湖南大学研究生基础英语期末考试资料整理
2023年湖南大学英语考试真题卷(5)
本卷共分为 2 大题 50 小题，作答时间为 180 分钟，总分 100 分， 60 分及格。
一、单项选择题(共 25 题，每题 2 分。
每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意)1.The child was asked to ______ for destroying the little girls toy car.A．apologizeB．pardonC．excuseD．admit2.This program ______ your patience and confidence. A．calls forB．calls onC．calls atD．calls about3.Mary was ______ to see so many roses in front of herroom.A．surprisingB．surpriseC．surprisedD．surprisingly4.I was just lying down when I heard someone ______ on the window.A．breakB．tryC．hitD．knock5.The old man ______ son is a famous scientist never received any education~A．whatB．whoseC．thatD．whom6.She still believes in him, ______ be has cheated her several times.A．even thoughB．because ofC．in spite ofD．therefore7.Which of the following statement is true according to the first paragraphA．Edison received the first American patent. B．Edison got the most patents in America at that time. C．Edison was the only American inventor.D．Edison was the first American inventor.8.That suggestion plan was never carded out because _______.A．it was difficultB．it wasn't rightC．not everyone agreed on the suggestion plan D．electric power was too important to the country9.What does “dim” (Line 1, Para. 3 ) meanA．To make less bright.B．To make more bright.C．To mm on.D．To mm off.10.People decided to honor Edison when ______.A．he made his electric lightB．the first invention was madeC．he died more than 70 years agoD．the country realized the importance of electricity11.The suggested plan was to ______.A．turn on all lightsB．mm off all electricity for a short timeC．shut off the fights in citiesD．dim all lights12.What does this passage mainly talk aboutA．Doctor's advice on how to improve our health. B．The advantages of walking.C．Walking and calories.D．How to find me for walking.13.Which of the following is NOT true according to theauthorA．A pair of comfortable shoes is needed if you want to start walking program.B．Walking is very useful for our health.C．The more you walk, the better.D．Walking can make you feel relaxed from pressure.14.Which is not mentioned as one of the advantages of walking in this passageA．It can help you lose weight.B．It gives you more energy.C．It's cheap.D．It helps to increase your appetite.15.Why walking is one of the easiest way to exercise A．Because it is recommended by doctors.B．Because there are a lot of walking programs for you to choose.C．Because you only need to walk 30 minutes daily. D．Because it does not need particular place or time.16.If you walk fast for 30 minutes every day, how manycalories will be used for one weekA．100.B．700.C．1,400.D．200.17.Global temperature will climb an average of 3.5 degrees by 2040 and as much as 9 degrees by 2100. A．地球温度到 2040 年将会爬到 3.5 度，到 2100 年将会爬到 9 度。
研究生英语期末考试(学霸笔记版)
n. 用蒸汽加压煮出的浓咖啡
inspire
v.激发,启示
探索的魔力会激励我们的年轻人去学习数学、科学以及工程学，并为我们培养出新一代的改革者和开拓者。
foray
v. 冒险的尝试,涉足…,突袭
一回到英国，他就利用媒体的高知名度，作为进入政坛的踏板。
brew
v.酿酒,冲泡
k
v.抗拒,抵抗,美元
All in all
总而言之,头等重要的事
At the rate of
以…速度/比例
未来是这样一件东西，每个人都以每小时六十分钟的速度朝它走去，不管他做什么，也不管他是谁。
Drop out
退出,退学,脱离
The Marathon runners raced ahead in the early stages of the race but he had overplayed his hand and had todrop outexhausted with only three miles to go.
Grid
n.电网
Murky
adj.黑暗的，朦胧的，阴郁的
Murky=gloomy
Innovative
adj.革新的，创新的
Malicious
adj.蓄意的，恶毒的
Malicious=hostile
chimera
n.嵌合体，虚构的怪物
Imminent
adj.即将到来的，迫近的
Imminent=impending
dedicated
adj.专注的,献身的
Dedicated=devoted
encompass
v. 包含,环绕,完成
Encompass=include
湖南大学706基础英语(含词汇、语法阅读写作)考试大纲
基础英语（含词汇、语法、阅读、写作）一、指导思想与基本原则基础英语的入学考试主要考察考生的语言基本技能和基本功，主要测试考生读、写的能力以及对基本语言知识和语法的理解和运用，是综合英语语言技能考试，是报考我校“外国语言学及应用语言学”和“英语语言文学”两个学科（含语言学、文学与翻译方向）研究生的专业考试科目之一。
为帮助考生明确考试复习范围和有关的考试要求，特制定本考试大纲。
本考试大纲主要依据英语专业部分课程教学大纲进行编制，同时也结合了其他院校相关课程和考试的基本要求。
二、考试目的通过考查考生是否牢固掌握英语语言基础知识和检测考生词汇、语法、阅读理解和写作等方面的英语综合运用能力和思维能力，考察他们从事科学研究的素质，进而挑选优秀者从事英语专业硕士研究生的学习。
三、考试要求本考试为能力考试，不考查理论知识，但相关语言知识（如语法、词汇等）应该牢固掌握，应掌握英语阅读和英语写作的基本能力。
1．阅读能力方面，能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能来理解难度为八级以上的英语书面材料，能看懂英语书刊报纸上的英语文章，既能理解其字面意义，又能理解其隐含意义；既能辨别出文中的事实与细节，又能概括出全文主旨；了解阐述主旨的事实和细节；利用上下文猜测某些词汇和短语的意义；既理解个别句子的意义,也理解上下文之间的逻辑关系；根据所读材料进行判断、推论或做出结论；领会作者的观点、意图和态度；能把握文章结构、掌握作者思路。
2．词汇和语法方面，能掌握英语常用词汇12000个；掌握常用同义词和反义词；掌握基本的构词知识；运用复合词或派生词的词缀与词根知识造词；正确识别语境化的单词或短语及其释义；熟练掌握英语单复数、时态和语态等基本语法知识，熟练掌握英语的基本句型；能识别和改正语句中的语法错误，能在语境中综合运用语法和词汇知识。
3．写作方面，能够熟练掌握描述、叙事、定义、对比、议论、论说等常用题材和体裁的写作特点和手法，能根据要求写出语言准确、表达得体，具有一定思想深度的文章。
湖南大学研究生基础英语期末考试资料整理
考试范围：1.完形2篇课后、课外各一篇每篇10分共20分2.阅读理解四篇（课外）40 分3.汉译英5*24.英译汉课后练习一个段落，课文中一个段落5*25.写作（summary）20分三、汉译英Unit11.当今的大学生，尽管他们努力地使自己成才，但对未来还是很模糊。
T oday’s students are struggling to establish themselves, but they still have ambiguous feelings about their future.2.一个人如果不能找到自我以外的中心，就不能实现他的自我价值。
所以，理想的本科教育必须使学生超越自我。
A man cannot find his value without finding a center beyond him. So the idealistic undergraduate experience must help students transcend himself.3.我们强烈的希望在大学所学到的知识在今后的工作与学习中能起到重要的作用。
We eagerly hope that the lessons learned in the university will reveal themselves in our performance in the workplace and further education.4.四年的本科学习是走向成功生活的唯一道路，这种说法是无法接受的。
It cannot go unchallenged to say that the 4-year undergraduate experience is the only path to success life.5.在对一个关键的问题作出结论，如果只相信专家而不相信自己，不根据调查的结果，不根据实验的数据，那是在冒险。
湖南大学英语三级考试真题2023年
湖南大学英语三级考试真题2023年全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hunan University English Level Three Examination 2023Part I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are several choices. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete the statement according to the information given.Passage 1Although college graduates generally earn more money than those with only a high school diploma, the salaries of many young college graduates have fallen in recent years. The problem is more severe for young men than for young women. Part of the reason is likely that today's young men are less likely to earn a bachelor's degree than young men of past generations, while young women are more likely than their predecessors to get a bachelor's degree.1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. Salaries of college graduatesB. Gender inequality in college graduation ratesC. Changes in the earnings of college graduatesD. Comparing the salaries of men and women2. According to the passage, which group has seen a decrease in salaries?A. Young menB. Young womenC. Both young men and young womenD. Neither young men nor young women3. Which group is more likely to earn a bachelor's degree today?A. Young menB. Young womenC. Both young men and young womenD. Neither young men nor young women4. Why are the salaries of young men falling?A. They are earning less money than women.B. They are less likely to earn college degrees.C. They are working in lower-paying jobs.D. They are more likely to go to graduate school.5. In what way are young women different from their predecessors?A. They are earning less money.B. They are getting a bachelor's degree more often.C. They are working in higher-paying jobs.D. They are not going to college.Passage 2The benefits of meditation have been proven by scientific research. Meditation has been shown to reduce stress, improve concentration, increase happiness, and even boost the immune system. With all of these benefits, it's no wonder that more and more people are turning to meditation as a way to improve their well-being.6. According to the passage, what are some benefits of meditation?A. Reducing stress and improving concentrationB. Improving sleep and increasing energyC. Boosting the immune system and increasing happinessD. All of the above7. Why are more people turning to meditation?A. Because it is cheapB. Because it is easyC. Because it has benefits for well-beingD. Because it is popular8. What has scientific research shown about meditation?A. It has no benefitsB. It can increase stressC. It can reduce stress and boost the immune systemD. It is not popular9. What do meditation and well-being have in common?A. They are unrelatedB. They are oppositesC. They are linkedD. They are expensive10. Which of the following is not a benefit of meditation?A. Reducing stressB. Improving concentrationC. Increasing happinessD. Boosting the immune systemPassage 3Traveling by train is a great way to see the countryside and explore new destinations. With comfortable seats, plenty of legroom, and panoramic windows, train travel offers a relaxing and scenic way to get from one place to another. In addition, trains are more environmentally friendly than airplanes, making them a sustainable choice for eco-conscious travelers.11. Which of the following is not a benefit of train travel?A. Comfortable seatsB. Plenty of legroomC. Panoramic windowsD. Fast travel times12. Why are trains a sustainable choice for eco-conscious travelers?A. They are faster than airplanesB. They have comfortable seatsC. They offer panoramic viewsD. They are more environmentally friendly13. What is a possible disadvantage of train travel?A. It is more expensive than flyingB. It is less comfortable than flyingC. It is slower than flyingD. It is less scenic than flying14. What is a great way to see the countryside and explore new destinations?A. Traveling by carB. Traveling by trainC. Traveling by planeD. Traveling by bus15. Why does train travel offer a relaxing and scenic way to get from one place to another?A. Because it is uncomfortableB. Because it is slowC. Because it is fastD. Because it has comfortable seats, plenty of legroom, and panoramic windowsPart II: Vocabulary (20 points)Directions: There are 20 words or phrases marked A to T in this part. For each word or phrase, there are four definitions given, but only one is correct. You must choose the correct definition for each word or phrase.For example:16. EuphemismA. A direct and forceful statementB. A subtle way of saying something offensiveC. A polite term used to avoid saying something embarrassingD. A dishonest or deceitful tacticThe correct answer is C. A polite term used to avoid saying something embarrassing.Now, let's move on to the actual questions:16. AggravateA. To irritateB. To easeC. To solveD. To increase17. BenevolentA. KindB. CruelC. IndifferentD. Similar18. DebilitateA. To strengthenB. To solveC. To weakenD. To harm19. IncognitoA. In disguiseB. PubliclyC. SecretlyD. Openly20. NefariousA. ImmoralB. GoodC. InnocentD. SacredPart III: Writing (40 points)Directions: Write an essay on the following topic in about 200 words.Topic: The Importance of EducationIn your essay, you should:1. Discuss why education is important.2. Talk about the benefits of education for individuals and society.3. Provide examples to support your points.Remember to:1. Use your own words.2. Use full sentences.3. Organize your essay logically.---This is just a sample of what the Hunan University English Level Three Examination for 2023 might look like. The actual test may vary in content and difficulty. Good luck to all test takers!篇2Hunan University English Level Three Exam 2023Introduction:The English Level Three Exam at Hunan University is an important test for students to evaluate their English proficiency and skills. The exam consists of various sections to assess students' listening, reading, writing, and speaking abilities. Theexam aims to enhance students' English language proficiency and cultivate their English language learning capabilities.Listening Section:In the listening section of the exam, students are required to listen to various audio clips and answer questions related to the content. This section evaluates students' listening comprehension skills and their ability to understand spoken English in various accents. The audio clips may include dialogues, monologues, and interviews on different topics to test students' overall listening abilities.Reading Section:The reading section of the exam consists of comprehension passages and questions based on them. Students need to read the passages carefully and answer questions related to the content. The passages may cover a wide range of topics such as science, culture, history, and literature to test students' reading comprehension skills and vocabulary.Writing Section:The writing section of the exam requires students to write essays, reports, letters, or summaries on given topics. This section evaluates students' writing skills, grammar, vocabulary,and coherence in writing. Students need to express their ideas clearly and effectively in written English to demonstrate their proficiency in writing.Speaking Section:The speaking section of the exam assesses students' ability to communicate effectively in spoken English. Students are required to participate in conversations, discussions, or presentations on various topics. This section evaluates students' pronunciation, fluency, grammar, and vocabulary in spoken English.Overall, the English Level Three Exam at Hunan University is designed to test students' English language proficiency and skills in listening, reading, writing, and speaking. It plays a crucial role in improving students' English language abilities and preparing them for their future academic and professional endeavors. Students are encouraged to prepare well for the exam to demonstrate their proficiency in English and achieve success in their language learning journey.篇3Hunan University English Level 3 Exam 2023Part 1: Listening (30 points)Section A. Listen to the following conversation and answer the questions.1. What is the man’s job?2. Where is the woman going?3. When does the woman need to be at the train station?Section B. Listen to the following passage and answer the questions.4. Why did the author write the book?5. What is the main theme of the book?Part 2: Reading (40 points)Section A. Read the following passage and answer the questions.6. According to the passage, what are the benefits of exercise?7. What is the main idea of the passage?Section B. Read the following passage and answer the questions.8. What is the author’s opinion on travel?9. What are the two main reasons the author gives for traveling?Part 3: Writing (30 points)10. Write an essay (160-200 words) on the following topic: “The Importance of Learning a Second Language.”Part 4: Speaking (30 points)Section A. Answer the examiner’s questions.11. What do you enjoy doing in your free time?12. Have you ever traveled abroad? If so, where did you go and what did you do there?13. What is your favorite book and why?Section B. Give a short presentation on the following topic: “How to maintain a healthy lifestyle.”Good luck with your exam!。
研究生英语期末考试
研究生英语期末考试Graduate English Final ExamThe graduate English final exam is an important assessment that evaluates students' overall proficiency and understanding of the English language. This exam includes various components such as reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. In this article, we will discuss the format, expectations, and tips for success in the graduate English final exam.The reading section of the exam consists of multiple passages that test students' comprehension skills. Students are expected to read the passages carefully and answer the accompanying questions. It is crucial to pay attention to details, understand the main ideas, and make inferences from the given information. To enhance reading skills, students should practice reading various texts such as news articles, journals, and literary works.The writing section of the exam assesses students' ability to express ideas in a clear and organized manner. Students are required to write essays or reports on given topics. It is essential to plan your writing, including outlining main points and developing a logical structure. Vocabulary, grammar, and coherence should also be taken into consideration. To prepare for the writing section, students should practice writing essays on different topics and seek feedback from instructors or native English speakers.The listening section of the exam evaluates the ability to understand spoken English. Students will listen to audio clips or lectures and answer questions related to the content. Active listening skills are important, such as understanding the main ideas,recognizing supporting details, and following the flow of the conversation or lecture. To improve listening skills, students should expose themselves to various types of spoken English, including movies, podcasts, and conversations with native speakers.The speaking section of the exam tests students' ability to communicate effectively in English. Students may be asked to engage in dialogues or present a topic to the class. Confidence, fluency, and accuracy are crucial in this section. To enhance speaking skills, students should engage in conversations with classmates or language partners, practice giving presentations, and participate in group discussions.To succeed in the graduate English final exam, students should develop a study plan and allocate time for each component. Regular practice is essential to reinforce all language skills. Reading a variety of texts, writing essays, listening to spoken English, and engaging in speaking activities are helpful strategies. Additionally, seeking guidance from instructors, joining study groups, and utilizing online resources can provide further support. In conclusion, the graduate English final exam is a comprehensive assessment that evaluates students' reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. Success in this exam requires a solid understanding of the English language and regular practice in all language areas. By developing a study plan, dedicating time to each component, and utilizing various resources, students can improve their overall proficiency and excel in the exam.。
贵大研一期末考试英语复习
Unit11、There has been much opposition from some social groups,notably from the farming community.一些社会团体，特别是农业界，有许多反对意见。
2、The predominant view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline,dependency,isolation,and often poverty.英国和其他西方国家的主流观点认为老龄化与衰退、依赖、孤立和贫穷常常相关。
3、But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody,either by judges or by most benign of governments 但是，像这样的礼物，无论是法官，还是最善良的政府，都不能颁发给每一个人。
4、The foreman read the verdict of guilty fourteen times,one for each defendant首席陪审员宣读了有罪判决十四次，每一个被告。
5、They fear it could have an adverse effect on global financial markets他们担心这可能会对全球金融市场产生不利影响6、The UK threatened to invoke economic sanctions if the talks were broken off英国威胁说，如果谈判破裂，就要实行经济制裁。
7、There are at least four crucial differences between the new regime and the old government.新政权和旧政府至少有四个关键的区别。
湖南师范大学 专业硕士 期末英语口语考试
1.“Habit is a second nature. Habit is ten times nature.” Do youagree ? Why?It has been rightly said that habit is a second nature. That is what we do often today will soon become a part of our natural self tomorrow. For habit, whether good or bad, is the basis of character and a man is regarded by society according to his habits and disposition.We should never disregard the importance of habit. Some are in the habit of forgetting to do things or of mislaying things. Some have a habit for being always late. Some always give up a job after the first attempt. Some are habitual late-risers; others are always slow; habit causes loss to oneself and irritates others.I still remember a case which is unforgettable to me. It was duringthe summer vacation. After my shopping from the supermarket, I couldn't find my key when I arrived at home and began to do my homework. Being anxious and worried, I began to research each corner of my room for the key. And I even looked for it in everyoneplace of my house where I had passed. However, all that I did came to be vain and I wasted my whole morning in this meaningless thing otherwise I should have finished my homework.Finally, being depressed and frustrated, I told it to my parents and had the preparation of being criticized for my carelessness. It isnot out of my expectation that my parents blamed me, nevertheless my mother gave the key to me which I thought it was lost. She told me that I had forgotten to take it away after inserting it into the lock hole, and instructed me to be more careful in my daily life. Definitely this case indeed gives me alesson that I ought to be careful, and it also makes me recall a typical case which reflect the importance of habit. I think we must make automatic and habitual ,as early as possible,as many useful actions as we can .Because more of the details of our daily life we can hand over to the effortless custody of automatism, the more our higher powers of mind will be set free for their own proper and important work.2.Some people think “I speak both languages”equals “I’m agood translator”，Do you agree with them?I don’t agree with the ideal.The translator is a bridge betweenthe two languages.The translator's task is to create conditions under which the source language author and the target language reader can interact with one another. It is known to all thata good translator’s talentlies in being good with languages. They must have abilities to handle both languages very skillfully,which is the basic requirement for a translator.But it was not enough to become a good translator. Translation is a complicatedandchallenging work. Firstly, as a translator, you are expected to be an expert in translating each individual text.You have to be able to read as well as a critic and write as well as a writer.Secondly, a good translator should be familiar with the culture, customs, and social settings of the source and target language speakers. He should also be familiar with different registers, styles of speaking, and social stratification of both languages.In addition,a good translator should be patient. It is a work taking much time. You cannot act like a child.Today you are happy, and you translate several paragraphs; tomorrow you are unhappy, and you cannot put your heart into it. A translator must be sure that heis in good condition and not be influenced by emotion. In my opinion, translation is a silent work. So a good translator shouldn’t be afraid of loneliness andremaining nameless.Oppositely, he should love this situation and shoulder the responsibility readily.3.Is the work of translation easy or difficult？What is yourproblem while doing translation?I think translation is extremely difficult for me.I know my proficiency level in English is very low, so i will not try a work of translation, unless it is in the Englishexamination.First of all, thebiggest problem is that my vocabulary is very limited; therefore I often don’t understand what the author’s idea exactly,not to mentionfinding the right and appropriate words to express the author’s meaning. Secondly, lack of discourse management strategies;I feel that the original meaning of the text has been changed after my translation.Finally, I don't understand the social background of the original work.I easily put my personal ideas and the imagination into them.Although there are some difficulties in my learning English, but I will continue to work hard and continue to solve my own problems.4. The brainwashing song Little Apple is so popular that it can be heard here and there recently. Some readily dance to the music while others turn up their nose at it. What do you think of the song?Called "brainwashing pop song" by many, Little Apple has become popular overnight in China like Gangnam Style or Tante in the recent past. Like any other brainwashing song, it is simple and easy on rhythm with straightforward but meaningless lyrics and fast paced. I really love this song. First of all, I think one of the main functions of music is to bring happiness to people and this song really makes people relaxed and takes their minds off troubles. It can be quickly learned and easy to follow even devoted to the practical work. It canbe called a sense of the work song. Secondly, I think the lyrics of this song are very enthusiastic, expressing bold love to the lover. If this song was vulgar, that many other songs may have been group of vulgar. Finally, this song has no error values on publicity, also does not mislead the mass. I think that it’s necessary to have elegan t and meaningful music, and they will be the classics of the times and cast a long shadow. While, we also need some simple and crude folk songs which can satisfy the common and natural needs of everyone. Diversification and Inclusiveness is always good for our society.5. What are the major problems in China’s high education system? How do you think we should address them?Now, Chinese higher education systems, which were established since the reform in 1977, have been carried out, and have been developed for more than 20 years. When we review and meditate upon this system, we can find out some negative phenomenon. I have much of my opinions on Chinese higher education and have strong feeling in expressing my opinion.The following questions remain in the current Chinese higher education: As we know, a good education should train students to think for themselves, but the value outlook of traditional education pays much attention to the examination system.A student can or can’t gain credits and graduate is due to weather he or she can pass the allkinds of tests designed by school or other institutions.Thus not only can’t motivate studen ts to learn widely and develop their interests and passion for their major but also deprive the students’ freedom.Another problem in higher education is that there is less relationship between the theories and practices.What we have been learning now in a lot of time is the knowledge of the theories, which maybe underlie the students of the basic knowledge, but at the same time, it also makes students lose a lot of opportunities to discover and implement patterns by themselves in practice, and in the end leads them to be unfamiliar to realistic development of social environment.The third problem is therprevalent administrativization and bureaucratization in many universities.There are some officials who often do not have an academic background, yet they make decisions on issues ranging from setting majors, curriculum planning and performance evaluation to the distribution of funds. And it is well-known that many academics pay more attention to cultivating ties with influential officials to secure their career development than to serious scholarship, as the prevalent bureaucratisation has fuelled the desire for official ranks even among academics. Students are also affectedby these trends .They lose the qualities which as equally important to a person as the person's academic achievement and friendsourcingare her sense of self-worthiness, self-respect, herability to think critically and independently, her ethic standard, and her commitment to her civic responsibilities as a citizen of her country. These are aspects of life that a mere degree in higher education cannot offer to its recipient.The ideal modern university is one with academic freedom, institutional autonomy, and governance by professors and students. There needs to be a reasonable relationship between the education providers, educators and those being educated. Based on these standards, there is really no true modern university in our country at the moment.So higher education shouldfind some equilibrium pots among universities, government and society on the one hand, and on the other, set up equilibrium between economic interest and moral civilization. Only if higher education in China sets up the equilibrium and keeps it well, society would find the graduate students it needs and the graduate students could find their appropriate position in society, and real masters would arise in the future.6. What do you think college students should learn from their college experience?Time spent at a university is a most worthwhile period in a young person's life.This is a time when a student begins to form his or her ideas about life in general.During the four years,he not onlydevelops his academic intellectual abilities, but also develops social skills as well as knowledge and wisdom necessary for choosing a future career.I think that the most important we should learn in college isIndependent thinking. We need to establish the value system of our own, instead of being good boy or girl in the eyes of parents. The foremost objective in college life is not acquiring knowledge and academic skills, but to find your true passion, theidealitywhich you can pursuit during lifetime, and plan for the implementation of each step.In process of search, pursuit and realization, you will naturally understand what knowledge and ability you need, and you will naturally exercise these capabilities. I have ever met many college students who don’t know their own interests and what they really what to do,just following the crowd in different ways.When they faced with graduation, they attributethe confusion, vacantness, and helpless feeling tothe inevitable pain of youth. Eventually, the cost of all this forsocietyisthe simplification of social value orientation and money worship.Because the driving force of social progress don't know what theyreally want. For that reason, I believe that thinking independently and realizing what is the way to be your future life is foremost affairs that the college student should learn from college experience.7. What role does mass media play in our life？How much will itaffect people’s decision?The mass media plays extensi ve role in an individual’s daily life. There is no doubt that the mass media can influence the way that people’s behavior. Advertising is one of the most fundamental and typical way, where consumers are brought into buying what they are shown to be good or popular, with their decisions based on what they saw on television, newspapers or internet. Advertisers can promote, exploit the demands or even produce the needs of people. For example, since 2010online retailers have transformed theSingles' Day, also known as "Double 11" into an epic online shopping extravaganza akin to America's Cyber Monday.On that day you may don’t have much shopping demand, but under the overwhelmingadvertising campaigns, you might unknowingly buy a lot of things online not in the budget and spend lots of money beyond expected.Meanwhile it should be recognized that the mass media canpropagateinformation,changing people’s minds and guide st year,mass media reported many times that mainland touristswere discriminatedand suffered from unfair treatment in Hong Kong.As a result,the number of Chinese travelling abroad during Last Spring Festival went up 10 percent, but the number visiting Hong Kong fell for the first time over the past 20 years because of anti-mainland sentiment. In summary, the media role of informationprovider should be acknowledged and it can greatly affect people’s decisions and action.8. Do you like travelling? Can you share with us the most interesting or unforgettable experience during your travel?I love traveling. Last summer vacation, I went to Hainan. Going to Hainan for one week was a very enjoyable and excited experience for me. I have experienced a lot of things for the first time.In haikou, the sky is also brighter and clearer than that I had ever seen and the climate is totally different from that in Changsha.It was warm there and we could see coconut trees everywhere. I visited the tomb of Hairui, an officer in Qing dynasty who was famous for rectitude andincorruptness. I think he should be the role model of everyofficials. I also went to Boao where is famous for its forum. It was my first time to admirethe sea and the beach in the sunshine. I could clearly see the ocean wavesbreaking on the shore. The ship would lie there mirrored in a perfectly unmoving glossy sea.Tourists sunbathe and frolic in the ocean. Sunshine, beach and seawater, what a joyous and restful holiday!I can’t forget this trip, not only does it give me a lot of joy, relaxation and good memory, but also it give me a chance and time to think about myself and what I want out of life.9. Nowadays, people, especially the youth, like to follow andimitate celebrities.Do you have some tips for them?Nowadays,star-worship is popular among people,especially the youth.However, blindly worshipping and imitatingcelebrities is a kind of irrationalbehavior.To tell the truth，I am a fan of AKB48 but I am not crazy. According to my experience, there are some tips for these youth: Firstly,We can’t be a blindly fanboy or fangirl.Following an idol is not regarding him as a God .He is not your motivation of catfight, either.It is his life you see that you will never live forever.And that person will be very seriously go ahead carrying your dream. Only such a person can be an idol.What you worship should be truly character rather than appearance. Secondly,don't lavish too much time and money on these things. Star-worship should not become your whole life. I think that the cost should not be more than 10% of your expense. Thirdly,abandon the narrow perspective. Your classmate and friend may worship different idols;we can’t force others to accept our own preferences.For example,I like mayuyu-a member of AKB48 but one of my roommatelikes Huachenyu very much who is a littlesilly in my opinion.But we never say onebad wordabout our idols each other. Last but not least,be good at absorbing the positive experience from the idol and don't lose yourself because you can only be yourself.10. Are you fond of travelling? For what purpose do you usually travel?I love travelling. Travel is a good way to refresh and broaden my horizon. During the travel, I can turn off mobile phone and keep away from the Internet; forget my work, study and just enjoy the leisure time. From the moment when I start journey, all the trifles should be locked at my house. Travel is a window for me to know a different world. I have opportunity to meet various people and experience different cultures. It is inevitable that through these experiences i will learn a lot about myself. The ideal that whoi am as a person and what i want out of life might very well be changed.We all get a limited amount of time on this Earth, and no one knows when it will come to an end.As Mark Twain said“Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things you didn’t do than by the ones you did do.”I really don’t want to stay in the same town or city formywhole life, without meeting new people, tasting new foods and seeing and experiencing life as others do.11. On Saturday evening,fireworks are set off on the Orange Isle from May to October every year. It has become a must for tourists to Changsha to watch the fireworks. On the other hand, environmentalists are lobbyingto put an end to this practice. What’s your opinion on this issue?As far as I'm concerned, it’s unrealistic to put an end to thispractice although it has produced a lot of air pollutantsand causedserious traffic congestion with the cost ofa huge amount of money. Fireworkshas been one of the famous travel brandfor Changsha and caused great economic effect and long-lasting social effect.It is reported thatevery Orange Island fireworksattracted an average of 150 thousand people to watch in 2013. At present tourist receipts has grown by35%, and the 97% of tour groups arrangedfor Orange Island fireworks. It has already become a part of cultural construction and an important step towards internationalization of Changsha. In other time, I think that fireworks were set off 30times this year was too much. It may bore the local audiences like me. I think we can conduct SuperFireworks Show in summer every year concluding several activities such as firework;music concert;Outdoor Play and Food Festivalat the same time just like a grand ceremonyinstead of increasing times to set off the fireworks.Meanwhile we couldcelebrate the festivals in summer likeDouble Seventh Festival or Children’s day.Above is only my individual viewpoint.12. What does “happiness” mean to you? What is the best thing happened on you during the last ten years?Happiness is very difficult to define, because it means so many different things to different people.While some people link happinessto wealth and material success, others think it lies in emotions and loving personal relationships. Yet others think that spiritual paths,are the only way to true happiness.In my opinion, happiness is doing what I love with someone I like.My happiest timeduring the last ten years is in the fourthyear of my college. I do not have any courses to learn and I spent most of time with my best friend---Chen Yuanyuan. It was the last free time for us and we didn’t do anything special like travelling together. I realized one year later we had to say a temporary goodbye so I really appreciated the leisure time we live together. We shared each other's gossip and feelings and talk about our life, ideals. We even exchanged our views on social issues and imaginedthe future.Almost every day we eat dinner together and took a walk. Even if it is only face to face with the phone or computer, I also feel very happy. Now she is a civil servant in local government, and we still sent messages everyday.13. What differences do you think your college education has made in your life? Say something about them.Time spent in collegewas a most worthwhile period in my life.Thatwas a time when I began to form my ideas about life and found my real passion. College education was not as a product that used to increase my income in that all-important first job ormaximize the return on investment, but as a platform from which I willgenerate some of the most important features in my life. It’s an intermediary,a capacity builder that led to many more things than at any one moment you could possibly know would be useful.During the four years, I had the opportunity and free time to readextensive books and listen to the lectures of top experts in their fields. I took part in a lot of practical activities to understand the world and other different people better. This stimulation and experiences encouragedme to thinkindependently, ask questions, and explore new ideas, which allowed for additional growth and development and providedme with an edge and opportunity to acquire the graduate education.。
湖南大学2012级硕士研究生普通语言学试题
2012级英语专业硕士研究生普通语言学试题1.Is there FL (faculty of Language) in an individual's brain? Why or why not? (20 points)Actually I quite agree with Chomsky’s statements that among the human cognitive systems is a “faculty of language”(FL), to borrow a traditional term: some subsystem of the brain. FL is close to uniform for humans: it is a genuine species property. The theory of the faculty of language is called universal grammar(UG). Universal grammar is a theory in linguistics, usually credited to Noam Chomsky, proposing that the ability to learn grammar is hard-wired into the brain. The theory suggests that linguistic ability manifests itself without being taught, and that there are properties that all naturalhuman languages share. It is a matter of observation and experimentation to determine precisely what abilities are innate and what properties are shared by all languages.Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a language acquisition device(LAD),which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning. He argues that the child comes into the world with specific innate endowment, not only with general tendencies or potentialities, but also with knowledge of the nature of the world, and specifically with knowledge of the nature of language. According to this view, children are born with the knowledge of the basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal. This innateness hypothesis is based on the observation that some important facts can never be otherwise explained adequately. For example:1). Children learn their native language very fast and with little effort. Considering the fact that small children are not yet intellectually mature for any other sciences. This is surprisingly fast and can’t be explained by other theories except the innateness hypothesis.2). There are other facts that are puzzling if language is not innate. Children learn their mother tongue in very different environments. But they follow more or less the same stages in acquisition: the babbling stage, nonsense word stage , holophrastic stage, two-word utterance, developing grammar, near adult grammar, and full competence.3). The child learns the total grammar of the language during a limited period of time, from limited exposure to speech. He can not only produce and understand sentences he has heard, but also sentences he has never heard before. What he learns seems tobe s set of rules rather than individual sentences.If there isn’t an FL in the brain, how they can achieve this? That is to say that there must be a faculty of language in the brain to facilitate people to learn language.2.What are the differences between structuralism and formalism? (20 points) Structuralism and formalism may sound like they should mean the same thing, but they are different. Structural linguistics is an approach to linguistics originating from the work of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. And it stresses examining language as a static system of interconnected units. But formalism, also called Generative linguistics, founded by Norm Chomsky, is a school of thought within linguistics that makes use of the concept of a generative grammar which is a finite set of rules that can be applied to generate all those and only those sentences (often, but not necessarily, infinite in number) that are grammatical in a given language.The main differences between them are as follows:1.Structural linguistics focus on the systematic analysis and description of the language forms(especially the spoken language), while Transformation-generative grammar, founded by Chomsky mainly reveals the universal grammar in human mind.2.From the theoretical perspective, the structuralism is based on the empiricism but the formalism is based on the rationalism. From the psychological perspective, the former one is based on the behaviorism while the latter one is based on the mentalism.3.The foundation of structural linguistics is a "sign," which in turn has two components: a "signified" is an idea or concept, while the "signifier" is a means of expressing the signified. The "sign" is thus the combined association of signifier and signified. Signs can be defined only by being placed in contrast with other signs, which forms the basis of what later became the paradigmatic dimension of semiotic organization. While formalism theory is distinguished from other traditions by distinguishing competence and performance, which distinguishes in the act of speech its linguistic capacity. Thus, under this approach, each speaker has a linguistic organ specialized in the analysis and production of complex structures forming the speech.4.Structural linguistics was efficient for phonology and morphology, because both have a finite number of units that the linguist can collect. Structural linguistics was not sufficient for syntax, reasoning that an infinite number of sentences could be uttered, rendering a complete collection impossible. Instead, Chomsky proposed the job of the linguist was to create a small set of rules that could generate all the sentences of a language, and nothing but those sentences.5.Saussure advocated the structure of language has nothing to do with history , he thinks that diachronic language study cannot explain the process of language creation. in fact, the basic relationship that play an important role in the language is the equivalent relationship between the symbols and meaning. All kinds of meanings contact with each other and depend on each other to form a synchronic language system. While generative grammar to with the rationalism as philosophical foundation, emphasize to explain people's language ability , not only the description of language behavior. What it will study is to embody cognitive system and the universal grammar in the human brain . Language is not the actual things that exists. This concept is derived from grammar, and only grammar is in existence. Therefore, the TG theory is defined as the study of the grammar and not the language.3.In what aspects does Cognitive Linguistics differ from Formal Linguistics? (20 points)In linguistics, cognitive linguistics (CL) refers to the branch of linguistics that interprets language in terms of the concepts, sometimes universal, sometimes specific to a particular tongue, which underlie its forms. While formalism linguistics is the mainstream of the international linguistics research. Its main purpose is to establish a system of a set of formal principles and rules, trying to find out the explanation of language phenomena from the internal language structure .The difference between the two theories are as follows:1. Cognitive linguistics thinks that the person’s language ability is not an independent ability, but is closely related to a general cognitive ability. While the formalism linguistics thinks that language ability is independent of the other abilities. And it makes the syntax as an independent part ,even as a core autonomy system, and then divided into lexical, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, etc.2. Being opposite with the formalism linguistics, cognitive linguistics thinks that syntax as a part of the language structure is not sufficient. What is more important is the close relation of the syntax and the lexical as well as the semantics.3. The cognitive linguistics thinks that semantics is not only the truth condition, but the combination of subjective and objective, and the semantic always involves people's subjective opinions and psychological factors. But the formalism linguistics defines semantic only according to the true value condition, for example, the meaning of the word "chair" is made up of the objective semantic components,such as the "four legs", "back", "a plane that can sit " and so on. Things that satisfy all these conditions is a chair.4. Cognitive linguistics believes that various categories of units in language, as most established categories, is discrete, and has no clear boundary. But the formalism linguistics tend to think anything in language, such as different classes of word and syntax component , etc. are all with clear boundary and alternative. For example, a noun can not be a verb, and a subject cannot be the object.5. Cognitive linguistics also pays full attention to the influence of the different nationalities' cognitive characteristics on language expression when they admit human cognitive universals at the same time. But formalism linguistics doesn’t.4.Is children early syntactic development based on rules or based on usage? Why?(20 points)Some people consider that children early syntactic development were limited by the universals, so the development is based on rules, while others believe that the motivation of the early language development is from the language environment and usage. I think that it’s mainly based on the rules. The reason are as follows:1.The researchers who believe that the development is based on the rules, make a hypothesis that the children early word combination, which seems to be an easy and simple process, is actually a complex one. It is similar to the adult grammar. And it has the basic grammatical features of the target language and is controlled by the universal grammar. The universal grammar consists of the rules and parameters. The rules prescribe the basic principles for all the human language, and constraint the possible language forms. While the parameters allow the parametric variation which is based on the experience. This reflects the differences among the individuals.2.The universal grammar is considered as the innate and potential language knowledge in the mind and is the original state of language acquisition. This belief and the later research about the parameter missetting by Hyams explain the phenomenon that the early syntactic development is not necessary to obey the grammar of the target language, but it doesn’t mean that the development can change casually. Oppositely, the development os under the constraints of the universal grammar from the beginning and their language behaviors are all in the scope of the universal rules. Thus the researches based on the rules mainly discuss the syntactic structures and their growth and development under the constraints of the rules. But this thought can’t explain the irregularity and limits in the early development of the children syntactics.3. Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a language acquisition device(LAD),which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning. According to this view, children are born with the knowledge of the basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal. This innateness hypothesis is based on the observation that some important facts can never be otherwise explained adequately. For example: 1). Children learn their native language very fast and with little effort, and 2). There are other facts that are puzzling if language is not innate.But it doesn’t mean that the usage has nothing to with the children early syntactic development.It explains the importance and key influence of the language environment, usage and the general cognitive process on the children syntactic development.So the children early syntactic development is based on both the rules and the basis of usage also have some influence on it. These two theories explains the importance and specific influence of the innate knowledge and the acquired environment on the early syntactic development.5. In what aspects does L2 Acquisition differ from L1 Acquisition? (20 points)The differences between the L2 Acquisition L1 Acquisition lie in the following 3 aspects:I. Differences in learners:1. Age: L1 learner as a child has innate capacity for learning language according to nativist theories.2.Motivation: a child had strong motivation for learning L1 to satisfy his or her basic need in communication. L2 learner motivation is much weaker.3.Linguistic knowledge: L1 learner has no previous knowledge of language while L2 leaner approaches the task already known a language, he or she potentially transfers these knowledge.4.Cultural knowledge: L1 learner acquires the cultural norms in the process of acquiring language while the L2 learner has already acquired a set of cultural values, these may enhance or hinder L2 learning.5.Fossilization: the leaner’s grammar is may fossilize. Fossilization occurs when learner’s stop learning while their internalized grammar contains rules different from those of the target system. This failure to reach native-like competence is common in SLA. It does not happen in L1.6.Nervousness about speaking: the fear of making mistakes when speaking the target language. For the L2 learners, of whom are often adolescents and adults, they are usually afraid of making mistakes because they think these mistakes will make them be laughed at by others, but L1 learners, of whom are child, will never take this into consideration.II. Differences in learning conditions:1.Free to be silent: for the L1 learners, they are allowed to be silent, but the L2 learners can’t.2.Opportunities to practice the language: for L1 learners, they have the complete exposure to talk and contact with the native speakers,while the L2 learners usually have opportunities to practice it in the classroom.3.Corrective feedback: for the L1 learners, they usually receive the correct feedback from the meaning and word choice, while for L2 learners, they usually receive the correct feedback from grammar and pronunciation.III. Differences in research styles:1.Purposes and focuses : L1 acquisition researches are always focus on the theoretical purposes and learner strategies , while the L2 acquisition researches are focus on the applied purposes and input.2.Methods: L1 researches usually apply the method of case studies, while L2 with groups of subjects.3.Settings: L1 acquisition researches are studied under the natural setting, while L2 research with the classroom setting.。
湖南大学大学英语期末试卷
College English Achievement Test《大学英语》1级学业测试题Band 1School of Foreign Languages Hunan University湖南大学外国语学院I．Listening Comprehension (20%)Section ADirections:I n this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation,a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questionwill be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause,you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the bestanswer. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single line through the center.Example: You will hear: M: Is it possible for you to work late, Miss Grey?W: Work late? I suppose so, if you really think it’s necessary.Q: Where do you think this conversation most probably took place?You will read: A) At the office.B) In the waiting room.C) At the airport.D) In a restaurant.From the conversation we know that the two were talking about some work they had to finish in the evening. This is most likely to have taken place at the office. Therefore, A) “At the office” is the best answer. You should choose [A] and mark it with a single line through the center.1. A. The man. B. The woman. C. Carol. D. None of them.2. A. She didn’t have a notebook.B. She allowed the man to look at her notebook.C. She wanted to look at the man’s notebook.D. She would mind if the man looked at her notebook.3. A. At a bank. B. At a music store. C. At a restaurant. D. At a library.4. A. He wants to see a film. B. He wants to know the way to the cinema.C. He has no definite idea.D. He wants to know something about the cinema.5. A. December. B. September. C. February. D. May.6. A. The lecture is funny. B. The lecture is useful.C. She doesn’t like the lecture.D. She didn’t attend the lecture.7. A. Take a walk. B. Prepare a meal. C. Go shopping. D. Visit a friend.8. A. Yes, you must take a bus or a taxi to get there.B. No, it is within walking distance.C. No, but you’d better not walk there.D. Yes, you can never get there on foot.9. A. She’ll go to see a doctor. B. She’ll bathe in the sun.C. She’ll stay at home.D. She’ll have her house repaired.10. A. He doesn’t know how to play golf. B. He loves many sports.C. He has no favorite sport.D. He likes to play golf.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hearsome questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After youhear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 14 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. To their home. B. To the market . C. To their field. D. To the other side of the town.12. A. To put the son on the donkey. B. To give the donkey a rest.C. To ride the donkey together.D. To ask their neighbor for help.13. A. The old man and his son were walking to the river.B. The old man and his son were carrying the donkey.C. The old man and his son were walking in the town.D. The old man and his son were riding their donkey.14. A. It’s impossible to please everyone. B. Be good to your parents.C. Do it yourself.D. Don’t trust too many people.Passage TwoQuestions 15 to 17 are based on the passage you have just heard.15. A. Several weeks ago in a street. B. A few months ago on a highway.C. Several years ago in a courthouse.D. A few days ago at a police station.16. A. The police officer gave his a speeding ticket. B. The police officer arrested him.C. The police officer asked him for money.D. The police officer took him to the station.17. A. He must learn to stay away from the police. B. He must take care not to drive too fast.C. He must try his best to avoid punishment.D. He must make every effort to defend himself.Passage ThreeQuestions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.18. A. Twenty. B. Twenty-two. C. Twenty-three. D. Twenty-five.19. A. In Japan. B. In a small town near the sea.C. In Australia.D. In his wife’s town.20. A. He thought he was still on the ship. B. He was dreaming.C. He had a nightmare.D. He was very happy to be at home. II．Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer to each question.Passage OneMarek was a farmer who lived in a village far away. One day he became very ill and everyone thought he would die. They sent for a doctor, who arrived two days later and examined the sick man. The doctor asked for a pen and some paper to write down the name of the medicine, but there was no pen or paper in the village, because no one could read or write.The doctor picked up a piece of burnt wood from the fire. He wrote the name of the medicine on the door of the house. “Get this medicine for him,” he said, “and he will soon get better.”Marek’s family and friends did not know what to do. They could not read the strange writing. Then the village baker had an idea. He took off the door of the house, put it on his cart, and drove to the nearest town. He bought the medicine, and Marek was soon well again. He would not let anyone wash the magic words from the door.21. What was the educational background of the people in the village?A. They were poorly educated.B. They were well educated.C. They couldn’t read and write.D. T hey could only write their own names.22. On what did the doctor write the name of the medicine?A. Floor.B. A piece of burnt wood.C. A piece of paper.D. The door of the house.23. What was it that made Marek well again?A. The bread bake by the baker.B. The medicine prescribed by the doctor.C. A piece of burnt wood.D. The magic of the words.24. What is the meaning o f “sent for” in the first paragraph?A. They sent somebody to fetch a doctor for the farmer.B. They sent somebody to see the doctor.C. They sent somebody to accompany the doctor home.D. They sent the farmer to see a doctor.25. Why would not the farmer let anyone wash the words written by the doctor?A. He liked the beautiful hand writing very much.B. He believed that the magic words would save him when he fell ill again.C. The doctor’s prescription saved his life.D. The farmer wanted to learn the words.Passage TwoOverhead bridges are found in many parts of Singapore (新加坡), especially in places where traffic is very heavy and crossing the road is dangerous.The purpose of these bridges is to enable pedestrians (行人) to cross roads safely. Overhead bridges are used in very much the same way as zebra crossings. They are more efficient although less convenient because people have to climb up a long flight of steps. This is inconvenient especially to older people. When pedestrians use an overhead bridge, they do not hold up traffic. However, when they cross a busy road using a zebra crossing, traffic is held up. This is why the government has built many overhead bridges to help pedestrians and to keep traffic moving at the same time.The government of Singapore has spent large sums of money building these bridges. For their own safety pedestrians should be encouraged to use them instead of risking their lives by dashing across the road. Old people, however, may find it a little difficult climbing up and down the steps, but it is still much safer than walking across the road with all the danger of moving traffic.Overhead bridges serve a very useful purpose. Pedestrians, both old and young, should make it a habit to use them. This will prevent unnecessary accidents and loss of life.26. What is the advantage of overhead bridges mentioned in this passage?A. Taller vehicle can pass under them.B. Pedestrians can climb up and have a view of the city.C. They don’t hold up traffic and are safer for pedestrians.D. They are easier and more convenient for the pedestrians.27. Why were overhead bridges built in Singapore by its government?A. Because they do not hold up traffic.B. Because they provide an easy way for the drivers to cross the road.C. Because they save money for the government.D. Because they save time for the pedestrians.28. Which of the following is true according to this passage?A. Overhead bridges are found in places where traffic is heavy.B. Overhead bridges are found in every part of Singapore.C. Overhead bridges are found in many parts of the big cities in the world.D. Overhead bridges are only found in the capital Singapore.29. The expression “zebra crossings” in paragraph 2 means ____________.A. a safe place where pedestrians use to walk across a roadB. a big animal covered with alternating black and white stripes in AfricaC. a safe place where zebras walk aroundD. a safe place across a road for children to play a game30. What is the writer’s attitude towards overhead bridges?A. It is inconvenient to older people to walk across the road.B. It is much safer though a little difficult climbing up and down the steps for pedestrians.C. Overhead bridges are more beautiful than zebra crossingsD. To build overhead bridges is the order of the government.Passage ThreeCars are an important part of life in the United States. Without a car most people feel that they are poor. An even if a person is poor he doesn’t feel really poor when he has a car.Henry Ford was the man who first started making cars in large numbers. He probably didn’t know how much the car was going to affect American culture. The car made the Unite States a nation on wheels. And it helped make the United States what it is today.There are three main reasons the car became so popular in the United States. First of all, the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in it. The car provides the most comfortable and cheapest form of transportation. With a car people can go any place without spending a lot of money.The second reason cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public transportation. Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the world. Nowadays, there is a good system of air-service provided by planes. But it is too expensive to be used frequently.The third reason is the most important one, though. The American spirit of independence is what really made cars popular. Americans don’t like to wait fo r a bus or a train or even a plane. They don’t like to have to follow an exact schedule. A car gives them the freedom to schedule their own time. And this is the freedom that Americans want most to have.The gas shortage has caused a big problem for Americans. But the answer will not be a bigger system of public transportation. The real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that does not use so much gas.31. When do most Americans feel they are poor?A. When they don’t have a car.B. When they live in a huge country.C. When they don’t use planes.D. When they have a car.32. Why do cars become popular in the United States?A. The United States is huge.B. Public transportation is not so good.C. Americans like to be independent.D. Americans like to move around.33. What public transportation is good in the United States?A. Buses.B. Trains.C. Taxis.D. Planes.34. What has caused a big problem for Americans?A. A new kind of car.B. Public transportation.C. The gas shortage.D. Poor people.35. Which of the following is not mentioned according to this passage?A. Cars have made the nation on wheels.B. Cars have made the United States have a gas shortage.C. Nearly 80% of the American people have cars.D. Cars have made American independent.Passage FourOne of the favorite baseball players in the United States during the 1930’s was Leo Frangio. He was born and raised in New York City. As a boy, he was often in trouble with school authorities. He and his friends used to stay away from school to play baseball.He dropped out of high school to begin playing professional ball. In 1931, as a rookie (新手) with the New York Canaries, Leo hit 38 home runs (本垒打). For the next five years he hit 40 to 45 home runs a year. In 1936 he had his best year, hitting 54 home runs with a 365 batting average.Leo was a hero to people everywhere, but it was the children that he felt closest to. He frequently visited hospitals to talk with sick children. He never got married so he always spent Christmas day with children who didn’t have any parents. The children liked him as much as Santa Claus.In 1937 Leo had a bad year. After he hit 52 home runs again in 1938, the Canaries decided to trade him. Talks were being held with the Blue Birds an the Robins when Leo said that he was going to retire. He said he would never play for a team other than the Canaries.After leaving baseball Leo had several different jobs. First he had a job as PR (public relations) man for a sporting goods company. He didn’t enjoy the work, though, and he quit after one year. Then he tried working as a sports writer. Since he was not such a good writer, however, he soon gave that up, too.Finally in 1940, he began working as a radio announcer for baseball games. He became very popular because he made the game sound so exciting. During the next fifteen years he added much to the language of baseball. But as TV became more and more popular Leo decided to quit announcing. He moved back to New York where he is still active in teaching children to play baseball.36. Which team did Leo play for?A. The Canaries.B. The Robins.C. The Orioles.D. The Blue Birds.37. When was Leo’s best year as a player?A. 1938.B. 1936.C. 1931.D. 1937.38. What job did Leo have the longest?A. Playing baseball.B. Working as a PR man.C. Announcing on the radio.D. Working as a sports writer.39. Why did Leo quit announcing?A. Because he was going to be traded.B. Because he became a sports writer.C. Because he went back to New York.D. Because TV became popular.40. Why did Leo Frangio become popular as a radio announcer?A. He was a very good baseball player.B. He made the game sound exciting.C. He made the game win.D. He was loved by children very much. III．Vocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions: F or each of the following incomplete sentences, there are four words or expressions marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best complete the sentence.41. In our culture, honesty has always been considered a n important ___________ of a person’scharacter.A. elementB. roleC. shareD. practice42. The machine equipped with an automatic control system has an enormous advantage__________.A. than the previous onesB. to the previous onesC. over the previous onesD. on the previous ones43. They decided to _________ in a visit to their relations when they were on holiday.A. fillB. fitC. putD. manage44. A good composition should be well-organized; _________, its language should flow smoothly.A. neverthelessB. moreoverC. occasionallyD. eventually45. One of the __________ of the training programme is that it enables the young people to bebetter candidates for employment.A. adventuresB. measuresC. viewpointsD. virtues46. This year the company ___________ almost twice as many as it did last year.A. turned outB. turned toC. turned inD. turned down47. Scientific discoveries and inventions do not always influence the language __________ theirimportance.A. in the name ofB. in proportion toC. on top ofD. with regard to48. _________ in an exciting novel or film, the passage of time is easily forgotten.A. While absorbedB. When absorbedC. AbsorbedD. When you are absorbed49. The fish tasted so unpleasant that Jane threw it away __________.A. with pleasureB. in disgustC. in despairD. in great disappointment50. With a bigger family income, they will be better ___________.A. upB. offC. tooD. on51. Please drop in whenever you can. I’d like to keep ___________ touch.A. inB. toC. onD. with52. Of course he behaved awfully, but ___________ he is much younger than you.A. as a matter of factB. after allC. above allD. in general53. By doing part-time jobs, students can ___________ social experience necessary for theirfuture life.A. pickB. accumulateC. collectD. practice54. Remember to __________ before you reach the cross-roads, or you may find yourself introuble with the police.A. start upB. speed upC. slow downD. start off55. The car hit the house with such power that it ____________ the wall.A. brokeB. broke downC. breaks downD. breaks56. The children ___________ by the other children because of their last name.A. were ridiculedB. ridiculeC. were ridiculousD. ridiculed57. There were no tickets ___________ for Friday’s performance.A. preferableB. considerableC. possibleD. available58. I’m afraid you cannot avoid ___________ him on campus; the world is so small!A. to meetB. meetingC. meeting withD. being met59. I was amazed ___________ what he said at the meeting.A. withB. fromC. atD. for60. Don’t ___________ this news to the public until we give you the go-ahead.A. releaseB. relieveC. relateD. retain61. It is a __________ to hear his speech.A. boredB. boringC. boresomeD. bore62. I’m afraid I can’t go __________ help you.A. through the way ofB. out of the way toC. in the way ofD. by way of63. My sole object was to get shelter __________ the snow, to get myself covered and warm.A. forB. offC. fromD. over64. Robert surprised everyone when he __________ the job of office manager.A. turned awayB. turned backC. turned downD. turned over.65. We must __________ that the telegram arrives in time.A. secureB. ensureC. assureD. insure66. The child was told to __________ for being rude to his uncle.A. apologizeB. excuseC. punishD. pardon67. “This road used to be much narrower,” one of the tourists __________.A. remindedB. extendedC. pausedD. recalled68. His house is in a wealthy __________ with a school, a hospital, banks an shops.A. neighborhoodB. basisC. routeD. occasion69. Regular review is important. Devote some time during each study hour to reviewing material__________ learned.A. scarcelyB. eventuallyC. previouslyD. exactly70. Do you think he is __________ to give up smoking?A. indignantB. worthwhileC. positiveD. determinedIV．Cloze (5%)Directions: The following passage is taken from one of the texts you have learned. Read the passage and fill in each of the numbered blanks with the exact word that appears inyour textbookOver the years, I have written extensively about animal-intelligence experiments and the controversy that surrounds them. Do 1 really have thoughts, what we call consciousness? Wondering whether there might 2 better ways to explore animal intelligence 3 experiments designed to teach human signs, I realized 4 now seems obvious: if animals can think, they will probably do their best 5 when it serves their own purposes, not when scientists ask them 6 .And so I started talking to 7 , animal researchers, zoo keepers. Most do not study animal intelligence, but they encounter it, and the lack of it, every day. The 8 they tell us reveal what I’m convinced is a new window on animal 9 : the kind of mental feats animals perform when dealing with 10 and the dominant species on the planet — humans.V. Translation (15%)Directions: Translate the following passage into English, using the words and phrases given below.史蒂芬·霍金博士是世界上最著名的理论物理学家之一。
研究生英语答案（湖大考试专用）
研究生英语答案（湖大考试专用）Unit 1.When today ' high-school seniors are asked what they plan to do after graduation, most say that they intend to get a bachelor's degree. They have been told that their generation has only “ one way fcygetting at least a bachelor 'degree, in the hope that it will eventually lead to a professional job.In a recent survey of high-school seniors conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics,85 per cent of the respondents said they planned to get a bachelor's degree. And, although 20 years ago only 45 per cent of high-school graduates went on to college, today 68 percent actually matriculate, with the majority enrolling in four-year or two-year programs designed to allow them transfer to four-year institutions .According to conventional wisdom, the rapid rise in the number of students attending college is cause for national celebration . But our research suggests that instead , it may be cause for national concern. Why? Because for many young people, the “torueinvaaradigm 例子)is not realistic , given their academic talents and the labor-market projections. Students ranking below the top third oftheir high-school graduating class toooften fail to earn as bachelorpurpose of preventing the US from bombing the place.3. Nobody in the family is more dedicated to operating the real estatebusiness than Judy.— .Because of the economic depression, real estate agents are in the dilemma of whether to lower prices or let sales fall off.5. More often than not, Mr. Smith earns great profits by carefulinvestment of his capital.6. John did not make much of a mark in his studies at school, but heexcelled at sports.7.Ordrly transition of responsibilities is a condition for the long-rangeprosperity of a family business.8. You had better have a clear picture of prospects before formulating aplan for investment.9. Although sculpture is a time-consuming art, there are still somepeople following it as a profession.10. The software company is in the midst of being transformed from anindividual proprietorship to a joint venture.Unit 3 .automobile move America through work and play. Wheels spin, and people drive off to their jobs. Tires turn, and people shop for the week food at the big supermarket down the highway. Hubcaps whirl, and the whole family spends a day at the lake. Each year more wheels crowd the highways as 10 million new cars roll out of the factories. One out of every six Americans works at assembling cars, driving trucks, building roads, or pumping gas. America without cars ? It ' s unthinkable.But even though the majority of Americans would find to imagine what life would be like without a car; some have begun to realize that the automobile is a mixed blessing. Trafficaccidents are increasing steadily, and large cities are plagued by traffic congestion. Worst of all, perhaps, is the air pollution caused by the internal-combustion engine. Every car engine burns hundreds of gallons of fuel each year and pumps hundreds of pounds of carbon monoxide and other gases into the air. These gases are one source of the smog that hangs over large cities. Some of these gases are poisonous and dangerous to one ' s health, especially for someone wit a weak heart or a respiratory disease.One answer to the problem of air pollution is to build a car that does not pollute. That ' s what several major automobile manufacturers are trying to do. But building a clean car is easier said than done. So far progress has been slow. Another solution is to eliminate car fume altogether by getting rid of the internal-combustion engine. Inventors are now working on turbine-powered cars, as well as on cars powered by steam and electricity. But most of us won ' t be driving cars run on batteries or boiling water for a while yet. Many auto makers believe that it will take years to develop practical models that are powered by electricity or steam.Key to the translation from Chinese to English:1. The automobile was improved very rapidly after it was invented and soon displaced horses.2. We may have to cut down on the number of privately owned cars and depend more on public mass transit systems because cars pollute and maim or even kill people.3. While wheels (automobiles) have brought with them better or more convenient transportation, they are guilty of many sins, such as air pollution, traffic accidents and traffic congestion.4. Americans are noted for their love for cars and great jobmobility.5. If only advances in fuel quality and efficiency and in technology would radically reduce the emissions from automobiles.6. A highly developed highway network has made possible the easy movement from coast to coast in the United States.7. The very thought of the speed at which the beautiful avenue was constructed electrified every visitor; the road had only recently been torncovepyto lay drain-pipes not long ago.8. Environmentalists have denounced automobiles, believing they are a major factor in the production of dirty air.9. Many new residential complexes have risen up in the suburbs ofdrug treatments for specific illness to improving the overall quality of life . T o accomplish that mission, Eisai developed a wide array of new products. And that, in turn, would require broad involvement and commitment. He encouraged innovative activity and created an environment in which employees ' efforts would be accepted and rewarded .Soon there were proposals for 130 additional HHC projects and by the end of 1996, 73 projects were under way . Now, the company has moved from sixth to fifth place in the Japanese domestic pharmaceutical industry, and Eisai customers and competitors view the company as a leader in health care. Key to the translation from Chinese to English:1. He is an experienced banker and an acknowledged trade expert, not to mention an excellent managing director.2. Regardless of danger, volunteers from an Italian organization for peace have gone to Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, to form a "body shield" for the transportation.10. Despite their love for cars, many people lend credence to the extensive use of the public transport system, which can cut down on traffic congestion.Unit 4 .Children are now leaving home in late adolescence —an earlier age than in the past. Adolescents are no longer involved in making an economic contributiontcsthe family. In fast, there major economic impact is as consumers. Therefore, the family has little reason to keep the child home as an economic contribution. It is becoming increasingly common for young people to leave home for college or to live with someone else when they become employed. Not only do family have fewer children but they have them in school and out of the home at younger ages than in the past.'s degree if they enroll in college. Th&oday it can be said that wheels run America. The four rubber tires of the cost of such failure ------- i n both dollars and unmet expectations -------- i s rising and beginning to erode public confidence in our system of highereducation.Key to the translation from Chinese to English:1. Today's university students are struggling to establish themselves, butthey still have ambiguous feelings about their future.2. A man cannot find himself without finding a center beyond hi. So theidealism of the undergraduate experience must help the student transcendhimself.3. We eagerly hope that the lessons leaned in the universitywill revealthemselves in our performance in the workplace and further education.4. It cannot go unchallenged to say that the 4-year undergraduateexperience is the only path to success in life.5. We run the risk of making critical decisions, not on the basis of what weknow, the findings of investigations, and the data of experiments, but on thebasis of blind faith in professed experts.6. Our task needs a large group of well-informed, caring young people whocan band together, learn from each other, and actively participate in the fourmodernizations.7. If it is to endure, the new school should help the students not onlyacquire a sold basic education and become competent in a specific field, butalso be ready to commit themselves to others.8. It is not too much to say that if undergraduates excessively devotethemselves to examinations, the will push competence and commitment to thefringes.9. I didn't even speak to him; much less discuss the reconstruction of yourschool with him.10. Some people think examinations are second to none, butsome thinkexaminations have a lot of disadvantages. Examinations leave us an openessential question --- what influence do examinations exert on education? Unit2 .A small family-owned company, Eisai, was one of the original manufacturers ofvitamin E, and it maintained a strong research commitment to naturalpharmaceuticals. Over the years, it developed drugs for the treatment ofcardiovascular, respiratory, and neurological diseases. The companyexperienced steady, modest growth, and in 1992 sales reached 197 billion yenand profits approached 13 billion yen. Although it was the sixth-largestJapanese pharmaceutical company, Eisai was a relatively small player in anindustry in which global competition was increasing while growth in thedomestic market was slowing down.In 1993, Haruo Naito took over as president from his father. Before that, hehad chaired Eisai -ys^ivsirategic planning committee. During thattime, he had become convinced that the company ' focus on the disand manufacture of pharmaceuticals was not sustainable forlong-term growthagainst large, global competitors .Two years after becoming president , Naitoformulated a radical new vision for Eisai that he called Human Health Care . Itextended the company'focus from manufacturmetropolitan cities because of the availability of convenient publicThe most suprising findings with regard to children show a negativeimpact on marriage due to children. There has been much evidence that children contribute to greater conflict and uncertainty in a marriage.Studies show that general life satisfaction is the highest for people when they are young, married, and childless. Other studies show that American couples with children at home tend to have lower marital satisfaction than those without children. For both men and women, reports of happiness and satisfaction drop ----and don ' t rise again until the children are grown and about to leave the nest.Key to the translation from Chinese to English:1.Some professional observers believe that young people today are no longer interested in politics and causes, but rather, have become increasingly preoccupied with issues closer to themselves.2. The higher a woman ' s educational attainment, the more likely she is to go out of the private setting of the nuclear family and to realize herself inthe community.3. As far as I am concerned, what really lies behind thedecision of some married couples not to start a family is that they are so narcissistic and have no margin of love to spare others.4. The company put on the market a registered invention even without asking the inventor ' s permission, which goes against the patent law.5. Urged by some other countries, the United Nations has pressured the country to give up developing and using nuclear weapons.6. According to the rule that every member should remain childless, Mr. And Ms white have no alternative but to withdraw from the Non-Parent Association, for they will attain parenthood soon.7. He expects to reveal, by presenting a soap opera, the complexity implicit in real life.8. In virtually every country, drug abuse, alcohol abuse and child abuse loon as most challenging social problems.9. When interviewed, these elderly people rationalized why they were ambivalent about today ' s young people.10. Many college students are far more concerned with how to get a highly-paid job on graduation and how to receive a quick promotion in the competitive society.Unit 5 .In the world ' s rich countries, when you retire at 65 you can expect to live on average, for another 15 or 20 years. A hundred yesrs ago you would, on average, have been already dead .the late 20th century has brought to many the ultimate gift; the luxury of aging. but like any luxury, aging isexpensive .governments are fretting about the cost already ;but they also know that far worse is to come :over the next 30 or 40 years,the demographic changes of longer lives andfewer births will force most countries to rethink in fundamental ways their arrangements for paying for and looking after older people.In 1990 18% people in oecd countries were aged over 60. by 2030 that figure will have risen to over 30%. The share of the old ” (thbsldest over 80 ),now around 3%, is set to double .the vast majority of these older people will be consumers,not producers .thanks to state thansfers,being old in developed countries mostly no longer means being poor .the old people will expect decent pensions to live on;they will make heavy demands on medical services ;and some will need expensive nursing care. Yet while their numbers are expanding fast, numbers of people at work --- who will have to foot the bill ---will stay much the same ,so each worker will have to carry a much heavier burden.Mass survival to a ripe old age will not be confined to rich countries. Most developing countries,whose populations are now much younger than the developed world ' s, are starting to age fast.Key to the Translation from Chinese into English:1.Generally, people have become more compassionate and quite a few families have taken in an orphan from the municipal orphanage.2.It is a demanding task for a workingwoman to look after her parents and her children while holding down a job.3. At first we were worried about their first stay in a foreign country but things there worked out much better for them.4. Today's middle-aged people have fewer children than their parents did and the aging population problem may weigh on them in about 40 years.5.It is hoped that the current reform in education will betterset students up to meet the challenges from society.6. The government intends to transfer some of the health-care burden to the individual family but family members are not always available for the task because they cannot break away from their jobs to look after the sick elderly.7. There is an increasing demand for beds in the nursing home, and we have to try every possible means to free them up.8. With the large elderly population in this country, financing of health care and pensions could care the devil out of the government.9. The young couple has to make some sacrifice to avoid letting their old beloved father down.10. What they had gone through in looking after their sick old father made them more compassionate, and they made a donation to the nursing home。
湖南省考研外国语言文学专业复习资料语法要点梳理
湖南省考研外国语言文学专业复习资料语法要点梳理考研外国语言文学专业是许多语言爱好者的选择，而在考研的过程中，语法是一项必须要掌握的重要内容。
本文将梳理湖南省考研外国语言文学专业复习资料中的语法要点，帮助考生们更好地复习和备考。
1. 词类和句法结构在学习外国语的过程中，首先要熟悉各词类的定义和特点。
名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词等都有各自的特点和用法。
掌握这些基础知识，有助于理解句子的结构和语法规则。
2. 时态和语态时态和语态是语法中的重要内容。
在考研过程中，要对各种时态和语态进行系统的学习和掌握。
掌握时态和语态的规则，能够正确地表达过去、现在和将来的动作，并且灵活运用被动语态和主动语态。
3. 语法关系和从句在复合句中，各种从句是常见的语法现象。
主从复合句、定语从句、状语从句等都需要考生们熟练掌握。
了解从句和主句的语法关系，可以帮助考生们正确理解和使用复合句。
4. 语气和虚拟语气语气是指语句中所含有的情绪和语氛。
在外语学习中，语气变化丰富多样，比如陈述语气、祈使语气、疑问语气等。
特别需要注意的是虚拟语气的使用，掌握虚拟语气的用法可以使表达更加准确和地道。
5. 语法错误分析和纠正在复习语法要点的过程中，考生们要注意分析和纠正一些常见的语法错误。
比如主谓一致、动词时态和语态的误用、冠词和介词的误用等。
通过对语法错误的分析和纠正，可以提高语法运用的准确性。
6. 常见语法考点考研外国语言文学专业中，存在一些常见的语法考点。
比如倒装句、强调句、省略句、比较结构、名词性从句等，这些考点在考试中经常出现，考生们要对这些内容进行重点复习。
7. 阅读理解中的语法分析外国语言文学专业考研中的阅读理解题目中，经常涉及到语法分析和语法推断。
考生们要善于通过对文章句子结构和语法规则的分析，来理解和解答问题。
综上所述，湖南省考研外国语言文学专业的语法要点涉及词类和句法结构、时态和语态、语法关系和从句、语气和虚拟语气、语法错误分析和纠正、常见语法考点以及阅读理解中的语法分析等内容。
研究生基础综合英语unit6期末考试复习资料
研究生基础综合英语unit6期末考试复习资料Unit 6 练习Unit 6 Text A Give globalization a hand It is __1__ that makes the economy of both the _2_ countries and the __3__countries more developed. The economies between countries become more and more _ 4_, which is benefit to the __5__, __6__ and__7__ to the global economy. __8__----the crucial vehicle of the market economy has become more and more sophisticated. Today’s global economy increasingly specializes in the finer __9__ instead of goods.Globalization is a great source of strength. It not only brings the economic__10__, but also is a __11__ to the disruptive events. Thanks to globalization, even some countries’ economies slack off, with other cou ntries’ anticipation in the global economy, the whole economy of the world can stay comparatively __12__and__13__.Unfortunately globalization is not an inexhaustible____14____. Like economic or social__15__, globalization faces risks that could challenge its growth or, worse, cause its reversal. People have been reminded that human folly could once again __16__ the unthinkable. The strategies to tackle a new wave of globalization__17__ can be learned through hard experience.To seek global progress and security, every country should keep its house in order and __18__ with other countries. However the value of __19__cooperation seems to have been __20__. Frequently people tend to __21__ the international laws, agreements and institutions and failed to __22__ these indispensable instruments. Fortunately, though much vilified in recent years, the United Nations still play an important role in__23__ the new military conflagration in the Middle East.参考答案：1 globalization2 rich3 poor4 interdependent5 scale6 flexibility7 productivity8 Specialization9 tasks 10 opportunities11 resilience 12 dynamic 13 stable 14 Force 15 phenomenon16 cause 17 reversal 18 co-operate 19 international 20 forgotten21 ignore 22 update 23 subduingUnit 6 Text A Give globalization a hand①The force of ②has brought economic growth both in rich andpoor countries.③ of national economies Contemporary supply chains need to be ④⑤of globalization Economic opportunities and remarkable⑥provided byglobalization make us sail through the stormy waters.Globalization helps to support overall demand and growth andkeep international finance ⑦⑧ A country’s⑨supportingRuled-based international ⑩1. Introduction/Fact2.globalization3.Interdependence4.specialized5.Advantages/Benefits6.resiliences7.stable8.Strategies/Ways /Solutions 9.rational 10.cooperationUnit 6 Text B All Cultures Are Not EqualVocabulary and Grammar1. The two armies _______ on the enemy capital for the last battle of the war.A. convergedB. gatheredC. assembledD. rallied2. Take market as the direct, aggrandizement core compete, __________ nation and international market.A. carve upB. carve inC. carve outD. carve for3. Investigators have only ____________ how many physiochemicals exist and how they work.A. an interest inB. an inkling ofC. an impact onD. an insight into4. Like it or not, our families ________ our lives and make us what we are.A. buildB. formC. moldD. shape5. Wherever and whenever abortion-notification laws have been passed, gonorrhea rates in the teenage and adult populations start to__________.A. deviateB. strayC. divergeD. deflect6. The new rich have also been some of the most ＿bidders at auctions.A. agreeableB. aggressiveC. dangerousD. aggrieved7. When your living depends on the ＿of your farmland, the climate is vitally important.A. richB. fertileC. fertilityD. productiveness8. However, instead＿brothers in arms they are now a little like distant cousins.A. beingB. likeC. to beD. of being9. Why don't you hug someone, just kiss someone, the best is yet ＿.A．to coming B coming C to come D come10. We’ll plant trees tomorrow, and I don’t know_____ Tom will come an d join us.A. ifB. whichC. whatD. Where答案ACBDC BCDCAFast reading1. ( ) Wh at’s the main idea of the passage?A. Although the American is “globalized”, its cultures do not.B. The causes of culture differences among countries.C. Economically globalization leads cultures into identity.D. Although the world is moving into an economically globalized village, cultures differ a lot.2. ( ) According to the passage, what makes workplace and lifestyles diverge?A. the rejection of globalizationB. few cultural unifiersC. the specialization of economyD. people’s pursuit for personalit ies3. ()Why does the author take the examples of Islamic extremists and American Jews?A. To show that the cultures are divergingB. To state that they have the ability to create their own cultureC. To show that transnational dreams are diverging.D. To prove that people rejecting globalized culture drive the events.4. ( ) What does the wor d “inkling” in the last paragraph mean?A. suggestionB. pictureC. enlightenmentD. idea tip hint5. ( ) Which is wrong according to the passage?A. The field of certain national traits is regarded as an impolite inquiry.B. Globalization and the revolution in communications technology have a positive effect on gathering people.C. Many Americans like to move to the place where people like themselves.D. The members of anti-globalization did not inherit their identities when creating their own subculture.6. ( ) What can we infer from the passage?A. All groups and cultures are equally wonderful.B. It’s the material factor that causes cultural divergence.C. People enjoying one kind of lifestyle are willing to make friends with those of another.D. Realizing transnational dreams like European unification still has a long way to go.7. ( ) What’s the author’s attitude towards cultural divergence?A. positiveB. neutralC. negativeD. not mentioned8. Although Americans is th ought of having been “globalized”, you can still find amazing cultural segmentation.9.The members of anti-globalization took the advantages of modernity、affluence and freedom to create _ a do-it-yourself tribalism _10. According to the author, when you are an 18-year old kid with a really big brain, you can go into the field certain national traits. We can also call it the field of ___ cultural geography .答案: 1-7 DCDABDC 8. amazing cultural segmentation 9. a do-it-yourself tribalism 10.cultural geography。
研究生基础综合英语_期末复习
【词汇题】Unit 11.this research seems to lend some validity（有力的）to the theory that the durgmight cause cancer.2.in a number of developing countries, war has been an additional impdiment（障碍）to progress.3.Anthea was about to play her trump card（王牌）: without her signature none ofthe money could be released.4.I flunked（挂科）my second year exams and was lucky not to be thrown out ofcollege5.I didn’t want to lose my composure（镇静）in front of her.6.the management did not seem to consider office safety to be a priority（优先）7.for three hours a committee of state senators listened to a parade（一系列）oflocal residents giving their opinions8.thousands of lives will be at stake（在危机关头）if emergency aid does not arrivein the city soon.9.brierley’s book has the merit（优点）of being both informative and readable10.I think there was a conspiracy （阴谋）to keep me out of the committee.Unit 211.it is not easy for Chinese people to respond properly to others’compliments andequally difficult for them to accept criticisms gracefully.（优雅）12.we should be truly thankful to Mr. Deng Xiaoping for taking the plunge（做一个决定）and initiating the economic reform in china.13.Unfortunately, television studios are strangely designed and dressing-rooms areoften miles away from the studio, so we had to find a place where she and her entourage（随从人员）could relax in comfort without the need to climb stairs.14.what is the use of whining about（发牢骚）your bad luck? It is more important tofind the real cause of your misfortune.15.the rising real estate prices thwarted（阻碍）his ambition of owning a houses ofhis own in the big city. Disappointed, he returned to his hometown.16.the old woman sat silently beside her collapsed hous, her eyes brimming with（充满）tears and hatred.17.he writes clearly and lightheartedly about the 100 best rivers and gives his expertadvice on how to navigate（航行）their reaches.18.outside the forest the snow was already six inches deep and growing steadily,relentlessly（无情地，残忍地）deeper.19.there is no doubt that his duty extends to informing his patient, if asked, of thenature of his illness and its likely prognosis.（预测，诊断）20.those who are climbing the career ladder fast may use alcohol as a booster to helpthem to achieve, and those who recognize that they have failed to reach the top may also turn to alcohol, in an attempt to bolster（支持，提升）their failing self-image.21.a typically Chinese countryside house is one whose eaves protrude（伸出，突出）over the wall.22.the ship came back from the region that had just been attacked by a strange disease.Thus the health officials placed all its crew in quarantine.（检疫）Unit 323.given the sophistication （成熟）of modern machines, there is little that requiremanual labor.24.after the police released their report, john was exonerated（开脱）from allresponsibility for the accident.25.the world constructed by online games seems to many youngsters a reasonablesurrogate（代理）for “real life”, although what they see is not real in the least.26.in a speech at the Congress, the president extolled（赞美）the virtues of freeenterprise and expressed his distaste for the blatant hegemony in IT industry. 27.he soon became notorious because he enjoyed deriving perverse（倒行逆施）satisfaction from embarrassing people.28.I endorse（赞同，支持，认可签署）everything that has been said from both sidesof the House in support and admiration of him and of the courage and fortitude that he and his family have displayed.29.the opposition members of the parliament derided（嘲笑，嘲讽）the Government’s response to the crisis.30.the poor woman was defrauded（骗取）of her money by a dishonest accountant.31.the other guests were stunned into silence as he began swinging into the gaggle（一群）of giggling photographers and kicking at them frantically.32.back to the US, the sly businessman was faced with racketeering（敲诈勒索）charges that may send him to life imprisonment.Unit 433.it is certainly undemocratic, and many people are beginning to feel that it border on（相当于）the unconstitutional.34.traditionally, organizations are constructed pyramidally, with a hierarchy（阶级资料）most powerful at the top and progressively less so as the pyramid spreads downwards35.“No theory explains everything,”she remarks. “Yet it is just the desire to explaineverything which is the spur（刺激，激励）of theory.”36.the archaeologist in the film knew that there was a curse（祸因，诅咒）uponanyone who entered the pyramid.37.I have always believed tourism has an important part to play in the spreading ofunderstanding between countries, as well as being a catalyst（促进）for economic development.38.her body looked diminished, almost shiveled,（枯萎）in the huge chair, and herhands on the arms began very gently to shake.39.the talks will not be easy and the fundamental differences between the partiesremain as potentially irreconcilable（不可调和的）as ever.40.a real love song is infinitely more appropriate for christmas than a trashy songcooked up（编造）as a commercial gimmick.41.a local builder offered to knock down the remains of the house in exchange for thematerials he could salvage.（抢救）42.edward now wore the manic look of some animal transferred into the wrongenvironment, as though he might run amok（四处狂奔）,or bite.43.Alan attempted to read every press clipping, interview anyone who ever knew themovie star, and cobble together（拼凑）a book out of it.44.some sociologists tend to bemoan（哀悼）the loss of community in the face ofmodern urbanism; there is a wistful longing for the past in their analysis of the modern world.Unit 545.“you just can’t escape the fact （忽略事实）that we’re in a transformational period,”Cole said. “the old way is not survivable. Investors, mangers and laborers all have accepted that big things have to be done.”46.I think you’ve just put your finger on（指出）the biggest problem facing theConservative party in this election47.the great conundrum（谜）of my life is that my public career continues to flourishand expand even at a time when the muic I love, the music I write, the music I champion, the music on which I am the world’s leading expert, is utterly out of fashion in every segment of musical society.48.Flummoxed（使胡乱）by the surreality of history and the mind-boggling changesunleased in the 60s, many writers in that era became minimalists, withdrawing, turtlelike, inside their own homes and heads.49.Hannah Arendt’s clear message is directed at the citizens of democratic societies thatthe raison d’etre（存在的理由）of politics is freedom.50.According to a survey of college graduates recently released by the gobernment’sCouncil of Labor Affairs(CLA), the average starting monthly salary for college graduates in 2006 decreased, which reveals stagnation（停滞）in economy. 51.Financial incentives（鼓励机制）are said to exist where an agent can expect someform of material reward—especially money—in exchange for acting in a particular way.52.Girls form dalit families, the lowest in the caste hierarchy in India have the yearning（渴望）for formal school education.53.the heated argument is getting out of control. And it must be admitted thatChallenger is provocative（积极的）in the last degree, but Summerless has an acid tongue, which makes matters worse.54.Malaise（不舒服，不适）is a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, an “outof sorts”feeling, often the first indication of an infection or other disease.【翻译句子】Unit 11.Our youngest,a word-class charmer,did little to develop his intellectual talents but al ways got by Until Mrs.Stifer.我们的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷,学习不怎么动脑筋,但是总是能蒙混过关,直到Mrs.Stifer 成为他的老师,这种局面才得以改变.2.No one seems to stop to think that ---no matter what environment they come from ---most kids don’t put school first on their list unless they perceive something is at st ake.似乎没有人停下来想想看,无论孩子来自何种环境,他们当中大多数若不是发现情况到了危机关头,才不会把功课当成头等大事呢。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
考试范围：1.完形2篇课后、课外各一篇每篇10分共20分2.阅读理解四篇（课外）40 分3.汉译英5*24.英译汉课后练习一个段落，课文中一个段落5*25.写作（summary）20分三、汉译英Unit11.当今的大学生，尽管他们努力地使自己成才，但对未来还是很模糊。
T oday’s students are struggling to establish themselves, but they still have ambiguous feelings about their future.2.一个人如果不能找到自我以外的中心，就不能实现他的自我价值。
所以，理想的本科教育必须使学生超越自我。
A man cannot find his value without finding a center beyond him. So the idealistic undergraduate experience must help students transcend himself.3.我们强烈的希望在大学所学到的知识在今后的工作与学习中能起到重要的作用。
We eagerly hope that the lessons learned in the university will reveal themselves in our performance in the workplace and further education.4.四年的本科学习是走向成功生活的唯一道路，这种说法是无法接受的。
It cannot go unchallenged to say that the 4-year undergraduate experience is the only path to success life.5.在对一个关键的问题作出结论，如果只相信专家而不相信自己，不根据调查的结果，不根据实验的数据，那是在冒险。
We run the risk of making critical decisions, not on the basis of what we kwon the findings of investigations, and the data of experiments, but on the basis of blind faith in professed experts.6.我们的事业需要一批受过良好教育又能关心他人的年轻人，他们能团结一致相互学习，积极参加四化建设。
Our task needs a large group of well-informed caring young people who can band together, learn from each other, and actively participate in the four modernizations.7.如果这所新学校要有生命力的话它培养的学生不仅要有扎实的基础和熟练的专业技能还要有奉献精神。
If it is to endure, the new school should help the students not only acquire a solid basic education and become component in a specific field, but also be ready to commit themselves to others.8.如果大学生对考试过于投入，就有可能把能力与奉献放到次要的地位，这样说一点也不过分。
It is not too much to say that if undergraduates excessively devotethemselves to examinations they will push competence and commitment to the fringes.9.我甚至没有跟他说话，当然更不用说与他讨论有关你们学校的改建问题。
I d idn’t even speak to him, much less discuss the reconstruction of your school with him.10.有人认为考试是很重要的，但也有人认为考试有不少弊端。
所以考试留下了一个未能解决的问题——考试对教育有什么影响。
Some people think examinations are second to none, but some think examinations have a lot of disadvantages. Examinations leaves a open essential question- what influence do examinations exert on education.阿诺德.汤恩比说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自于挑战及由此引起的反应。
没有挑战就没有反应，没有发展，没有自由。
所以，我们首先应该在我们孩子能力所允许的范围内为他们开设最严格，最富有挑战性的课程。
我们可以向我们的孩子提供的第二个机会是允许他们有失败的权利。
德.纽伊写到：“自由自由不仅是一种特权，也是一种考验。
”如果没有人可以失败，那它算什么考验，算什么自由呢？美国可以向所有在高中读完四年课程而不管其是否取得任何收获的学生发放毕业文凭的日子已经一去不复返了。
我们现在生活在一个越来越小的世界里，我们必须对现实保持清醒的认识，而现实主义要求树立一个要么成功要么失败的标准。
这些话听起来很刺耳，但是都是残酷的事实。
如果我们剥夺了孩子失败的权力，实际上我们就剥夺了他们如实地认识世界的机会。
Unit21.他不但是位出色的银行家和公认的贸易专家，而且还是位经验丰富的企业管理家。
He is an experienced banker and an acknowledged trade expert, not to mention an excellent managing director.2.意大利的一个和平组织的志愿者不顾危险，已经开赴伊拉克首都巴格达，组成“人体盾牌”，以阻止美国轰炸该地。
Regardless of danger, volunteers from an Italian organization for pace have gone to Baghad, the capital of Iraq, t o form a “body shield” for the purpose of preventing the U.S. from bombing the place.3.在这个家庭里，没有人比茱蒂能更致力于经营房地产生意。
Nobody in the family is more dedicated to operating the real estate business than Judy.4.由于经济不太景气，房地产经纪人正处于降低房价或减少销量的两难境地。
Because of the economic depression, real estate agents are in the dilemma of whether to lower price or let sales fall off5.史密斯先生往往靠慎重的投资而获取巨额利润.More often than not, Mr.Smith earns great profits by careful investment of his capital.6.约翰在学校里各门功课的成绩都不怎么样，但在体育方面倒是身手不凡。
John did not make much of a mark in his studies, but he excelled at sports.7.有条不紊的职责交接是家庭企业长期繁荣的一个条件。
Orderly transition of responsibilities is a condition for long-range prosperity of a family business.8.在制定投资计划之前，你最好对投资前景有个清楚的了解。
You had better have a clear picture of the prospects before formulatinga plan for investment.9.尽管雕塑费时，但是仍有一些人以雕塑为职业。
Although sculpture is a time-consuming art, but there are still some people follow it as a profession.10.这家电脑软件公司正处于从独资经营到合资经营的转化过程中.The software company is in the midst of being transformed from an individual proprietorship to a joint venture.业主不仅进取心强而且精力充沛，他们往往擅长于多种技能，在很多情况下，他们既是生产专家，又是营销天才或经验丰富的金融家。
要接替他们工作需要较多的人。
因此，家庭企业的业主应当通过制定组织机构图来明确规定企业该怎样运作。
参与交接过程的每个主要成员也应当制定他们自己的组织机构图。
然后对他们进行比较。
各机构之间的不同点将表明管理体制上的差异，存在误会的主要方面及观念上的分歧。
没有忠心耿耿的雇员，很少有企业能发展壮大，即便是家庭企业也是如此。
这些尽职的雇员多半担任了主要的管理职务。
务必让雇员了解公司长远的交接计划，而主要的企业管理人员必须清楚的知道他们在产业交接管理机构中的职责。
改进企业的劳保福利制度以吸引和留住主要部门的经理，激发他们的积极性，使他们能够为企业和业主的最大利益而工作。
Unit 31.汽车诞生后发展很快，不久就替代了嘛。
The automobile improved very rapidly after it was invited and soon displaced horses.2.由于汽车污染环境并严重伤害人体，甚至杀人，我们可能不得不削减私人拥有汽车的数量而更多的依赖公共交通系统。
We have to cut down on the number of privately owned cars and depend more on mass transit systems because cars pollute and maim or even kill people.3.汽车轮子给我们带来更好、更为便利的交通时，它也应对诸如空气污染，交通拥挤之类的许多问题负责。