Characteristics of dispersions and water-soluble extracts of crude and refined oils

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Disperse Systems

Disperse SystemsThis chapter includes the main types of liquid preparations containing undissolved or immiscible drugs distributed throughout a vehicle.In these preparations,the substance distributed is referred to as the dispersed phase,and the vehicle is termed the dispersing phase or dispersion medium.Together,alley produce a dispersed system.本章包括分布在整个介质中的含有不溶解或不混溶药物的主要类型的液体制剂。

在这些制剂中，所分配的物质被称为分散相，并且该载体被称为分散相或分散介质。

分散系统。

The particles of the dispersed phase are usually solid materials that are insoluble i n the dispersion medium.In the case of emulsions,the dispersed phase is a liquid th at is neither soluble nor miscible with the liquid of the dispersing phase.Emulsificati on results in the dispersion of liquid drug as fine droplets throughout the dispersing phase.In the case of an aerosol,the dispersed phase may be small air bubbles throu ghout a solution or an emulsion.Dispersions also consist of droplets of a liquid(solu tion or suspension)in air.分散相的颗粒通常是不溶于分散介质的固体材料。

《跨文化交际》课程教学大纲

《跨文化交际》课程教学大纲课程编号：ENGL2046课程类别：专业选修课程授课对象：英语专业、俄英双语、法英双语学生开课学期：英语第6学期、双语第8学期学分：2 学分主讲教师：指定教材：《跨文化交流入门》，浙江大学出版社，许力生主编，2004年。

《文化与交际》，暨南大学出版社，胡穗鄂编。

教学目的：目前我国经济快速增长，文化交流、旅游业蓬勃发展。

江、浙、沪地区外国独资、合资企业数量增多，与国际人员的经济文化交往日益增多。

跨文化交际现象已经成为苏州本地文化的一个重要方面。

但是，在众多的跨文化交际中，一些人员出现文化误解，或者表现出不自信，降低了交际的效益，直接的后果往往导致经济效益的降低。

苏州大学作为本地的人才高地，有责任、有条件在教学中培养学生的跨文化交际能力。

我们的毕业生主要从事文化、教育、经济活动，我们的课程也应适应这社会需要，帮助学生通过知识的获取、情感的开放和技能的培养形成以自我文化又和他国文化保持一定距离的跨文化意识，也就是说一种能以局外者的眼光看待自己文化的能力；局内者的眼光理解自己和他人的文化意识；培养学生在交际中对他国文化和本土文化怀有好奇、开放和宽容的态度。

从而在国际交往中提高交际的效益，提升个人的自信心。

本课程采用课堂教学、学期作业和网络平台相结合的教学形式。

课堂教学采用多种教学法综合进行教学。

课堂语言为英语。

采用理论与实践活动相结合的方式，与学生互动探讨理论。

参插角色扮演、小组讨论、全班讨论的活动方式，进行情景模拟实验、引导学生发表观点。

另外有录音、录像供学生观摩讨论。

学期作业的形式是一篇千字以上的论文，内容是运用学到的某些跨文化交际的理论概念对现实生活案例、本土文化和外国文化进行阐释、分析、比较和反思。

学生必须自己选题、规划。

文章材料包括文字、图片、音频和视频，教师的工作是建议、修改、监督和评估，创造机会，帮助学生完成学期论文。

该课程有两个网站：一个是在外国语学院服务器上的课程资源网站，网站上有该课程的教学大纲、进度表、备课教案，另设有通知板、网上跨文化交际咖啡俱乐部、学习工具等帮助学生完成科目的服务性网站。

胶体化学专业英语

C. Properties of the solutions like colloids.
such as optical（光学的）, rheological（流变的） properties.
(2) Lyophobic colloids： There is a interface between dispersed phase and continuous phase, the colloids are unstable thermodynamically.
From thermodynamics that spontaneous process occur in the direction of decreasing Gibbs free energy. Therefore， the separation of a two-phase dispersion system to form distinct（明显不同的） layers（层） is a change in the direction of decreasing Gibbs free energy.
(2) Kinetic stability(动力稳定性)
Kinetic stability： The separation rate of two phases is slow enough that the thermodynamic instability is of very little. Two-phase dispersions will always spontaneously change into a smaller number of larger particles given sufficient time. (unstable)

植物保护剂配合说明书

SC guide recipesImidacloprid SC w/w Imidacloprid 40%Morwet D-425 2.5%Ethylan NS-500LQ 1%Propyleneglycol 5%Proxel GXL 0.04%Xanthan gum 0.3%Silicone antifoam 0.2%Water up to 100%Bifenthrin SC w/w Tebuconazole 38%Morwet D-425 2.5%Morwet EFWl 1%Propyleneglycol 5%Proxel GXL 0.04%Rhodopol 230.2%Silicone antifoam 0.2%Waterup to 100%Dispersants and wetting agents for SC and WDGMorwet ® naphthalene sulfonates are specifically designed to serve as wetting and dispersing agents in aqueous dispersions and dry formulations. They are known for their versatility and formulation robustness with a wide range of crop protection active ingredients.Aqueous dispersionsGenerally Morwet D-425 can be used to formulate water based suspensions (SC). At 2-3% w/w for a 480 g/l SC and 3-5% w/w for a 720 g/l SC, Morwet D-425 will act as wetting and dispersing agent as well as milling aid. In case better wetting of the active ingredient is required in the premix, addition of Morwet EFW can be considered. Other good wetting agents for SC applications are of the alcohol ethoxylate type or block copolymer (e.g. Ethylan ® NS 500 LQ). These wetting agents can be added at a rate of 1% w/w.Morwet D-425 is known to provide good formulation stability. It significantly reduces crystal growth during storage. Morwet D-425 is an excellent dispersant for a wide variety of active ingredients and the product ensures good dispersibility in both soft and hard water. Alternatively our new high performance dispersant, Morwet D-809, is very effective in hard water applications, even at lower surfactant concentrations.To substitute specialty lignosulfonates in SCs we offerMorwet D-360, which is a proprietary process blend of lignin and naphthalene sulfonates and can be used individually or in combination. Morwet D-360 shows better performancecompared to specialty lignosulfonates (e.g. lower viscosity in SC applications).Another good and cost effective dispersant is Morwet D-400. It is chemically similar to Morwet D-425 but contains a lower amount of naphthalenesulfonate. Its performance iscomparable to most Morwet D-425 look-a-likes.2Nouryon is a global, specialty chemicals leader. Markets and consumers worldwide rely on our essential solutions to manufacture everyday products, such as personal care, cleaning goods, paints and coatings, agriculture and food, pharmaceuticals, and building products. Furthermore, the dedication of more than 7,900 employees with a shared commitment to our customers, business growth, safety, sustainability and innovation has resulted in a consistentlystrong financial performance. We operate in over 80 countries around the world with a portfolio of industry-leading brands. Visit our website and follow us @Nouryon and on LinkedIn.All information concerning our products and/or all suggestions for handling and use contained herein (including formulation and toxicity information) are offered in good faith and are believed to be reliable. However, Nouryon makes no warranty express or implied (i) as to the accuracy or sufficiency of such information and/or suggestions, (ii) as to any product’s merchantability or fitness for a particular use or (iii) that any suggested use (including use in any formulation) will not infringe any patent. Nothing contained herein shall be construed as granting or extending any license under any patent. The user must determine for itself by preliminary tests or otherwise the suitability of any product and of any information contained herein (including but not limited to formulation and toxicity information) for the user’s purpose. The safety of any formulations described herein has not been established. The suitability and safety of a formulation should be confirmed in all respects by the user prior to use. The information contained herein supersedes all previously issued bulletins on the subject matter covered.Products mentioned are trademarks of Nouryon and registered in many countries.Contact us directly for detailed product information and sample requestwebsite | /markets/agriculture email|****************D e c e m b e r 2021Solid formulationsGood wetting, dispersing and suspension performance are key requirements of dry formulations. The Morwet wetting and dispersing agents are an excellent choice when formulating wettable powders (WP) and water dispersible granules (WDG).Combining the wetting properties of Morwet EFW with the dispersing characteristics of Morwet D-425 is generally the best option. In WP formulations it is recommended to use 1-2% of Morwet EFW and 2-3% of Morwet D-425. For WDG applications the required concentrations will be slightly higher: 2-3% of Morwet EFW and 3-5% of Morwet D-425.Alternative wetting agents to Morwet EFW are Morwet DB (for low active concentration systems), Morwet IP (for reduced foaming) and Morwet 3028 (to improve granule disintegration in high active concentration systems).As in SCs the lignin/naphthalene sulfonate proprietary process blend, Morwet D-360, can be used to replace specialtylignosulfonates. Compared to those Morwet D-360 and often offers better suspensibility and dispersibility, especially upon storage.Also in solid formulations, Morwet D-400 is a good and cost effective alternative to Morwet D-425 look-a-likes. Morwet D-809, our most recent dispersant, allows formulators to produce high performance WDGs in hard water conditions.In some agro markets there is a strong preference for white WDG. As Morwet dispersants have a tendency to bring a slightly brownish colour to the formulations it is possible to substitute them with either Agrilan ® 700 or Agrilan 789 (polycarboxylates). These Agrilan products will ensure equally good performance and a very white looking formulation.WDG guide recipesMancozeb WDG w/w Mancozeb 80%Morwet D-8098%Morwet 30283%Kaolin clay 9%Imidacloprid WDG w/w Imidacloprid 70%Agrilan 7006%Morwet EFW 3%Kaolin clay21%。

岩溶山地土壤氧化铁形态及其与成土环境的关系(精)

Morphology of Soil Iron Oxides and Its Correlation with Soil-Forming Process and Forming Conditions in a Karst Mountain
ZHANG Zhi-wei1 , ZHU Zhang-xiong 1, 2 , FU Wa-li1 , 2012 年 6 月
环境科学 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Vol. 33,No. 6 Jun. ,2012
岩溶山地土壤氧化铁形态及其与成土环境的关系
张治伟1 ,朱章雄1, 2 ,傅瓦利1 ,文志林1
(1. 西南大学地理科学学院, 重庆 400715; 2. 重庆科技学院, 重庆 400700) 摘要: 土壤氧化铁的数量和形态是成土过程和成土环境的反映. 以重庆金佛山为研究对象,采用化学选择溶解法, 分析了岩溶
化度和络合度高(73. 51% 和 17. 21% ) ,显著高于坡腰区(13. 06% 和 0. 41% ) . 在坡腰区, 灌丛马尾松退化或转化为旱地后, 土
岩溶环境退化及石漠化发生发展状况.
关键词:岩溶山地; 土壤铁氧化物; 数量; 形态; 成土环境; 石漠化
中图分类号: X144 文献标识码: A 文章编号: 0250-3301(2012)06-2013-08
顶区气温低,土壤发育程度弱,黏粒游离铁含量低(29. 16 g · kg - 1 ) ,黏粒部分铁的游离度小(35. 40% ) ; 坡腰区气温高, 土壤风壤有机质含量下降,黏粒流失,游离铁有伴随黏粒迁移的趋势, 使土壤全铁和黏粒游离铁减少; 灌丛马尾松土壤全铁 98. 25
· kg - 1 , 土壤全铁主要受母质影响. 山山顶区与坡腰区全铁含量差异大,山顶土壤全铁 51. 49 g · kg - 1 , 坡腰区全铁含量 86. 29 g

常温离型力英文

常温离型力英文Ambient Detachment ForceThe concept of ambient detachment force, also known as ambient peel force or tack, is a fundamental aspect of adhesive technology. This force refers to the ability of an adhesive to maintain a strong bond with a surface at room temperature, even when the adhesive is not actively being applied. Understanding and controlling this force is crucial in various industries, from packaging and labeling to construction and electronics.The ambient detachment force is a complex interplay of several factors, including the chemical composition of the adhesive, the surface properties of the substrate, and the environmental conditions. Adhesives are designed to form strong intermolecular interactions with the target surface, creating a cohesive bond that resists separation. The strength of this bond is influenced by the adhesive's ability to wet and spread over the surface, as well as the compatibility between the adhesive and the substrate.One of the key factors in determining the ambient detachment force is the rheological properties of the adhesive. Adhesives can beclassified as either Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluids, with the latter exhibiting shear-thinning or shear-thickening behavior. Newtonian fluids, such as water, have a constant viscosity regardless of the applied shear stress, while non-Newtonian fluids, like many adhesives, exhibit a change in viscosity with varying shear rates.The non-Newtonian behavior of adhesives is crucial in determining their ability to form and maintain strong bonds. When an adhesive is applied to a surface, the shear forces experienced during application can cause the adhesive to temporarily thin, allowing it to spread and wet the surface more effectively. As the shear forces are reduced, the adhesive's viscosity increases, helping to maintain the bond and resist separation.Another important factor in ambient detachment force is the surface energy of the substrate. Surfaces with higher surface energy, such as metals or glass, tend to have stronger interactions with adhesives, resulting in a higher ambient detachment force. Conversely, surfaces with lower surface energy, like certain plastics or coatings, may exhibit weaker adhesive interactions and a lower ambient detachment force.Environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, can also influence the ambient detachment force. Changes in temperature can affect the viscosity and mobility of the adhesive,altering its ability to wet and spread on the surface. Similarly, humidity can impact the surface energy of the substrate, as well as the chemical interactions between the adhesive and the surface.In addition to these physical and chemical factors, the manufacturing process and application methods used for the adhesive can also play a role in the ambient detachment force. Proper surface preparation, uniform adhesive application, and controlled curing conditions can all contribute to the development of a strong, durable bond.The applications of ambient detachment force are widespread and diverse. In the packaging industry, adhesives with high ambient detachment force are used to ensure the secure attachment of labels, tapes, and other materials to a variety of substrates. In construction, adhesives with controlled ambient detachment force are employedto bond building materials, such as tiles, panels, and insulation, ensuring long-lasting and reliable connections.In the electronics industry, ambient detachment force is crucial for the reliable attachment of components, such as displays, sensors, and circuit boards, to various surfaces. The ability of the adhesive to maintain a strong bond at room temperature is essential for the proper functioning and durability of electronic devices.Furthermore, the understanding and manipulation of ambientdetachment force have implications in the field of medical adhesives. Adhesives used in wound care, surgical procedures, and medical device applications must exhibit a delicate balance between strong adhesion and gentle removal, ensuring patient comfort and safety.In conclusion, the concept of ambient detachment force is a fundamental aspect of adhesive technology, with far-reaching implications across numerous industries. By understanding and controlling the factors that influence this force, adhesive manufacturers and users can develop and apply adhesives that meet the specific requirements of their applications, ensuring reliable, durable, and effective bonding solutions.。

[整理]新编简明英语语言学教程笔记

新编简明英语语言学教程笔记Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.二、知识点nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it‘s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。

pwscf说明书

User’s Guide for Quantum ESPRESSO(version4.2.0)Contents1Introduction31.1What can Quantum ESPRESSO do (4)1.2People (6)1.3Contacts (8)1.4Terms of use (9)2Installation92.1Download (9)2.2Prerequisites (10)2.3configure (11)2.3.1Manual conﬁguration (13)2.4Libraries (13)2.4.1If optimized libraries are not found (14)2.5Compilation (15)2.6Running examples (17)2.7Installation tricks and problems (19)2.7.1All architectures (19)2.7.2Cray XT machines (19)2.7.3IBM AIX (20)2.7.4Linux PC (20)2.7.5Linux PC clusters with MPI (22)2.7.6Intel Mac OS X (23)2.7.7SGI,Alpha (24)3Parallelism253.1Understanding Parallelism (25)3.2Running on parallel machines (25)3.3Parallelization levels (26)3.3.1Understanding parallel I/O (28)3.4Tricks and problems (29)4Using Quantum ESPRESSO314.1Input data (31)4.2Dataﬁles (32)4.3Format of arrays containing charge density,potential,etc (32)5Using PWscf335.1Electronic structure calculations (33)5.2Optimization and dynamics (35)5.3Nudged Elastic Band calculation (35)6Phonon calculations376.1Single-q calculation (37)6.2Calculation of interatomic force constants in real space (37)6.3Calculation of electron-phonon interaction coeﬃcients (38)6.4Distributed Phonon calculations (38)7Post-processing397.1Plotting selected quantities (39)7.2Band structure,Fermi surface (39)7.3Projection over atomic states,DOS (39)7.4Wannier functions (40)7.5Other tools (40)8Using CP408.1Reaching the electronic ground state (42)8.2Relax the system (43)8.3CP dynamics (45)8.4Advanced usage (47)8.4.1Self-interaction Correction (47)8.4.2ensemble-DFT (48)8.4.3Treatment of USPPs (50)9Performances519.1Execution time (51)9.2Memory requirements (52)9.3File space requirements (52)9.4Parallelization issues (52)10Troubleshooting5410.1pw.x problems (54)10.2PostProc (61)10.3ph.x errors (62)11Frequently Asked Questions(F AQ)6311.1General (63)11.2Installation (63)11.3Pseudopotentials (64)11.4Input data (65)11.5Parallel execution (66)11.6Frequent errors during execution (66)11.7Self Consistency (67)11.8Phonons (69)1IntroductionThis guide covers the installation and usage of Quantum ESPRESSO(opEn-Source Package for Research in Electronic Structure,Simulation,and Optimization),version4.2.0.The Quantum ESPRESSO distribution contains the following core packages for the cal-culation of electronic-structure properties within Density-Functional Theory(DFT),using a Plane-Wave(PW)basis set and pseudopotentials(PP):•PWscf(Plane-Wave Self-Consistent Field).•CP(Car-Parrinello).It also includes the following more specialized packages:•PHonon:phonons with Density-Functional Perturbation Theory.•PostProc:various utilities for data postprocessing.•PWcond:ballistic conductance.•GIPAW(Gauge-Independent Projector Augmented Waves):EPR g-tensor and NMR chem-ical shifts.•XSPECTRA:K-edge X-ray adsorption spectra.•vdW:(experimental)dynamic polarizability.•GWW:(experimental)GW calculation using Wannier functions.The following auxiliary codes are included as well:•PWgui:a Graphical User Interface,producing input dataﬁles for PWscf.•atomic:a program for atomic calculations and generation of pseudopotentials.•QHA:utilities for the calculation of projected density of states(PDOS)and of the free energy in the Quasi-Harmonic Approximation(to be used in conjunction with PHonon).•PlotPhon:phonon dispersion plotting utility(to be used in conjunction with PHonon).A copy of required external libraries are included:•iotk:an Input-Output ToolKit.•PMG:Multigrid solver for Poisson equation.•BLAS and LAPACKFinally,several additional packages that exploit data produced by Quantum ESPRESSO can be installed as plug-ins:•Wannier90:maximally localized Wannier functions(/),writ-ten by A.Mostoﬁ,J.Yates,Y.-S Lee.•WanT:quantum transport properties with Wannier functions.•YAMBO:optical excitations with Many-Body Perturbation Theory.This guide documents PWscf,CP,PHonon,PostProc.The remaining packages have separate documentation.The Quantum ESPRESSO codes work on many diﬀerent types of Unix machines,in-cluding parallel machines using both OpenMP and MPI(Message Passing Interface).Running Quantum ESPRESSO on Mac OS X and MS-Windows is also possible:see section2.2.Further documentation,beyond what is provided in this guide,can be found in:•the pw forum mailing list(pw forum@).You can subscribe to this list,browse and search its archives(links in /contacts.php).Only subscribed users can post.Please search the archives before posting:your question may have already been answered.•the Doc/directory of the Quantum ESPRESSO distribution,containing a detailed de-scription of input data for most codes inﬁles INPUT*.txt and INPUT*.html,plus and a few additional pdf documents;people who want to contribute to Quantum ESPRESSO should read the Developer Manual,developer man.pdf.•the Quantum ESPRESSO Wiki:/wiki/index.php/Main Page.This guide does not explain solid state physics and its computational methods.If you want to learn that,you should read a good textbook,such as e.g.the book by Richard Martin: Electronic Structure:Basic Theory and Practical Methods,Cambridge University Press(2004). See also the Reference Paper section in the Wiki.This guide assume that you know the basic Unix concepts(shell,execution path,directories etc.)and utilities.If you don’t,you will have a hard time running Quantum ESPRESSO.All trademarks mentioned in this guide belong to their respective owners.1.1What can Quantum ESPRESSO doPWscf can currently perform the following kinds of calculations:•ground-state energy and one-electron(Kohn-Sham)orbitals;•atomic forces,stresses,and structural optimization;•molecular dynamics on the ground-state Born-Oppenheimer surface,also with variable cell;•Nudged Elastic Band(NEB)and Fourier String Method Dynamics(SMD)for energy barriers and reaction paths;•macroscopic polarization andﬁnite electricﬁelds via the modern theory of polarization (Berry Phases).All of the above works for both insulators and metals,in any crystal structure,for many exchange-correlation(XC)functionals(including spin polarization,DFT+U,hybrid function-als),for norm-conserving(Hamann-Schluter-Chiang)PPs(NCPPs)in separable form or Ultra-soft(Vanderbilt)PPs(USPPs)or Projector Augmented Waves(PAW)method.Non-collinear magnetism and spin-orbit interactions are also implemented.An implementation ofﬁnite elec-tricﬁelds with a sawtooth potential in a supercell is also available.PHonon can perform the following types of calculations:•phonon frequencies and eigenvectors at a generic wave vector,using Density-Functional Perturbation Theory;•eﬀective charges and dielectric tensors;•electron-phonon interaction coeﬃcients for metals;•interatomic force constants in real space;•third-order anharmonic phonon lifetimes;•Infrared and Raman(nonresonant)cross section.PHonon can be used whenever PWscf can be used,with the exceptions of DFT+U and hybrid functionals.PAW is not implemented for higher-order response calculations.Calculations,in the Quasi-Harmonic approximations,of the vibrational free energy can be performed using the QHA package.PostProc can perform the following types of calculations:•Scanning Tunneling Microscopy(STM)images;•plots of Electron Localization Functions(ELF);•Density of States(DOS)and Projected DOS(PDOS);•L¨o wdin charges;•planar and spherical averages;plus interfacing with a number of graphical utilities and with external codes.CP can perform Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics,including variable-cell dynamics.1.2PeopleIn the following,the cited aﬃliation is either the current one or the one where the last known contribution was done.The maintenance and further development of the Quantum ESPRESSO distribution is promoted by the DEMOCRITOS National Simulation Center of IOM-CNR under the coor-dination of Paolo Giannozzi(Univ.Udine,Italy)and Layla Martin-Samos(Democritos)with the strong support of the CINECA National Supercomputing Center in Bologna under the responsibility of Carlo Cavazzoni.The PWscf package(which included PHonon and PostProc in earlier releases)was origi-nally developed by Stefano Baroni,Stefano de Gironcoli,Andrea Dal Corso(SISSA),Paolo Giannozzi,and many others.We quote in particular:•Matteo Cococcioni(Univ.Minnesota)for DFT+U implementation;•David Vanderbilt’s group at Rutgers for Berry’s phase calculations;•Ralph Gebauer(ICTP,Trieste)and Adriano Mosca Conte(SISSA,Trieste)for noncolinear magnetism;•Andrea Dal Corso for spin-orbit interactions;•Carlo Sbraccia(Princeton)for NEB,Strings method,for improvements to structural optimization and to many other parts;•Paolo Umari(Democritos)forﬁnite electricﬁelds;•Renata Wentzcovitch and collaborators(Univ.Minnesota)for variable-cell molecular dynamics;•Lorenzo Paulatto(Univ.Paris VI)for PAW implementation,built upon previous work by Guido Fratesi(ano Bicocca)and Riccardo Mazzarello(ETHZ-USI Lugano);•Ismaila Dabo(INRIA,Palaiseau)for electrostatics with free boundary conditions.For PHonon,we mention in particular:•Michele Lazzeri(Univ.Paris VI)for the2n+1code and Raman cross section calculation with2nd-order response;•Andrea Dal Corso for USPP,noncollinear,spin-orbit extensions to PHonon.For PostProc,we mention:•Andrea Benassi(SISSA)for the epsilon utility;•Norbert Nemec(U.Cambridge)for the pw2casino utility;•Dmitry Korotin(Inst.Met.Phys.Ekaterinburg)for the wannier ham utility.The CP package is based on the original code written by Roberto Car and Michele Parrinello. CP was developed by Alfredo Pasquarello(IRRMA,Lausanne),Kari Laasonen(Oulu),Andrea Trave,Roberto Car(Princeton),Nicola Marzari(Univ.Oxford),Paolo Giannozzi,and others. FPMD,later merged with CP,was developed by Carlo Cavazzoni,Gerardo Ballabio(CINECA), Sandro Scandolo(ICTP),Guido Chiarotti(SISSA),Paolo Focher,and others.We quote in particular:•Carlo Sbraccia(Princeton)for NEB;•Manu Sharma(Princeton)and Yudong Wu(Princeton)for maximally localized Wannier functions and dynamics with Wannier functions;•Paolo Umari(Democritos)forﬁnite electricﬁelds and conjugate gradients;•Paolo Umari and Ismaila Dabo for ensemble-DFT;•Xiaofei Wang(Princeton)for META-GGA;•The Autopilot feature was implemented by Targacept,Inc.Other packages in Quantum ESPRESSO:•PWcond was written by Alexander Smogunov(SISSA)and Andrea Dal Corso.For an introduction,see http://people.sissa.it/~smogunov/PWCOND/pwcond.html•GIPAW()was written by Davide Ceresoli(MIT),Ari Seitsonen (Univ.Zurich),Uwe Gerstmann,Francesco Mauri(Univ.Paris VI).•PWgui was written by Anton Kokalj(IJS Ljubljana)and is based on his GUIB concept (http://www-k3.ijs.si/kokalj/guib/).•atomic was written by Andrea Dal Corso and it is the result of many additions to the original code by Paolo Giannozzi and others.Lorenzo Paulatto wrote the PAW extension.•iotk(http://www.s3.infm.it/iotk)was written by Giovanni Bussi(SISSA).•XSPECTRA was written by Matteo Calandra(Univ.Paris VI)and collaborators.•VdW was contributed by Huy-Viet Nguyen(SISSA).•GWW was written by Paolo Umari and Geoﬀrey Stenuit(Democritos).•QHA amd PlotPhon were contributed by Eyvaz Isaev(Moscow Steel and Alloy Inst.and Linkoping and Uppsala Univ.).Other relevant contributions to Quantum ESPRESSO:•Andrea Ferretti(MIT)contributed the qexml and sumpdos utility,helped withﬁle formats and with various problems;•Hannu-Pekka Komsa(CSEA/Lausanne)contributed the HSE functional;•Dispersions interaction in the framework of DFT-D were contributed by Daniel Forrer (Padua Univ.)and Michele Pavone(Naples Univ.Federico II);•Filippo Spiga(ano Bicocca)contributed the mixed MPI-OpenMP paralleliza-tion;•The initial BlueGene porting was done by Costas Bekas and Alessandro Curioni(IBM Zurich);•Gerardo Ballabio wrote theﬁrst configure for Quantum ESPRESSO•Audrius Alkauskas(IRRMA),Uli Aschauer(Princeton),Simon Binnie(Univ.College London),Guido Fratesi,Axel Kohlmeyer(UPenn),Konstantin Kudin(Princeton),Sergey Lisenkov(Univ.Arkansas),Nicolas Mounet(MIT),William Parker(Ohio State Univ), Guido Roma(CEA),Gabriele Sclauzero(SISSA),Sylvie Stucki(IRRMA),Pascal Thibaudeau (CEA),Vittorio Zecca,Federico Zipoli(Princeton)answered questions on the mailing list, found bugs,helped in porting to new architectures,wrote some code.An alphabetical list of further contributors includes:Dario Alf`e,Alain Allouche,Francesco Antoniella,Francesca Baletto,Mauro Boero,Nicola Bonini,Claudia Bungaro,Paolo Cazzato, Gabriele Cipriani,Jiayu Dai,Cesar Da Silva,Alberto Debernardi,Gernot Deinzer,Yves Ferro, Martin Hilgeman,Yosuke Kanai,Nicolas Lacorne,Stephane Lefranc,Kurt Maeder,Andrea Marini,Pasquale Pavone,Mickael Profeta,Kurt Stokbro,Paul Tangney,Antonio Tilocca,Jaro Tobik,Malgorzata Wierzbowska,Silviu Zilberman,and let us apologize to everybody we have forgotten.This guide was mostly written by Paolo Giannozzi.Gerardo Ballabio and Carlo Cavazzoni wrote the section on CP.1.3ContactsThe web site for Quantum ESPRESSO is /.Releases and patches can be downloaded from this site or following the links contained in it.The main entry point for developers is the QE-forge web site:/.The recommended place where to ask questions about installation and usage of Quantum ESPRESSO,and to report bugs,is the pw forum mailing list:pw forum@.Here you can receive news about Quantum ESPRESSO and obtain help from the developers and from knowledgeable users.You have to be subscribed in order to post to the list.Please browse or search the archive–links are available in the”Contacts”page of the Quantum ESPRESSO web site,/contacts.php–before posting: many questions are asked over and over again.NOTA BENE:only messages that appear to come from the registered user’s e-mail address,in its exact form,will be accepted.Messages”waiting for moderator approval”are automatically deleted with no further processing(sorry,too much spam).In case of trouble,carefully check that your return e-mail is the correct one(i.e.the one you used to subscribe).Since pw forum averages∼10message a day,an alternative low-traﬃc mailing list,pw users@,is provided for those interested only in Quantum ESPRESSO-related news,such as e.g.announcements of new versions,tutorials,etc..You can subscribe(but not post)to this list from the Quantum ESPRESSO web site.If you need to contact the developers for speciﬁc questions about coding,proposals,oﬀersof help,etc.,send a message to the developers’mailing list:user q-e-developers,address.1.4Terms of useQuantum ESPRESSO is free software,released under the GNU General Public License. See /licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.txt,or theﬁle License in the distribution).We shall greatly appreciate if scientiﬁc work done using this code will contain an explicit acknowledgment and the following reference:P.Giannozzi,S.Baroni,N.Bonini,M.Calandra,R.Car,C.Cavazzoni,D.Ceresoli,G.L.Chiarotti,M.Cococcioni,I.Dabo,A.Dal Corso,S.Fabris,G.Fratesi,S.deGironcoli,R.Gebauer,U.Gerstmann,C.Gougoussis,A.Kokalj,zzeri,L.Martin-Samos,N.Marzari,F.Mauri,R.Mazzarello,S.Paolini,A.Pasquarello,L.Paulatto, C.Sbraccia,S.Scandolo,G.Sclauzero, A.P.Seitsonen, A.Smo-gunov,P.Umari,R.M.Wentzcovitch,J.Phys.:Condens.Matter21,395502(2009),/abs/0906.2569Note the form Quantum ESPRESSO for textual citations of the code.Pseudopotentials should be cited as(for instance)[]We used the pseudopotentials C.pbe-rrjkus.UPF and O.pbe-vbc.UPF from.2Installation2.1DownloadPresently,Quantum ESPRESSO is only distributed in source form;some precompiled exe-cutables(binaryﬁles)are provided only for PWgui.Stable releases of the Quantum ESPRESSO source package(current version is4.2.0)can be downloaded from this URL:/download.php.Uncompress and unpack the core distribution using the command:tar zxvf espresso-X.Y.Z.tar.gz(a hyphen before”zxvf”is optional)where X.Y.Z stands for the version number.If your version of tar doesn’t recognize the”z”ﬂag:gunzip-c espresso-X.Y.Z.tar.gz|tar xvf-A directory espresso-X.Y.Z/will be created.Given the size of the complete distribution,you may need to download more packages and to unpack them following the same procedure(they will unpack into the same directory).Plug-ins should instead be downloaded into subdirectory plugin/archive but not unpacked or uncompressed:command make will take care of this during installation.Occasionally,patches for the current version,ﬁxing some errors and bugs,may be distributed as a”diﬀ”ﬁle.In order to install a patch(for instance):cd espresso-X.Y.Z/patch-p1</path/to/the/diff/file/patch-file.diffIf more than one patch is present,they should be applied in the correct order.Daily snapshots of the development version can be downloaded from the developers’site :follow the link”Quantum ESPRESSO”,then”SCM”.Beware:the develop-ment version is,well,under development:use at your own risk!The bravest may access the development version via anonymous CVS(Concurrent Version System):see the Developer Manual(Doc/developer man.pdf),section”Using CVS”.The Quantum ESPRESSO distribution contains several directories.Some of them are common to all packages:Modules/sourceﬁles for modules that are common to all programsinclude/ﬁles*.h included by fortran and C sourceﬁlesclib/external libraries written in Cflib/external libraries written in Fortraniotk/Input/Output Toolkitinstall/installation scripts and utilitiespseudo/pseudopotentialﬁles used by examplesupftools/converters to uniﬁed pseudopotential format(UPF)examples/sample input and outputﬁlesDoc/general documentationwhile others are speciﬁc to a single package:PW/PWscf:sourceﬁles for scf calculations(pw.x)pwtools/PWscf:sourceﬁles for miscellaneous analysis programstests/PWscf:automated testsPP/PostProc:sourceﬁles for post-processing of pw.x dataﬁlePH/PHonon:sourceﬁles for phonon calculations(ph.x)and analysisGamma/PHonon:sourceﬁles for Gamma-only phonon calculation(phcg.x)D3/PHonon:sourceﬁles for third-order derivative calculations(d3.x)PWCOND/PWcond:sourceﬁles for conductance calculations(pwcond.x)vdW/VdW:sourceﬁles for molecular polarizability calculation atﬁnite frequency CPV/CP:sourceﬁles for Car-Parrinello code(cp.x)atomic/atomic:sourceﬁles for the pseudopotential generation package(ld1.x) atomic doc/Documentation,tests and examples for atomicGUI/PWGui:Graphical User Interface2.2PrerequisitesTo install Quantum ESPRESSO from source,you needﬁrst of all a minimal Unix envi-ronment:basically,a command shell(e.g.,bash or tcsh)and the utilities make,awk,sed. MS-Windows users need to have Cygwin(a UNIX environment which runs under Windows) installed:see /.Note that the scripts contained in the distribution assume that the local language is set to the standard,i.e.”C”;other settings may break them. Use export LC ALL=C(sh/bash)or setenv LC ALL C(csh/tcsh)to prevent any problem when running scripts(including installation scripts).Second,you need C and Fortran-95compilers.For parallel execution,you will also need MPI libraries and a“parallel”(i.e.MPI-aware)compiler.For massively parallel machines,or for simple multicore parallelization,an OpenMP-aware compiler and libraries are also required.Big machines with specialized hardware(e.g.IBM SP,CRAY,etc)typically have a Fortran-95compiler with MPI and OpenMP libraries bundled with the software.Workstations or“commodity”machines,using PC hardware,may or may not have the needed software.If not,you need either to buy a commercial product(e.g Portland)or to install an open-source compiler like gfortran or g95.Note that several commercial compilers are available free of charge under some license for academic or personal usage(e.g.Intel,Sun).2.3configureTo install the Quantum ESPRESSO source package,run the configure script.This is ac-tually a wrapper to the true configure,located in the install/subdirectory.configure will(try to)detect compilers and libraries available on your machine,and set up things accordingly. Presently it is expected to work on most Linux32-and64-bit PCs(all Intel and AMD CPUs)and PC clusters,SGI Altix,IBM SP machines,NEC SX,Cray XT machines,Mac OS X,MS-Windows PCs.It may work with some assistance also on other architectures(see below).Instructions for the impatient:cd espresso-X.Y.Z/./configuremake allSymlinks to executable programs will be placed in the bin/subdirectory.Note that both Cand Fortran compilers must be in your execution path,as speciﬁed in the PATH environment variable.Additional instructions for CRAY XT,NEC SX,Linux PowerPC machines with xlf:./configure ARCH=crayxt4./configure ARCH=necsx./configure ARCH=ppc64-mnconfigure Generates the followingﬁles:install/make.sys compilation rules andﬂags(used by Makefile)install/configure.msg a report of the conﬁguration run(not needed for compilation)install/config.log detailed log of the conﬁguration run(may be needed for debugging) include/fft defs.h deﬁnes fortran variable for C pointer(used only by FFTW)include/c defs.h deﬁnes C to fortran calling conventionand a few more deﬁnitions used by CﬁlesNOTA BENE:unlike previous versions,configure no longer runs the makedeps.sh shell scriptthat updates dependencies.If you modify the sources,run./install/makedeps.sh or type make depend to updateﬁles make.depend in the various subdirectories.You should always be able to compile the Quantum ESPRESSO suite of programs without having to edit any of the generatedﬁles.However you may have to tune configure by specifying appropriate environment variables and/or command-line ually the tricky part is toget external libraries recognized and used:see Sec.2.4for details and hints.Environment variables may be set in any of these ways:export VARIABLE=value;./configure#sh,bash,kshsetenv VARIABLE value;./configure#csh,tcsh./configure VARIABLE=value#any shellSome environment variables that are relevant to configure are:ARCH label identifying the machine type(see below)F90,F77,CC names of Fortran95,Fortran77,and C compilersMPIF90name of parallel Fortran95compiler(using MPI)CPP sourceﬁle preprocessor(defaults to$CC-E)LD linker(defaults to$MPIF90)(C,F,F90,CPP,LD)FLAGS compilation/preprocessor/loaderﬂagsLIBDIRS extra directories where to search for librariesFor example,the following command line:./configure MPIF90=mpf90FFLAGS="-O2-assume byterecl"\CC=gcc CFLAGS=-O3LDFLAGS=-staticinstructs configure to use mpf90as Fortran95compiler withﬂags-O2-assume byterecl, gcc as C compiler withﬂags-O3,and to link withﬂag-static.Note that the value of FFLAGS must be quoted,because it contains spaces.NOTA BENE:do not pass compiler names with the leading path included.F90=f90xyz is ok,F90=/path/to/f90xyz is not.Do not use environmental variables with configure unless they are needed!try configure with no options as aﬁrst step.If your machine type is unknown to configure,you may use the ARCH variable to suggest an architecture among supported ones.Some large parallel machines using a front-end(e.g. Cray XT)will actually need it,or else configure will correctly recognize the front-end but not the specialized compilation environment of those machines.In some cases,cross-compilation requires to specify the target machine with the--host option.This feature has not been extensively tested,but we had at least one successful report(compilation for NEC SX6on a PC).Currently supported architectures are:ia32Intel32-bit machines(x86)running Linuxia64Intel64-bit(Itanium)running Linuxx8664Intel and AMD64-bit running Linux-see note belowaix IBM AIX machinessolaris PC’s running SUN-Solarissparc Sun SPARC machinescrayxt4Cray XT4/5machinesmacppc Apple PowerPC machines running Mac OS Xmac686Apple Intel machines running Mac OS Xcygwin MS-Windows PCs with Cygwinnecsx NEC SX-6and SX-8machinesppc64Linux PowerPC machines,64bitsppc64-mn as above,with IBM xlf compilerNote:x8664replaces amd64since v.4.1.Cray Unicos machines,SGI machines with MIPS architecture,HP-Compaq Alphas are no longer supported since v.4.2.0.Finally,configure recognizes the following command-line options:--enable-parallel compile for parallel execution if possible(default:yes)--enable-openmp compile for openmp execution if possible(default:no)--enable-shared use shared libraries if available(default:yes)--disable-wrappers disable C to fortran wrapper check(default:enabled)--enable-signals enable signal trapping(default:disabled)and the following optional packages:--with-internal-blas compile with internal BLAS(default:no)--with-internal-lapack compile with internal LAPACK(default:no)--with-scalapack use ScaLAPACK if available(default:yes)If you want to modify the configure script(advanced users only!),see the Developer Manual.2.3.1Manual conﬁgurationIf configure stops before the end,and you don’tﬁnd a way toﬁx it,you have to write working make.sys,include/fft defs.h and include/c defs.hﬁles.For the latter twoﬁles,follow the explanations in include/defs.h.README.If configure has run till the end,you should need only to edit make.sys.A few templates (each for a diﬀerent machine type)are provided in the install/directory:they have names of the form Make.system,where system is a string identifying the architecture and compiler.The template used by configure is also found there as make.sys.in and contains explanations of the meaning of the various variables.The diﬃcult part will be to locate libraries.Note that you will need to select appropriate preprocessingﬂags in conjunction with the desired or available libraries(e.g.you need to add-D FFTW)to DFLAGS if you want to link internal FFTW).For a correct choice of preprocessingﬂags,refer to the documentation in include/defs.h.README.NOTA BENE:If you change any settings(e.g.preprocessing,compilationﬂags)after a previous(successful or failed)compilation,you must run make clean before recompiling,unless you know exactly which routines are aﬀected by the changed settings and how to force their recompilation.2.4LibrariesQuantum ESPRESSO makes use of the following external libraries:•BLAS(/blas/)and•LAPACK(/lapack/)for linear algebra•FFTW(/)for Fast Fourier TransformsA copy of the needed routines is provided with the distribution.However,when available, optimized vendor-speciﬁc libraries should be used:this often yields huge performance gains. BLAS and LAPACK Quantum ESPRESSO can use the following architecture-speciﬁc replacements for BLAS and LAPACK:MKL for Intel Linux PCsACML for AMD Linux PCsESSL for IBM machinesSCSL for SGI AltixSUNperf for SunIf none of these is available,we suggest that you use the optimized ATLAS library:see /.Note that ATLAS is not a complete replacement for LAPACK:it contains all of the BLAS,plus the LU code,plus the full storage Cholesky code. Follow the instructions in the ATLAS distributions to produce a full LAPACK replacement.Sergei Lisenkov reported success and good performances with optimized BLAS by Kazushige Goto.They can be freely downloaded,but not redistributed.See the”GotoBLAS2”item at /tacc-projects/.FFT Quantum ESPRESSO has an internal copy of an old FFTW version,and it can use the following vendor-speciﬁc FFT libraries:IBM ESSLSGI SCSLSUN sunperfNEC ASLAMD ACMLconfigure willﬁrst search for vendor-speciﬁc FFT libraries;if none is found,it will search for an external FFTW v.3library;if none is found,it will fall back to the internal copy of FFTW.If you have recent versions of MKL installed,you may try the FFTW interface provided with MKL.You will have to compile them(only sources are distributed with the MKL library) and to modifyﬁle make.sys accordingly(MKL must be linked after the FFTW-MKL interface)MPI libraries MPI libraries are usually needed for parallel execution(unless you are happy with OpenMP multicore parallelization).In well-conﬁgured machines,configure shouldﬁnd the appropriate parallel compiler for you,and this shouldﬁnd the appropriate libraries.Since often this doesn’t happen,especially on PC clusters,see Sec.2.7.5.Other libraries Quantum ESPRESSO can use the MASS vector math library from IBM, if available(only on AIX).2.4.1If optimized libraries are not foundThe configure script attempts toﬁnd optimized libraries,but may fail if they have been in-stalled in non-standard places.You should examine theﬁnal value of BLAS LIBS,LAPACK LIBS, FFT LIBS,MPI LIBS(if needed),MASS LIBS(IBM only),either in the output of configure or in the generated make.sys,to check whether it found all the libraries that you intend to use.If some library was not found,you can specify a list of directories to search in the envi-ronment variable LIBDIRS,and rerun configure;directories in the list must be separated by spaces.For example:./configure LIBDIRS="/opt/intel/mkl70/lib/32/usr/lib/math"If this still fails,you may set some or all of the*LIBS variables manually and retry.For example:./configure BLAS_LIBS="-L/usr/lib/math-lf77blas-latlas_sse"Beware that in this case,configure will blindly accept the speciﬁed value,and won’t do any extra search.。

胶体与界面化学英文1Colloid and SurfaceInterface Chemistry—Scope and Variables

Principles of Colloid and Surface/Interface Chemistry
1
Contents
Chapter 1: Colloid and Surface/Interface Chemistry—Scope and Variables Chapter 2: Sedimentation and Diffusion and Their Equilibrium Chapter 3: Solution Thermodynamics: Osmotic and Donnan Equilibia Chapter 4: The Rheology of Dispersions
Reverse hexagonal liquid crystal
17
The exchange of main structures of aggregation
vesicle
18
4. Impact of Colloid and Surface Chemistry in Science,Engineering and Technology
5
The linear dimension is size range, rather than particle weight or the number of atoms in a particle.
The properties of colloid system and surface phenomena of colloid system depend mainly on the specific surface area of colloid particle, little or lightly on the colloid structure and density of a particle.

AATCC-test method

he following changes have been made in AATCC T test methods since publication of the 2009 edition of the T ECHNICAL M ANUAL. The copy deadline for changes in the 2010 edition was May 2009.Global Editorial Change to AATCC Test Methods. Web sites of sources listed in AATCC test methods, if known, were added editorially.8-2007, Colorfastness to Crocking: Crockmeter Method. Editorially revised to correct the tolerances for Crockmeter Test Cloth in 13.5.15-2009, Colorfastness to Perspiration. Revised to provide consistency within three methods (15, 106 and 107) regard-ing multifiber use, specimen preparation and sewing of multifiber.20-2007, Fiber Analysis: Qualitative. Editorially revised to delete lyocell from Man-Made Fibers list and add the refer-ence to ISO 2076 in the Development Statement.20A-2008, Fiber Analysis: Quantitative. Editorially re-vised to add reference to ISO 1833 in the Development Statement and to correct Equation 2 in 14.4.26-2009, Ageing of Sulfur-Dyed Textiles: Accelerated. Reaffirmed and editorially revised to delete 8.2 as an option to determine degree of deterioration by the cuprammonium fluidity test.27-2009, Wetting Agents: Evaluation of Rewetting Agents. Reaffirmed.28-2004, Insect Pest Deterrents on Textiles. Withdrawn in its entirety due to lack of use in the industry.35-2006, Water Resistance: Rain Test. Editorially revised to add the ISO reference in the Development Statement.42-2007, Water Resistance: Impact Penetration Test. Edi-torially revised to add ISO reference in the Development Statement.43-2009, Wetting Agents for Mercerization. Reaffirmed. 61-2009, Colorfastness to Laundering: Accelerated. Re-vised to add a cold hand wash test as Option 1B and to add as an alternate the use of rubber balls instead of stainless steel balls.70-2005, Water Repellency: Tumble Jar Dynamic Absorp-tion Test. Editorially revised to add the ISO reference in the Development Statement.89-2008, Mercerization in Cotton. Editorially revised to in-dicate in the Development Statement that this method has been transferred to the jurisdiction of AATCC Committee RA34, Preparation Test Methods from Committee RA66, Mercerization Test Methods as RA66 has been disbanded. 92-2009, Chlorine, Retained, Tensile Loss: Single Sample Method. Reaffirmed.96-2009, Dimensional Changes in Commercial Launder-ing of Woven and Knitted Fabrics Except Wool. Reaf-firmed.97-2009, Extractable Content of Textiles. Revised (with a title change) to be used for determining the amount of water, enzyme and organic-solvent extractable matter of cellulose and other fiber types in their greige and/or prepared state of processing. The revised method also changes the solvent from 1,1,1 trichloroethane (TCE) to hexanes because TCE is an ozone depleter and can no longer be manufactured. The reasons for changing to hexanes include reasonable cost, environmental safety, and fewer concerns about worker exposure as compared to other solvents. Although hexanes are flammable, they do not pose an extreme hazard when handled properly. However, since some labs may have con-cerns about flammability, please note that this method has an option (refer to 11.1) for alternative solvents. A precision and bias statement has also been added.100-2004, Antibacterial Finishes on Textile Materials: Assessment of. Editorially revised to correct Equation 3 in 11.2.101-2009, Colorfastness to Bleaching with Hydrogen Per-oxide. Reaffirmed and editorially revised to correct formulae in Table I.103-2009, Bacterial Alpha-Amylase Enzymes used in De-sizing, Assay of. Reaffirmed.106-2009, Colorfastness to Water: Sea. Revised to provide consistency within three methods (15, 106 and 107) regard-ing multifiber use, specimen preparation and sewing of mul-tifiber.107-2009, Colorfastness to Water. Revised to provide con-sistency within three methods (15, 106 and 107) regarding multifiber use, specimen preparation and sewing of multi-fiber.111-2009, Weather Resistance of Textiles: Exposure to Daylight and Weather. Reaffirmed and editorially revised to add references to ASTM methods.117-2009, Colorfastness to Heat: Dry (Excluding Press-ing). Reaffirmed and editorially revised to correct sample of testing temperature in 7.2.119-2009, Color Change Due to Flat Abrasion (Frosting): Screen Wire Method. Reaffirmed.120-2009, Color Change Due to Flat Abrasion (Frosting): Emery Method. Reaffirmed.122-2009, Carpet Soiling: Service Soiling Method. Re-vised to simplify specimen mounting and rotation and to add the synthetic soil preparation from TM 123 (see below) as Appendix A.123-2000, Carpet Soiling: Accelerated Soiling Method. Withdrawn in its entirety because of lack of use in the indus-try. However the synthetic soil preparation was added to TM 122 (see above).Changes in AATCC Test Methods124-2009, Smoothness Appearance of Fabrics after Re-peated Home Laundering. Revised to include new lan-guage to allow the use of digital imaging systems and to include a title change.125-2009, Colorfastness to Perspiration and Light. Reaf-firmed and editorially revised to add ISO reference in Devel-opment Statement.128-2009, Wrinkle Recovery of Fabrics: Appearance Method. Revised to include new language to allow the use of digital imaging systems and to note in 1.2 that the method can be used to evaluate fabrics in their original, unwashed state or after home laundering.132-2009, Colorfastness to Drycleaning. Reaffirmed and editorially revised to correct ISO reference in Development Statement.133-2009, Colorfastness to Heat: Hot Pressing. Reaf-firmed and editorially revised to correct sample of testing temperature in 7.2.136-2009, Bond Strength of Bonded and Laminated Fab-rics. Reaffirmed and editorially changed to correct condi-tioning temperature in 8.1.141-2009, Compatibility of Basic Dyes for Acrylic Fibers. Reaffirmed.162-2009, Colorfastness to Water: Chlorinated Pool. Re-affirmed.165-2008, Colorfastness to Crocking: Textile Floor Cov-erings—Crockmeter Method. Editorially revised to correct the tolerances for Crockmeter Test Cloth in 13.4.169-2009, Weather Resistance of Textiles: Xenon Lamp Exposure. Reaffirmed and editorially revised to add refer-ences to ASTM methods.173-2009, CMC: Calculation of Small Color Differences for Acceptability. Revised to delete “Appendix A. Computer Program” and “Appendix B. Representative Test Data” from the test method for the following reasons: (1) An error had been identified in the BASIC program code and no resource had been identified to correct the error (effort has been on-going since May 2007); (2) Modern computer programs no longer utilize BASIC as a programming language; and (3) CMC calculations are being performed accurately by color quality control computer programs readily available to the industry today.176-2006, Speckiness of Colorant Dispersions: Evalua-tion of. Editorially revised to add ISO reference in Develop-ment Statement.179-2004, Skewness Change in Fabric and Garment Twist Resulting from Automatic Home Laundering. Edi-torially revised to add ISO reference in Development State-ment.184-2005, Dusting Behavior of Dyes: Determination of. Editorially revised to correct ISO reference in Development Statement.186-2009, Weather Resistance: UV Light and Moisture Exposure. Revised to add references to ASTM methods. 187-2009, Dimensional Changes of Fabrics: Accelerated. Reaffirmed and editorially revised to add ISO reference to Development Statement.191-2009, Acid Cellulase Enzymes, Effect of: Top Load-ing Washer. Reaffirmed and editorially revised to correct name of ASTM method in 8.3.192-2009, Weather Resistance of Textiles: Sunshine-Arc Lamp Exposure With and Without Wetting. Revised only to add references to ASTM methods.195-2009, Liquid Moisture Management Properties of Textile Fabrics. NEW AATCC test method which provides for the measurement, evaluation and classification of liquid moisture management properties of textile fabrics. The test method produces objective measurements of some liquid moisture management properties of knitted, woven and non-woven textile fabrics. The results obtained with this test method were based on water resistance, water repellency and water absorption characteristics of the fabric structure, in-cluding the fabric’s geometric and internal structure and the wicking characteristics of its fibers and yarns. A Precision and Bias Statement has been included to provide clarity. AATCC Evaluation Procedure 1-2007, Gray Scale for Color Change. Editorially revised to clarify the description of the color changes in colorfastness test (see 6.1). AATCC Evaluation Procedure 7-2009, Instrumental As-sessment of Change in Color of a Test Specimen. Reaf-firmed.。

EPI-REZ

Technical Data SheetEPI-REZ™ Resin WD-510Product DescriptionEPI-REZ™ Resin WD-510 is a liquid epoxy resin specifically designed for water dilution. In combination with epoxy curing agents and dilution with water it forms resin in water emulsions. It is useful as a modifier for Portland Cement, concrete, mortars, stuccos, and grouts. As a binder it is useful for trowel applied floor toppings, bond coats, base coats, membranecoatings and sealers.Suggested UsesEPI-REZ WD-510 forms uniform dispersions in water in combination with Aliphatic amine curing agents, including adducts, amidoamines, polyamides, and accelerated amines. To make these dispersions the EPI-REZ WD-510 and curing agent must first be thoroughly blended. Then water is added to the blend and stirred in, either manually or with an agitator powered by a motor. Resin/curing agent blends are diluted with water to a solids level of 40 to 80 percent by weight. This dispersion process is typically facilitated with glycol ether cosolvents and epoxy viscosity reducing modifiers. While batches of the water dispersed system exhibit long dispersion life (generally remain emulsified through gelation), the usable working life of some formulations is shorter than the dispersion life. The actual usable working life of a specific formulation should be determined in a laboratory by studying performance related properties as a function of time elapsed from mixing to application. EPI-REZ WD-510 can also be combined with acid-functional acrylic epoxy resin (e.g. ETERSOL G1182 - Eternal Chemical Co) to produce two-package water reducible coatings. EPI-REZ WD-510 may be used in place of EPON Resin 828 for lower VOC's in combination with waterborne EPIKURE™ Epoxy Curing Agents for 2 package epoxy industrial finishes.Sales SpecificationsTest M ethodColor 2Gardner A STM D1259V iscosity 8000 - 12000cP A STM D2196Weight per Epoxide 190 - 205g/eq A STM D1652Typical PropertiesUnitPounds/Gallon 9.64lbs/galProcessing/How to useGeneral InformationEPI-REZ Resin WD-510 can be thinned with epoxy diluent modifiers including HELOXY™ Modifier 8, HELOXY Modifier 62 or CARDURA™ E-10 to facilitate mixing and handling. Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether may be used to lower viscosity of the resins during the water dispersing process. EPI-REZ Resin WD-510 does not contain alkylphenol ethoxylates.Table 1 outlines the handling characteristics of water reducible systems incorporating EPI-REZ WD-510 with various amine curing agents. Substitution of up to 20 percent of EPI-REZ WD-510 with a flexibilizer or reactive diluent retains the water reducible feature in combination with amine curing agents. Flatting agents such as colloidal silica may be incorporated at levels up to 15 parts per hundred resin in the emulsions without building excessive thixotropy.Cured state properties of EPI-REZ WD-510 amine systems are very similar to those of corresponding EPON™ Resin 828 compositions. Table 2 compares such systems prior to water reduction of the EPI-REZ WD-510 system.Table 1/ Handling Characteristics and Film Properties of Water-Thinned Epoxy SystemsEPI-REZ Resin WD-510100100100100 EPIKURE™ Curing Agent 327438–––EPIKURE Curing Agent 3046–48––EPIKURE Curing Agent 3270––72–EPIKURE Curing Agent 3072–––33 Water53576753 Colloidal Silica11211 Blend Properties at 25 °C280.55 Gel Time, 100 g mass hrs9Emulsion Life72727272 Solids%Film Properties3Tack-Free Time hrs1624811 Film Continuity Good Craters Good Good Clarity Transparent Cloudy Cloudy Cloudy "Sweat-out"None Slight None Slight1 Cab-O Sil M-5 supplied Cabot Corporation.2 Emulsions prepared by first blending the resins, converter and colloidal silica, then adding water and agitating for 2 minutes using a portable electric drill and "Jiffy" agitator.3 5 mil wet films applied with doctor blade at 25 °CTable 2/ Comparison of Cured State Properties of Undiluted EPI-REZ™ Resin WD-510 versus EPON Resin 828EPI-REZ WD-510 Resin100–100–EPON Resin 828–100–100 EPIKURE Curing Agent 32743840––EPIKURE Curing Agent 3072––3335Cured State Properties1Ultimate Tensile Strength psi8,4009,2009,4007,000 Tensile Elongation%344 1.6 Ultimate Flexural Strength psi12,900–14,50015,000 Flexural Modulus106 psi0.41–0.460.52 Compressive Yield Strength psi13,000–12,60013,200 Izod Impact ft.•lb./in. notch0.490.530.520.45 Hardness Shore D8*******Chemical Resistance2Distilled Water0.380.210.200.105% Acetic Acid0.590.250.81–50:50 Xylene/lsopropanol11.68 1.25–1 All test specimens were cured for2 weeks at 25 °C.2 Percent weight gain after immersion for 24 hours at 25 °C.Safety, Storage & HandlingPlease refer to the SDS for the most current Safety and Handling information.Please refer to the Hexion web site for Shelf Life and recommended Storage information.For ease of handling and optimum shelf life, epoxy dispersions should be stored in tightly sealed containers at temperatures between 50 °F (10°C) and 100 °F (37.8 °C). Do not allow the product to freeze. To prevent skinning or surface drying, do not leave the product uncovered for extended periods of time. If the need arises to store partially filled drums, replace the plastic top-sheet onto the surface of the liquid product.Exposure to these materials should be minimized and avoided, if feasible, through the observance of proper precautions, use of appropriate engineering controls and proper personal protective clothing and equipment, and adherence to proper handling procedures. None of thesematerials should be used, stored, or transported until the handling precautions and recommendations as stated in the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for these and all other products being used are understood by all persons who will work with them. Questions and requests for information on Hexion Inc. ("Hexion") products should be directed to your Hexion sales representative, or the nearest Hexion sales office. Information and SDSs on non-Hexion products should be obtained from the respective manufacturer.PackagingAvailable in bulk and drum quantities.Contact InformationFo r p ro d u ct p ri ce s, a va i l a b i l i ty, o r o rd e r p l a ce m e n t, vi s i t th e “Co n ta ct Us” s e c o n o f o u r w e b s i te. Fo r l i te ra tu re a n d te ch n i ca l a s s i s ta n ce, vi s i t o u r w e b s i te a t: w w w.H e xi o n.co m/e p o xy。

非化学溶液的选择与应用指南说明书

• Berol 829, Berol 904Castor oil ethoxylates with respectively 20 (Berol 829) and 36 moles EO (Berol 904) are standard EC emulsifiers in combination with dodecylbenzenesulphonate salts.• Lankropol ® KPH70, Phospholan ® PE169, Witconate ™ P1460EH To make an efficient emulsion, nonionic surfactants need to be combined with anioinics. Lankropol, Phospholan and Witconate have carefully been selected from 3different chemistries; sulfosuccinate (Lankropol KPH70), phosphate esters (Phospholan PE169) and dodecylbenzene sulphonate (Witconate P1460EH). Together with Berol’s and Ethylan’s they are necessary tools to formulate an EC, EW and ME. Lankropol and Phospholan are excellent for ME formulations.Emulsion for plant protectionExplore the full potential of your emulsionsSupporting our customers to formulate crop protection formulations is what we do. Every day. We are a global company with a broad range of environmentally safe,biodegradable and cost effective solutions. This guide shows how our products can be used to explore the full potential of your emulsions.Key products for successful emulsions• Ethylan ® NS-500LQ, Ethylan 992, Ethylan 954LQEthylan NS-500LQ is a block copolymer. In combination with the alcohol alkoxylate Ethylan 954LQ and the anionic Witconate P1460EH suitable EC formulations based on dimethylamide solvents (Armids) will be achieved. The alcohol alkoxylate Ethylan 992 in combination with Witconate P1460EH is a superior combination for aromatic solvents such as Solvesso.• Berol ® 9927, Berol 9960, Berol 9968, Berol 9969Nonionic / anionic emulsifier blends for standard aromatic solvent based EC formulations. The basic pair consists of Berol 9960 and Berol 9968. Depending on the HLB of the EC the emulsifier ratio needs to be determined by means of a ratio check. Berol 9927 and Berol 9969 can be used inmore hydrophobic formulations.Agrochemical formulation guide for EC, EW and MEFormulations in this guide have been tested inlaboratory scale and comply with the following CIPAC methods:Emulsion characteristics CIPAC MT3Emulsification stability CIPAC MT 39 & MT 46.1.3Emulsifiable concentrates (EC)While green solvents are gaining market share, emulsifiable concentrates (EC) have reinstated their position as popular agrochemical formulations. Their simple manufacturing process and relatively low cost remains important benefits. In addition, ECs generally have a better biological activity compared to dispersions.Aromatic solvents continue to be popular solvents in several regions around the world because of their high solvency power and low cost. ECs based on these types of solvent require different emulsifier systems compared to the formulations based on green solvents.On dilution in water, ECs form a spontaneous emulsion with oil droplets ranging from 1 to 10 μm. Since the active ingredient reaches the target surface in a liquid form, ECs usually result in having a better biological performance compared to dispersions with the active in solid forms. PreparationThe active ingredient is dissolved in the solvent and the emulsifier system is added while stirring. Typically 5 to 10% emulsifier is used.Active ingredients Emulsifier Solvent Additional additives Chlorpyriphos 200 g/l20 g/l Berol 996030 g/l Berol 9968Solvesso 150ND up to 1 literFluroxypyr-methyl 288 g/l27 g/l Ethylan NS-500LQ50 g/l Ethylan 954LQ14 g/l Witconate P1460EH 200 g/l Armid FMPC Armid DM10 up to 1 literCyhalofop-butyl 200 g/l10g Berol 9968Solvesso 150 up to 1 liter20 g/l Adsee AB 615 (adjuvant)2,4-D ester 660 g/l (a.e.) (Iso octyl ester)38 g/l Ethylan 99258 g/l Witconate P1460EHPenthoate 500 g/l30 g/l Berol 996920 g/l Agrilan AEC145Xylene up to 1 literOxyfluorfen 240 g/l80 g/l Berol 992718 g/l Ethylan NS-500LQ 220 g/l Armid FMPC350 g/l Cyclohexanone Solvesso 150ND up to 1 literSolvesso is a trade name by ExxonMobile ChemicalsMicro emulsions (ME)Micro emulsions (ME) are thermodynamically stable liquid formulations with a relatively low concentration of active ingredient. They are suited to formulate actives for application at low dose rates. As such they usually find their way into the home and garden or wood preservation markets.Micro emulsions contain the following components:•Oil phase, can be liquid active ingridient or an active dissolved in a solvent•Water phase, can also contain an active• EmulsifiersA co-surfactant may be required to reduce the interfacial tension between water and oil. Typical cosurfactants are alcohols, such as hexanol or butanol, but could also be a surfactant. Micro emulsions can be a small-scale version of emulsions with a droplet size typically around 10 nm. This is about 100 times smaller than the typical emulsion droplet size.Micro emulsions can also be a more dynamic system with micro domains of oil and water. In contrast to an ordinary emulsion, where the droplets slowly coalesce and the phases eventually separate, the highly dynamic oil droplets/domains in a micro emulsions are stable and phase separation never occurs. Because of the small droplet sizes micro emulsions are transparent formulations.PreparationMake a W/O emulsion by mixing active ingredient(s), emulsifiers and organic solvent (if necessary) and add approximately 4% water slowly under low shear mixing to a homogeneous mixture at about 40 to 50°C. By adding more water a phase inversion will occur from W/O to O/W.Active ingredient(s) must be in liquid or semisolid (low melting point) state and insoluble and chemically stable in water. Solid active(s) can be dissolved in a minimum quantity of solvent..Active ingredients Emulsifier StabilizerChlorpyriphos 190 g/l200 g/l Lankropol KPH70300 g/l Berol 829100 g/l Solvesso 100 Water up to 1 literCypermethrin 350 g/l200 g/l Agrilan AEC145170 g/l Phospholan PE16990 g/l Armid FMPC 110 g/l EGDA Water up to 1 literIndoxacarb 50 g/l120 g/l Agrilan AEC14580 g/l Phospholan PE169110 g/l EGDAArmid FMPC up to 1 literEGDA = Ethylene Glycol Diacetate Emulsions in water (EW)The emulsion in water (EW) technology is generally usedto formulate liquid or low melting point active ingredients. The major benefit of EWs is that water can be used as the continuous phase resulting in a lower tox profile and high flash point formulations.PreparationThe emulsification can be spontaneous or low to highshear mixing may be required.•Mixture 1: Dissolve the active(s) in solvent(s) if needed. Add emulsifiers under gentle stirring.•Mixture 2: blend water, antifoam and antifreeze•Add mixture 2 slowly and under moderate shear into mixture 1. Increase shear.• A phase inversion will occur during this process (from W/O to O/W). Continue stirring and observe/measure droplet size until desired size is achieved (typically around 1 μm).•Add thickener to obtain desired viscosity (typically 500 -2000 mPa.s)•Add biocide and fine tune the active contentActive ingredients Emulsifier Stabilizer Solvent Additional additivesTebuconazole 250 g/l80 g/l Berol 90420 g/l Witconate P1460EH 5 g/l Agrilan 789450 g/l Water200 g/l Armid DM10Thickener 1-3%Biocide 0.1-0.2%Antifoam 0.1-0.2%Chlorpyrifos 450 g/l20 g/l Ethylan 32420 g/l Ethylan 99220 g/l Agrilan AEC1455 g/l Ethylan NS-500LQ 100 g/l Armid DM10100 g/l Solvesso 15030 g/l MEGWater up to 1 literBiocide 1 g/lAntifoam 1 g/lMEG = Mono Ethylene GlycolNouryon is a global, specialty chemicals leader. Markets and consumers worldwide rely on our essential solutions to manufacture everyday products, such as personal care, cleaning goods, paints and coatings, agriculture and food, pharmaceuticals, and building products. Furthermore, the dedication of more than 7,900 employees with a shared commitment to our customers, business growth, safety, sustainability and innovation has resulted in a consistently strong financial performance. We operate in over 80 countries around the world with a portfolio of industry-leading brands. Visit our website and follow us @Nouryon and on LinkedIn.All information concerning our products and/or allsuggestions for handling and use contained herein(including formulation and toxicity information) areoffered in good faith and are believed to be reliable.However, Nouryon makes no warranty express orimplied (i) as to the accuracy or sufficiency of suchinformation and/or suggestions, (ii) as to any product’smerchantability or fitness for a particular use or (iii) thatany suggested use (including use in any formulation)will not infringe any patent. Nothing contained hereinshall be construed as granting or extending any licenseunder any patent. The user must determine for itselfby preliminary tests or otherwise the suitability of anyproduct and of any information contained herein(including but not limited to formulation and toxicityinformation) for the user’s purpose. The safety of anyformulations described herein has not been established.The suitability and safety of a formulation should beconfirmed in all respects by the user prior to use. Theinformation contained herein supersedes all previouslyissued bulletins on the subject matter covered.Products mentioned are trademarks of Nouryonand registered in many countries.Contact us directly for detailed product information and sample requestwebsite | /markets/agricultureemail|****************December221。

Translation of EST

Syntactic Characteristics
3. Long Sentences
只有很详细地研究这些人类智能情况,并把实际研究得出的结果与基础计算机科学书上给出的人工智能结论相比较,计算机工程师才能彻底地了解人工智能的理论和方法,开发出具有人类智能的计算机程序,并将其用于解决目前计算机不能解决的更复杂和更难的问题。
Syntactic Characteristics
Only by studying such cases of human intelligence with all the details and by comparing the results of exact investigation with the solutions of AI (Artificial Intelligence) usually given in the elementary books on computer science can a computer engineer acquire a thorough understanding of theory and method in AI,develop intelligent computer programs that work in a human-like way, and apply them to solving more complex and difficult problems that present computer can’t.
安全带
据调查，妥当使用汽车前座安全带会减少 45%的车祸死亡率。大多数人以为自由的安全带性能良好，工作正常；但是情况并非始终如此。那么怎样判断你的安全带是否提 belts should unreel smoothly when you pull them, and then retract snugly around you. If they do not fit well, check the retractor—the spool-like device that tightens the belt—near the floor. The Visual Test See if your belt are frayed or torn. If the retractors are sound, and you’re accident-free, the belts should last the life of the car.

双折射滤光片二阶、三阶色散的探究

双折射滤光片二阶、三阶色散研究∗贾亚青朱晓农南开大学现代光学研究所，光电信息技术科学教育部重点实验室，天津 300071摘要: 本文研究了由理想线偏振片和单轴双折射晶体波片（光轴平行波片表面）组成的双折射滤光片倾斜放置时的二阶色散和三阶色散特性。

利用琼斯矩阵推导出了双折射滤光片的群延迟表达式，计算了双折射滤光片的二阶、三阶色散曲线，分析了色散规律，给出了波片厚度、光线入射角和光轴旋转角的变化对二阶、三阶色散的影响，并就色散特性与GT干涉仪进行了比较。

关键字：双折射滤光片；群延迟；二阶色散；三阶色散Discussion on Dispersion Characteristics of a Tilted BirefringentFilterJIA Yaqing, ZHU XiaonongInstitute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China,Key Laboratory of Opto-electronic Information Science and Technology, Ministry of Education,Tianjin 300071, P. R. ChinaAbstract: We present theoretical investigations of the second- and the third-ordergroup delay dispersion caused by a tilted birefringent filter (TBF) that is composed ofa tilted birefringent plate sandwiched between two linear polarizers. By using Jonesmatrix we deduced the expression for the group delay of a TBF and calculated thecorresponding second- and the third-order dispersion. The influence of the parameterssuch as the thickness, the tilting angle and the rotation angle of the birefringent plateon dispersions are analyzed. Comparison between the dispersion characteristics of aGires-Tournois interferometer (GTI) and those of TBF is also presented.Key words: birefringent filters；group delay；group delay dispersion and third-orderdispersion引言双折射滤光片作为光波长调谐元件，由于调谐方便、插入损耗小等优点，被广泛应用在天文光学和激光技术领域中。

基于SHS

第42 卷第 6 期2023 年6 月Vol.42 No.6674~683分析测试学报FENXI CESHI XUEBAO（Journal of Instrumental Analysis）基于SHS/GC－IMS、OAV值结合多元统计学的不同品种雪茄烟叶特征香气构成差异解析施友志1，潘勇1，杜甫1，赵泽玉1，李子玮1，王琰琰1，袁晓龙2，张忠锋2，庞雪莉2*，王剑1*（1．湖北中烟工业有限责任公司，湖北武汉430000；2．中国农业科学院烟草研究所，山东青岛266100）摘要：采用静态顶空/气相色谱－离子迁移谱（SHS/GC－IMS）对不同品种雪茄烟叶的挥发性风味化合物构成特点进行了解析，结合阈值和气味属性初步明确了不同品种雪茄烟叶的风格特征，并基于多元统计分析方法筛选不同品种雪茄烟叶的差异风味标志物。

共鉴定出82种挥发性风味组分，包括含氮化合物（胺类、吡啶、吡嗪、腈类）、含氧杂环化合物、含硫化合物、脂肪醇、脂肪醛、脂肪酮、脂肪酸、脂肪酯、内酯、单萜烯和芳香族化合物共11类。

其中，三甲胺在全部雪茄烟叶中均具有绝对浓度优势和最高的气味贡献度，是雪茄烟刺激性氨味和鱼鲜腥味的主要物质来源。

层次聚类分析（HCA）显示，在挥发性组分构成上，楚雪80和楚雪81与多米尼加雪茄烟叶较为相似，其香韵构成丰富，以奶香为主，辅以可可香和辛香；印尼雪茄烟叶独具一格，果甜香特征最突出。

基于气味贡献度（OAV）的偏最小二乘判别分析（PLS－DA）显示，三甲胺（氨味、鱼鲜腥味）、3-甲基丁酸乙酯（苹果、柑橘、甜香味）、2，3-丁二酮（黄油、奶油味）、异丁酸乙酯（苹果、热带水果味）、二甲基二硫醚（卷心菜、泥土、硫化物风味）、1-戊烯-3-醇（青草味）、2-甲基丙醛（黑巧克力味）、己醛（青草味）、丁酸乙酯（苹果、香蕉味）、乙酸乙酯（果香味）、2-甲基丙酸（奶酪味）是不同品种雪茄风格差异的主要物质基础。

研究结果能为国内雪茄烟叶风味品质改善和特色化配套生产技术开发提供数据支撑和理论指导。

高效液相色谱法-综述

Journal of Chromatography A,1217(2010)858–880Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of ChromatographyAj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /c h r o maReviewThe challenges of the analysis of basic compounds by high performance liquid chromatography:Some possible approaches for improved separationsDavid V.McCalley ∗Centre for Research in Biomedicine,University of the West of England,Frenchay,Bristol BS161QY,UKa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Available online 3December 2009Keywords:HPLCBasic compounds Stationary phases Reversed-phase HILICa b s t r a c tThis review considers some of the difﬁculties encountered with the analysis of ionised bases using reversed-phase chromatography,such as detrimental interaction with column silanol groups,and over-loading which both lead to poor peak shapes.Methods of overcoming these problems in reversed-phase (RP)separations,by judicious selection of the column and mobile phase conditions,are discussed.Hydrophilic interaction chromatography is considered as an alternative method for the separation of some basic compounds.©2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.Contents 1.Introduction.........................................................................................................................................8592.Choice of column....................................................................................................................................8592.1.Column testing procedures..................................................................................................................8592.2.The Tanaka test and the Snyder hydrophobic subtraction parison of results with direct peak shape measurements...8602.3.Monolithic silica columns ...................................................................................................................8632.4.Slow column equilibration.Anion-exchange behaviour of alkylsilica RP columns e of column materials other than silica...................................................................................................8653.Choice of mobile phase..............................................................................................................................8663.1.Choice of modiﬁer ...........................................................................................................................8663.2.Choice of mobile phase pH.Problem of reduced retention of bases at low pH.............................................................8664.Overloading .........................................................................................................................................8674.1.Overview of the problem....................................................................................................................8674.2.Possible causes of overloading ..............................................................................................................8684.3.Effect of buffer anion on overload...........................................................................................................8704.4.Overloading on mixed-mode reversed-phase/cation-exchange columns..................................................................8714.5.Effect of buffer pH on overloading ..........................................................................................................8715.Temperature effects.................................................................................................................................8736.Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC)..................................................................................................8747.Concluding remarks.................................................................................................................................8787.1.Overloading..................................................................................................................................8787.2.Selection of mobile phase pH................................................................................................................8787.3.Quality and choice of column ...............................................................................................................8797.4.Temperature.................................................................................................................................8797.5.Alternative separation mechanisms—e.g.HILIC.............................................................................................879References...........................................................................................................................................879DOI of original article:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.067.∗Tel.:+441173282469;fax:+441173282904.E-mail address:david.mccalley@0021-9673/$–see front matter ©2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.068D.V.McCalley/J.Chromatogr.A1217(2010)858–8808591.IntroductionThe analysis of basic compounds by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)continues to be of interest,as over70% of pharmaceuticals are bases(with about20%being acids)[1–3].A large number of compounds of biomedical and biological signiﬁ-cance are also bases.Reversed-phase(RP)separations are by far the most common in liquid chromatography(LC),due to advantages that include ease of use with gradient elution,compatibility with aqueous samples,versatility of the retention mechanism allowing changes in the separation to be brought about by changes in pH, organic modiﬁer or additives,and long experience with the tech-nique,allowing the rapid establishment of suitable experimental conditions for the analysis of a given sample[4].Nevertheless,it has been recognised for a long time that the analysis of basic com-pounds poses particular difﬁculties in RP separations.Many of these problems are associated with the complex structure of the surface in silica-based RP packings,shown in Fig.1.The surface concentra-tion of silanols on bare silica is reported to be about8.0␮mol m−2 [5].C18ligands are too bulky to react completely with all silanols; thus,a maximum coverage of4–4.5␮mol m−2can be achieved.A further number of reactive silanols can be“endcapped”by reac-tion with smaller silylating agents such as trimethylchlorosilane, but as many as50%of the original silanol groups remain unreacted on a typical RP column.The average p K a of these silanol groups is around7.1,but their acidity can be enhanced by the presence of metal impurities in the silica.Some groups appear to be sufﬁ-ciently acidic that their ionisation cannot be entirely suppressed using acidic mobile phases with a pH within the stability limit of typical RP columns(2.5–7.5).Over this range of operational pH values,basic compounds are likely to be ionised,leading to ionic interactions with ionised silanol groups.BH++SiO−M+→SiO−BH++M+(1) where BH+represents the protonated base,and M+the mobile phase buffer cation.The problem of poor column efﬁciency(N)and exponentially tailing peaks shown by small quantities of bases is often attributed to this mixed mechanism process of hydropho-bic interaction and ion-exchange with the silanols.The slower sorption–desorption kinetics of silanol ion-exchange sites(kinetic tailing)with sample ions may be responsible[6],which will occur regardless of sample size.The simple existence of two retention processes cannot per se be the sole cause of tailing,as mixed-mode phases with carboxylic acid functions embedded within a hydrophobic chain can show excellent peak symmetry for bases[7]. However,the kinetics of interaction of such embedded groups,and the stereochemistry around the active site,could be completely dif-ferent from that of ionised silanols,which may be buried beneath the hydrophobic chains on classical C18phases.Instead of sim-ple ion-exchange sites,Neue et al.[8]have proposed the existence of strong synergistic sites with combined RP and ion-exchange properties.The overall retention for bases was described by the equation:k=k RP+k IX+k∗RP k∗IX(2) where k is the total retention,k RP is the hydrophobic contribu-tion,k IX is the ion-exchange contribution from surface silanols,and k∗RP k∗IX is a multiplicative contribution of both processes.These syn-ergistic sites could correspond to the subset of very high-energy sites with slow kinetics which have been long suspected to be the cause of exponential tailing for bases,as they appear to be domi-nant in the retention process.It was shown that this type of tailing is not responsive to small changes in sample load in RP–LC at low pH[6].This result might indicate that exponential tailing is not caused by overload of a small number of strong sites on the column. In contrast,overload often gives rise to right-angled triangle peak shapes when ionisation of silanols is suppressed in RP–LC when working at low pH.Overload tailing still occurs even for the most modern columns operated under conditions where there are no or a negligible number of ionised silanols on the column surface.It was recognised more than20years ago that bonded phases synthesised from pure silica(Type B phases)made from the hydrol-ysis of metal-free tetraalkoxysilanes resulted in reduced silanol acidity,and their use has considerably improved the analysis of bases[9].Only small contamination of such materials occurs dur-ing the processing of such packings,or from the water used in the hydrolysis.Nevertheless,some other features of the analysis of these solutes(such as overloading)remain problematic,and these issues have not been resolved by the use of high-purity silica.Already in1988,Snyder and co-workers[10]had reviewed the problems of analysis of basic solutes and had proposed some pos-sible solutions.The following recommendations were made: (a)Judicious selection of the column to reduce the number of avail-able acidic sites.(b)Reduction of the mobile phase pH to suppress ionisation of thesilanols.(c)Increasing the mobile phase pH above the analyte p K a,such thatthe analyte is unprotonated.(d)Addition of a silanol blocker such as triethylamine to the mobilephase to interact preferentially with ionised silanols.(e)Reduction of the sample concentration to alleviate the satura-tion of the acidic sites.Most of the arguments in this paper remain true more than20 years later,and these conclusions can be used as a simple guide for the chromatographer aiming to achieve the best separations for basic solutes.Perhaps only the use of silanol blocking agents has fallen somewhat out of favour,as these are less necessary with modern high-purity silica phases,and can also have some undesirable effects.Such effects include the generation of addi-tional background in HPLC–MS,the difﬁculty of removal from the stationary phase after use leading to permanent alteration of its properties,and even chemical reaction with some solute types.This topic,and some other well-known aspects of the chromatography of bases have been covered adequately in earlier reviews[11–13]. However,other features of the chromatography of these“difﬁcult”compounds are still extensively debated in the literature,for exam-ple,the problem of their ready overloading in RP separations.This review will concentrate on the latest research in these topics,while attempting to summarise brieﬂy previousﬁndings.Thus,it will con-sider RP column choice by use of evaluation data obtained from the Tanaka and the Snyder“hydrophobic subtraction”tests;current theories and the effect of overload for ionised solutes;the use of high pH to improve peak shape;whether temperature is a useful parameter in improving peak shape;andﬁnally whether other sep-aration mechanisms such as HILIC can provide a viable alternative to RP–LC for the analysis of bases.2.Choice of column2.1.Column testing proceduresThe selection of an appropriate RP column for the analysis of bases can be a daunting task,as now many hundreds are com-mercially available,with a considerable number recommended especially by their manufacturers for the analysis of basic solutes. Nevertheless,several databases are now available where a large number of different columns have been subjected to the same test procedure by the same group of workers on the same or similar instruments,allowing a useful and objective comparison of perfor-860 D.V.McCalley /J.Chromatogr.A 1217(2010)858–880Fig.1.Structures present on a typical RP monomeric-bonded silica (C8)endcapped with trimethylsilyl groups.After U.D.Neue,“Silica Gel and its derivatization for Liquid Chromatography”,in “Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry”,R.A.Meyers,Ed.,John Wiley &Sons,Ltd.,Chichester (2000)11450–11472.mance to be made.A question arises as to the validity of databases constructed by evaluation of only a few or even a single column of a given type,as to whether the results obtained may be truly repre-sentative of the performance of this brand,due to column to column and batch to batch variations.However,a careful study [14,15]has suggested that columns from major manufacturers actually show a rather high degree of reproducibility,probably resulting from the use of stringent quality control procedures.Indeed,the industry is likely to be self-regulating to a degree,as dissatisﬁed customers would switch to the use of more reproducible brands.Tight reten-tion speciﬁcations exist in the HPLC user environment,especially in the pharmaceutical industry,and changes in the column can jeop-ardise product release.However,it is possible that a manufacturer could be forced to change the sourcing of a production raw mate-rial,which might occur for example,if the column manufacturer does not make their own silica.Thus,under some circumstances,a recently purchased column may not behave in the same way as one tested several years beforehand.Nevertheless,we believe that such situations are rare,and in most cases,manufacturers strive to main-tain the reproducibility of their products over a long period of time,as many customers have established methods on a given brand of phase.It appears more common to introduce a new name or name variant of an existing phase to mark deﬁnitively such changes or improvements to the production process.Taking this factor,and the reasonable reproducibility of commercial columns into account,it seems that the results of tests on a particular brand of column would generally reﬂect the performance of that brand throughout the product lifetime.Both of the column evaluation methods described in detail below incorporate strongly basic compounds as test probes.In each test,their retention is monitored at low and intermediate pH val-ues.Columns which give relatively low retention of basic probes are also likely to give higher efﬁciency for basic solutes,as shown by correlation studies for at least one of the procedures (see below).2.2.The Tanaka test and the Snyder hydrophobic subtraction parison of results with direct peak shape measurementsWhile many different column testing methods have been devel-oped,two have become prominent and have the distinct advantage that databases of results for many hundreds,rather than just a few columns,are available.The Tanaka method [16]and the hydropho-bic subtraction procedure developed by Snyder et al.[17]both incorporate tests which allow a user to select phases that are likely to be suitable for the separation of basic compounds.We will consider here the Tanaka method as adapted and applied by Euerby and Petersson [18]to the evaluation of over 200commercial columns that can be compared on a freely available program from Advanced Chemistry Development [19].These databases appear to be updated periodically;for instance,the ACD database contains evaluations of recently introduced sub-2␮m phases.An alternative adaptation of the Tanaka procedure and its application to a large number of different stationary phases has also been made [20],and data are again freely available [21].A fourth testing scheme is that published by the US Pharmacopeia.This protocol is an adaptation of the work of Sander and Wise [22].For activity towards bases,this method uses the tailing factor of amitriptyline (the same probe as used in the Snyder–Dolan procedure).At the time of writing,the database contained fewer columns than the two major proce-dures (∼100)and will not be considered further here.However,data for both this procedure and the Snyder–Dolan (S–D)method are available on the USP website [23].In the Tanaka–Euerby (T–E)procedure,columns are tested by measurement of k for pentylbenzene as a measure of sur-face area and surface coverage;hydrophobic selectivity from the ratio of k (pentylbenzene)/k (butylbenzene);shape selectivity from k (triphenylene)/k (o-terphenyl);hydrogen bonding capac-ity from k (caffeine)/k (phenol)in unbuffered methanol–water;total ion-exchange capacity from k (benzylamine)/k (phenol in methanol–phosphate buffer pH 7.6;and acidic ion-exchange capacity from k (benzylamine)/k (phenol)in methanol–phosphate buffer pH 2.7.The latter three tests are of particular interest for the analysis of basic solutes.The program [19]allows the comparison of the similarities and differences between various columns,and per-mits the separate weighting of the various factors—for example,columns can be ranked according solely to their total ion capacity at pH 7.6if so desired.The S–D model recognises that hydrophobic retention is the dominant process in RP chromatography,and in the absence of other retention mechanisms,plots of log k for one column versus another should be a straight line.However,these other mechanisms give rise to scatter in the plots.Clearly,ion-exchange and hydrogen bonding are important contributors to the retention of basic solutes.The general equation for retention in theD.V.McCalley/J.Chromatogr.A1217(2010)858–880861Table1Evaluation of some selected RP columns by two different procedures.For details on the procedure,see text.Column name k pentylbz k(pentbz)/k(butbz)k(triphen)/k(terph)k(caff)/k(phen)k(bzm)/k(phen)2.7k(bzm)/k(phen)7.6Tanaka–Euerby procedureChromolith 4.22 1.24 1.310.480.120.63Discovery Amide 1.65 1.35 1.810.490.190.44Discovery C18 3.32 1.48 1.510.390.100.28Inertsil ODS-37.74 1.45 1.290.480.010.29Resolve C18 2.40 1.46 1.59 1.29 1.23 4.06Spherisorb ODS-2 3.00 1.51 1.560.590.230.76Symmetry C18 6.51 1.46 1.490.410.010.68Symmetry Shield RP18 4.66 1.41 2.220.270.040.20Xterra MS C18 3.52 1.42 1.260.420.100.35Xterra RP18 2.38 1.29 1.830.330.070.20H S A B C(2.8)C(7.0)Snyder procedureChromolith 1.0030.0290.008−0.0140.1030.187 Discovery Amide0.7200.013−0.6250.218−0.092−0.025 Discovery C180.9840.027−0.1280.0040.1760.153 Inertsil ODS-30.9900.022−0.146−0.023−0.474−0.334 Resolve C180.968−0.1270.335−0.046 1.921 2.144 Spherisorb ODS-20.962−0.0760.070.0340.908 1.263 Symmetry C18 1.0520.0630.018−0.021−0.3020.123 Symmetry Shield RP180.8500.027−0.4110.093−0.7280.136 Xterra MS C180.9840.012−0.143−0.0150.1330.051 Xterra RP180.757−0.043−0.4830.097−0.170−0.173model is:log˛=log k/log k(ethylbenzene)=Á Hhydrophobic − S∗steric resistance(to bulky interactions)+ˇ Acolumn H-bond acidity(non-ionised silanols)+˛ BH-bond basicity(from sorbed water)+Ä Cion interaction(ionised silanols)(3)Ethylbenzene is used as a non-polar reference solute.Greek letters represent empirical,eluent-and temperature-dependent proper-ties of the solute,which are relative to the values for ethylbenzene, for which all solute parameters are identically zero.The selection of the optimum probes for evaluation of each retention mode has been made from detailed studies.Bold capitals represent eluent-and temperature-independent properties of the column;these val-ues are relative to a hypothetical average Type B C18column.Any column which behaves identically to this hypothetical reference column will have H=1and all other values S*,A,B,C=0.The dataset of columns evaluated by this procedure is even larger than that for the T–E procedure and presently extends to at least400columns.In some versions of the program,different weightings can be assigned to each evaluation parameter,as in the Euerby procedure.Results for some RP columns selected from each database are shown in Table1.The T–E data show clearly that the older Type A bonded phases(Resolve C18and Spherisorb ODS-2)give higher retention of benzylamine relative to phenol at pH7.6(alpha values 4.06and0.76,respectively)compared with newer Type B phases based on highly pure silica(Discovery C18and Inertsil ODS-3, alpha values0.28and0.29,respectively).Similarly with the S–D method,values of C(7.0)for Resolve C18and Spherisorb ODS-2 are high(2.144and1.263,respectively)compared with Discov-ery C18and Inertsil ODS-3(0.153and−0.334,respectively.Values of alpha(benzylamine/phenol)at pH2.7and values of C(2.8)are also higher for the Type A compared with the Type B phases using both procedures,indicating general agreement between them. Snyder and co-workers[24]have correlated a published dataset of“silanol activity”for a number of RP columns(measured by the average plate number for amitriptyline and pyridine with methanol-phosphate buffer pH6.0)with values of C at pH6.0,inter-polated from C(2.8)and C(7.0).Columns with a highvalue of C(6.0) correlated with columns of high silanol activity,and those with low values of C(6.0)with low silanol activity.In a later study[6]95%of Type B columns(designated either on the basis of manufacturer claims,or on the date a column wasﬁrst sold)were shown to have C(2.8)≤0.25,while only11%of Type A columns satisﬁed this crite-rion.Tailing of basic solutes(as measured by the asymmetry factor A s)was minimal for columns with C(2.8)<0.25(i.e.Type B columns) and tended to increase for larger values of C(2.8).From Table1,the Type A phases Resolve C18and Spherisob-ODS-2,now identiﬁed as such due to values of C(2.8)≥0.25,also give the highest values of hydrogen bonding acidity(parameter A,0.335and0.07,respec-tively,determined from the retention of amide probe compounds). Similarly,these phases also gave the highest relative retention of caffeine/phenol in the Tanaka procedure(1.29and0.59,respec-tively).The data can also be used to compare the effect of other features,e.g.the performance of embedded polar group phases (EPG)and the equivalent conventional C18phase,manufactured on the same silica.EPG phases include columns with embedded amide groups within the hydrocarbon chain:or carbamate groups:EPG phases have been proposed to give better peak shapes for the analysis of bases[24,27].The incorporation of an EPG in XTerra RP18reduces somewhat the Tanaka alpha(benzylamine/phenol) 7.6parameter to0.20,compared with0.35for the XTerra MS C18 column.Similarly,the S–D C(7.0)parameter is reduced to−0.173 for the EPG compared with0.051for the conventional phase.It is862 D.V.McCalley /J.Chromatogr.A 1217(2010)858–880possible that the reduced retention of benzylamine and other bases may be caused by a layer of water that is adsorbed close to the surface of EPG phases,providing some deactivating effect for the silanol groups [25,26].Other authors have compared conventional and EPG phases bonded on the same type of silica,on the basis of peak shape measurements.It was found that on average,peak shapes were indeed improved on the latter phases [27].Neverthe-less,it appears that the EPG technology gives more improvement in performance with phases bonded on older impure silicas,rather than the modern Type B silicas [27].This result seems to be reﬂected in the somewhat inconclusive data from Table 1concerning the rel-ative retention of bases on conventional and EPG phases.Thus the Discovery EPG phase (amide)has a slightly larger value of the T–E alpha (benzylamine/phenol)7.6parameter (0.44)compared with the regular C18phase (0.28).In contrast,the S–D C (7.0)parameter is smaller on Discovery Amide (−0.025)compared with Discovery C18(0.153).Similarly,while the T–E procedure indicates a con-siderable lower value of alpha (benzylamine/phenol)at pH 7.6for Symmetry Shield (0.2)compared with Symmetry C18(0.68),the S–D C (7.0)parameter for the EPG phases is slightly greater (0.136)compared with the regular phase (0.123).Euerby and Petersson pointed out that the extra retentiveness of phenols on EPG phases might invalidate the results of tests for silanophilic activity which involve the use of such solutes.They therefore suggested substitut-ing benzyl alcohol for phenol in the Tanaka test.Benzyl alcohol has retention properties similar to those of phenol but does not show excess retention on EPG phases [28].These particular comparisons point to some possible differences in the compatibility of column evaluations from either method.The Hoogmartens group looked more generally at the compati-bility of results from the S–D method and their own adaptation of the Tanaka procedure [29],ﬁnding a rather poor overall correlation between the two approaches.In a previous paper,this group had demonstrated a good correlation between their own method and the Euerby results.This latter ﬁnding is perhaps not surprising,as both are based on the Tanaka method.The problem of compatibility of the S–D and Tanaka methods may well be in the different mobile phase conditions and different probe solutes used in these tests.The S–D procedure uses the retention of the strong bases amitriptyline and nortriptyline in acetonitrile–phosphate buffer to calculate the cation-exchange term C (2.8)and derives the value of C (7.0)from the C (2.8)results by multiplying by the ratio of the retention fac-tors of the quaternary amine berberine at pH 7.0and 2.8;the T–E benzylamine tests use methanol as the organic modiﬁer.Indeed the use of these different modiﬁers may explain the somewhat differ-ent evaluations of the EPG phases by either method.Even using the same mobile phase conditions,McCalley and Brereton [27,30–32]showed that peak shape data was not consistent between different basic probes.Thus,for example there was little correlation between A s for codeine and nortriptyline when using methanol–phosphate buffers at pH 3.0,whereas either of these solutes has been used as a single test compound to evaluate the relative silanol activity of different phases.One phase (Waters Symmetry Shield)gave,of 9highly inert RP columns,the highest N and lowest A s for nico-tine using acetonitrile–phosphate buffer at pH 7.0but the lowest efﬁciency for analysis of pyridine.Fig.2shows a principal compo-nents analysis (PCA)loadings plot for analysis of nine basic solutes on eight different RP columns using a mixture of methanol with a pH 3.0buffer.Lines can be drawn from the centre of the plot to each data point.Parameters that are opposed (i.e.appear at 180◦)measure equivalent but opposite trends.Thus N and A s values are opposed,with efﬁciency increasing as asymmetry decreases,as expected.Parameters that are at 90◦,like the asymmetry factors of pyridine and quinine,measure unrelated trends,and thus may be evaluating relatively different aspects of the detrimental inter-action of bases with the column surface.Conversely,the asymmetry parameters of nortriptyline and diphenhydramine have a smaller angle between them,and may be measuring more related proper-ties.It might therefore not be necessary to include both substances in a test mix for these particular mobile phase conditions.For over-all evaluation of column properties exploring different aspects of detrimental interactions,a test mix could include ﬁve compounds:codeine,quinine,amphetamine,nortriptyline and pyridine.The ranking of columns at pH 7using methanol was different from that at pH 7using acetonitrile;note that these correspond to the differ-ent modiﬁers of the T–E and S–D evaluation schemes,respectively.Snyder and co-workers [6]also observed that the tailing of basic (cationic)solutes on a given column appeared to be solute speciﬁc,ﬁnding that values of A s for the bases amitriptyline,nortriptyline,the quaternary compound berberine,and 4-n -hexylaniline corre-lated extremely poorly (r 2=0.01–0.19).The use of multiple basic test solutes and different mobile phase modiﬁers at different pH values would be a considerable task for the construction of these column evaluation databases.However,inclusion of a range of test compounds would undoubtedly improve the performance of these databases.It seems certain that these differences in test solutes and conditions contribute to the lack of correlation between the S–D and T–Etests.Fig.2.PCA loadings plots based on retention factor (k ),column efﬁciency (N ),Dorsey–Foley column efﬁciency (N df )and asymmetry factor (A s ).Data for eight different Type B reversed-phase columns and nine different probe compounds with methanol–phosphate buffer pH 3.0as mobile phase.See [30].。

Anton Paar PSA系列粒子大小分析仪说明说明书

PSA Series Particle Size AnalyzerAnton Paar’s PSA series incorporates more than forty years of experience.The world's first laser diffraction particle size analyzer – the first-ever PSA – was invented in 1969. The three models PSA 990, PSA 1090, and PSA 1190 are designed to measurea wide range of particle sizes in liquid dispersions or dry powders.The laser diffraction technique is an established method to measure particle sizes from the upper nanometer to the millimeter range. A laser beam is directed onto dispersed particles, then the laser light is diffracted by the particles, and the corresponding diffraction pattern is detected and evaluated. Anton Paar’s PSA instruments work with high-resolution detectors to provide accurate and reprodu cible measuring signals that are used to calculate particle size distributions based on the Fraunhofer and Mie theories. 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While PSA 1090 has been designed with two lasers to resolve particles as small as40 nanometers, PSA 1190 contains an additional third laser to cover the full measurement range of up to 2.5 millimeters.SpecificationsPSA 990PSA 1090PSA 1190 Measurement principle Laser diffractionMeasuring range (dry)0.3 µ to 500 µ0.1 µ to 500 µ0.1 µ to 2500 µMeasuring range (wet)0.2 µ to 500 µ0.04 µ to 500 µ0.04 µ to 2500 µDry dispersion Venturi Venturi Venturi/free fall Liquid dispersion 2 peristaltic pumps/ultrasonic transducer/stirrer Repeatability<1 %Accuracy<3 %Measuring time<1 minNumber of lasers123 Laser safety classification21 CFR-1040/NF EN 60825-1/A2Closed cover Class I of NF EN 60825-1/A2Open cover Class III of NF EN 60825-1/A2 Compliance ISO 13320, 21 CFR Part 11, USP 429, CE Dimensions (L x D x H)890 mm x 530 mm x 430 mm; 35 in x 21 in x 17 in Weight~ 55 kg© 2017 A n t o n P a a r G m b H | A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .S p e c i f i c a t i o n s s u b j e c t t o c h a n g e w i t h o u t n o t i c e .E 27I P 001E N -A。

水基型的英文缩写

水基型的英文缩写Water-based AbbreviationsWater is an essential component of our daily lives, playing a crucial role in various aspects of our existence. From maintaining our bodily functions to powering industries, water has become an integral part of our world. In the realm of scientific and technological advancements, the use of water-based materials and processes has gained significant attention, leading to the development of a wide range of water-based abbreviations.One such abbreviation is WB, which stands for "water-based." This term is commonly used to describe a variety of products and processes that utilize water as the primary solvent or carrier. WB coatings, for example, are paints and finishes that are formulated with water as the primary component, rather than traditional solvent-based alternatives. These water-based coatings offer numerous advantages, including reduced volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, improved environmental friendliness, and enhanced safety for users.Another water-based abbreviation is WBE, which stands for "water-based emulsion." Emulsions are dispersions of one liquid within another, and in the case of WBE, the dispersed phase is typically a polymer or resin suspended in a continuous water phase. These water-based emulsions are widely used in the production of paints, adhesives, and other coatings, providing superior performance and versatility compared to their solvent-based counterparts.The abbreviation WBP, which stands for "water-based polyurethane," is another important term in the realm of water-based materials. Polyurethanes are a class of polymers known for their exceptional durability, flexibility, and chemical resistance. Water-based polyurethanes have been developed to address the environmental concerns associated with traditional solvent-based polyurethanes, offering a more sustainable and user-friendly alternative.Another water-based abbreviation is WBD, which stands for "water-based dispersion." These dispersions are similar to emulsions, but they typically involve the suspension of smaller, more finely divided particles within the water phase. WBDs are commonly used in the production of adhesives, sealants, and various other industrial applications, providing improved performance and ease of application.The abbreviation WBL, which stands for "water-based lacquer," is also worth mentioning. Lacquers are a type of coating that areknown for their high gloss and protective properties. Water-based lacquers have been developed to offer a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional solvent-based lacquers, while still maintaining the desired performance characteristics.In addition to these common abbreviations, there are numerous other water-based terms and acronyms that are used in various industries and applications. For example, WBC stands for "water-based coating," WBI for "water-based ink," and WBT for "water-based treatment."The widespread use of water-based materials and processes has been driven by a growing awareness of the environmental impact of traditional solvent-based technologies. Water, being a renewable and non-toxic resource, has become the preferred choice for many industries seeking to reduce their carbon footprint and comply with increasingly stringent environmental regulations.Furthermore, the development of advanced water-based technologies has led to improvements in the performance and durability of these materials, making them a viable alternative to their solvent-based counterparts. This has resulted in a shift in the market, with many manufacturers and consumers actively seeking out water-based products and solutions.In conclusion, the use of water-based abbreviations reflects the growing importance of water-based materials and processes in a wide range of industries. From coatings and adhesives to inks and treatments, these water-based technologies are playing a crucial role in driving sustainable and environmentally responsible practices. As the demand for eco-friendly solutions continues to rise, the prevalence and significance of water-based abbreviations are likely to continue to grow in the years to come.。

C.Pro进度式泵说明说明书

3
Wide Range of A been designed especially for the use in water processing, waste water treatment and in the chemical industry for continuous and nearly pulsation free metering of process additives. The C.Pro® is specifically designed for products with the following characteristics: ¡ Products with or without solid
products on request
Advantages
¡ Continuous and low pulsation conveyance
¡ Speed proportional metering ¡ Reversible direction of rotation and
conveyance ¡ High suction and pressure capacity ¡ Single part rotating unit ¡ Mechanical seal in product flow ¡ Maintenance free and service
C.Pro® – economic, environmentally and service friendly Characteristics and Construction
Universal Use
C.Pro® is a new and innovative pump series for conveying and metering small capacities. It has been developed from a continuing evolution of the well known NEMO® Mini and M.Champ® progressing cavity pumps. An important aim of this development has been the significant reduction of parts. With now only 6 parts the C.Pro® is unmatched in economy and service friendliness. Through the use of highly resistant PU (Baydur® GS) for the housing and PVDF for the rotating unit the installation possibilities for the C.Pro® are almost unlimited.

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76 An attempt has been made to relate the composition and behavior in water of each oil to its relative toxicity to the estuarine animals studied.
J.W. Anderson et al.: Oil and Estuarine Animals adding a specific volume of oil to seawater and shaking the mixture vigorously for 5 min at approximately 200 cycles/min on a shaker platform. In most cases, the dispersions were prepared in bioassay containers which were sealed with Teflonlined caps during mixing. The oil and water layers were allowed to separate for 30 to 60 min before test animals were added or the aqueous layer was sampled for hydrocarbon analysis. Animals were inserted through the surface oil film into the aqueous layer by means of short lengths of glass tubing. Water samples were siphoned from the middle of the aqueous layer, care being taken to avoid contamination from the surface oil film. The second class of test solutions represents the truly soluble fractions of each test oil. The WSF of each test oil was prepared by placing I part oil over 9 parts seawater in a 5-gallon (19 I) Pyrex bottle and slowly stirring the water with a magnetic stirrer for a period of 20 h at room temperature (20~ • 2C~ The bottle was capped with aluminum foil to minimize evaporation of the more volatile oil hydrocarbons. The stirring speed was adjusted so that the vortex did not extend more than 25% of the distance to the bottom of the container. After mixing, the oil and water phases were allowed to separate for ! to 6 h before the water phase was siphoned off, and utilized immediately in experiments. Different concentrations of the WSF were prepared by diluting the stock WSF with seawater irmediately before use. Since bunker C oil has a density similar to that of seawater and tends to form persistent droplets in the water phase, it was necessary to filter the WSF of this oil through nylon filter pads before use. It is possible that this treatment removed a small amount of the soluble hydrocarbons from the bunker C WSF. Hydrocarbon Analyses Petroleum hydrocarbons present in the aqueous phase of OWDs and WSFs, prepared separately or in replicate samples prepared at the same time as bioassay solutions, were determined by infrared and gas chromatographic methods. Aliquots were carefully siphoned from below the surface of OWDs, care being taken to avoid contamination of the water sample from any surface oil slick that might be present. A 200 to 400 ml aliquot of each stock WSF was taken for analysis before the WSF was diluted for the bioassays. Total petroleum hydrocarbons in the water samples (carbon tetraehloride extractable oil) were determined by the American Petroleum Institute method No. 733-58 (1958) with the Miran I single beam infrared analyzer (Wilkes Scientific Instruments, South Norwalk, Connecticut). The concentrations of specific petroleum hydrocarbons in the water samples were determined by gas chromatography. Light hydrocarbons, ethane through trimethylbenzene, were analyzed by C. McAuliffe (Chevron Oil Field Research Co., La Habra, California) by the multiple-phase equilibrium method (McAuliffe, 1971). The C12-C24 n-paraffins and di- and tri-aromatic hydrocarbons were determined by J. Scott Warner (Battelle Memorial Lab-
J.W. Anderson, J.M. Neff, B.A. Cox, H.E. Tatem and G.M. Hightower Department of Biology, Texas A & M University; College Station, Texas, USA
Abstract
The quantitative hydrocarbon composition and behavior in seawater of water-soluble fractions (WSF) and oil-in-water dispersions (OWD) of 4 oils was investigated. Two crude oils, South Louisiana crude and Kuwait crude, and two refined oils, No. 2 fuel oil and bunker C residual oil, were used in these investigations. The WSFs of the crude oils had higher total oil-hydrocarbon concentrations and were richer in light aliphatics and single-ring aromatics than were the WSFs of the refined oils. The WSFs of the refined oils contained significantly higher concentrations of naphthalenes than did those of the crudes. The hydrocarbon composition of the aqueous phase of OWDs closely resembled that of the parent oils. Gentle aeration of the OWDs resulted in a loss of 80 to 90% of the aqueous hydrocarbons in 24 h. Alkanes disappeared from the dispersions more rapidly than aromatics. The WSFs and OWDs of the refined oils were considerably more toxic to the 6 test species than were those of the crude oils. The test species can be ranked according to increasing sensitivity to oil as follows: Cyprinodon variegatus, Menidia beryllina, Fundulus similus, Penaeus aztecus postlarvae, Palaemonetes pugio and Mysidopsis almyra. The results of this investigation are discussed in relation to the potential impacts of oil spills on the marine and estuarine environments.