Lecture3

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Lecture 3 (文艺复兴时期及莎士比亚 (1))

Spain, the Netherlands, and England. Renaissance is considered as the great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, and is also usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern world. The emphasis of the Renaissance is humanism.
Greatness of man under the principle of human reason
Of all God’s works, which do this world adorn, There is no one more fair and excellent, Than is man’s body both for power and form, Whiles it is kept in sober government; But none than it, more fowl and indecent, Distempered through misrule and passions base:
1：忠贞、神圣。 2：人双重属性或者两难处境（天使与兽类、精神与物质等）；背叛、不忠贞（三心二意；两边倒）。 3：开头、中间、结尾三部分（完整）；奇数＋偶数（生殖繁衍）
4：四种体液、人生四季、四种基本美德（谨慎，坚毅，克制，正义）、四种能力（理性，知识，意见，感觉）、物质性（四种宇宙基本元素）
人的两个眼睛：太阳和月亮 (two eyes—the sun and the moon) 骨头和指甲的硬度：石头的硬度 (hardness of bone and nail— hardness of stone) 人体的血管：树枝 (arteries—branches of tree)

Lecture 3 翻译的标准

Lecture 3 翻译的标准翻译标准：目前翻译界普遍接受的，也是作为一般翻译学习者必须努力掌握的标准，简而言之是两条：忠实(Faithfulness) 和流畅(Smoothness)。

外语腔是初学翻译者不知不觉地会在汉语译文中表现出来的一种不当倾向。

翻译时所要表达的内容来自外语原文，原文的词语和结构形式随着内容一起进入到我们的大脑，于是原文的语言形式被带入译文，造成了译文的外语腔。

The only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket.【译文】气候变化，他仅稍稍作了一点变通，赴宴时穿了件白色的短礼服。

翻译标准：忠实和流畅好的译文还必须保持原文的风格包括民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。

即：译者不能破坏或改变原文的风格，不能以译者的风格代替原作的风格。

课堂练习：•She couldn't have come at a better time.•She has been a widow only six months.•I believe the speech was needlessly stubborn.•The Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality.•From a physical standpoint, there ought to be as many colours as there are different wave lengths.•As a human being, we should demonstrate our intellectual and moral superiority by respecting others for who they are -- instead of rejecting them for who/what they are not.1. 她来得正是时候。

Lecture_3

Compensation 1 • I’m a specialist in pay and benefits. Compensation and remuneration are formal words used to talk about pay and benefits, especially those of senior managers. Compensation package and remuneration package are used especially in the US to talk about all the pay and benefits that employees receive. For a senior executive, this may include share (stock) options: the right to buy the company’s shares at low prices. There may be performance-related bonuses if the manger reaches particular objectives for the company.
Why do you work?
• • • • Monetary incentives? Self-fulfillment? Socialization? Sense of recognition?
Unpredictability of HUMAN NATURE
New Words in this Unit
Wages Salary Benefits
• My name’s Peter and I’m a hotel manager in Venice. I get paid a salary every month. In summer we’re very busy, so we work a lot of extra hours, or overtime; the money for this is quite good. Working in a hotel, we also get nice perks, for example free meals!

保护生物学-Lecture3详解

四、物种灭绝的原因
• 长期/大面积的物种灭绝：指物种在一个相对较长的时间内，在一个面积较大的分布区内出现灭绝的情形。
• • 短期/小规模的物种灭绝：指生境岛屿（或狭义
的岛屿）形成的时间较短，而其面积相对较小的物种灭绝方式。许多物种所出现局域性灭绝（local extinction）多属于这种方式。
• Nm和Nf分别为参加繁殖的雄性动物个体数和雌性
个体数。
几种特例
• （2）对于存在世代重叠的种群（如昆虫、两
栖类），种群大小在各世代都不相同时，则
有效种群大小为各世代Ne的调和平均数，即：
• 1/Ne=1/t(1/N1+1/N2+…+1/Nt)
•
其中Nt ： t年的平均有效种群大小。
•
三、物种灭绝的过程
物种灭绝的原因—外因
• （1）非人为因素
• 天体运动 • 地质活动 • 气候变化 • 物种之间的相互作用
物种灭绝的原因—人为因素
世界人口增长状况
物种灭绝的原因—人为因素
• （2）人为因素
• 生境的破坏 • 过度狩猎 • 引进物种 • 化学污染
–
生境的破坏
• 生境丧失 • 生境退化 • 生境的破碎化
续存活一段相当长的时间的最小生物种群。其种群大小为一阈值（threshold），当种群数量低于这个阈值时，将有灭绝的危险；而当种群数量高于这个阈值时，则该种群就可以安全的存活一段时间。 • Shaffer（1981）： 99%的概率，存活1000年。
MVP 的估算方法
• 因为每一代遗传基因的变异度的损失率（Δ F）均与种群大小
物种灭绝的原因
• 物种的灭绝是一个自然过程。在这个过程中，有一系列因素在起作用，包括：内因：造成物种灭绝的根本原因外因：加速物种的灭绝进程

【托福听力备考】TPO13 听力文本——Lecture 3

【托福听力备考】TPO13 听力文本——Lecture 3众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。

相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。

TPO 13 Lecture 3 PoetryNarrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a poetry class, the professor isdiscussing medieval poetry.Professor: OK, so the two poems we are looking at today fall into thecategory of ... uh ... medieval times, which was how long ago?Student: Almost a thousand years ago, right?Professor: Yes, that’s right.Student: But, professor, are you sure these are poems? I mean I thoughtpoems were shorter; these are more like long stories. I mean one of them was allabout love, but the other one, the Chan…Chan…whatever it’s called, the otherone; well, it was all about fighting and battles. I mean can both of them beconsidered poems?Professor: Well, think back to the very beginning of this course.Student: Uh-huh.Professor: Remember how we, we define poetry? In the very broadest sense,we said it’s written to evoke, to make you, the audience, have some kind of theemotional experience through the use of imagery, um, some kind of predictablerhythm. And usually, but not always, there’s more than one meaning implied withthe words that are used.Let’s start with the Chanson poetry first. That’s Chanson. Chanson poemsbecame popular in Europe, particularly in France, and the term is actually short for a longer French phrase that translates to um ... uh… songs of deeds.Now, they were called songs of deeds because strangely enough, they were written to describe the heroic deeds or actions of warriors, the knights during conflicts. We don’t know a lot about the authors, it’s still contested somewhat.But we are pretty sure about who the Chanson poems were written for. That is---they were written for knights and the lords---the nobility that they served. The poems were sung, performed by a minstrel, a singer who travelled from castle to castle, singing to the local lord and his knights. Uh… well, would someone summarize the main features of the Chanson poem you read?Student: Well, there’s a hero, a knight, who goes to battle, and he isadmired for his courage, bravery and loyalty, loyalty to the lord he serves, hiscountry and his fellow warriors in the field. He’s ....um... he has a, he’s askilled fighter, willing to face the most extreme dangers, sacrificial, willing to sacrifice anything and everything to protect his king and country.Professor: Ok, now, given that the intended audience for these poems were knights and lords. What can we say about the purpose of Chanson poetry? What kinds of feelings was it meant to provoke?Student: I guess they must’ve been really appealing to those knights and lords who were listening to them. Hearing the songs probably made them feel morepatriotic, made them feel like it was a good and noble thing to serve theircountries in whatever way they could.Professor:Good, we’ve got a pretty good picture of what the Chanson hero was like.Now let’s compare that to the hero in the other poem. The other poem is an example of what’s called Romance Poetry. And the hero in the Romance poem was also a knight. But what made the knight in Romance Poetry different from the knight in Chanson poetry?Well, first the purpose of the hero’s actions was different. The hero in Romance Poetry is independent, purely solitary in a way, not like the Chansonpoet who was always surrounded by his fighting companions. He doesn’t engage inconflict to protect his lord or country. He does it for the sake of adventure,to improve himself, to show he’s worthy of respect and love from his lady. He’svery conscious of the particular rules of social behavior he has to live up to somehow. And all of his actions are for the purpose of proving that he is an upright, moral, well-mannered, well-behaved individual. You may have noticedthat in Chanson poetry, there isn’t much about the hero’s feelings. The focus ison the actions, the deeds. But the Romance Poetry describes a lot of the inner feelings, the motivations, psychology you could say, of a knight trying to improve himself, to better himself, so that he’s worthy of the love of awoman.What explains this difference? Well, uh, digging into the historicalcontext tells us a lot. Romance Poetry emerged a few generations after Chanson, and its roots were in geographic regions of France that were calmer, where conflict wasn’t central to people’s lives. More peaceful times meant there was more time for education, travel, more time for reflection. Another name for Romance Poetry that’s often synonymous with it is troubadour poetry. Troubadours were the authors of these new Romance poems. And we know a lot more about the troubadours than we do about the Chanson authors, because they often had small biographical sketches added to their poems that gave pretty specific information about their social status, geographical location and a small outline of their career. These information wasn’t particularly reliable because they were sometimes based on fictitious stories of great adventure or scraped together from parts of different poems. But there is enough there to squeeze or infer some facts about their social class. The political climate had settled down enough so that troubadours had the luxury of being able to spend most if not all of their time, creating, crafting or composing their love songs for their audiences. And yes these poems were also sung; many troubadours were able to make a living being full-time poets which should tell you something about the value of that profession during medieval times.希望这些对你的托福备考有帮助，预祝大家托福考试能取得理想成绩。

Lecture3词类转换资料

校长请你去谈谈情况。
英汉词语特点B
在英译汉中，英语中许多抽象名词是由动词派生出来的，所以，翻译的时候，将名词复原成动词来表达，则更符合汉语的习惯he President's stated decision to fight for the job.
• E1. The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict// on the basis of (Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories) and (Arab acknowledgement of Israeli's right to exist).
1.4 作为习语主体的名词转译成动词
作为短语中心主体词的名词往往可以转译成动词，如to have a rest 和to have a good look at 的里rest 和look.
E: You must be tired. Why don’t you take a rest? 你要一定很累了，为什么不休息一会呢?
●词性转换：几乎可以在所有词性间进行。
Example
• I admire your decision to fight for the difficulties in preparing the examination.
• 你决定战胜复习考试中的困难，这一点我很佩服。
名词转换
1.名词转译成动词 2.名词转译成副词 3.名词转译成形容词
看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。
Example
• E3.A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.

Lecture 3

Language: the Difficulties
• Who knows?
They mean the same.
• Fat Chance v.s. Slim Chance mean the opposite. They • Wise Man v.s. Wise Guy
Language: the Difficulties
Language: Is it only a tool?
Situations at Home:
Mandarin vs. Cantonese
Mandarin in mainland vs. Mandarin in Taiwan
Language: Is it only a tool?
Mandarin vs Cantonese
Southern Medical University
Warm Up
Page 118. Actually, this is a famous quote from George Berkeley (1685-1753), an Irish philosopher.
Here it seems to be almost impossible for us to translate the dialogues into Chinese and render them as humorous as the original. Things like puns defy translation across languages.
Language can also be a source of discrimination.
• Racial and Ethnic Discrimination • Some words have more than one meaning and create negative images, such as “blackhearted” or “a black mark on your record.” • Negative words can also become associated with groups, such as referring to Native Americans as “savages.”

【托福听力资料】托福TPO7听力文本——Lecture 3

【托福听力资料】托福TPO7听力文本——Lecture 3众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。

相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。

TPO 7 Lecture 3 AnthropologyPro: So we’ve been discussing 16th century Native American life, and today we’re going to focus on the Iroquois and Huron peoples. They lived in the northeastern great lakes region of North America. Now, back then, their lifes depended on the natural resources of the forests, especially the birch tree. The birch tree can grow in many different types of soils and is prevalent in that area. Now can anyone here describe a birch tree?Stu: They are tall and white, the bark, I mean.Pro: Yes. The birch tree has white bark, and this tough protective outer layer of the tree, this white bark, is waterproof. And this waterproof quality of the bark, it made it useful for making things like cooking containers, a variety of utensils. And if you peel birch bark in the winter, we call it “the winter bark”, another layer, a tougher inner layer of the tree adheres to the bark, producing a stronger material. So the winter bark was used for larger utensils and containers.Stu: I know people make utensils out of wood, but utensils out of treebark?Pro: Well, birch bark is pliable and very easy to bend. The Native Americans would cut the bark and fold it into any shape they needed, then secure it withcords until it dried. They could fold the bark into many shapes.Stu: So if they cooked in bowls made of birch bark, wouldn’t that make the food taste funny?Pro: Oh, that’s one of the great things about birch bark. The taste of the birch tree doesn’t get transferred to the food. So it was perfect for cooking containers.But the most important use of the bark, by far, was the canoe. Since the northeast region of North American is interconnected by many streams and waterways, water transportation by vessels like a canoe was most essential. The paths through the woods were often overgrown, so water travel was much faster. And here’s what the Native Americans did. They would peel large sheets of bark from the tree to form lightweight yet sturdy canoes. The bark was stretched over frames made from tree branches, stitched together and sealed with resin. You know that sticky liquid that comes out of the tree? And when it dries, it’s watertight.One great thing about these birch bark canoes was, uh, they could carry a large amount of cargo. For example, a canoe weighing about 50 pounds could carry up to nine people and 250 pounds of cargo.Stu: Wow! But how far could they travel that way?Pro: Well like I said, the northeastern region is interconnected by rivers and streams and the ocean at the coast. The canoes allow them to travel over avast area that today would take a few hours to fly over. You see, the Native Americans made canoes of all types, for travel on small streams or on large open ocean waters. For small streams, they made narrow, maneuverable boats, while, while larger canoes were needed for the ocean. They could travel throughout the area only occasionally having to portage, to carry the canoe over a land short distance to another nearby stream. And since the canoes were so light, this wasn’t a difficult task.Now how do you think this affected their lives?Stu: Well if they could travel so easily over such a large area, they could trade with people from other areas which I guess would lead them to form alliances?Pro: Exactly. Having an efficient means of transportation, well, that helps the Iroquois to form a federation linked by natural waterways. And this federation expanded from what is now Southern Canada all the way south to the Dalever River. And this efficiency of the birch bark canoe also made an impression on newcomers to the area. French traders in the 17th century modeled their...well they adopted the design of the Iroquois birch bark canoes, and they found they could travel great distances more than 15 kilometers a month.Now besides the bark, Native Americans also used the wood of the birch tree. The young trees were used as supports for lodgings, with the waterproof bark used as roofing. Branches were folded into snowshoes. And the Native American people were all adept at running very fast over the snow in these birch branchsnowshoes, which if you ever tried walking in snowshoes you know it wasn’t easy.When you are old and grey and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;How many loved your moments of glad grace,And loved your beauty with love false or true,But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,And loved the sorrows of your changing face;And bending down beside the glowing bars,Murmur, a little sadly, how love fledAnd paced upon the mountains overheadAnd hid his face amid a crowd of stars.The furthest distance in the worldIs not between life and deathBut when I stand in front of youYet you don't know thatI love you.The furthest distance in the worldIs not when I stand in front of youYet you can't see my loveBut when undoubtedly knowing the love from both Yet cannot be together.The furthest distance in the worldIs not being apart while being in loveBut when I plainly cannot resist the yearningYet pretending you have never been in my heart. The furthest distance in the worldIs not struggling against the tidesBut using one's indifferent heartTo dig an uncrossable riverFor the one who loves you.。

【托福听力备考】TPO10 听力文本——Lecture 3

【托福听力备考】TPO10 听力文本——Lecture 3众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。

相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。

TPO10 Lecture 3 EcologyNarrator：Listen to part of a lecture in an Ecology Class.Professor： So we’ve been talking about nutrients, the elements in theenvironment that are essential for living organisms to develop, live a healthylife and reproduce. Some nutrients are quite scarce; there just isn’t much ofthem in the environment. But fortunately they get recycled. When nutrients areused over and over in the environment, we call that a nutrient cycle. Because ofthe importance of nutrients and their scarcity, nutrient recycling is one of themost significant eco-system processes that we’ll cover in this course. The threemost important nutrient recycles are the nitrogen cycle, the carbon cycle andthe one we are going to talk about today, the Phosphorus cycle.So the Phosphorus cycle has been studied a lot by ecologists because like Isaid, Phosphorus is an important nutrient and it’s not so abundant. The largestquantities are found in rocks and at the bottom of the ocean.How does Phosphorus get there? Well, let’s start with the Phosphorus inrocks. The rocks get broken down into smaller and smaller particles as they areweathered. They are weathered slowly by rain and wind over long periods of time.Phosphorus is slowly released as the rocks are broken down and it gets spreadaround into the soil. Once it’s in the soil, plants absorb it through theirroots.Student：So that’s the reason people mine rocks that contain a lot ofPhosphorus to help with agriculture?Professor：Uh-huh, they mined the rock, artificially break it down and put the Phosphorus into agricultural fertilizers. So humans can play a role in the first part of the Phosphorus cycle -- the breaking down of rocks and the spreading of Phosphorus into the soil by speeding up the rate at which this natural process occurs. You see.Now after the Phosphorus is in the soil, plants grow. They use Phosphorus from the soil to grow. And when they die, they decompose. And the Phosphorus is recycled back into the soil; same thing with the animals that eat those plants, or eat other animals that have eaten those plants. We call all of this – the land phase of the Phosphorus cycle. But a lot of the Phosphorus in soil getswashed away into rivers by rain and melting snow. And so begins another phase ofthe cycle. Can anyone guess what it is called? Nancy?Nancy：Well, if the one is called the land phase, then this has to be called the water phase, right?Professor：Yes, that’s such a difficult point isn’t it? In a normal water phase, rivers eventually empty into oceans, and once in the oceans, thePhosphorus gets absorbed by water plants like algae. Then fish eats the algae oreat other fish that have eaten those plants.But the water phase is sometime affected by excessive fertilizers. If not all of Phosphorus gets used by the crops and large amounts of Phosphorus gets into the rivers. This could cause rapid growth of water plants in the river, which can lead to the water ways getting clogged with organisms, which can change the flow of the water. Several current studies are looking at these effects and I really do hope we can find a way to deal with this issue before these ecosystems are adversely affected. Ok?Of course, another way that humans can interrupt the normal process is fishing. The fishing industry helps bring Phosphorus back to land. In the normal water phase the remaining Phosphorus makes its way, settles to the bottom of the ocean and gets mixed into ocean sediments. But remember, this is a cycle. The Phosphorus at the bottom of the ocean has to somehow make its way back to the surface, to complete the cycle, to begin the cycle all over again.After millions of years, powerful geological forces, like underwater volcanoes lift up the ocean sediments to form new land. When an underwater volcano pushes submerged rock to the surface, a new island is created. Then over many more years the Phosphorus-rich rocks of the new land begin to erode and the cycle continues.Guy： What about, well, you said that the nitrogen cycle is also an important nutrient cycle. And there is a lot of nitrogen in the atmosphere, so I waswondering, is there a lot of Phosphorus in the atmosphere too?Professor：Good question, George. You’re right to guess that Phosphorus can end up in Earth’s atmosphere. It can move from the land or from the oceans to the atmosphere, and vice versa. However, there’s just not a substantial amount of it there, like there is with nitrogen, it’s a very minimal quantity.。

最优化方法Lecture3_单纯形法1

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【托福听力备考】TPO3听力文本——Lecture 3

【托福听力备考】TPO3听力文本——Lecture 3众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。

相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。

Lecture 3 Art HistoryNarrator：Listen to part of a lecture in an Art History class. The professor has been discussing the origins of art.ProfessorSome of the world’s oldest preserved art is the cave art of Europe, most of it in Spain and France. And the earliest cave paintings found to date are those of the Chauvet Cave in France discovered in 1994.And you know, I remember when I heard about the results of the dating of the Chauvet paintings, I said to my wife, “Can you believe these paintings are over 30,000 years old?”And my 3-year-old daughter piped up and said, “Is that older than my great-grandmother?” That was the oldest age she knew. And you know, come to think of it. It’s pretty hard for me to really understand how long 30,000 years is too.I mean, we tend to think that people who lived at that time must have been pretty primitive. But I’m gonna show you some slides in a few minutes and I think you will agree with me that this art is anything but primitive. They are masterpieces. And they look so real, so alive that it’s very hard to imagine that they are so very old.Now, not everyone agrees on exactly how old. A number of the Chauvet paintings have been dated by a lab to 30,000 or more years ago. That would make them not just older than any other cave art, but about twice as old as the art in the caves at Altamira or Lascaux, which you may have heard of. Some people find it hard to believe Chauvet is so much older than Altamira and Lascaux, and they noted that only one lab did the dating for Chauvet, without independent confirmation from any other lab. But be that as it may, whatever the exact date, whether it’s 15,000, 20,000 or 30,000 years ago, the Chauvet paintings are from the dawn of art. So they are a good place to start our discussion of cave painting.Now, one thing you’ve got to remember is the context of these paintings. Paleolithic humans - that’s the period we are talking about here, the Paleolithic, the early stone age, not too long after humans first arrived in Europe - the climate was significantly colder then, and so rock shelters, shallow caves were valued as homes protected from the wind and rain. And in some cases at least, artists drew onthe walls of their homes.But many of the truly great cave art sites like Chauvet were never inhabited. These paintings were made deep inside a dark cave, where no natural light can penetrate. There’s no evidence of people ever living here. Cave bears, yes, but not humans. You would have had to make a special trip into the cave to make the paintings, and a special trip to go see it. And each time you’d have to bring along torches to light your way. And people did go see the art. There’s charcoal marks from their torches on the cave walls clearly dating from thousands of years after the paintings were made. So we can tell people went there. They came but they didn’t stay. Deep inside a cave like that is not really a place you’d want to stay, so, why? What inspired the Paleolithic artists to make such beautiful art in such inaccessible places? We’ll never really know of course, though it’s interesting to speculate.But, um, getting to the paintings themselves, virtually all Paleolithic cave art represents animals, and Chauvet is no exception. The artists were highly skilled at using, or even enhancing, the natural shape of the cave walls to give depth and perspectives to their drawings, the sense of motion and vitality in these animals. Well, wait till I show you the slides. Anyway, most Paleolithic cave art depicts large herbivores. Horses are most common overall with deer and bison pretty common too, probably animals they hunted.But earlier at Chauvet, there is a significant interest in large dangerous animals, lots of rhinoceros, lions, mammoth, bears. Remember that the ranges of many animal species were different back then, so all these animals actually lived in the region at that time.But the Chauvet artists didn’t paint people. There is a half-man-half-bison creature and there is outlines of human hands but no depiction of a full human.So, why these precise animals? Why not birds, fish, snakes? Was it for their religion, magic or sheer beauty? We don’t know. But whatever it was, it was worth it to them to spend hours deep inside a cave with just a torch between them and utter darkness. So, on that note, let’s dim the lights, so we can see these slides and actually look at the techniques they used.。

Lecture 3

glottis
Vocal cords
Vocal cords
vocal cords glottis
Vocal cords closed
The mouth
nasal cavity 齿龈alveolar ridge upper teeth upper lip lower lip lower teeth 下颌 mandible hard palate硬腭 soft palate (velum) 软腭 uvula小舌
3.3.1 Segments and divergences
When we produce the word “fish” slowly, we can perceive the different segments ( 音段 ) in this word, /f/, /i/ and /ʃ/. The reason for the divergence is that there are more sounds in English than the letters can represent. For this reason, we have to turn to phonetic transcription to make sure of the correct pronunciation of a word.
• Its main principles were that – there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and – that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. – The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary. • These principles continue to be followed today.

lecture 3 科技英语的翻译

1、词汇层面（1）专业术语多。这些专业术语的特点是： a. 词形较长，大多含有源于拉丁语、希腊语和法语的词根、词缀。如：nucleonics (核子学)， semisomnus (半昏迷)， excoriation (表皮脱落)等。 b. 多复合词。人们常常通过各种构词方法创造出一些复合词来表示科技发展中出现的新事物，如radiophotography (无线电传真)， c. 多缩略词。为使用便利和节省时间，科技英语同经贸英语一样，也有许多缩略词， FM (frequency modulation调频)

（6）介词词组连用多。为了较为简练地反映各事物(即各句子成分)之间的时空、所属、因果等逻辑关系，科技英语中介词词组(短语)连用较多。例如： The action of air on an airplane in flight at low altitude is greater than that at high altitude. 空气对于低空飞行飞机的作用力大于高空飞行的飞机。

Lecture 3
Translation of English for Science and Technology (EST)
科技英语(English for Science and Technology，简称EST)是从事科学技术活动时所使用的英语，是英语的一种变体(科技文体)。科技英语自70年代以来引起了人们的广泛关注和研究，目前已发展成为一种重要的英语语体。 I. 科技英语的文体特点科技英语由于其内容、使用域和语篇功能的特殊性，也由于科技工作者长期以来的语言使用习惯，形成了自身的一些特点，使其在许多方面有别于日常英语、文学英语等语体。这些特点主要表现在词汇和句法两个层面上：

Lecture3 学习的类型林轩田

Learning with Different Input Space X
• 上面几部分介绍的机器学习分类都是根据输出来分类的，比如根据输出空间进行分类，根据输出y的标记进们将谈谈输入X有哪些类型。
• 简单总结一下，根据输入X类型不同，可以分为concetet, raw, abstract。将一些抽象的特征转换为具体的特征，是机器学习过程中非常重要的一个环节。在《机器学习技法》课程中，我们再详细介绍。
• 二元分类有线性模型也有非线性模型，根据实际问题情况，选择不同的模型。
多元分类
• 除了二元分类，也有多元分类（Multiclass Classification）问题。顾名思义，多元分类的输出多于两个，y={1, 2, … , K}, K>2. 一般多元分类的应用有数字识别、图片内容识别等等。
学习的类型
知识回顾
• PLA能够在平面中选择一条直线将样本数据完全正确分类。而对于线性不可分的情况，可以使用Pocket Algorithm来处理。
• 本节课将主要介绍一下机器学习有哪些种类，并进行归纳。
二元分类-Learning with Different Output Space Y
• 二元分类的问题很常见，包括信用卡发放、垃圾邮件判别、患者疾病诊断、答案正确性估计等等。二元分类是机器学习领域非常核心和基本的问题。
机器学习类型
• 简单总结一下，机器学习按照输出空间划分的话，包括二元分类、多元分类、回归、结构化学习等不同的类型。其中二元分类和回归是最基础、最核心的两个类型，也是我们课程主要介绍的部分。
•
Learning with Different Data Lablel Yn
• 如果我们拿到的训练样本D既有输入特征x，也有输出yn，那么我们把这种类型的学习称为监督式学习（Supervised Learning）。监督式学习可以是二元分类、多元分类或者是回归，最重要的是知道输出标签yn。与监督式学习相对立的另一种类型是非监督式学习（Unsupervised learning）。

托福听力TPO11原文 Lecture 3-智课教育旗下智课教育

智课网托福备考资料托福听力TPO11原文 Lecture 3-智课教育旗下智课教育以下是小编为大家整理的托福听力TPO11原文中Lecture 3的文本内容，希望大家能够认真阅读，不懂的地方可以参考翻译，相信会有所收获。

下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO11原文中Lecture 3的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，同时，大家也可以登录智课教育论坛进行TPO练习辅导，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。

TPO11 Lecture 3 Environmental scienceProfessor：When land gets develop for human use, the landscape changes. We don’t see as many types of vegetation, trees, grasses and so forth. This in turn leads to other losses: the loss of animal that once lived there. Err…but these are the obvious changes, but there are also less obvious changes like the climate.One interesting case of this…of…of changes in the local land use causing changes in climate, specifically the temperature is in Florida. Now what comes to mind when you think of the state of Florida?Student A：Sunshine, beaches.Student B：Warm weather, oranges…Professor：Yes, exactly. Florida has long had a great citric industry; large growth of oranges, lemons and the like. Florida’s winter is very mild; the temperature doesn’t often get below freezing. But there are some areas in Florida that do freeze. So in the early 1900s, farmers moved even further south in Florida, to areas that were even less likely to freeze. Obviously, freezing temperatures are danger to the crops. A bad barrier of cold weather, a long spell of frosts could ruin a farm and the entire crop, anyway, before these citric growers moved south, much of the land in south Florida, was what we called wetlands.Wetlands are areas of marshy, swampy land, areas where water covers thesoil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil for large part of the year. Wetlands have their own unique ecosystem, with plants and animals with special an interesting adaptation. Very exciting, but it’s not what we are talking about today. Emm…where was I?Student A：Farmers moved south?Professor：Oh, yes. Farmers moved south. But the land was not suitable for farming. You can’t grow orange in wetland, so farmers had to transform the wetlands into lands suitable for farming. To do that, you have to drain the water from theland,move the water elsewhere, and divert to the water sources such as rivers. Hundreds of miles of drainage canals were built in the wetlands. Now these areas, the new areas the farmers moved to, used to be warm and unlikely to freeze, however, recently the area has become susceptible to freezes. And we are trying to understand why.Student B：Is it some global temperature change or weather pattern like El Ni?o or something?Professor：Well, there are two theories. One idea is as you suggested that major weather patterns, something like El Ni?o, are responsible. But the other idea and this is the one that I personally subscribe to, is of the changes in the temperature pattern had been brought about by the loss of wetlands.Student A：Well, how would the loss of wetlands make a difference?Professor：Well, think about what we’ve been studying so far. We discussed the impact of landscapes on temperature, right? What affects does the body of water have on an area?Student A：Oh, yeah. Bodies of water tend to absorb the heat during the day, and then they release the heat at night.Professor：Yes, exactly. What you just said is what I want you all to understand. Bodies of water release heat and moisture backinto the environment. So places near large bodies of water are generally milder, err...slightly warmer than those without water. And what I, another think is that the loss of the wetlands has created the situation where the local temperatures in the area are not slightly different, slightly colder than they were 100 years ago, before the wetland were drained.Student B：Emm…do we know what the temperature was like back then?Professor：Well, we were able to estimate this. We have data about South Florida’s current landscape, emm…the plant cover. And we were able to reconstruct data about the landscape prior to 1900. Then we enter those data, information about what the landscape look like before and after the wetlands weredrained.We enter the data into a computer weather model. This model can predict temperatures. And when all the data were entered, an overall cooling trend was predicted by the model.Student B：How much colder does it get now?Professor：Well, actually the model shows a drop of only a few degrees Celsius. But this is enough to cause dramatic damage to crops. If temperatures over night are already very close to the freezing point, then this drop of just a few degrees can take the temperature below freezing. And freezing causes frosts, which kill crops. These damaging frosts wouldn’t happen if the wetlands were still in existence, just as the tiny temperature difference can have major consequences.《环境科学》教授：当土地发展到适应人类使用，景色就发生了变化。

托福听力TPO12原文 Lecture 3-智课教育旗下智课教育

智课网托福备考资料托福听力TPO12原文 Lecture 3-智课教育旗下智课教育下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO12原文中Lecture 3的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，同时，大家也可以登录智课教育论坛进行TPO练习辅导，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。

TPO 12 Lecture 3 Music historyProfessor：The word opera means work, actually it means works. It’s the plural of the word opus from the Latin. And in Italian it refers in general to works of art. Opera Lyric or lyric of opera refers to what we think of as opera, the musicaldrama.Opera was commonplace in Italy for almost thousands of years before it became commercial as a venture. And during those years, several things happened primarily linguistic or thematic and both involving secularization.Musical drama started in the churches. It was an educational tool. It was used primarily as a vehicle for teaching religion and was generally presented in the Latin, the language of the Christian Church which had considerable influence in Italy at that time. But the language of everyday life was evolving in Europe and at a certain point in the middle ages it was really only merchants, Socratics and clergy who can deal with Latin. The vast majority of the population used their own regional vernacular in all aspects to their lives. And so in what is now Italy, operas quit being presented in Latin and started being presented in Italian. And once that happened, the themes of the opera presentations also started to change. And musical drama moved from the church to the plaza right outside the church. And the themes again, the themes changed. And opera was no longer about teaching religion as it was about satire and about expressing the ideas of society your government without committing yourself to writing and risking imprisonment or persecution, or what have you.Opera, as wethink of it, is of course a rather restive form. It is the melodious drama of ancient Greek theater, the term ‘melodious drama’being shortened eventually to ‘melodrama’ because operas frequently are melodramatic, not to say unrealistic. And the group that put the first operas together that we have today even, were, they were…well…it was a group of men that included Gallo Leo’s father Venchesil, and they met in Florence he and a group of friends of the counts of the party and they formed what is called the Camarola Dayir Bardy. And they took classical theater and reproduced it in the Renaissance’s time. This…uh…this produced some of the operas that we have today.Now what happened in the following centuries is very simple. Opera originated in Italy but was not confined to Italy any more than the Italians were. And so as the Italians migrated across Europe, they carried theater with them and opera specifically because it was an Italian form. What happened is that the major divide in opera that endures today took place. The French said opera auto-reflect the rhythm and Kevin of dramatic literature, bearing in mind that we are talking about the golden age in French literature. And so the music was secondary, if you will, to the dramatic Kevin of language, to the way the rhythm of language was used to express feeling and used to add drama and of course as a result instead of arias or solos, which would come to dominated Italian opera. The French relied on that what is the Italian called French Word 1 or French Word 2 in English. The lyrics were spoken, frequently to the accomp**nt of a harpsichord.The French said you really cannot talk about real people who lived in opera and they relied on mythology to give them their characters and their plots, mythology, the past old traditions, the novels of chivalry or the epics of chivalry out of the middle Ages. The Italian said, no this is a great historical tool and what a better way to educate the public about Neo or Attallaor any number of people than to put them into a play they can see and listen to. The English appropriated opera after the French. Opera came late to England because alltheaters, public theaters were closed, of course, during their civil war. And it wasn’t until the restoration in 1660 that public theaters again opened and opera took off. The English made a major adjustment to opera and exported what they had done to opera back to Italy. So that you have this circle of musical influences, the Italians invented opera, the French adapted it, the English adopted it, and the Italians took it back.It came to America late and was considered to elites for the general public. But Broadway musicals fulfilled a similar function for a great long while. George Champon wrote about opera, “If an extraterrestrial being or two appear before us and say, what is your society like, what is this Earth thing all about, you could do worse than take that creature to an opera.” Because opera does, after all, begin with a man and a woman and any motion.《音乐史》教授：“歌剧”这个词的意思是“作品”。

Lecture 3

例1 “好”的译法●好的开始，是成功的一半。

Well begun, half done.●邻居对她都很好。

Her neighbors are all very kind to her.●这我们好解决。

The problem can be easily solved.●今天下行好几个人找你。

●Quite a few people came in looking for you this afternoon.●你留个电话，有事好跟你商量。

●Give me your telephone number so that I can contact you when necessary.例2 “轻”的译法●这摩托车很轻巧。

●The motorcycle is light and handy.●她动作很轻巧。

●She is nimble in movement.●你说得倒轻巧，你也我捧个奖杯回来。

●You talk as if it were just a walkover. Why not try yourself and see if you can bring back atrophy, too?例3 “考察”的译法●中国明朝的著名旅行家徐霞客一生周游考察了16个省，足迹几乎遍布全国。

●In his lifetime, Xu Xiake, a great traveler in China’s Ming Dynasty, toured 16 provinces,leaving his footmarks in nearly every corner of the country.●为了进行真实、细致的考察，他很少乘船，坐车。

●In order to get a detailed and truthful picture of the places he visited, he usually travelledon foot even when carriages and boats were available.●他总是选择道路艰险的山区，人迹罕至的森林进行考察。

Lecture 3 增词法优质课件

中国经济现在还处于落后状态。
The war boom in the United States of America was only temporary.
美国的战争景气，仅仅是一时的现象。
This transfer continues until a uniform temperature is reached.
一、英译汉时的增词
词汇语法逻辑修辞文化
词汇方面的增词
1. 添加表示具体范畴的词汇英语中常用一些含有动作意义的名词、形容词，或抽象名词表示具体概念，翻译时需增加“ 原理”、“状态”、“现象”等词，以使汉语更加流畅。 China's economy is still backward.
增加的词语是译文中在句法上、语义上、修辞上或搭配习惯上不可或缺的词语。
英译汉的增词主要是出于汉语表达的需要，译出原文所省略的词语，增添必要的连接词、量词或复数概念，表现不同的时态或先后顺序，或从修辞连贯方面考虑，使译文的遣词造句符合汉语的表达习惯。
汉译英的增词主要是使译文符合英语的语法结构和表达习惯，常增添代词、冠词、介词语动词的时体比汉语（着、了、过）丰富得多，有一些时体在汉语中无法采用动词对应的方式，而必须借助添词的手段。
We have been expecting you.
我们一直在期盼您的到来。
I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.
To attract foreign investment, the United States must offer higher interest rate, adding to domestic borrowing and financing costs, which boost inflation.

Lecture3

Lecture 3 (文艺复兴时期及莎士比亚 (1))

Lecture 3 翻译的标准

Lecture_3

保护生物学-Lecture3详解

【托福听力备考】TPO13 听力文本——Lecture 3

Lecture3词类转换资料

Lecture 3

【托福听力资料】托福TPO7听力文本——Lecture 3

【托福听力备考】TPO10 听力文本——Lecture 3

最优化方法Lecture3_单纯形法1

【托福听力备考】TPO3听力文本——Lecture 3

Lecture 3

lecture 3 科技英语的翻译

Lecture3 学习的类型 林轩田

托福听力TPO11原文 Lecture 3-智课教育旗下智课教育

托福听力TPO12原文 Lecture 3-智课教育旗下智课教育

Lecture 3

Lecture 3 增词法 优质课件

Lecture3 学习的类型林轩田

Lecture 3 增词法优质课件