P99] API-1160-2001 Managing System Integrity for Hazardous Liquid Pipelines[Std P86] API-1160-2001 Managing System Integrity for Hazardous Liquid Pipelines[Std P86][1] API-1162-2003 Public Awareness Programs for Pipeline Operators[P70] API-1163-2005 In-line Inspection Systems Qualification Standard[P50] API-1164-2004 Pipeline SCADA Security[P60]API-1166-2005(RP)Excavation Monitoring&ObservationAPI-1168-2008 Pipeline Control Room Management[P24]API-11AR-2000 Recommended Practice for Care&Use of Subsurface Pumps[P61]API-11AR-2008(RP)Care&Use of Subsurface PumpsAPI-11AX-2001(2002) Specification for Subsurface Sucker Rod Pumps&Fittings[P79] API-11AX-2006 Specification for Subsurface Sucker Rod Pumps&Fittings[SPEC P83] API-11B-1998 Specification for Sucker Rods[P59]API-11B-1998(SPEC)中文版抽油杆规范API-11B-2010(27版) 中文版抽油杆、光杆和衬套、接箍、加重杆、光杆卡子、密封盒和抽油三通规范[SPEC]API-11BR-2008 抽油杆的维护和搬运[P37]API-11BR-2008(RP)Care&Handling of Sucker RodsAPI-11D1-2002 Petroleum&Natural Gas Industries-Downhole Equipment-Packers&Bridge Plugs[P35] API-11D1-2008(SPEC)Specification for Packers&Bridge PlugsAPI-11D1-2009(Spec) 石油天然气工业-井下装置-封隔器和桥塞API-11D3-2008(STD)Progressing Cavity Pump Systems for Artificial Lift—Surface-drive SystemsAPI-11E-1994 Specification for Pumping Units[P64]API-11E-1994 Specification for Pumping Units[P71]API-11E-1994(R2000)(ISO 10431-1993)抽油机规范[中文版][P58]API-11E-2008 Pumping Units[P93]API-11E-2008+ERTA-2009(SPEC)Pumping UnitsAPI-11E-2009(SPEC)Pumping UnitsAPI-11ER-1990 Guarding of Pumping Units[P25]API-11G-1994 RP for Installation&Lubrication of Pumping Units[P15] API-11IW-2008(SPEC)Specification for Independent Wellhead Equipment API-11K-1988 Bulletin Data Sheet for the Design of Air Exchanae Coolers[Bull P9 OCR] API-11L-2008(TR)Design Calculations for Sucker Rod Pumping Systems (Conventional Units) API-11L4-1970(1975) CURVES FOR SELECTING BEAM PUMPING UNITS[P171] API-11L6-2008(SPEC) Electric Motor Prime Mover for Beam Pumping Unit Service API-11P-1989 Packaged Reciprocating Compressors for Oil&Gas Production Services[Spec P83 OCR] API-11P-1989 油气生产作业使用的组装式往复压缩机(中文)[P86]API-11PGT-1992 Recommended Practice for Packaged Combustion Gas Turbines[P75 OCR] API-11PGT-1992(RP)packaged combustion gas turbines[P75 OCR]API-11PGT-1993 Recommended Practice for Packaged Combustion Gas Turbines[P78] API-11S1-2008(RP)Electrical Submersible Pump Teardown ReportAPI-11S-2008(RP)Operation,Maintenance&Troubleshooting of Electric Submersible Pump Installations API-11S2-2008(RP)Electric Submersible Pump TestingAPI-11S3-1999 ELECTRIC SUBMERSIBLE PUMP INSTALLATIONS[P24]API-11S3-2008(RP)Electrical Submersible Pump InstallationsAPI-11S4-2008(RP) Sizingand Selection of Electric Submersible Pump Installations API-11S5-2008(RP)Application of Electrical Submersible Cable Systems API-11S6-2008(RP)Testing of Electric Submersible Pump Cable Systems API-11S7-2008(RP)Application&Testing of Electric Submersible Pump Seal Chamber Sections API-11S8-2008(RP)Electric Submersible System VibrationsAPI-11V10-2008(RP)Design&Operation of Intermittent&Chamber Gas-lift Wells&Systems API-11V1-1995(SPEC)Specification for Gas Lift Equipment API-11V2-2001 Gas-Lift Valve Performance Testing[P55]API-11V2-2008(RP)Gas-lift Valve Performance TestingAPI-11V5-2008(RP)Operation,Maintenance,Surveillance,&Troubleshooting of Gas-lift Installations[P138] API-11V6-2008(RP)Design of Continous Flow Gas Lift Installations Using Injection Pressure Operated Valves API-11V7-2008(RP)Repair,Testing,and Setting Gas Lift ValvesAPI-11V8-2008(RP)Gas Lift System Design&Performance PredictionAPI-12B-1995 Specification for Bolted Tanks for Storage ofProduction Liquids[Spec P30] API-12B-1995 Specification for Bolted Tanks for Storage of Producyion Liquids[P30 OCR][SPEC] API-12B-2009(SPEC)Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids API-12D-1994 Specification for Field Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids[Spec P26] API-12D-2009(SPEC)Field Welded Tanks for Storage of Production LiquidsAPI-12F-1994 Specification for Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids([Spec P27] API-12F-1994 Specification for Shop WeldedTanks for Storage of Production Liquids[P27] API-12F-1994(2007) Specification for Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of ProductionLiquids([Spec P28] API-12F-2009(SPEC)Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Production LiquidsAPI-12GDU-1990 Specification for Glycol-Type Gas DehydrationUnits[P41 OCR] API-12GDU-1990 Specification for Glycol-Type Gas Dehydration Units[P41 OCR][SPEC] API-12GDU-1990 Specification for Glycol-Type Gas Dehydration Units[SPEC P41 OCR] API-12J-1989 Specification for Oil&Gas Separators[P22 OCR]API-12J-1989 Specification for Oil&Gas Separators[SPEC P25 OCR] API-12J-2008 油气分离器规范[SPEC]API-12J-2009(SPEC)Oil&Gas SeparatorsAPI-12K-1989 Specification for Indirect Type Oil-Field Heaters[SPEC P33 OCR] API-12K-1989 SPECIFICATION FOR INDIRECT TYPE OIL-FILELD HEATERS[P33 OCR]API-12K-2008 fication for Indirect Type Oilfield Heaters[P48]API-12K-2009(SPEC)Specification for Indirect Type Oilfield Heaters API-12L-1994 Specification for Vertical&Horizontal EmulsionTreaters[P31] API-12L-2009(SPEC)Specification for Vertical&Horizontal Emulsion Treaters API-12N-1994 RP for the Operation,Maintenance&Testing of Firebox Flame Arrestors[P13] API-12N-1994 燃烧室阻火器操作、维护和测试推荐作法[RP]API-12N-2008 Recommended Practice for theOperation,Maintenance&Testing of Firebox Flame Arrestors[RP]API-12N-2008(RP)the Operation,Maintenance&Testing of Firebox Flame Arrestors API-12P-1995 Specification for Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Tanks[P24]API-12P-2009(SPEC)Specification for Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic TanksAPI-12R1-1997 RP for Setting,Maintenance,Inspection,Operation,and Repaior f Tanks in Production Servic[P47]API-12R1-1997 Setting,Maintenance,Inspection,Operation,and Repaior f Tanks in Production Service[P47][RP]API-12R1-2008(RP)Setting,Maintenance,Inspection,Operation,and Repair of Tanks in Production ServiceAPI-13A-2006 钻井液材料标准(含2008勘误)[SPEC][P88]API-13A-2008(SPEC)API-13A-2010 Specification for Drilling Fluid MaterialsAPI-13B-1-2009 水基钻井液现场测试的标准程序[RP][P104]API-13I-2009(RP)Petroleum&natural gas industries — Drillingfluids —Laboratory testingAPI-13J-1986 Recommended Practice for Testing Heavy Brines[P13 OCR] API-14A-1994(1996) Specification for Subsurface Safety Vale Equipment[P70 OCR] API-14A-2000(14版)(ISO 10432-1999) 井下安全阀设备规范[中文版][P54]API-14A-2000(SPEC) Petroleum&natural gas industries - Downhole equipment - Subsurface safety valve equipment[P90 OCR]API-14B-1994(1996) Design,Installation,Repair&Operation of Subsurface Safety Valve Systems[P33] API-14B-1994(1996)Design,Installation,Repair&Operation of Subsurface Safety ValveSystems[P33][1] API-14C-1998 RP for Analysis,Design,Installation,and Testing of Basic Surface Safety Systems for Offshore Production Platforms[RP P97]API-14C-2001 Analysis,Design,Installation,&Testing of Basic Surface Safety Systems for Offshore Production Platforms[P104][RP] API-14C-2001 RP for Analysis,Design,Installation,and Testing ofBasic Surface Safety Systems for Offshore Production Platforms[RP P104 OCR]API-14E-1991 Design&Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems[P104] API-14E-1991 RP for Design&Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems[P61 OCR][1] API-14E-1991 RP for Design&Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems[P62 OCR] API-14E-2007(RP)Design&Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems API-14F-1999(RP)海上固定和浮式生产设施非危险区域.1级1类和2类区域电器系统设计与安装API-14F-2008(RP)Design,Installation,and Maintenance of Electrical Systems for Fixed&Floating OffshoreAPI-14FZ-2001[RP]Design&Installation of Electrical Systems forFixed&Floating Offshore Petroleum Facilities for[P127]API-14G-1993 RP for Fire Prevention&Control on Open Type Offshore Production Platforms[P39 OCR] API-14G-2007(RP)火灾预防与控制固定开放式海上生产平台的推荐作法API-14H-1994(1996) RP for Installation,Maintenance,and Repair of Surface Safety Valves&Underwater Safety Valves Offshore[P20] API-14H-2007 海上安装、维护和修理水面安全阀和水下安全阀[RP][P28] API-14J-2001 RP for Design&Hazards Analysis for Offshore Production Facilities[P90] API-14J-2001 海上生产设施设计和风险分析推荐做法[RP] API-14L-2006(ISO 16070) Lock Mandrels&Landing Nipples[P36]API-14L-2007(SPEC)Specification for Lock Mandrels&LandingNipples[P36]API-1529-1998 Aviation Fueling Hose[Std P34]API-1542-2007(IP STD)Identification markings for dedicated aviation fuel manufacturing&distribution facilities,API-1550-2007(EI)(Handbook)equipment used for themaintenance&delivery of clean aviation fuel API-1585-2007(EI) 机场航空燃料加油栓系统的清洁指南API-1598-2007(IP Draft STD) Considerations for electronic sensors to monitor free water andor particulate matter in aviation fuel API-1599-2007(IP SPEC)LABORATORY TESTS&MINIMUM PERFORMANCE LEVELS FOR AVIATION FUEL DIRT DEFENCE FILTERSAPI-15CLT-2007(RP)Composite Lined Steel Tubular GoodsAPI-15HR-1995 Specification for High Pressure Fibreglass Line PipeAPI-15HR-2001 Specification for High Pressure Fiberglass LinePipe[P37]API-15LE-1995 Polyethylene Line Pipe (PE)[P29 OCR]API-15LE-2008(SPEC)Specification for Polyethylene Line Pipe (PE) API-15LR-1990 Low Pressure Fiberglass Line Pipe[P32 OCR]API-15LR-2002 Low Pressure Fiberglass Line Pipe&Fittings[P38]API-15LR-2002(SPEC)低压玻璃钢管道和管件[P38]API-15S-2006 可绕式增强塑料管线管的质量评定[RP][P38]API-15TL4-1999 Care&Use of Fiberglass Tubulars[P32]API-15TL4-1999(RP)玻璃纤维管的维护与使用推荐作法[P32]API-1604-1996 Closure of Underground Petroleum Storage Tanks[P16] API-1615-1996 Installation of Underground Petroleum StorageSystems[RP P64] API-1621-1993 Bulk Liquid Stock Control At Retail Outlets[P36][RP] API-1621-1993 Bulk Liquid Stock Control At Retail Outlets[RP P36]API-1628-1996(PUBL) 评估和修复的地下石油泄露指南API-1631-2001 Interior Lining&Periodic Inspection of Underground Storage Tanks[P38] API-1632-1996 Cathodic Protection of Underground Petroleum Storage Tanks&Piping Systems[P18][RP] API-1632-1996 Cathodic Protection of Underground Petroleum Storage Tanks&Piping Systems[RP P18 OCR]API-1632-1996 Cathodic Protection of Underground Petroleum Storage Tanks&Piping Systems[RP P18 OCR][1]API-1639-2003 Owner_Operator,s Guide to Operation&Maintenance of Vapor Recovery Systems at Gasoline Dispensing Facilities[RP P34] API-16A-2004 Draft–3.4 PROPOSED Specification for Drill Through Equipment Rotating Control Devices [P56]API-16A-2004(ISO 13533-2001) Specification for Drill-through Equipment[P115] API-16C Draft-2004(SPEC)Specification for Choke&Kill SystemsAPI-16C-1993 节流压井系统规范[中文版][P80 OCR]API-16C-1993(第1版) 节流压井系统规范[中文版][P80]API-16c-993(SPEC) Specification for Choke&Kill Systems[P63 OCR]API-16D-2004(2005) RP Control Systems for Drilling Well Control Equipment&Control Systems for Diverter Equipment[P110]API-16E-1990(RPdesign of control SYS for drilling well control equipment[P38 OCR]) API-16F-2004 Marine Drilling Riser Equipment[P57] API-16F-2004(SPEC) Marine Drilling Riser Equipment[P58]API-16Q-1993 RP for Design,Selection,Operation&Maintenance of Marine Drilling Riser Systems[P50 OCR]API-16ST-2009(RP)Coiled Tubing Well Control Equipment SystemsAPI-170-2009(RP) Subsea High Integrity Pressure Protection Systems (HIPPS)[p50] API-17A-1996 RP for Design&& peratian of Subsea Production Systems[P87 OCR] API-17A-2006 水下采油系统设计和操作的推荐作法[RP][P242] API-17A-2006(RP)Design&Operation of Subsea Production Systems—GeneralRequirements&RecommendationsAPI-17B-2002 Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe[P166]API-17B-2008 软管推荐做法[RP][P226]API-17C-2002 直流管系统[RP][P80]API-17D-1992 Specification far Subsea Wellhead&Christmas Tree Equipment[P138 OCR][1] API-17D-1992 Specification far SubseaWellhead&Christmas Tree Equipment[P144 OCR] API-17E-2003(ISO 13628-5-2002) Specification for Subsea UmbiIicals[P118 OCR] API-17F-2006 海底生产控制系统[SPEC][P134]API-17G-1995 RP for Design&Operation of Dompletion_Workover Riser Systems[P39 OCR] API-17G-2006 完井-修井立管系统设计和操作的推荐作法[RP][P254]API-17H-2004(R2009) Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Interfaces on Subsea Production Systems[RP][P82]API-17H-2009(RP)Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Interfaces on Subsea Production Systems API-17J-1999(A2002) Specification for Unbonded Flexible Pipe[P55]API-17J-1999(含2001更正及2002增补)非粘性复合软管规范(中文版)[p40] API-17J-2002(SPEC) Unbonded Flexible Pipe[P55]API-17J-2009(SPEC)Specification for Unbonded Flexible PipeAPI-17K-2001 Specification for Bonded Flexible Pipe[P72]API-17K-2005 ISO 13628-10...BONDED FLEXIBLE PIPE [P83]API-17K-2005(SPEC)(ISO 13628-10,) Bonded Flexible Pipe[P84]API-17M-2004(2009) 海底生产系统上远程操作运载工具接口的推荐规程[RP][P31]API-17M-2009(RP)Remotely Operated Tool (ROT) Intervention Systems API-17N-2009(RP)Subsea Production System Reliability&Technical Risk Management API-1988-1989 1988 Interpretations- Technical Publications . Answers to Technical Inquiries[P101 OCR] API-1992-1993 1992 Interpretations- Technical Publications Answers to TechnicalInquiries[Publ P87 OCR]API-19C-2008 高压水砂破裂法和砾石包装作业用支撑剂性能的测量用推荐实施规程[RP][P42]API-19D-2008(RP)支撑剂的长期电导率测量[p36]API-19G9-2010(RP)Design,Operation,and Troubleshooting of Dual Gas-lift Wells[p122] API-2000-1992 Venting Atmospheric&Low- Pressure Storage Tanks Nonrefrigerated&Refrigerated[P29 OCR]API-2000-1998 Venting Atmospheric&Low-Pressure Storage Tanks Nonrefrigerated&Refrigerated[P49 OCR]API-2000-1998 Venting Atmospheric&Low-Pressure Storage Tanks Nonrefrigerated&Refrigerated[P52] API-2000-1998 非制冷和制冷常压与抵押储罐的通气(中文版)[P80]API-2000-1998(1999) Venting Atmospheric&Low-Pressure Storage Tanks Nonrefrigerated&Refrigerated[Std P54]API-2000-1998-Venting Atmospheric&Low-Pressure Storage TanksAPI-2000-2009 常压和低压储罐的泄压[p85]API-2000-Errata-1999 [P1]API-2001-1998 Fire Protection in Refineries[RP P43]API-2001-1998 Fire Protection in Refineries[RP P43][1]API-2003-1998 Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out ofStatic,Lightning,and Stray Currents[P52 OCR] API-2003-1998 Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of Static,Lightning,and Stray Currents[P58] API-2003-2008(RP)Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out ofStatic,Lightning,&Stray Currents[P88] API-2007Catalog-2007Publications,Programs,&Services[P173]API-2015-1994 Safe Entry&Cleaning of Petroleum StorageTanks.Planning&Managing Tank Entry from Decommissioning Through Recommissioning[Std P50 OCR]API-2016-2001 Guidelines&Procedures for Entering&Cleaning Petroleum Storage Tanks[RP P112] API-2016-2001 Guidelines&Procedures forEntering&Cleaning Petroleum Storage Tanks[RP P112][1] API-2021-2001 Management of Atmospheric Storage Tank Fires[RP P95]API-2021-2001(2006) Management of Atmospheric Storage Tank Fires[P95] API-2026-1998 Safe Access_Egress Involving Floating Roofs of Storage Tanks in Petroleum Service[Publ P24 OCR]API-2027-2002 Ignition Hazards&Safe Work Practices for Abrasive Blasting Atmospheric Storage Tanks in Hydrocarbon Service[P26] API-2027-2007 Ignition Hazards&Safe Work Practices for Abrasive Blasting of Atmospheric Storage Tanks in Hydrocarbon Service[P26] API-2028-2002 Flame Arresters in Pipe SYS[P24 OCR]API-2030-1998 Application of Fixed Water Spray Systems for Fire Protection in the Petroleum Industry[P25]API-2030-2005 Application of Fixed Water Spray Systems for Fire Protection in Petroleum&Petrochemical Industries[P26]API-2031-1998 Application of Fixed Water Spray Systems for Fire Protection in the Petroleum Industry[P17 OCR]API-2200-1994 Repairing Crude Oil,Liquefied Petroleum Gas,andProduct Pipelines[P12 OCR] API-2200-1994(R1999)(RP) Repairing CrudeOil,Liquefied Petroleum Gas,and Product Pipelines[P12][1] API-2201-1995 Procedures for Welding or Hot Tapping on Equipment in Service[P18][1] API-2201-1995 Procedures for Welding or Hot Tapping on Equipment in Service[RP P18 OCR] API-2202-1991 Dismantling&Disposing of Steel From Aboveground Leaded Gasoline Storage Tanks[Publ P11]API-2207-1998(1999) Preparing Tank Bottoms for Hot Work[P12 OCR] API-2207-2007(RP) PREPARING TANK BOTTOMS FOR HOT WORK[P34]API-2210-2000 Flame Arresters for Vents of Tanks Storing Petroleum Products[RP P10 OCR] API-2210-2000 Flame Arresters for Vents of Tanks Storing Petroleum Products[RP P10 OCR][1] API-2214-2004 Spark Ignition Properties of Hand Tools[P12]API-2218-1999 Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum&Petrochemical Processing Plants[Pub P46] API-2350-1996 Overfill Protection for Storage Tanks In Petroleum Facilities[P34] API-2350-2005 Overfill Protection for Storage Tanks in Petroleum Facilities[P42] API-2510-1995Design&Construction of LPG installations [P30]API-2510-2001 Design&Construction of LPG Installations [STD P34] API-2510-2001(RP)(中文第8版)液化石油气设备的设计与建造[p28 ocr]API-2510A-1996 Fire-Protection Considerations for theDesign&Operation of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)[PUB P43] API-2521-1966 FUSE OF PRESSURE-VACWM VENT VALVES FOR ATMOSPIHERIC PRESSURE TANKS TO REDUCE EVAPORATION LOSS[Bull P12]API-2551-1965 (USAS Z11.198-1966)Method for Measurement&Calibration of Horizontal Tanks[P46 OCR]API-2552-1965(1966) METHOD FOR MEASUREMENT&CALIBRATION OFSPHERES&SPHEROIDS[P15 OCR]API-2555-1987 Method for Liquid Calibration of Tanks[P16 OCR]API-2556-2003 Correcting Gauge Tables For Incrustation[P12]API-2567-2005 Evaporative Loss from Storage Tank Floating Roof Landings[TR P42] API-2610-1994Design,Construction,Operation,Maintenance,&Inspection of Terminal & Tank Facilities[P62]API-2610-2005 Design,Construction,Operation,Maintenance,and Inspection of Terminal & Tank Facilities[Std P68]API-2A-LRFD-1993+SUP-1997 RP for Planning,Designing,and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms-Load&Resistance Factor Design[P284 22M] API-2A-WSD-2000 Planning,Designing&Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms—Working StressDesign[P242][RP]API-2A-WSD-2000(2002) RP for Planning,Designing&Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms—WorkingStress Design[P242]API-2B-1990 Fabrication of Structural Steel Pipe[P12 OCR]API-2B-1996 Fabrication of Structural Steel Pipe[p13]API-2B-2001 Specification far the Fabrication of Structural Steel Ripe[P19] API-2B-2001 Specification far the Fabrication of Structural Steel Ripe[Spec P19][1] API-2B-2001 中文版结构钢管制造技术规范[P8] API-2B-2007(SPEC)Specification for the Fabrication of Structural Steel Pipe API-2C-1995 Specification for Offshore Cranes[SPEC P46] API-2C-2004 Specification for Offshore Pedestal Mounted Cranes[P72] API-2C-2004 Specification for Offshore Pedestal Mounted Cranes[Spec P62][1] API-2D-2003 Operation&Maintenance of Offshore Cranes[RP P54] API-2D-2007 OPERATION&MAINTENANCE OF OFFSHORE CRANES[P66]API-2F-1977 MOORING CHAIN[Spec P15 OCR]API-2F-1997 Specification for Mooring Chain[P17 OCR]API-2Fps-2001 RP for Planning,Designing,and Constructing Floating Production systems[P99] API-2H-1999 Specification for Carbon Manganese Steel Plate for Offshore Plateform Tubular Joints[P15 OCR] API-2H-1999 Specification for Carbon Manganese Steel Plate for Offshore Platform Tubular Joints[Spec P20]API-2H-1999 近海平台管接头用碳锰钢板规范(中文)[P12]API-2H-2006 中文版海洋结构用碳锰钢板API-2I-1996 In-Service Inspection of Mooring Hardware for Floating Drilling Units[P33 OCR] API-2I-1996 In-Service Inspection of Mooring Hardware for Floating Drilling Units[RP P38] API-2I-2008(RP)In-service Inspection of Mooring Hardware for Floating Structures API-2L-1996 RPfor Planning,Designing,and Constructing Heliports for Fixed Offshore Platforms[P21] API-2MT1-2001(SPEC)Carbon Manganese Steel Plate with Improved Toughness for Offshore Structures API-2N-1995(RP)Planning,Designing,and Constructing Structures&Pipelines for Arctic Conditions[P93] API-2R-1984 DESIGN,RATING,AND TESTING OF MARINE DRILLING RISER COUPLINGS[P15] API-2RD-1998 Design of Risers for Floating Production Systems (FPSs)&Tension-Leg Platforms (TLPs)[RP P169] API-2SK-1996 RP for Design&Analysis of Stationkeeping Systems for Floating Structures[RP P119] API-2SK-2005 Design&Analysis of Stationkeeping Systems for Floating Structures[P194] API-2SM-2001(A2007) RP for Design,Manufacture,Installation,and Maintenance of Synthetic Fiber Ropes for Offshore Mooring[P68]API-2T-1997(RP) RP for Planning,Designing,and Constructing Tension Leg Platforms[P142] API-2W-1999 Specification for Steel Plates for offshore Structures,Produced by Thermo-Mechanical Control Processing (TMCP)[P16]API-2W-2006 中文版海洋结构用热机械控轧(TMCP)钢板API-2X-1996 Ultrasonic&Magnetic Examination of Offshore Structural Fabrication&Guidelines for Qualification of Technicians[RP][P88] API-2X-2004(RP)海上结构件超声检测和磁粉检测推荐作法及无损检测人员资格指南[p92]API-2Y-1999 Specification for Steel Plates,Quenched-and-Tempered,for Offshore Structures[P18] API-2Y-2006(SPEC)Specification for Steel Plates,Quenched-and-Tempered,for Offshore Structures[P26] API-2Z-1998 RPfor Preproduction Qualification for steel plates for OffshoreStructures[P23 OCR] API-327-1994 Aboveground Storage Tank Standards A Tutorial[Pub P76]API-421-1990 Design an Operation of oil&water separators[P48]API-421-1990-Appendix 5 SEPARATOR DESIGN METHODOLOGIES[P19]API-422-1994 Groundwater Protection Programs For PetroleumRefining&Storage Facilities A Guidance Document[Publ P17 OCR] API-4261-2001 Alcohols&Ethers A Technical Assessment of Their Application as Fuels&Fuel Components[Publ P132]API-4465-1987 Evaluation of Treatment Technologies for Listed Petroleum Refinery Wastes[Publ P200] API-4638-1996 Calculation Workbook For Oil&Gas Production Equipment Fugitive Emissions[P59 OCR] API-4723-2002 Refinery Stream Speciation[Pub P344]API-49-2001(R2007) Drilling&Well Servicing Operations Involving Hydrogen Sulfide[RP P42] API-49-2007(RP)Drilling&Well Servicing Operations Involving Hydrogen SulfideAPI-4F-2001 Specification for Drilling&Well Servicing Structures[P28] API-4F-2008(SPEC) Specification for Drilling&Well ServicingStructuresAPI-4G-1998(RP)钻井和修井、底座的检查、维护、修理与使用API-4G-2004( RP)钻井和修井、底座的检查、维护、修理与使用API-500-1997(1998) RP for Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations at Petroleum Facilities Classified as Glass 1,Div 1 & Div2[P128 OCR]。
无损检测(NDE检测)报告表格,中英对照
工程名称 Project Description： 单元名称 Unit Description： 工程类别 Project Category：
检件名称 Work piece description 检件编号 Work piece description 检件规格 Work piece specification 执行标准 Standard 合格级别 Qualification class 检件类型 Work piece type 仪器型号 Apparatus type 探头型号 Probe type 标准试块 Standard test block 灵敏度试块 Sensitivity test block 检测部位（编号） Inspection position (Number)
检测人： Examined by
年(Y)
月(M)
日(D)
审核人： Reviewed by
年(Y)
月(M)
日(D)
SH 3503–J125
超声波测厚报告 Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement Report
工程名称 Project Description： 单元名称 Unit Description： 工程类别 Project Category：
工程名称 Project Description： 单元名称 Unit Description： 工程类别 Project Category：
检件名称 Work piece description 检件编号 Work piece No 检件类型 Work piece type 检验时机 Inspection time 执行标准 Standard 仪器型号 Apparatus type 磁化方式 Magnetization mode 磁化方向 Magnetization direction 磁化时间 Magnetization time 检测部位（编号） Inspection location (number) 电流类型 Current type 提 升 力 Lifting force 磁粉种类 Magnetic particle type 磁悬液浓度 Concentration 检
人教版高中英语选择性必修第二册精品课件 Unit 2 Section Ⅰ
4.Which of the following words can be used to describe Xie Lei? B A.Helpful and humorous. B.Confident and determined. C.Kind-hearted and cautious. D.Creative and modest.
三、仔细阅读第14页和15页的课文,并根据课文内容将短文 补充完整
Six months ago,Xie Lei boarded a plane for London to complete a business 1. qualification (qualify).
It was the first time that she 2. had left
【理解诱思】 What is the purpose of the author in writing the passage? A.To tell us some ways to improve reading ability. B.To show that poor literacy has been a big problem. C.To teach us how to look for fun in reading. D.To tell us some ways to pick up new words and phrases. 答案:A
Read material that is at your level or just a little difficult for you.Read material that you find easy to read,or just a little challenging.Looking up many unknown words in a dictionary is dull,and the results of the dictionary search are quickly forgotten.
Bibliography
Diss.ETH No.16653User-Centric Dependability Concepts for Ubiquitous ComputingA dissertation submitted to theSWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYZURICH(ETH ZURICH)for the degree ofDoctor of Technical Sciencespresented byJürgen BohnDiplom-Informatiker,University of Karlsruhe(TH),Germanyborn October16,1973citizen of Germanyaccepted on the recommendation ofProf.Dr.Friedemann Mattern,examinerDr.Albrecht Schmidt,co-examiner2006Bibliography[AAA97]Ward Andy,Jones Alan,and Hopper Andy.A New Location Technique for the Active Office.IEEE Personal Communications,4(5):42–47,1997. 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Technical Report
Figure 1. Gender Figure 2. Grade Figure 3. Profession The survey focus on performance to domestic trueman show, so we go to the frequency, the quantity and the type of shows that Beihang students see. Figure 4 is the answer of “How often do you watch domestic trueman shows?” and we find that a quarter of 174 informants never or seldom watch this kind of TV program. According to this difference, we set a branch in posterior questions. Question 5 and 6 put an eye on the students who always or often watch domestic trueman shows. The fifth question is “How many domestic trueman shows have you ever chased?”. The data illustrates that Beihang students are always not the big fans of trueman shows. And the sixth one is about the type. Talent show, outdoor sports completion and parent-child reality show are the top three in Beihang students’ favor.
PDA Technical Report No. 65 (TR 65), Technology Transfer
The content and views expressed in this technical report are the result of a consensus achieved by the authoring task force and are not necessarily views of the organizations they represent.
/bookstore
Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION...................................................1 1.1 Purpose............................................................ 1 1.2 Scope............................................................... 1 2.0 GLOSSARY OF TERMS.........................................2 3.0 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROJECT....................3 3.1 Technology Transfer Project Objectives............ 3 3.2 Types of Technology Transfer .......................... 3 3.3 TTP Oversight................................................... 4 3.4 Multidisciplinary Technology Transfer Project Te
SLAN
4.3 创建并运行实验........................................................................................................18
4.3.1 新建实验 ............................................................................................................ 18
3.1 运输和贮存..................................................................................................................8
3.2 拆箱 .............................................................................................................................8
2.7 仪器面板标识..............................................................................................................6
2.8 反应孔标识图..............................................................................................................6
1.2 操作使用要求..............................................................................................................4
《技术评审(Technical Review,TR)》
第16章技术评审技术评审(Technical Review,TR)的目的是尽早地发现工作成果中的缺陷，并帮助开发人员及时消除缺陷，从而有效地提高产品的质量。
技术评审的过程是SPP模型的重要组成部分。
本规范阐述了技术评审过程域的3个主要规程：☆制定技术评审计划[SPP-PRO-TR-PLANNING]。
☆正式技术评审[SPP-PROC-TR-FTR]。
☆非正式技术评审[SPP-PROC-TRITR]。
上述每个规程的“目标”、“角色与职责”、“启动准则”、“输入”、“主要步骤”、“输出”、“完成准则”和“度量”均已定义。
本规范适用于国内IT企业的软件研发项目。
建议拥护根据自身情况（如商业目标、研发实力等）适当地修改本规范，然后推广使用。
16.1 介绍技术评审最初是由IBM公司为了提高软件质量和提高程序员生产率而倡导的。
技术评审方法已经被业界广泛采用并收到了很好的效果，它被普遍认为是软件开放的最佳实践之一。
技术评审能够在任何开发阶段执行，它可以比测试更早地发现并消除工作成果中的缺陷。
技术评审的主要好处有：☆通过消除工作成果的缺陷而提高产品的质量。
☆越早消除缺陷就越能降低开发成本。
☆开发人员能够及时地得到同行专家的帮助和指导，无疑会加深对工作成果的理解，更好地预防缺陷，在一定程度上提高了开发生产率。
可见技术评审有助于“提高质量、提高生产率、降低成本”，符合软件过程改进的根本目的。
技术评审有两种类型：☆正式技术评审（FTR）。
FTR比较严格，需要举行评审会议，参加评审会议的人员比较多。
☆非正式技术评审（ITR）。
ITR的形式比较灵活，通常在同伴之间展开，不必举行评审会议，评审人员比较少。
理论上讲，为了确保产品的质量，产品的所有工作成果都应当接受技术评审。
现实中，为了节约时间，允许人们有选择地对工作成果进行技术评审。
技术评审方式也视工作成果的重要性和复杂性而定。
技术评审过程域有3个主要规程：“制定技术评审计划”、“正式技术评审”和“非正式技术评审”。
中英文 PDA TR 干热灭菌验证
some may be subject to change in the future. However, the terms used in a validation program must be clearly defined and well understood within the company and clearly defined in internal Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), standards, and in regulatory filings. For the purposes of this technical report, the following definitions are used. 使用的是当前FDA、ICH以及其他管理当局的名词定义，但技术报告团队添加上更清晰的内容这 种司之间的使用可能是不同的， 而一些术语在未来可能会有变化。但是，验证程序中使用的术语必须清晰定义并且能够在公司 内被清楚理解，在内部标准操作规程（SOP）、标准及管理文件中也应清楚定义。本技术报告 出于这样的目的，使用如下定义。
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8IGLRMGEP6ITSVX2S 6IZMWIH :EPMHEXMSRSJ (V],IEX4VSGIWWIW9WIH JSV(IT]VSKIREXMSRERH7XIVMPM^EXMSR
1
术方法也可能存在并被应用，如果这些其他方法有合理的科学方法做支持。 This technical report is intended to give information about current industry practices and approaches to validating dry-heat depyrogenation and sterilization processes. In addition, sections will cover various aspects of dry-heat sterilization using biological indicators. 这份技术报告的目的是为目前工业实践以及干热除热原和灭菌工艺验证方法提供信息支持。此 外，报告的一些章节覆盖了干热灭菌使用的生物指示剂的各方面。 This technical report is organized in a chronological fashion, starting with a discussion of the general concepts of depyrogenation and sterilization science which are the foundation upon which to build a robust process. This includes use of biological indicators and endotoxin indicators. Also included are points to consider in equipment design, equipment verification, process development and performance qualification for new systems and the development and validation of processes for existing systems. 该技术报告是以时间顺序排列，以除热原和灭菌科学的通用概念开始，而这是建立稳固工艺的 基础。其中包括了生物指示剂和内毒素指示剂的使用。也包括了新系统的设备设计、设备确证、 工艺开发以及性能确认，还包括现有系统中工艺设计和验证中所需考虑的问题。 In the discussion of process development, particular attention has been given to the load type, loading patterns, and temperature profiles for depyrogenation and sterilization in both ovens and tunnels. The sections are followed by a brief discussion of items for consideration during routine processing and ongoing maintenance of the validated process. 工艺开发的讨论中，对于在烘箱和隧道中进行除热原和灭菌的负载种类、负载模式以及温度曲 线都给予特殊的关注。在已验证工艺的日常操作和持续维护中所需考虑的内容在这一部分也做 了简要讨论。 The background sections on depyrogenation/sterilization science and endotoxin/biological indicators are not comprehensive—but provide information specific to dry-heat processes. Information within the technical report is applicable to both forced hot air dry-heat batch processes (chambers) and to continuous processes (tunnels). Information within this technical report does not apply to dry-heat processes used for the sterilization of oil bases and oil based products, fixed processing streams or to those processes using infrared and microwave heating media. 关于除热原/灭菌科学和内毒素/生物指示剂的背景部分并不全面——但是所提供的信息是针对 干热工艺的。技术报告中的信息既适用于强制热空气干热批生产工艺（腔体），也适用于连续 性工艺（隧道）。本技术报告中的信息不适用于油性基质及油性基质产品，固定工艺流程或者 那些使用红外及微波加热介质的工艺中灭菌所用的干热工艺。 Current FDA, ICH, and other regulatory definitions are used except when more clarity is added by the Technical Report Team. Regulatory guidelines offer other definitions that maybe considered. Variations in the use of some terms may differ from company to company and
WHO第961号技术报告_附件7_药物生产技术转移指南(中英文)
1.8 In?the event that the RU identifies particular problems with the process during the transfer, the RU should communicate them back to the SU to ensure continuing knowledge management.
?如有需要，应对转出单位和接收单位进行综合技术差异分析，包括技术风险评估和潜在法规差异
?????????adequately trained staff should be available or should be trained at the RU:
接收单位应具有经过充分培训地员工ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ或培训其员工
为使转移成功，应符合以下一般原则和要求
?????????the project plan should encompass the quality aspects of the project and be based upon the principles of quality risk management;
—???????接收单位和转出单位的所在国法规要求，以及任何该产品将要销售的国家的法规要求，均应进行考虑，并在整个转移程序项目期间有一致的解释
—???????there should be effective process and product knowledge transfer.
—???????工艺和产品知识转移应有效果
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Technical Report AI-TR-96-1, I.S.I.R., Osaka Univ Towards Ontology EngineeringRiichiro MIZOGUCHI and Mitsuru IKEDAThe Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 567 Japan Abstract. The main objectives of this paper include to propose a new research field called "Ontology Engineering" and to show it can be a basic research of content-oriented research and provides such technologies that are badly needed. We begin the paper by discussing what an ontology is. We next analyze the depth of the ontology use in eight levels followed by the discussion on what concrete advantages ontology can give in the real-world problem solving. The next topic is the classification of ontologies. On the basis of the discussion, we present the scope of ontology engineering. Finally, we exemplify ontology engineering by summarizing our work.1. IntroductionIn AI research history, we can identify two types of research. One is "Form-oriented research" and the other is "Content-oriented research". The former deals with logic and knowledge representation and the latter content of knowledge. Apparently, the former has dominated AI research to date [Mizoguchi, 95]. Recently, however, "Content-oriented research" has become to gather much attention because a lot of real-world problems to solve such as knowledge reuse, facilitation of agent communication, media integration through understanding, large-scale knowledge bases, etc. require not only advanced theories or reasoning methods but also sophisticated treatment of the content of knowledge.Formal theory such as predicate logic provides us with a powerful tool to guarantee sound reasoning and thinking. It even enables us to discuss the limit of our reasoning in a principled way. However, it cannot answer to any of the questions such as what knowledge we should have for solving problems given, what is knowledge at all, what properties a specific knowledge has, and so on.The knowledge principle proposed by Feigenbaum is to the point in that he stresses the importance of accumulation of knowledge rather than formal reasoning and logic. This has been proved by the success of the expert system development. Of course, his idea of knowledge accumulation should be further deepened. Representation of expertise in production rules is very preliminary. It should be in-depth analyzed to make it sharable and reusable among computers and human agents. The source of problem solving knowledge is of various. Advanced knowledge processing technology should cope with these various knowledge sources and elicit, transform, organize, and translate knowledge to enable the agents to utilize it. Thus, the knowledge base technology should contribute to the next knowledge medium[Stefic, 86]. Ontology engineering provides us with a basis of the knowledge medium research.Importance of "Content-oriented research" has been recognized a bit these days. Unfortunately, however, we do not have sophisticated methodologies for content-oriented research now. In spite of much effort devoted to such research, major results were onlydevelopment of KBs. It does not have been considered as "academic research". We could enumerate the reasons for this as follows:1) Content-oriented research tends to be ad-hoc, and2) It does not have a methodology which enables the research results to accumulate.It is necessary to overcome these difficulties in order to establish the content-oriented research. We would like to propose Ontology engineering for that purpose. It is a research methodology which gives us design rationale of a knowledge base, kernel conceptualization of the world of interest, strict definition of basic meanings of basic concepts together with sophisticated theories and technologies enabling accumulation of knowledge which is dispensable for modeling the real world.We begin the paper by discussing what an ontology is. Although ontology is becoming popular within a community, it is not well understood in AI community in general. We carefully explain what an ontology is. To our knowledge, how to use an ontology is one of the crucial issues in ontology research. Therefore, we analyze the depth of the ontology use in eight levels followed by the discussion on what concrete advantages ontology can give in the real-world problem solving. The next topic is the classification of ontologies. On the basis of the discussion made thus far, we present the scope of ontology engineering. Finally, we exemplify ontology engineering by summarizing our work done to date.2. What Is an Ontology?2.1 Simple DefinitionsThree simple definitions are given below.(1) Ontology is a term in philosophy and its meaning is "Theory of existence".(2) A definition of an ontology in AI community is "An explicit representation ofconceptualization"[Gruber, 92].(3) A definition of an ontology in KB community is "a theory of vocabulary/concepts used as building artificial systems"[Mizoguchi, 93].Although these are compact, it is not sufficient for in-depth understanding of what an ontology is. A more comprehensive definition is given in the next subsection.2.2 Comprehensive definitions(1) Ontology: Following Guarino[Guarino, 95], we use the convention in which capital letter "O" is used to distinguish the "Ontology" in philosophy from others. "Ontology" is a theory which can answer questions such as "what is existence", "what properties can explain the existence", "How these properties explain the differences of existence", etc.(2) ontology: The design methodology is like one for Ontology, but the target is different from it. Not the "existence" but smaller and concrete thing such as enterprise, thermo-dynamics, problem solving, etc. are discussed. We define an ontology as an explicit and less ambiguous description of concepts and relations among them appearing in the target thing. Such ontologies exist as many as the possible target things. We do not have to use logic to describe it.(3) Formal ontology: Axiomatic description of an ontology. It can answer questions about the capability of ontology.(4) Axiom: Declaratively and rigorously represented knowledge which has to be accepted without proof. In predicate logic case, a formal inference engine is implicitly assumed to exist. But, one seldom mentions it.Axioms have two roles as follows in ontology description:1) To represent the (partial) meaning of concepts rigorously.2) Within the scope of the knowledge represented declaratively, to answer the questions onthe capability of the ontology and things built using the concepts in the ontology.Questions about the capability of ontology plays an important role in its evaluation and they are divided into the following two:1) Questions about the formal properties of the ontology and things designed usingontology.2) Questions about the behavior of the things designed using the ontology.The former is called "competence" questions and the latter "performance" questions. Axioms written in predicate calculus are sufficient for answering the former. To answer the latter questions, however, we often need procedural engines to interpret the meaning of concepts in the ontology because declarative knowledge with a formal prover cannot answer all the questions. To cope with such situations, we introduce axiom equivalents defined as follows:(5) Axiom equivalent[Forbus, 95]An axiom equivalent is not a rigorous or declarative axiom based on formal inference engine, but it is partially declarative knowledge based also on interpretation by a procedural engine to answer performance questions. Axiom equivalents do not have to be formalized completely.The difference between axioms and axiom equivalents is essential. "Axioms" can be also interpreted as "small number of rules which are represented in a declarative form and can derive all the facts from them". It is true they contribute to making the characteristics of technology clear and explicit. This also applies to ontology. In fact, many researchers have been trying to represent ontology formally. However, we could say such an attempt neglects the reality. It is obvious that declarative and formal methodology cannot cope with the performance of the knowledge required by knowledge engineering. For example, if we adopted the first order predicate calculus, we have to abandon dealing with the knowledge such as "mathematical induction is sound for all the predicates". What we should do for knowledge engineering is to adopt not only formal approaches but also informal ones such as natural language representation and axiom equivalents based on procedural interpretation. This will enable ontology research to contribute to the future knowledge engineering community.3. Roles of Ontology EngineeringFirst of all, we would like to declare the ultimate purpose of ontology engineering is:"To provide a basis of building models of all things in which computer science is interested".And, ontologies have to be intelligible both to computers and humans.3.1 Ontology As a Design RationaleIn the mechanical design setting, previous designs are often used as a reference for design of new products. One of the critical issues in such cases is how to understand the intentions and justifications of various decisions made in them by different designers. They are collectively called "Design Rationale"(hereafter referred to as DR). DR information is often implicit and the implicitness often causes difficulties in reusing the designs. Thus, DR is as important as design drawings.An ontology plays a role similar to DR in reusing knowledge bases. In order to reuse knowledge in a knowledge base, we have to know underlying conceptualization which reflects the assumptions and requirements made in the problem solving using the knowledge base. Although many KBs have been built to date, no such information has been described. Ontologies as DR information of knowledge bases will contribute to reuse of knowledge bases and play the roles of backbones of knowledge bases. The future knowledge bases should be built with explicit representation of ontologies.3.2 How To Use an OntologyAlthough there have been many discussions on ontology, how to use it has not been fully discussed. This section discusses the levels of usage of ontology. The following is a list of how to use ontology(The shallowest first).Level 1: Used as a common vocabulary for communication among distributed agents.Level 2: Used as a conceptual schema of a relational data base. Structural information of concepts and relations among them is used. Conceptualization in a data base is nothing other than conceptual schema. Data retrieval from a data base is easily done when there is an agreement on its conceptual schema.Level 3: Used as a backbone information for a user of a certain knowledge base. Levels higher than this plays roles of the ontology which has something to do with "content".Level 4: Used for answering competence questions.Level 5: Standardization5.1 Standardization of terminology(at the same level of Level 1)5.2 Standardization of meaning of concepts5.3 Standardization of components of target objects(domain ontology).5.4 Standardization of components of tasks(task ontology)Level 6: Used for transformation of data bases considering the differences of the meaning of conceptual schema. This requires not only structural transformation but also semantic transformation.Level 7: Used for reusing knowledge of a knowledge base using DR information.Level 8: Used for reorganizing a knowledge base based on DR information.Thus, variety of ontology use is deep and wide. Those higher than level 3 is innovative and suggest future style of knowledge manipulation by computers, which demonstrates the utility of ontology engineering.3.3 Standardization: Bolts&Nuts in Knowledge BasesNeedless to say, industries have attained high productivity due to standardization of components, say, bolts and nuts. It is a pity that we have no such standardized components in knowledge base technology. In order to model target objects, such components would help alot and facilitate model-based problem solving. For example, standardization of a pipe and pumps in qualitative modeling of a plant, that of enterprise ontology, and that of task ontology. Standardization of components does not necessarily imply that of knowledge in general. We are not claiming that all the knowledge should be standardized. Using standardized basic components, one can easily design their own knowledge by configuring them, which is proved by the current engineering production.4. Typology of OntologyTo consider how knowledge is used helps us understand what an ontology is. Little discussion on how to use ontology has been made to date. Many researchers say they "use" knowledge/ontology without defining what they mean by "use", that is, who uses it in what ways. We here discuss this issue considering the usage levels discussed in 3.2. An ontology is further divided into subcategories from the knowledge reuse point of view as follows: Ontology:Workplace ontology[Vanwelkenhuysen, 94, 95b]This is an ontology for workplace which affects task characteristics by specifying several boundary conditions which characterize and justify problem solving behavior in the workplace. Workplace and task ontologies collectively specify the context in which domain knowledge is interpreted and used during the problem solving.Examples(Circuit troubleshooting): Fidelity/Efficiency/Precision/High reliability/etc.Task ontology[Mizoguchi, 92, 95a][Hori, 94][Wielinga, 93]Task ontology is a system of vocabulary for describing problem solving structure of all the existing tasks domain-independently. It does not cover the control structure but do components or primitives of unit inferences taking place during performing tasks. Task knowledge in turn specifies domain knowledge by giving roles to each objects and relations between them.Examples(Scheduling tasks): Schedule recipient/schedule resource/goal/constraint/availability/load/select/assign/classify/remove/relax/add/etc.Domain ontologyTask-dependent ontology[Mizoguchi,95b]A task structure requires not all the domain knowledge but some specificdomain knowledge in a certain specific organization. We call this special type ofdomain knowledge T-domain ontology because it depends on the task.T-Domain ontologyExamples(Job-shop scheduling): Job/order/line/due date/machine availability/tardiness/load/cost/etc.Task-independent ontologyBecause object and activity ontologies are related to activities, we call them activity-related ontology and field ontology activity-independent ontology.Activity-related ontologyThis ontology is related to activities taking place in the domain and is designed having simulation of the domain activity in mind such as enterpriseontology. There are two major activities exist in a domain. One is behavior ofan object and the other is organizational or human activities. Verbs play animportant role in this ontology, however, they are different from those in taskontology. The subjects of the former verbs are objects, components, or agentsinvolved in the activities of interest, while those of the latter are domainexperts.Object ontology[Vanwelkenhuysen,95a]This ontology covers the structure, behavior and function of the object.Examples(Circuit boards):component/connection/line/chip/pin/ gate/bus/state/role/etc.Activity ontology(Enterprise ontology)[Gruninger,94]Examples: use/consume/produce/release/state/resource/commit/enable/complete/disable/etc.Activity-independent ontologyField ontologyThis ontology is related to theories and principles which govern the domain. It contains primitive concepts appearing in the theories andrelations, formulas, and units constituting the theories and principles.Units[Mars,94]Examples: mole/kilogram/meter/ampere/radian/etc.Engineering Math[Gruber,94]Examples: Physical quantity/physical dimension/unit of measure/Scalar quantity/linear algebra/physical component/etc.General/Common ontologyExamples: Things/Events/Time/Space/Causality [Lenat,90]Behavior/Function [Sasajima,95], etc.This shows there are many categories of ontologies. But this does not mean ontology research diverges but mean the richness of the real world. The identification of the variety of knowledge, and hence that of ontology itself can be one of the research topics which deepens our understanding of knowledge.The above classification of ontology distinguishes task-dependent ontology from task-independent one. The latter has been often discussed in the literature. The former of which importance the authors have stressed is the authors’ original concept.5. Scope of Ontology EngineeringWe here demonstrate the subjects which should be covered by ontology engineering. It includes basic issues in philosophy, knowledge representation, ontology design, standardization, EDI, reuse and sharing of knowledge, media integration, etc. which are the essential topics in the future knowledge engineering. Of course, they should be constantly refined through further development of ontology engineering.Basic division- Philosophy(Ontology, Meta-mathematics)Ontology which philosophers have discussed since Aristotle is discussed as well as logic and meta-mathematics.- Scientific philosophyInvestigation on Ontology from the physics point of views, e.g., time, space, process,causality, etc. is made.- Knowledge representationBasic issues on knowledge representation, especially on representation of ontologicalstuff, are discussed.Division of ontology design-General(Common) ontologyGeneral ontologies such as time, space, process, causality, part/whole relation, etc. are designed. Both in-depth investigation on the meaning of every concept and relation and on formal representation of ontologies are discussed.- Domain ontologiesVarious ontologies in, say, Plant, Electricity, Enterprise, etc. are designed.Division of common sense knowledge-Parallel to general ontology design, common sense knowledge is investigated and collected and knowledge bases of common sense are built.Division of standardization- EDI(Electronic Data Interchange) and data element specificationStandardization of primitive data elements which should be shared among people for enabling full automatic EDI.- Basic semantic repositoryStandardization of primitive semantic elements which should be shared among people for enabling knowledge sharing.- Conceptual schema modeling facility(CSMF)- Components for qualitative modelingStandardization of functional components such as pipe, valve, pump, boiler, register, battery, etc. for qualitative model building.Division of Data/knowledge interchange- Translation of ontologyTranslation methodologies of one ontology into another are developed.- Database transformationTransformation of data in a data base into another of different conceptual schema.- Knowledge base transformationTransformation of a knowledge base into another built based on a different ontology. Division of knowledge reuse- Task ontologyDesign of ontology for describing and modeling human ways of problem solving.- T-domain ontologyTask-dependent domain ontology is designed under some specific task context.- Methodology for knowledge reuseDevelopment of methodologies for knowledge reuse using the above two ontologies. Division of knowledge sharing- Communication protocolDevelopment of communication protocols between agents which can behave cooperativelyunder a goal specified.- Cooperative task ontologyTask ontology design for cooperative communicationDivision of media integration- Media ontologyOntologies of the structural aspects of documents, images, movies, etc. are designed.- Common ontologies of content of the mediaOntologies common to all media such as those of human behavior, story, etc. aredesigned.- Media integrationDevelopment of meaning representation language for media and media integration through understanding media representation are done.Division of ontology design methodology- Methodology- Support environmentDivision of ontology evaluationEvaluation of ontologies designed is made using the real world problems by forming a consortium.6. Examples of Ontology ResearchSome of the research the authors’ group have done to date can be summarized as examples of ontology engineering research. The following introduces a brief overview of them in order to exemplify what ontology engineering is.6.1 Conceptual Level Programming And Task OntologyThe major objectives of MULTIS[Mizoguchi, 92][Tijerino, 93] project is to bridge the gap between domain experts and computers to enable computers to elicit domain experts’ ways of problem solving using task ontology. This can be interpreted in another way: MULTIS can help end user describe how they perform a task at the conceptual level without considering how computer works. This interpretation gives us a new idea that "Conceptual level programming supported by task ontology" which is an advancement of utility of task ontology research[Seta, 96].Our research in this direction has been made extensively and we reformalized task ontology as follows:1) We explicitly represent the vocabulary intelligible both to end users and computers. Todo this, we formalized task ontology in two levels such as knowledge level for humans and symbol level for computers.2) Function as a syntax of the sentences composed using vocabulary in the task ontology.3) Semantics at the conceptual level execution is defined in the knowledge level ontology4) Semantics at the symbol level execution is defined in the symbol level ontology.5) A language based object-oriented and logic paradigms is designed together with asophisticated environment.The last ontology is defined as axiom equivalents, while the second and third ones are defined as axioms.6.2 Ontologies of Function And Behavior And Explanation Generation[Sasajima, 95]We have been involved in the research on function and behavior representation. This research is motivated by a strong desire to know what function is and what behavior is. In spite of the long history of the research about this topic, no satisfactory model of them is not obtained yet. Needless to say, well-established understanding of them is indispensable to qualitative modeling, and hence model-based problem solving. Our research has been conducted under the goals as follows:1) Deep understanding of function and behavior2) To develop a powerful representation language for them aiming at standardization of basic components for qualitative modeling3) Designing necessary and sufficient vocabulary for explanation generation at both of thebehavioral and functional levels.6.3 Ontology of Time And Causality of Fluid for Qualitative Simulation[Kitamura, 96] Qualitative simulation based on sophisticated ontology of causality is indispensable for model-based problem solving. This research is deeply concerned with ontology of time and causality. Qualitative simulation has a different ontology from the real time. But it is not so clear how they are different. We identified 7 different time resolutions which our simulator can identified according to our naive understanding of causality:1) locally simultaneous, 2) globally simultaneous, 3) fast transition not represented in the system explicitly but recognizable by humans, 4) slow transition through components, 5) normal time transition represented in the system using differential equations, 6) time until a partial equilibrium, 7) complete equilibrium. We demonstrated these time units are simulated by using our qualitative simulator implemented.7. ConclusionWe described ontology engineering which should be attacked for the future of knowledge based technology. 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