爱尚资料收集 (7)
海马爱尚电动车维修手册下册
基本资料-江磊个人简介
江磊
设计总监
深圳市爱尚环境设计有限公司设计总监
深圳市逸尚东方室内设计有限公司设计总监
中国室内设计师协会会员
万达集团样板房精装修、陈设艺术设计战略合作伙伴、中洲控股精装修、陈设艺术设计战略合作伙伴。
为样板间、售楼处及公共办公环境空间、豪华会所、私家别墅、酒店等领域提供室内设计及软装陈设。
主要作品：
万达集团海口售楼处设计
万达集团昆明双塔甲A写字楼展厅设计
万达集团三水样板间设计
中洲控股上海里程售楼处样板间设计
中洲控股惠州湾上花园、中央公园、天御样板间设计
中洲控股惠州总部办公室设计
中洲控股成都锦城湖岸售楼处、样板间设计
中洲控股青岛中央城邦售楼处、样板间设计
广东中泰家具实业有限公司办公室及展厅设计
成和金属家私（深圳）有限公司展厅设计
金达照明有限公司办公室设计
深圳万悦格兰云天国际酒店设计
设计座右铭：设计是灵魂的画笔，创造感动的空间。
二四六资料精选大全
二四六资料精选大全
（最新版）
目录
1.介绍二四六资料精选大全
2.资料的种类和来源
3.资料的筛选和整理过程
4.使用二四六资料精选大全的好处
5.结论
正文
一、介绍二四六资料精选大全
二四六资料精选大全是一个集合各类实用资料的平台，为广大用户提供精选的、高质量的资料。
无论是学生、上班族还是创业者，都能在这里找到适合自己的资料，满足学习、工作和生活的需求。
二、资料的种类和来源
1.种类：二四六资料精选大全涵盖了多个领域，包括学术、职场、生活、技术、娱乐等。
用户可以根据自己的需求选择相应的资料。
2.来源：资料来源于互联网上的各种渠道，如官方网站、权威机构、知名媒体等。
我们严格筛选资料来源，确保资料的准确性和可靠性。
三、资料的筛选和整理过程
1.筛选：我们拥有一支专业的团队，对收集到的资料进行严格筛选，剔除错误、重复和不实用的资料。
2.整理：对筛选后的资料进行分类整理，方便用户快速找到所需资料。
同时，我们将资料进行定期更新，以满足用户不断变化的需求。
四、使用二四六资料精选大全的好处
1.节省时间：用户无需花费大量时间在互联网上寻找资料，二四六资料精选大全已经为用户做好了筛选和整理工作。
2.提高效率：提供的资料都是经过严格筛选的，准确性和可靠性较高，用户可以放心使用，提高工作和学习效率。
3.满足个性化需求：资料涵盖多个领域，用户可以根据自己的需求选择相应的资料。
4.定期更新：资料定期更新，满足用户不断变化的需求。
五、结论
二四六资料精选大全是一个实用、高效的资料平台，为用户提供高质量的资料，节省时间和提高效率。
爱尚泾渭业主维权
我们是西安经济技术开发区泾渭泾渭新区“爱尚泾渭”住宅小区的业主，我们的合法权益遭受开发商严重侵害。
在此将开发商的欺诈、违约行为一一说明，请政府尽快协调解决相关问题，维护公民合法权益。
一、事情的起因2010年初，我们购买了位于高陵县泾渭镇（马家湾）泾渭一路12号惠尔地产公司开发的楼盘——“爱尚泾渭”小区的房产。
2011年9月25日，开发商通知我们收房。
令我们没想到的是，赶到现场看房后，发现问题太多，因而拒收，当天与开发商现场多次协商无果。
无奈之下，9月26日我们请第三方验房机构“华商楼市通”介入鉴定调查。
“楼市通”给出专业鉴定结果是：楼盘存在严重设计缺陷。
开发商杨总回复称：只要业主提出的要求合情合理，他们就可以解决。
10月1日，全体业主满怀期望地来到“爱尚泾渭”项目地，期望开发商本拿出解决问题的诚意。
结果开发商对我们提出的问题以种种借口搪塞，我们无功而返。
二、“爱尚泾渭”存在的主要问题根据各业主初步查看，发现的问题汇总如下：第一、不具备交房条件就强制交房。
１、未提供验收报告等文件。
国家明文规定，开发商向业主交房，必须同时向业主提供由勘察单位、设计单位、施工单位、监理单位和建设单位的联合竣工验收报告原件或复印件等相关交房文件。
如果不提供有关部门的综合验收资料，就说明房子未通过政府部门的验收，房子还不能交付使用。
２.不符合交房的基本条件。
凡竣工验收合格的商品房，应做到“五通一平”（即天然气通、上下水通、电通、热通、污水处理通、道路畅通，与楼前6米处、楼后3米处场地平整，不堆积建筑物品与垃圾以及杂物），煤气表、电表、水表到户，室内是否清扫干净，门、窗、玻璃、管道、是否按标准清扫干净，做到窗明地净，管道无堵塞，雨水通畅排放，生活用水，是否有卫生防疫部门核发的用水合格证。
实际上9月25日，小区1、2号楼还在进行外墙粉刷，小区里面公共活动场地还在施工，路面、绿化等都不到位，因此小区和房子根本不符合交房和居住要求。
小说资料
• 以上妃子，对上称臣妾对下称本宫、各居一宫
妃
• • • • • • 圣尊圣品【皇贵妃 】（带妗二字封号） 懿圣尊一品【尊妃】（二字封号） 懿从尊一品【权妃】（二字封号） 圣尊一品【贵妃】（二字封号） 圣从一品【贵妃】（一字封号） 圣尊二品【贤妃】【良妃】【淑妃】【德 妃】（姓为封号） • 圣从二品【妃】（一字封号）以上妃子，对上
• 以上妃子，对上称妾身对下称本主，以上皇上赐居
宫殿
• • • •
皇上：乾清宫 太后：永寿宫 皇后：景仁宫 乾清宫【皇上】 主殿：却非殿 温安殿 偏殿 ：章台殿 含德殿 含章殿 • 景仁宫【皇后】 主殿：凤鸾殿 合欢殿 偏殿 ：飞羽殿 长平殿 鸾茗殿 • 永寿宫【太后】 主殿：德华殿 凉城殿 偏殿 ：袭风殿 懿西殿 承华殿
宫规
• 对皇上太后皇后行跪拜之礼道万福金 安 • 对从三品及以上嫔妃行深蹲之礼道万 安 • 对正四品及以下嫔妃行福身之礼道雅 安 • 对平级嫔妃行平级之礼或颔首道安好 喏 • 皇子公主需向尊于母妃妃嫔皇长者请 安
宫斗地点
• • • • • • • • • • • 御花园：百花娇艳后妃常临战争一触即发秀女禁入 梅错园：凌冬之际红梅白梅交错雪积甚深极易滑到 曲荷园：盛夏之际荷花盛开后妃常临池中淤泥小心 太液池：风景宜人后妃常临池水甚深常有人没入喏 鲤鱼池：池水不深鲤鱼顽池边布满青苔极易滑到的 摘星阁：手可摘星辰亭台略高俯瞰后宫视野自甚佳 戏瀛台：后妃看戏之处栏杆年久失修极易断需注意 梧簇宫：举办宴会之处喜庆非常后妃聚集极易争吵 桉长廊：通往各妃寝宫必经之路时常偶遇唇枪舌战 紫竹林：安静非常传闻有蛇出没不知真假人心惶惶 宁心宫：被贬嫔妃：即命宫女用‘掌嘴工具’打脸，掌数视情况而定。【高位对低位 即可】 禁足：禁足时间由高位所定，未到时间，不可外出。【高位对低位即可 】 罚抄：罚抄内容不限制，数目由情况而来。【高位对低位即可】 面壁思过：所定的时间。地点由高位觉得。时间未到，不可离开半步。 【高位对低位即可】 扣俸禄：扣除受罚人的俸禄，月数，年数试情况大小而定。【高位对低 位即可】 罚跪：时间地点由高位定，未到时间不可起身。除得解令外【高位对低 位即可】 撤绿头牌：时间执行者规定【执行者须比被罚者高五级以上】 打入冷宫：搬至冷宫内，未经得太后，皇上，皇后允许不得离开冷宫。 【需太后，皇上，皇后才可实行此操作】 赐死：形式由皇上，太后，皇后所定。【须皇上，太后，皇后才可执行 此操作】
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移动通信/c/1328/生命世界/c/1487/经济师/c/1548/科学自然博物/c/769/新探索/c/817/新发现/c/933/现代农业研究/c/1291/生命世界/c/1487/手工爱好音响改装技术/c/1506/宠物猫聚/c/719/最爱狗/c/859/企业特刊国美/c/323/品致/c/351/比亚迪汽车/c/867/报纸文化创意产业周刊/c/912/时尚时尚健康/c/153/美食与美酒/c/571/时尚先生/c/572/时尚COSMO /c/573/时尚时间/c/574/时尚旅游/c/578/时尚芭莎/c/582/华夏地理/c/586/时尚健康女性/c/587/ 时尚家居/c/588/时尚好管家/c/592/ 时尚座驾/c/594/瑞丽瑞丽裳/c/289/瑞丽家/c/290/瑞丽妆/c/291/。
二四六天天好彩每资料大全 (2)
二四六天天好彩每资料大全1. 引言二四六天天好彩是一种广泛应用于中国彩票市场的数字彩票游戏。
作为一种高风险高回报的投资方式，二四六天天好彩的研究和分析成为很多彩民和投资者关注的焦点。
本文将介绍一些相关的二四六天天好彩数据资料大全，帮助读者更好地了解和分析这一游戏。
2. 什么是二四六天天好彩？二四六天天好彩，简称二四六彩，是一种数字彩票游戏，每天开奖一次。
玩家需要在1到49的数字中选择5个数字，并选择一个特别号码，总共选择6个数字。
开奖时，从1到49的49个数字中随机抽取6个数字作为中奖号码。
根据玩家选择的数字与中奖号码的匹配情况，可以获得不同层次的奖金。
3. 二四六天天好彩的历史数据了解历史数据是进行二四六天天好彩研究和分析的重要基础。
以下是一些二四六天天好彩历史数据的资料：•开奖日期：记录每次开奖的具体日期•中奖号码：记录每次开奖的中奖号码，其中包括5个普通号码和1个特别号码•销售额：记录每次开奖的销售额，有助于分析彩票市场的活跃程度•奖池金额：记录每次开奖的奖池金额，与销售额相关联，反映出奖金的累积情况•中奖情况：记录每次开奖中各个奖项的中奖情况，包括一等奖、二等奖等通过分析历史数据，可以研究号码的走势和规律，帮助玩家做出更准确的选择。
4. 二四六天天好彩的数据统计方法在研究和分析二四六天天好彩数据时，常用的统计方法有：•频数统计：统计每个号码在历史数据中出现的频次，分析号码的热度和冷度•和值分析：统计每次开奖号码的和值，分析和值的分布情况和趋势•奇偶分析：统计每个号码的奇偶性，分析奇偶号码的出现规律•跨度分析：统计开奖号码中最大号码与最小号码的差值，分析跨度的分布情况和变化趋势•和尾分析：统计每个号码的个位和尾数，分析和尾的出现规律5. 二四六天天好彩的数据分析工具对于想要更深入地研究和分析二四六天天好彩数据的人来说，使用合适的数据分析工具是非常重要的。
以下是一些常用的二四六天天好彩数据分析工具：•Microsoft Excel：提供强大的数据处理和分析功能，可以利用其函数和图表功能对数据进行统计和可视化分析•R语言：一种统计分析和数据可视化的编程语言，可以用于处理大规模的数据和进行复杂的统计模型分析•Python：一种广泛应用于数据科学领域的编程语言，可以利用其丰富的数据处理库和机器学习库对数据进行分析和建模•Tableau：一种可视化分析工具，可以通过简单直观的界面创建各种图表和仪表盘，帮助用户更好地理解数据6. 总结本文介绍了二四六天天好彩每资料大全，包括了该彩票游戏的基本概念、历史数据、数据统计方法和数据分析工具。
正版二四六免费资料大全 (3)
正版二四六免费资料大全1. 什么是正版二四六免费资料正版二四六免费资料是一个提供免费资料的平台，旨在为用户提供高质量的学习资源和参考资料，帮助用户提升学习能力和获取知识。
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二四六正版免费资料大全246天天
二四六正版免费资料大全246天天1. 简介在互联网时代，人们越来越依赖网络获取信息和资源。
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4s店销售计划样本（四篇）
4s店销售计划样本一、销售本部1、销售团队的稳定。
计划____人，（福仕达小组____人轩泰众力行各____人。
王子，爱尚____人轩泰众力行各____人）2、销售待遇。
福仕达小组底薪____元，王子爱尚小组____元，提成见每月考核。
3、销售培训。
每月____次培训，例会视情况定。
培训内容两次一考核，考核成绩与工资及年底奖金相挂钩。
4、销售计划。
各销售顾问每月底做好本月总结及次月工作计划，装订成份悬挂于会议室。
超时者通知财务罚款____元。
5、巡展扫街。
坚持做好巡展扫街计划，配合市场部搞好广宣计划。
6、进行月销售冠军评比，销售冠军另奖励____元。
二、二级网络1、原有网络尽可能升级标准店，在空白区域发展新合作店。
2、每周做好定时走访及培训。
传达厂家新政策。
3、做好管控，控制库存、统一市场价格及物料的投放，如有违背视情况作出相应处罚。
4、对优秀二级合作经销商加以支持力度。
三、____年销售目标及分控销售目标福仕达____台，王子爱尚____台。
共计：____台。
4s店销售计划样本（二）一、市场背景受世界经济危机影响，世界汽车产业面临充足，竞争格局发生变化。
中国汽车产业经过调整，在世界汽车市场大幅下滑的形势下仍然保持了良好的发展态势，主要跨国企业相继调整在中国的战略部署，将中国市场发展纳入其全球战略，积极实施本地化发展战略，未来几年，中国汽车市场将成为全球汽车市场的主战场。
汽车销售与国民经济发展、居民收入水平、基础设施建设、产业发展政策和汽车发展发展阶段等因素都有着密切的关联。
随着我国经济在未来几年的快速平稳增长，消费者收入预期、消费者信心的不断增强、城镇化水平的提高和交通设施的持续完善，私人汽车消费正在成为主流，二、三线汽车市场将成为汽车销售的主要增长区域，我国将逐渐走入汽车社会，迎来汽车消费大众化的时代。
我国已经是世界上汽车产业发展潜力最大的地区之一，巨大的消费潜力是我国汽车市场不断发展的基本保证，在今后相当长的一段时间内，我国汽车产业将会保持持续增长的势头。
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Energy and Buildings 55(2012)42–50Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectEnergy andBuildingsj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /e n b u i ldExperimental measurement of cool facades’performance in a dense urban environmentMaxime Doya,Emmanuel Bozonnet ∗,Francis AllardLEPTIAB,University of La Rochelle,Avenue Michel Crepeau,17042La Rochelle,Francea r t i c l ei n f oKeywords:Cool paintsCool fac¸ades Reduced-scale urban model Urban heat island Passive coolinga b s t r a c tEnergy performance of air conditioned buildings and summer comfort can be improved with high solar reflectance and high emittance of building envelopes.Widely used for roofs,this technique known as cool roof,has a direct impact on the external surface temperatures peaks which reduces both heat transfer to the building and to the environment.In this paper,this technique used with fac ¸ades is experimented in a confined environment similar to a typical urban scene.This reduced-scale of 4street canyon rows is designed in order to give realistic measurements of thermal confinement.Then,the temperatures of a street canyon with brown cool selective paint fac ¸ades are compared with a standard brown coating on another street fac ¸ades,and with an asymmetrical configuration.The analysis of thermal effects on both buildings and outdoor environments gives interesting prospects for urban heat island mitigation.©2011Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe effects of dense urban pattern and the impact of cool fac ¸ades on outdoor and indoor thermal conditions are studied through the reduced scale experiment presented in this paper.Indeed,the microclimate and buildings environment are modi-fied in dense urban areas.The phenomenon,known as the urban heat island (UHI),of rising surface and air temperatures is known as a real environmental problem [1].The urban scene is modi-fied both by materials used which increase the imperviousness and the heat capacity of surfaces,and by the buildings morphol-ogy which increases the radiative trapping.The thermal mass storage is cyclically solicited by solar and longwave irradiation which are the main processes driving the heat into the urban fabric.A complex interaction of other simultaneous phenomenon (as reviewed by Mirzaei and Haghighat [2],and Santamouris [3])regulates air and surfaces energy balance and leads to higher sur-face and air temperatures away from the rural boundaries.The UHI strongly influences the energy consumption for cooling appli-ances,and is also responsible for a deteriorated outdoor thermal comfort and air quality depletion.It has been shown to be crit-ical during heat waves,especially for areas with high density buildings [4].∗Corresponding author.E-mail address:emmanuel.bozonnet@univ-lr.fr (E.Bozonnet).1.1.Effects of buildings radiative properties on cooling energy consumptionThe treatment of solar irradiation trapping participates to the mitigation of UHI and to the decrease of building cooling energy consumption [5].This can be achieved by highly solar reflective sur-faces with high thermal emissivity (cool selective coatings [4,6]).This process is similar to whitewash used since antiquity by the population from the Mediterranean basin in order to reduce the surface temperatures and increase the thermal comfort.This tech-nique,widely developed for roofs (known as cool roof),has shown good performances regarding its ability to reduce energy demand [7,8].Significant gains are obtained on cooling energy consump-tion for an extreme change of albedo,as stated in studies published for refurbished roofs in California and Florida (US)[8–10]from high solar absorptivity roofs (˛SOL ≈0.9)to brand new white mem-branes (˛SOL ≈0.25).Considering single to one-story residential buildings,sheds,supermarkets or offices,the measured cooling demand decreased from 10to 50%depending on the roof insula-tion and the electricity peak was cut from 30to 40%.It has to be pointed out that the reduction of absorbed solar radiation could be a penalty for the winter energy demand.Thus,the annual balance of a simple morphology (one story rectangular with terrace roof)has been numerically studied on for numerous climates (Roma,Italy 42◦to Mexico 19◦)[11].For a change in the solar reflectivity from 0.2to 0.85,the direct energy demand reductions were posi-tive for all the locations.Though in dense high rise building areas,the cool roof component represents only a low ratio of the total envelope surface and has mainly a direct impact on the last floor premises.0378-7788/$–see front matter ©2011Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.11.001M.Doya et al./Energy and Buildings55(2012)42–5043Moreover,brightness of white coatings,architecture and urban planning constraints require the use of an extended color palette. Some laboratories such as the LBNL(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)and the GRBES(Group Building Environmental Stud-ies,University of Athens)have participated in the development of coatings and paintings,with dark or colored tones but with an increased solar reflectance in the near-infrared spectrum,called cool colored paints or coatings[13,14].The effect of cool colored tiles(color-matching black and terracotta products,˛SOL increased by0.37and0.15)was studied by Levinson et al.[15]on a reduced-scale house with low insulated steep-pitched roof.They measured a maximum surface temperature reduction of4.6–13.8◦C,corre-sponding to a decrease of the conductive heat transfer through the ceiling(between13and21%).Yet,conduction through roof,as a part of total HVAC loads,has smaller effects on energy use and maximum indoor temperatures(maximum decrease of1.8◦C).In our study on the cool colored fac¸ades,we have developed a reduced scale street canyon pattern which is often chosen as an elementary frame to study the trapping of radiativefluxes[16–18].1.2.Experimental studies and modeling of UHI mitigation techniquesStudies of UHI mitigation techniques require considering entire city effects which is practically possible only by simulation tools. For example,indirect energy gain for the housing stock,has been calculated by applying a large albedo change to the US building park[19],driving a reduction of2.3TWh on the annual electric-ity consumption.Considering street canyons,wefirst reviewed the possibility to use numerical modeling for assessing the ther-mal performance of cool fac¸ades[20].However,the complexity of physical interaction in urban environment implies extreme careful-ness with the numerical models and their parameterization.Some few validations versus experimental data are available[21,22].Var-ious experiments[23–26]improved our knowledge of heat and mass transfers with different structures,climates and urban con-text.Yet,UHI reduction due to albedo modifications has not been measured and is tricky to measure on large scale.Physical mock-ups constitute an interesting alternative to study the urban climate and to simplify the real characteristics while conserving the main phenomenon,with two main advantages:-The environment is controlled in order to eliminate the perturba-tions of measurement linked to human activity,and then to focus on the study of cool fac¸ade and urban morphology impacts.-The layout can be simplified and thermal properties fully deter-mined,thus lessening the need for parameter knowledge related to the different heat transfer through the urban scene.Reduced-scale modeling gives order of values on the changes produced by the implementation of large urban planning modifica-tion,as it can produce recursive data on an extended measurement period.Pearlmutter et al.[27]arranged hollow concrete blocks on a smooth sand surface in the Negev desert(Israel).They applied different street orientation and density ratio while a similar site roughness was conserved upstream to the prevailing winds.The measurements carried out on this urban mock-up allowed the val-idation of a semi-empirical model assessing the thermal comfort in urban spaces for arid climates.They showed that the devia-tion between measured and predicted energy exchanges was under 10%,essentially laid on solar and longwave radiation and heat convective transfer linked to prevailing winds.Kanda and cowork-ers followed a similar protocol to study the turbulent structure and airflow profiles in the atmospheric roughness layer formed above an urban area[28].The Comprehensive Outdoor Scale Model(COSMO)consisted of a50m×100m concrete slab where 500hollow concrete cubes with1.5m edges and10cm thickness. The measurements demonstrated that the airflow similarities were liable for the Reynolds normal constraint to the walls,because they were independent of the urban site roughness and characteristics of superior atmospheric layers.On the other hand,the horizontal wind velocity profiles are not reproducible due to the influence of superior atmospheric layers on the turbulences in the sub-canopy layer.Swaid[29]led a nighttime experimental study on a reduced-scale model of a street canyon.The set-up had small dimensions (height H=0.65m)and was made up with expanded polystyrene plates in order to ignore the conductive heat transfer.Nevertheless, it allowed an adjustment of the geometrical ratio H/W,by modify-ing the width of the street W.Averaged surface temperatures of pavement have been found always superior to those of the fac¸ades, only due to the sky view factor.While wind characteristics within the canyon showed that skimmingflow and inner vortexes,spe-cific to the confined geometry,are reproducible for wind direction perpendicular and oblique to the canyon axis if the geometrical ratio between the length and the width of the street is superior to4.Those airflow patterns were confirmed by Idczak et al.[31] through measurements made on a1/5th reduced-scale model of3 parallel street canyons made of steel containers.The experiment further highlighted that the additional rows of canyons did not modify those airflow patterns.The requirements of similarities of a reduced-scale model with a real scale set-up are numerous and it is almost impossible to sat-isfy all of them.The subject of our study implied to rely on a good reproduction of the longwave and the solar radiations in the street. The implemented reduced-scale model consists of4parallel urban street canyons of homogeneous height with a geometrical ratio H/W equals to1.Particular attention has been given to the choice of the building materials in order to match the thermal behav-ior of the buildings coupled to the built environment.The studied strategy to reduce the UHI was tested on an unfavorable configu-ration,with a chosen H/W ratio less than one in order to increase the effects of radiant interchanges in the street.Considering also a ratio L/W superior to4,ensures the formation of vortex airflow within the canyon for perpendicular winds.These wind velocities reduction are also a key factor to the development of a thermal confinement effect on temperatures in the street studied in the following parts.Finally,the impacts of several experimental con-figurations of fac¸ade radiative properties(through a color matching cool-selective coatings)are analyzed.2.Experimental platform developmentThe thermal effects of urban canyon morphology have been studied through the experiment described here and the related numerical study of this reduced scale model.2.1.Presentation of the reduced-scale model to estimate in situ thermal performanceThe experimental platform was set up at the University of La Rochelle,France(46◦10N,01◦09W),see Fig.1.A10m×20m ter-race of concrete tiles was built with concrete empty tanks which stand for reduced scale buildings.The scale reduction is about1:12 with3tanks needed to obtain the geometrical ratio L/W=4;each building row is5.06m long(L),1.24m high(H)and1.12m wide. The width W of the street has been set to1.2m and the over-all platform has been set to limit the effects of remote shading masks(row of trees on the west side and2prefabricated sheds on the east and north sides).The south side is not influenced by the surroundings even for the lowest solar angles.This platform, compared to a real-scale measurement campaign,allows recursive44M.Doya et al./Energy and Buildings 55(2012)42–50Fig.1.Surroundings of the experimental platform,blocks A to E from West to East.measurements and extended periods of time behavior tests (sea-sonal).It allows parameter control as it excludes human influence such as anthropogenic heat release through the building envelope and localized sources.Following Hamilton et al.[30],in London,the anthropogenic heat emissions can be 3–25-fold greater than the net solar radiation captured by the built environment during winter days,and 0.04–0.4greater during summer days.Indeed,all the UHI parameters are not included,but this design allows us to focus on the radiative exchanges in confined spaces.Moreover this simplification of boundary conditions and geometry will permit a good understanding for reproduction on numerical models.Nev-ertheless,all the physical similarities cannot be fulfilled and the comparison with a real-scale study is discussed in the numerical study part.2.2.Influences from the surroundingsThe thermal confinement of the mock-up is strengthened by skimming airflow above the streets.West/east prevailing winds are clearly defined by the wind rose from our reference mete-orological station above a nearby 16m high building and called hereafter the reference station [including also air temperature,relative humidity,solar irradiation (0.3–2.8m)and longwave irradiation (4–40m)].The street axis was oriented in a perpen-dicular direction,south/north,in order to obtain reduced velocity within the streets.After construction,no prevailing directions were found with the measured wind velocities and directions above the reduced-scale roofs canopy.The surrounding obstacles and the significant wind diminution compared to the reference station con-tribute to maintain weak airflows and thermal confinement within the studied streets.2.3.Implementation of sensors in the reduced-scale modelSensors are located in the middle cross section,perpendicular to street axis,in order to avoid side effects (see Fig.2).Surface tem-peratures are gauged with a distribution of thermocouples:3along the outdoor vertical profile on fac ¸ades (16cm,43cm and 70cm),1on the middle of the roof,and 2on the pavement (25cm from each fac ¸ade).In order to perform conductive heat transfer calculation,these thermocouples are doubled on the corresponding inner side of the material.The floor temperature of each central reduced-scale model is also measured.Air temperatures are measured with ther-mocouples protected from irradiations (2concentric tubes with high solar reflectivity and low thermal emittance,vertical for nat-ural ventilation)and laid according to the following distribution:-A vertical profile of 3thermocouples close to the east fac ¸ade and 1in the middle of the west fac ¸ade.-One thermocouple above the roof.-Two thermocouples above the pavement north and south side of the street.Indoor air temperature is measured in each central block.Long-wave irradiation sensors are located on the middle of fac ¸ades.These local data are completed with the reference station measurements.2.4.Experimental studiesThe experimental platform has been studied following twostages:Fig.2.Sensors set-up in a single canyon.M.Doya et al./Energy and Buildings 55(2012)42–5045Fig.3.Second stage configuration with 2standard and cool brown paints.-A first period of 30days (from May 19th)for the identification of the thermal effects of canyon geometry (thermal confinement)and surrounding effects.10days are stated as the sunny period.-A second period of 65days (from July 14th to September 13th)to study the effect of several application strategies of a cool selective paint on fac ¸ades (see Fig.3)with the same brown color.A con-trol street (reference)was unchanged with the original standardbrown paint.Cool paint was applied on both fac¸ades of the second street and only on the west fac¸ade of the third street.3patterns are then compared:control street canyon,cool street canyon,and asymmetric street canyon.The initial solar reflectivity of both brown paints was measured with a spectrophotometer (see Fig.4).The measurements for the solar reflectance were conducted according to the ASTM Standard E903-96(ASTM E 903-Standard Test Method for Solar Absorp-tance,Reflectance,and Transmission of Materials Using Integrating Spheres)by using a UV/VIS/NIR (Varian,Carry 5000)fitted with a 150mm diameter integrating sphere (Labsphere,DRA 2500).The reference standard reflectance material used for the measurement was a PTFE plate (Labsphere).The measurements were carried out by the laboratory of the Group Building Environmental Studies,of the Physics Department,of the National and Kapodistrian Uni-versity of Athens,Greece.The solar spectrum used to weight the measured spectral reflectivity is the AM 1.5spectra from ASTM G173-03Tables,representing the terrestrial global irradiance on a 37◦South facing tilted surface.It can be observed that the unex-posed brown paints had an unmatching spectral reflectivity in the visible spectrum (380–760nm),the standard brown paint being lighter.The solar reflectivity measured for the standard paint was 0.145,while for the cool paint it reached 0.38,due to its higher reflectivity in the NIR.After application,the initial brown tone of the standard paint faded within one month.The solar reflectivity differ-ence after this first month between the two paints was undoubtedly inferior to the 0.24measured initially.Longwave emissivity has been determined according to ASTM C 1371–04with a portable emissiometer A&E model.Longwave emissivities measured forcoolFig.4.Spectral reflectivity of cool and standard brown coating in the reference solar spectrum.selective and standard brown paint were,respectively,0.86and 0.89.3.Numerical study of the experimental platformBefore analyzing the experimental results,two numerical stud-ies of the platform have been performed in order to verify the physical match with a real scale study and also to investigate the solar energy absorption of this canyon morphology.3.1.Similarities of thermal behavior for a real building corresponding to the reduced-scale modelThe irradiation similarities between both real and reduced scale are correct due to:-the linear dimensions of the scaled model which are much larger than the radiation wavelengths,-the sky view factors of fac ¸ades are identical (same geometrical ratio),-matching solar absorptivities and the longwave emissivities (use of standard paints and materials),-similar surface temperatures in order to obtain similar longwave irradiation.In order to check these surface temperatures’similarity,the thermal behaviors were studied with the building simulation soft-ware TRNSYS.We modeled both the reduced-scale block (made of 5cm walled concrete)and a real scale building made of hol-low concrete blocks (20cm)without insulation.The mock-up concrete walls characteristics were measured (volumetric density 2150kg/m 3,thermal conductivity 2.35W/m K and heat capacity 910J/kg K)while the real size building materials were chosen as taken into TRNSYS libraries and the infiltration rate was set at 0.6Vol/h and the glazing surface represents 20%of the floor area.Fig.5shows the matching surface temperatures of both fac ¸ades in both configurations for 11days.The differences for both facades never exceeded 1.5◦C on heat solar radiation peaks and during the night period.Average temperature differences are under 0.2◦C.The computed surface temperatures for the roof and the indoor floor are also very similar with higher differences for floors due to the solar heat gains through windows of the real scale model.This similarity of fac¸ades’thermal behavior can be explained by the comparable ratio between the heat conduction into the wall and the local surface heat transfer (similar to the Biot number).The comparison of indoor air temperatures shows greater dif-ferences on the peaks due to solar heat gains from the floor of the real scale model and no ventilation system for the reduced scale model (very tight enclosure).The floor thermal inertia and heat storage differences within the day are visible on the mean daily indoor temperatures which vary from 7◦C for the real scale building compared to 12◦C for the mock-up.Yet,the daily varia-tions are very slightly shifted and the daily average temperature difference remains around 1◦C.Then,in the following results and discussion,the values of surface temperatures and local outdoor air46M.Doya et al./Energy and Buildings 55(2012)42–50Fig.5.Surface temperatures evolution of reduced and real scale model.temperatures could be comparable to a real scale study.But the studied effects on indoor air temperature of the mock-up to char-acterize the various impacts should not be used as precise values for real case.3.2.Numerical study of solar energy absorbed by studied blocksThe solar irradiation of building walls and the radiant inter-change are amplified by the east-west orientation of the streets’axis.The absorbed solar irradiance by the walls of the reduced-scale platform has been simulated with the solar calculation software SOLENE [31]for a one-month period (from the 15th of June to the 15th of July)with a clear sky (Perez model).This thermo-radiative model has been validated by Idczak et al.[31]for deep canyon geometry with low thermal inertia buildings.Considering the first period design of the experiment (identical solar reflectance for all buildings),the results highlight that,due to the remote obstacles and mutual shading,the daily solar irradiance absorbed by the Western building (A ,see Fig.1)is 8.5–10%higher than buildings B ,C and D .Considering the second period design of the experiment (use of cool paints,see Fig.3)and for the same simulation interval,the results show that the daily solar irradiances absorbed is identi-cal for the control building (A ).The daily solar irradiance absorbed by the buildings:-decreases by 15%for B (half painted with cool paint),-decreases by 20%for C (fully painted with cool paint),-increases by 3%for D (not modified but exposed to higher radiant interchange).In the following analysis of the experiment,we will focus on variations from the first period to the second period taking into account the inner differences between streets.4.Experimental results and discussionIn a first part we will focus on the thermal modifications due to this urban geometry (first period of experiment),and in the second part the effect of the use of cool paints (second period).Temper-atures are collected from sensors placed on the surfaces,in the air within the streets and above,and in the air inside blocks.In order to remain in valid conditions with some constant and known parameters in the surface energy budget,the experimental data were processed.Considering meteorological data,the measured data were trimmed from the rainfall and condensation episodes,and an after rain time period was also considered for the evapora-tion of water from the studied surfaces.4.1.Identification of canyon effect on thermal confinement4.1.1.Surface temperatures of facadesThe curves in Fig.6display surface temperatures’daily evolution on fac ¸ades for a typical sunny day.Temperature evolutions follow the solar irradiation.For example,on the east side,the first morn-ing peak corresponds to direct solar irradiation,while the second one corresponds to the reflection of direct solar irradiation from the opposite fac ¸ade.Temperature differences between the top and the bottom of each fac ¸ade can reach 5–7◦C.The peak due to the oppo-site fac¸ade solar reflection is much lower and less visible for the west oriented fac¸ade.Indeed,the longwave irradiances from the opposite fac¸ade and the pavement have also a significant impact.Few differences were observed for east and west fac ¸ade tem-peratures of the studied streets.For example,the temperature differences of east fac ¸ades for the streets AB,BC and CD neverexceed 2◦C.Indeed,sky view factors determine the absorbedsolar irradiance during the day and the longwave radiative cool-ing exchange with the sky during the night.This also explains the observed variations from both side of the platform.In themorning,Fig.6.Daily surface temperature evolutions of east and west vertical profiles in a street canyon.M.Doya et al./Energy and Buildings55(2012)42–5047Fig.7.Temperature evolutions for air and surface at different height of east fac¸ade.the east side is hotter,after2pm the west side temperatures rise, and during the night the central buildings have a lower cooling rate.4.1.2.Daytime and nighttime thermal confinement within the streetsThermal confinement can be observed from daily variations of air(close to the surface)and surface temperatures as plotted in Fig.7(east fac¸ade).The reference air temperature,from the refer-ence station defined previously,is lower than all measured temper-atures most of the time(continuous pink curve).The curves without markers(except the reference)are the surface temperatures.Day-time temperatures near and on the east fac¸ade rise from5◦C to 9◦C above the reference air temperature.The surfaces exchange by convective heat transfer with the surrounding air creates the conditions of thermal confinement due to canyon geometry.Nighttime thermal confinement can be also observed from air and surfaces temperatures differences as plotted in Fig.8in cumulative frequencies,for a40days period.These temperature differences between the center of the roof and the considered height on the fac¸ade are plotted here for canyons AB and BC.Both street fac¸ades have very similar thermal behavior with less than 0.2◦C difference on air and surface temperatures for the same height(Fig.8).During the night,the air temperature is about 0.5–1.5◦C higher on the top of the fac¸ades than on the roofs,and even0.75–2.2◦C higher in the bottom of the streets.The bottom surface temperatures are about1.5◦C higher than those ofthe Fig.8.Nighttime differences of air and surface temperatures near east walls and roof surfaces measured in2different canyons plotted in cumulative frequencies(40days).48M.Doya et al./Energy and Buildings55(2012)42–50Fig.9.Cumulative frequencies of indoor air temperatures for buildings A,B,C and D. fac¸ade center and about2◦C higher than the top of fac¸ades during the night.The surface temperature difference between the bottom fac¸ade compared to the roof surface has reached5◦C.4.1.3.Indoor air temperature evolutionsThe street canyon effect is also visible through the analysis of indoor air temperatures.We analyzed atfirst the daytime cumu-lative frequencies for the4buildings(A,B,C and D,see Fig.9).For thisfirst period of experiment,40days were taken into account with1780time steps.Indoor air temperatures are globally hotter in buildings A and C with a mean value of31.8◦C.The buildings B and D are0.5◦C and1.1◦C cooler in average.The nighttime tem-peratures in the4buildings converge toward a same temperature. Yet,the cooling rate of the building A is the highest due to higher sky view factor on its west fac¸ade.4.2.Modification of thermal confinement due to cool fac¸adesFollowing thefirst experiment period to highlight the thermal confinement,this second stage focus on the effect of fac¸ade modi-fications for2streets as described in Section2.4.4.2.1.Measured impacts on surface temperaturesThe mitigation strategy impact is evaluated here through the vertical profile modifications of east fac¸ade temperatures.To high-light these modifications,the temperature differences between the control(or standard)street fac¸ade(canyon AB)and the considered street canyon(BC and CD)are plotted in cumulative frequencies for 3different heights(see Fig.10).The inner differences of the streets can be seen on thefirst graph(first experiment period,i.e.with-out cool paint).The street BC east fac¸ade temperatures are cooler than the reference fac¸ade most of the time,with69%,73%and87% of the considered period from the bottom to the top(temperature differences between0and2◦C).On the contrary,during the hotter periods,the differences are lower with maximum values from1◦C for the top and middle part of the fac¸ade,and1.7◦C for the bottom. Similarly,the street CD east fac¸ade temperatures are cooler during 69%,51%and42%of the period from the bottom to the top(up to 2◦C for the bottom and1.7◦C for the top).During the hotter peri-ods,the differences attain1.5◦C for the top and3◦C for the middle and the bottom.Then,the effect of cool coating can be seen on the second graph (second experiment period)considering the differences with:the standard street AB(unmodified),the“cool street”BC(both facades coated with cool brown coating),and the asymmetrical street CD (east fac¸ade only coated with cool brown coating).The street BC east fac¸ade temperatures are also cooler than the reference street most of the time with an increased period from4.5%to5%compared to thefirst experiment period(maximum temperature differences from2.75◦C to3.4◦C).Similarly,the east fac¸ade temperatures of street CD have increased cooler periods from1%to29%for the bot-tom to the top(maximum temperature differences from2◦C to 2.6◦C).Furthermore,the hotter temperature frequencies are low-ered(maximum temperature differences of1◦C for the top and2◦C for the middle and the bottom).4.2.2.Indoor air temperatureThe effect on indoor temperatures is highlighted in Fig.11 through the modification between the2experiment periods of the cumulative frequencies of daytime temperature differences.The Fig.10.Surface temperature differences on the east fac¸ade plotted in cumulative frequencies before and after modification of fac¸ades(second experiment period).。
channel
T. Wei
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
1
Introduction
Convective heat transfer from surfaces beneath wall bounded flows impact a large number of technologically important applications [1, 2]. Of course, if the flow is turbulent, the rate of this heat transfer is significantly augmented relative to the laminar flow condition [2]. A substantial body of evidence [3] points to important connections between the mechanisms for this enhanced rate of heat transfer and those affecting momentum transport that, for example, also underlie the enhanced surface shear stress in such flows. These connections between momentum and heat transport provide a level of justification for
公司的人事档案应该包含哪些内容
公司的人事档案应该包含哪些内容公司的人事档案应该包含哪些内容干部人事档案是考察和正确选拔使用干部的重要依据,如何提高干部人事档案管理工作水平,更好地发挥干部人事档案的作用,是当前干部人事档案管理工作的一个重要课题。
这是爱尚网店铺整理的公司的人事档案应该包含哪些内容，希望你能从中得到感悟!公司的人事档案应该包含哪些内容一、必须的资料1、身份证复印件注：①原件应审验，②二代身份证应正反面都复印在同一张A4纸上，③新进员工应在复印件空白处标注“此为本人真实身份证之复印件”，并签字确认。
2、证书复印件注：①原件应审验，②证书包括职称书、学位证。
3、管理及技术岗位的员工，应有其原工作单位出具的解除或终止劳动关系证明4、近期免冠1寸彩照两张5、工作申请表(包括附带的个人简历)6、聘用岗位有要求的，应有岗位要求规定项目的县区级以上医院体验报告7、从事保卫等重要岗位的，应有??部门开具的“无犯罪记录证明”8、法规规定的特殊岗位，应有职业资格或从业资格证书复印件(原件应审验)9、劳动合同正本一份10、转正审批表二、补充的资料1、面试记录表、笔试考卷记录2、职称证书、专业技术证复印件(原件应审验)3、保密及竞业禁止协议正本4、人事任免通知(指人力资源部门发出的人事任免文件复印件)5、员工岗位变动资料6、员工考核考察资料(包括月度考核、年度考核、晋升考察等资料)7、员工奖励或处罚资料8、员工薪资变动资料9、员工社保手册原件(没有原件的应保存复印件)10、员工离职审批表及移交记录11、终止劳动关系通知书员工签收回执三、档案保管1、人事档案保管应由人力资源部门指定专人负责。
2、离职员工档案另存整理，档案应至少保留两年备查。
3、属于辞退、开除、自动离职的员工，其档案(应注意考勤、奖惩、考核、情况说明等资料)应特别审查后专项保存。
公司人事档案调取的方法人事档案是记录一个人的主要经历、政治面貌、品德作风等个人情况的文件材料，起着凭证、依据和参考的作用，在个人转正定级、职称申报、办理养老保险以及开具考研等相关证明时，都需要使用档案。
针对员工培训采用的方式有哪些
针对员工培训采用的方式有哪些针对员工培训采用的方式有哪些随着经济一体化的发展,我国民营业发展较为迅速,很多民营企业在加快发展的同时,自身管理体系的弊端也日益明显。
这是爱尚网店铺整理的针对员工培训采用的方式有哪些，希望你能从中得到感悟!针对员工培训采用的方式有哪些(1)讲授法：属于传统的培训方式，优点是运用起来方便，便于培训者控制整个过程。
缺点是单向信息传递，反馈效果差。
常被用于一些理念性知识的培训。
(2)视听技术法：通过现代视听技术(如投影仪、DVD、录像机等工具)，对员工进行培训。
优点是运用视觉与听觉的感知方式，直观鲜明。
但学员的反馈与实践较差，且制作和购买的成本高，内容易过时。
它多用于企业概况、传授技能等培训内容，也可用于概念性知识的培训。
(3)讨论法：按照费用与操作的复杂程序又可分成一般小组讨论与研讨会两种方式。
研讨会多以专题演讲为主，中途或会后允许学员与演讲者进行交流沟通。
优点是信息可以多向传递，与讲授法相比反馈效果较好，但费用较高。
而小组讨论法的特点是信息交流时方式为多向传递，学员的参与性高，费用较低。
多用于巩固知识，训练学员分析、解决问题的能力与人际交往的能力，但运用时对培训教师的要求较高。
(4)案例研讨法：通过向培训对象提供相关的背景资料，让其寻找合适的解决方法。
这一方式使用费用低，反馈效果好，可以有效训练学员分析解决问题的能力。
另外，近年的培训研究表明，案例、讨论的方式也可用于知识类的培训，且效果更佳。
(5)角色扮演法：授训者在培训教师设计的工作情况中扮演其中角色，其他学员与培训教师在学员表演后作适当的点评。
由于信息传递多向化，反馈效果好、实践性强、费用低，因而多用于人际关系能力的训练。
(6)自学法：这一方式较适合于一般理念性知识的学习，由于成人学习具有偏重经验与理解的特性，让具有一定学习能力与自觉的学员自学是既经济又实用的方法，但此方法也存在监督性差的缺陷。
(7)互动小组法：也称敏感训练法。
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湖北中医学院第三届“挑战杯”大学生
创业计划大赛结果公布
中医团字[2008]29号
各院系团总支：
为了深化大学生素质教育的改革，提高大学生创业意识，培养学生创业能力，激发创业激情，加强实践锻炼，校团委举办、管理学院承办了我校第三届大学生“挑战杯”创业计划大赛。
大赛分别于10月30日，11月10日，11月27日举办了初赛、半决赛、决赛答辩会。
全校共提交作品48份，经过前两轮的角逐，共有8分作品进入决赛并参加现场答辩会。
答辩会的评审团由管理学院的资深专业老师组成，他们对每份作品提出两到三个问题，并做适当点评。
各参赛选手讲解重点突出，答辩流利，最终产生两份作品获得此次大赛的一等奖，六份作品获得二等奖，六份作品获得三等奖。
附件：湖北中医学院第三届“挑战杯”大学生创业计划大赛结果名单。
共青团湖北中医学院委员会管理学院
二〇〇八年十二月十一日主题词：第三届“挑战杯”创业设计大赛结果公布
共青团湖北中医学院委员会二00八年十二月十一日印发
共印20份
附件：
湖北中医学院第三届“挑战杯”大学生创业计划大赛结果名单
一等奖：
《益百环保布袋有限公司》 07市场营销王定珍、景秀、蔡晶晶《神农山庄》 06市场营销何涛、钟雯、王虎飞、
王康军
二等奖：
《书香驿站折扣天堂》 06市场营销罗坤、艾聪、赵沛、
李坤、尹娟
《爱尚自己有限责任公司》校创业者协会薛黎、田丰、王翔、
胡念、曹清惠
《jesmine茉莉中草药护肤品品牌》信息工程学院刘睿、徐治桥、吴博新
薛树翠
《极度广告代理股份有限公司》 08物流管理叶其魁、刘宝链、刘民、
童方芳、孔祥健
《“馨香蛋糕DIY”有限责任公司》 07医药营销1班田静静、彭佳会、张莹莹、
郭春汝
《武汉慧康医疗咨询有限责任公司》07市场营销李奉龙、陈绵容、陀乃任
三等奖：
《动脉公司》 08物流管理李刚、成炜、庞军雄、
尹腾达
《“和膳堂”药膳有限公司》 07医药营销1班刘春燕、刘姗、宋蕾、
蒋珊珊、欧阳吕丹
《“同仁养生堂”责任有限公司》 07医疗保险李元哲、柯双风、余小佩、
鲁小芳、陈光英
《格格“铺”入》 07物流管理吕文静、沈琳
《午间风责任有限公司》 07物流管理包塔娜、伍文静
《武汉酒爱保健酒业有限责任公司》07医疗保险孙高健、张峰、常云笛、
陈阳、金润双。